VECTORS

1.1 1.4: Introduction to the basic concepts of Vectors

Task 1 : Write down all the vectors as shown in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)

B
F
x a

A y Q b E
G
P b
H


AB y GH a

(3)

B J F x Q AB = x =

P
a c
b
EF = b =

E
A I

Task 2 : Determine the vectors that are equal in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)
s
f
e
a
q
r

g a

(3)

M N E F C D
e
A
a b
f B
d G
c
H K L

Vectors 1
Task 3 : Determine the negative vectors as shown in the following diagrams.
(1)
S V
C

a X x
b c
Y
D
T W

XY = ST = CD = VW =
(2) (3)
q
p
c
r
b

s
a

p

The negative vector of p : The negative vector of c :
c =
p =

Answers :

Task 1 :

(1) AB x ; y PQ

(2) GH b ; a EF

(3) AB a ; x PQ ; EF c ; b IJ

Task 2 :
(1) a q

(2) a f

(3) a d ; b e ; c f ; AB GH ; CD MN ; EF KL

Task 3 :

(1) XY x ; ST a ; CD c ; VW b
(2) p q


(3) c a

Vectors 2
VECTORS
1.5 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars
Task 1 : State the following vectors in terms of a .
~
(1) a (2)
E F
b
A B
C D G H

(a) AB = (b) CD = (a) EF = (b) GH =
Q F H
(3) (4)
c d
S

R P
G

(a) PQ = (b) RS =
(a) EF = (b) GH =
(5) (6)
e S
A
Q
f
C
R
B
D
P
(a) AB = (b) CD = (b) RS = (a) PQ =

Answers: (1) (a) AB 2a (b) CD 3a (2) (a) EF 2b (b) GH 32 b (3) (a) PQ 3c (b) RS 2c

(4) (a) EF 2 d (b) GH 3d (5) (a) AB 2e (b) CD 32 e (6) (a) PQ 2 f (b) RS 12 f

Task 2 : In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.

A C
(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.
K

AB =
B

(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.
D
F
CD =
I J

L (3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.
G
E
EF =
M
P Q
(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.

N H IJ =

Answers : (1) GH ; AB 12 GH (2) MN ; CD 2MN (3) KL ; EF 12 KL (4) QP ; IJ 32 QP

Vectors 3
VECTORS
2.1 2.4 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.

Task 1 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more parallel vectors by addition and subtraction
operations.
(1) 2a a 12 a (2) 12 x 2 x 13 x (3) 5y 12 y 43 y

7 17
2 a 6 x 25
y
4

(4) 5b 3b (5) 7 a 3a 12 a (6) 12b 2b 5b

2b 7
a 5b
2

(7) 2a 13 b 12 a b (8) a 2b 3a 14 b (9) 4u 12 v 15 u 16 v

5
2 a 34 b 4a 94 b 21
5 u 23 v

(10) 6 x 4 y x 2 y (11) 4u 5v 2u 3v (12) 6 s 8t 9 s 2t

5x 2 y 2u 2v 3s 10 t


Task 2 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more non-parallel vectors by addition and
subtraction operations.
(1)
(a) a b =
(2) (a) x y =

(b) b c = (b) w x =


(c) c d = (c) DC CB =


(d) AB BD = (d) BC CA =
(3) (4) ABCD in the diagram is a parallelogram.

(a) a b = (a) AB AD =


(b) b c = (b) BA BC =


(c) QP PT = (c) DA DC =

(d) RT TQ = (d) CB CD =
(5) PQRS in the diagram is a parallelogram. (6) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular
Hexagon

(a) PQ PS = . (a) AB AF =

(b) SP SR = (b) OC OE =

(c) QP QR = (c) FA FE =

(d) CB CD =
(d) RQ RS =

Vectors 4
(7) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon. (8) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.

(a) PQ QR RT
(a) AB BC CD
=
=

(b) RS ST TQ
(b) AC CD DE

= =

(c) CD DA AE (c) TP PR RQ

= =

(9) KLMNOP in the diagram is a hexagon. (10) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.

