Help Guide Properties of Triangles PDF

A Help Guide On
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
A Help Guide By OP Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
Q01. In a triangle ABC, if a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30, find cos A, cos B and cos C.
Sol. We have a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
b2 c2 a 2 242 302 182 4
cos A cos A
2bc 2 24 30 5
3
Similarly, cos B and cos C 0 .
5
Q02. In a ABC , if a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30, find sin A, sin B and sin C.
Sol. We have a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30
sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C
k (say)
a b c 18 24 30
sin A 18k, sin B 24k and sin C 30k .
Since 302 = 182 + 242 that means ABC is a right angled triangle such that C = 90o ,
which is the angle opposite to the biggest side c.
1
sin C sin 90o 30k 1 30k k =
30
1 3 1 4
So, sin A 18 = , sin B 24 .
30 5 30 5
A B
cos
ab 2
Q03. For any triangle ABC, prove that .
c C
sin
2
Sol. See Q17 (e).
A B
sin
a b 2 .
Q04. For any triangle ABC, prove that
c C
cos
2
a b k sin A k sin B
Sol. LHS : [By Sine rule
c k sin C
A B AB
sin A sin B 2 cos 2 sin 2

sin C sin C
C A B C A B
2 cos 90o sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
[ A B C 180o
C C C C
2sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
AB
sin
2 RHS .
C
cos
2
B C b c A
Q05. For any triangle ABC, prove that sin cos .
2 a 2
Sol. See Q17 (h).
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1
Top Solved Questions - Class 11 Compiled By OP Gupta (Indira Award Winner | M.+91-9650350480)
Q06. For any triangle ABC, prove that a b cos C c cos B b2 c 2 .
Sol. See Q17 (o).
A
Q07. For any triangle ABC, prove that a cos C cos B 2 b c cos 2 .
2
Sol. See Q17 (j).
b 2 c 2 sin B C
a2 sin B C
Sol. See Q17 (f).
BC BC
Q09. For any triangle ABC, prove that (b c) cos a cos .
2 2
BC BC A B C
Sol. LHS : (b c) cos a cos (b c) cos a cos [ A B C
2 2 2 2 2
BC A
a cos b c sin . Now see Q17 (k).
2 2
Q10. For any triangle ABC, prove that a cos A b cos B c cos C 2a sin B sin C .
Sol. LHS : a cos A b cos B c cos C
k sin A cos A k sin B cos B k sin C cos C [By Sine rule
k
2 sin A cos A 2 sin B cos B 2 sin C cos C
2
k
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C
2
k
2 sin( A B) cos( A B) 2 sin C cos C
2
k sin( C ) cos( A B ) sin C cos C
k sin C cos( A B ) cos[ ( A B )]
k sin C cos( A B ) cos( A B )
k sin C 2 sin A sin( B )
2 k sin A sin B sin C
2a sin B sin C RHS .
cos A cos B cos C a 2 b2 c 2
a b c 2abc
Sol. See Q17 (p).
Q12. For any triangle ABC, prove that b2 c 2 cot A c 2 a 2 cot B a 2 b2 cot C 0 .
Sol. See Q17 (v).
b2 c2 c2 a 2 a 2 b2
Q13. For any triangle ABC, prove that sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C 0 .
a2 b2 c2
Sol. See Q17 (s).
Q14. A tree stands vertically on a hill side which makes an angle of 15o with the horizontal. From
a point on the ground 35m down hill from the base of the tree, the angle of elevation of the
top of the tree is 60o . Find the height of the tree.
Sol. Let PQ = h (in metres) be the tree on the hill QR.
In triangle AQR ,
QR
sin15o QR 35sin15o
AQ
and, AR AQ cos15o 35cos15o .
2
In triangle APR,
PR
tan 60o PR 3 AR
AR
PQ QR 3 35cos15o
h 35sin15o 3 35cos15o
h 35 3 cos15o sin15o
h 35 3 cos[45o 30o ] sin[45o 30o ]
3 1 3 1
h 35 3
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 1
h 35
2 2
h 35 2 .
Hence the height of the tree is 35 2m .
Q15. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One goes 24kmph in the direction N 45o E and other
goes 32kmph in the direction S 75o E. Find the distance between the ships at the end of
3hours.
Sol. Let two ships A and B start from the port O with speed 24kmph and 32kmph in the direction
of OA and OB respectively.
When OA = N 45o E and OB = S 75o E.
AOB AOE EOB 45o 15o 60o .
The distance raveled by ship A in 3 hours
3 24 72km = OA
The distance raveled by ship B in 3 hours
= 3 32 96km = OB
OA 2 OB2 AB2
In OAB, cos O
2.OA.OB
o 72 962 AB2
2
cos 60
2 72 96
AB 86.5km .
Q16. Two trees A and B are on the same side of a river. From a point C in the river, the distance
between the trees A and B is 250m and 300m respectively. If the angle C is 45o , find the
distance between the trees. [ Use 2 1.414 ].
Sol. As shown in the figure, A and B are the trees and
C is the point in the river.
So AC = 250m, BC = 300m and C 45o .
BC 2 CA 2 AB2
In ABC, cos C =
2.BC.CA
300 250 2 c 2
2
cos 45o =
2 300 250
2 300 250
3002 250 2 c 2
2
c 215.49m
The distance between the two tress is 215.5m (Approx.)
3
Q17. In any ABC , prove that :
a 2 c 2 sin A C
(a) (b) b cos B c cos C a cos B C
b2 sin A C
a 2 b 2 1 cos A B cos C
(c) a sin A b sin B c sin A B (d)
a 2 c 2 1 cos A C cos B
A B
cos
ab 2 b 2 c 2 sin B C
(e) (f)
c C a2 sin B C
sin
2
A B
tan
ab 2 BC bc A
(g) (h) sin cos
ab A B 2 a 2
tan
2
A B
c tan tan A
(i) 2 2 (j) a cos C cos B 2 b c cos 2
a b tan A tan B 2
2 2
B C A C B
(k) a cos b c sin (l) 2 b cos 2 c cos2 a b c
2 2 2 2
2 C 2 C c b cos A cos B
(m) a b cos 2 a b sin 2 c 2 (n)
2 2 b c cos A cos C
2 2 cos A cos B cos C a 2 b2 c 2
(o) a b cos C c cos B b c (p)
a b c 2abc
2 A
(q) a 2 b c 4bc cos 2
2
A B C
(r) b c cot c a cot a b cot 0
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
b c c a a b
(s) 2
sin 2 A 2
sin 2 B sin 2C 0
a b c2
(t) a (sin B sin C ) b(sin C sin A) c(sin A sin B) 0
(u) 2 bc cos A ca cos B ab cos C a 2 b 2 c 2
(v) b2 c 2 cot A c 2 a 2 cot B a 2 b2 cot C 0
Solution :
a 2 c 2 k 2 sin 2 A k 2 sin 2 C
(a) LHS : [By Sine rule
b2 k 2 sin 2 B
sin 2 A sin 2 C sin(A C)sin(A C)
2

