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Shape Properties
Shape Properties
eix e ix e ix + e ix
sin x = cos x =
2i 2
sin ( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos ( A B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan ( A B ) =
1 m tan A tan B A+ B A B
sin A sin B = 2 cos sin
A+ B A B 2 2
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2 A+ B A B
cos A cos B = 2 sin sin
A+ B A B 2 2
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
cos A cos B = [cos ( A + B )+ cos ( A B )]
2 2 1
e x + e x ex ex
cosh x = sinh x =
2 2
cosh ix = cos x cos ix = cosh x
sinh ix = i sin x sin ix = i sinh x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
cosh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
sinh ( x y ) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x iy ) = cosh x cos y i sinh x sin y
sinh ( x iy ) = sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y
x a
2
1
2
x
cosh 1 or
a
(
ln x + x2 a2 )
1 1 x
tan 1
x + a2
2
a a
(a 2
x2 ) or a2 x2 x = a sin or x = a cos
(a 2
+ x2 ) or a2 + x2 x = a tan or x = a sinh
(x 2
a2 ) or x2 a2 x = a sec or x = a cosh
or of the form:
{( a x + b) p x + q }
1
p x + q = u2
{( a x + b) p x2 + q x + r }
1
ax+ b=
1
u
x
sin x and / or cos x t = tan
2
2t 1 t2 2 dt
whence sin x = cos x = dx =
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Position of
section Area Moments of inertia Section Moduli
centroid
I xx = bh 3 / 36 Z xx
triangle
bh h I yy = hb / 48 3 base = bh 2 / 12
A= ex =
2 3 I aa = bh 3 / 4 apex = bh 2 / 24
I bb = bh 3 / 12 Z yy = bh 2 / 24
I xx = bd 3 / 12
Rectangle
h Z xx = bd 2 / 6
A = bd ex = I yy = db 3 / 12
2 Z yy = db 2 / 6
I bb = bd / 3 3
Rectangle
bd b 3d 3 b 2d 2
A = bd ex = I xx = Z xx =
b2 + d 2 (
6 b2 + d 2 ) 6 b2 + d 2
I xx = Z xx =
Rectangle
ex =
A = bd b sin + d cos
(
bd b2 sin 2 + d 2 cos 2 ) b2 sin 2 +
bd
d 2 cos 2
2
12
6(b sin + d cos )
s I xx = I yy = s 4 /12 s3
ex = Z xx = Z yy =
Square
2 6
A = s2 I bb = s 4 / 3
ev =
s s3
I vv = s 4 / 12 Z vv =
2 6 2
I xx =
(
d 3 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) Z xx =
I xx
Trapezium
d ( a + b) d ( 2a + b )
36(a + b) d ex
A=
2 e x1 =
3( a + b ) I yy =
(
d a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b (two values)
48 2 I yy
Z yy =
b
bd 3 bd 2
I xx = Z xx =
Diamond
bd d 48 24
A= ex =
2 2 db3 db 2
I yy = Z yy =
48 24
ex = 0.866s Z xx = 0.1203d 3
Hexagon
I xx = I yy = I vv
A = 0.866d 2
Z yy = Z vv
d
= = 0.0601d 4
2 = 0.1042d 3
Position of
Section Area Moments of inertia Section Moduli
centroid
Z xx = Z yy
A = 0.8284d 2
Octagon
d I xx = I yy = I vv
ex =
s = 0.4142d 2 = 0.1095d 3
ev = 0.541d = 0.0547d 4
Z vv = 0.1011d 3
n s 2 cot
A= e = r or R I1 = I 2
4
( )
Polygon
A 6R 2 s 2
A = n r 2 tan depending on = I
24 Z=
n R sin 2
( )
2
the axis and e
A= A 12r 2 + s 2
2 value of n =
48
A = r2 d4 d3
I = Z=
Circle
d
A = 0.7854d 2 e = r= 64 32
2
I = 0.7854r 2 Z = 0.7854r 3
Z xx =
Semi-Circle
A = 1.5708r 2 I xx = 0.1098r 4
base = 0.2587 r 3
ex = 0.424r
I yy = 0.3927r 4 crown = 0.1907r 3
Z yy = 0.3927 r 3
r4 Z xx
I xx = sin 2
3 16 90 base = I xx / eI
A= c
e0 =
Segment
20r 4 (1 cos ) 3
r2 12 A I xx
sin 180sin crown =
2 180 b eI
ex = e0 r cos r4
2 I yy = 30 2 I yy
48
Z vv =
8 sin + sin 2 c
360 2 4r 4 Z xx
I xx = I o sin I xx
2 c 2 9 centre =
ex = r ex
Sector
A= r2 3 a
=
r4
sin
360 I yy I xx
r 2c 8 180 crown =
ex = r ex
3A r4
I0 = + sin Z yy =
2 I yy
8 180 c
Minimum Values
I xx = I yy = 0.0549r 4
ex = 0.424r
Quadrant
Z xx = Z yy = 0.0953r 3
r2 I bb = 0.1963r 4
A= ev = 0.6r Z uu = 0.1009r 3
4 I uu = 0.0714r 4
eu = 0.707r Z vv = 0.064r 3
I vv = 0.0384r 4
e x = 0.777 r
Complement
MinimumValues
ev = 1.098r I xx = I yy = 0.0076r 4
Z xx = Z yy = 0.0097r 3
A = 0.2146r 2 eu = 0.707r I uu = 0.012r 4
Zuu = 0.017r 3
e = 0.316r
I vv = 0.0031r 4
eb = 0.391r Z vv = 0.0079r 3