(a) PO ON NM ML (a) AD CD

= =

(b) KM MN NP PL =

= (b) CB EB

(c) MN NL LP PN =

= =

(11) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon. (12) ABCDEF in the diagram is a hexagon.

(a) PS TS (a) AD DC

=

(b) RQ PQ =

(b) BC DC ED =

(c) SP TP

(c) CA FA EF =

(13) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular hexagon with centre O.

(a) a b = (d) a 2b =

(b) b 2a = (e) a c =

(c) b c = (f) c 2b =

Vectors 5
VECTORS
2.5 Represent Vectors as Linear Combination of other Vectors.

Task 1 : Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .

(1) (2) (3)

ABCD is a parallelogram.
TQ =
QR =
AC =
PR =

(4) (5) (6)

EFGH is a parallelogram.
FG =
EG = BC =

AD =

Answers : (1) AC x y (2) QR y x (3) TQ 2 x y ; PR x 12 y

(4) EG 2 x y (5) FG x 2 y (6) BC y x ; AD 1
2
y 12 x

Task 2 : For each of the following diagrams, express the vector PQ in terms of x and y .

(1) (2)
y P
Q
y x

y
x x

2x y

Q
P

PQ = PQ =
Vectors 6
(3) (4) Q

Q y

y

x x

P

PQ = PQ =

(5) (6)
Q y P
y x
x

P Q

PQ = PQ =

(7) (8)
x

y
x Q
P

y

Q P

PQ = PQ =

Answers : (1) PQ 2 x y (2) PQ x y (3) PQ 3 x y (4) PQ 2 x 2 y

(5) PQ 3 x 2 y (6) PQ 2 x y (7) PQ 2 x y (8) PQ x 3 y

Vectors 7
VECTORS
x
3.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j or .
y
x
Task : Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j or .
y
(1) (2)
y B( , ) y C( , )

4 B 4
C
OC
OB 2
2

x
x OB O
2 4 6
OC
O
2 4
(3) (4)
y D( , ) F( , )
y
6 D F
4

4 OD OF
2
2
x OF =
OD = -6 -4 -2 O
O
x
2 4 6
(5) G( , ) (6)
y y H( , )

4 H 4
G
OG
2 2 OH


x OG = x
-6 -4 -2 O
O -6 -4 -2 O OH =
(7) (8)
y Q( , ) y R( , )
O O
x x
2 4 6
2 4 6
OQ -2 OR
-2

R
-4 -4
Q OQ = OR =
3 6 4
Answers : (1) (3 , 4) ; ; 3i 4 j (2) (6 , 3) ; ; 6 i 3 j (3) (4 , 6) ; ; 4 i 6 j
4 3 6
6 5 4
(4) (6 , 4) ; ; 6 i 4 j (5) (5 , 3) ; ; 5i 3 j (6) (4 , 4) ; ; 4 i 4 j
4 3 4
5 7
(7) (5 , 4) ; ; 5i 4 j (8) (7 , 3) ; ; 7 i 3 j
4 3
Vectors 8
(9) (10)
y y
Y( , )
T( , ) O
O x
x -6 -4 -2
2 4 6

-2 OY
-2 OT
-4
T
-4 OY =
OT = Y -6

(11) (12)
y X( , ) y
O
Z( , )
x O x
-6 -4 -2 -6 -4 -2

-2
OX
-2
OZ
Z
X -4 -4

OX = OZ =

(13) y (14) y
P(6, 2)
Q(-2, 3)
x
P(4, 1) O

x
O
Q(3, - 4)

OP =
OP =


OQ =
OQ =

(15) O(0 , 0) , A(1 , 4) and B(5 , 2). (16) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , 8) and B(3 , 6).

OA = OA =

OB = OB =

6
5 7
Answers : (9) (6 , 3) ; ; 6 i 3 j (10) (5 , 6) ; ; 5i 6 j (11) (7 , 4) ; ;
3 6 4
6 4 2 6
7 i 4 j (12) (-6 , -3) ; ; 6 i 3 j (13) = 4i j ; = 2 i 3 j (14) =
3 1 3 2
3 1 5 4 3
6 i 2 j ; = 3i 4 j (15) = i 4 j ; = 5i 2 j (16) = 4 i 8 j ; =
4 4 2 8 6
3i 6 j

Vectors 9
VECTORS
3.2 3.3Determine the Unit Vectors in the Direction of given Vectors.

Task 1 : For each of the following vectors in terms of i and j , find the magnitude and the unit

vector in the direction of the given vector.

(1) OP 3i 4 j (2) OW 12 i 5 j (3) AB 9 i 12 j


magnitude of OP magnitude of OW magnitude of AB

OP = OW = AB =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction

of OP of OW of AB



OP = OW = AB =

5; 3
i4 j 13 ; 12
i 5 j 15 ; 3
5 i4 j

5
5 13
13 5
(4) PQ 15i 8 j (5) a 4 i 3 j (6) b 7 i 24 j

magnitude of a magnitude of b
magnitude of PQ
a = b =
PQ =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction

of PQ of a of b



PQ = a = b =

17 ; 15
i 178 j 5 ; 54 i 53 j 25 ; 257 i 24
25 j
17

Vectors 10
 x
Task 2 : For each of the following vectors in the form , find the magnitude and the unit
y
vector in the direction of the given vector.
8 15 6
(1) PQ (2) ST (3) ) CD
6 8 8

magnitude of PQ magnitude of ST magnitude of CD

PQ = ST = CD =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction

of PQ of ST of CD





PQ = ST = CD =

45
15
17 53
17 ; 10 ; 4
10 ; 3

8

5
17 5
9 12 24
(4) VW (5) u (6) v
40 9 7

magnitude of VW magnitude of u magnitude of v


VW = u = v =

Unit vector in the direction

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of VW of u of v


VW =
u = v =

419 54 24
25
41 ; 40 15 ; 3
25 ; 7
41 5 25

Vectors 11
VECTORS
3.4 3.7 Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors

Task 1 : Given a 2 i 5 j , b i 4 j and c 3i 7 j , find the following vectors in terms of i

and j .

(1) 2b (2) 3a (3) 4c

= = =

2i 8 j 6 i 15 j 12 i 28 j

(4) 1
2 a (5) a 3b (6) 2a b

= = =

i5 j 5i 7 j 5i 6 j
2
(7) b c (8) 1
2 ba (9) a 3b

= = =

2 i 3 j i 17 j

5
2 i 3j

(10) 4b c (11) 3c 2a (12) b 12 a

= = =

7 i 23 j 13i 11 j 132 j

Vectors 12
 3 2 6 x
Task 2 : Given a , b and c , express the following in the form of .
4 5 1 y
(1) 4b (2) 2c (3) 12 a

= = =

8 12
32

20 2 2
(4) 2a b (5) b 3c (6) 2c a

= = =

4 16 15

13 2 2
(7) 3a b (8) 2b c (9) c 2a

= = =

11 10 0

7 11 9
(10) 3c 2b (11) 3b a (12) 4a c

= = =

22 3 6

13 19 17

Vectors 13
 x
Task 3 : Write vector PQ in the form and determine its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
y

vector in the direction of vector PQ .
(1) (2)
y y
Q(7 , 9)
P(11, 2) P(5 , 4)

x
O

x
O
Q(3 , 4)

8 ; 10 ; 54 12 ; 13 ; 12
13
3 5
6 5 5 13

Task 4 : Write vector AB in terms of i and j and find its magnitude. Hence, find the unit

vector in the direction of vector AB .
(1) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , 30) and B(3 , 6). (2) O(0 , 0) , A(5 , 2) and B(3 , 4).

7i 24 j ; 25 ; 25
7
i 25
24
j 8i 6 j ; 10 ;
4
5 i 53 j

Task 5 : Given a 3i 4 j , b 2 i j and c i 5 j , find in terms of i and j , the unit vector

in the direction of the vectors below.
(1) 2a b c (2) 3a 2b c

5i 4 j ; 41 ; 5
i 4
j 4i 19 j ; 377 ;
4
i 19
j
41
41

377
377

Vectors 14