sin B sin 2 [ (A C)]
sin(A C)sin(A C) sin(A C)
2
RHS .
sin (A C) sin(A C)
(b) LHS : b cos B c cosC k sin Bcos B k sin Ccos C [By Sine rule
k k
2 sin Bcos B 2 sin C cos C sin 2B sin 2C
2 2
k 2B 2C 2B 2C
2sin cos k sin(B C) cos(B C)
2 2 2
4
k sin( A) cos(B C) k sin Acos(B C)
a cos(B C) RHS .
(c) LHS : a sin A b sin B k sin A sin A k sin Bsin B [By Sine rule
2 2
k [sin A sin B] k [sin(A B) sin(A B)]
k sin( C)sin(A B) k sin Csin(A B)
c sin(A B) = RHS .
1 cos A B cosC 1 cos A B cos (A B)
(d) RHS :
1 cos A C cos B 1 cos A C cos (A C)
1 cos A B cos A B 1 [cos2 A sin 2 B]

1 cos A C cos A C 1 [cos2 A sin 2 C]
1 cos2 A sin 2 B sin 2 A sin 2 B

1 cos2 A sin 2 C sin 2 A sin 2 C
k 2 sin 2 A k 2 sin 2 B
2 2 [Multiplying Nr & Dr by k 2
k sin A k 2 sin 2 C
a 2 b2
2 LHS .
a c2
a b k sin A k sin B
(e) LHS : [By Sine rule
c k sin C
AB AB
k [sin A sin B]
2sin cos
2 2
k sin C C C
2sin cos
2 2
C AB C AB
sin cos cos cos
2 2 2
2 2
C C C C
sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
AB
cos
2 RHS .
C
sin
2
2 2
b c k 2 sin 2 B k 2 sin 2 C
(f) LHS : [By Sine rule
a2 k 2 sin 2 A
k 2 [sin 2 B sin 2 C] sin(B C)sin(B C)

k 2 sin 2 A sin 2 [ (B C)]
sin(B C)sin(B C) sin(B C)
RHS .
sin 2 (B C) sin(B C)
a b k sin A k sin B
(g) LHS :
a b k sin A k sin B
AB AB
sin A sin B
2 cos sin
2 2
sin A sin B AB AB
2sin cos
2 2
A B
tan
AB AB 2 RHS .
cot tan
2 2 A B
tan
2
5
bc A k sin B k sin C A
(h) RHS : cos cos
a 2 k sin A 2
BC BC
2cos sin

sin B sin C
cos
A
2 2 cos A
sin A 2 A A 2
2sin cos
2 2
A BC A BC
cos sin sin sin
2 2 2
2 2
A A
sin sin
2 2
BC
sin LHS .
2
A B B A
sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
A B A B
tan tan cos cos
(i) RHS : 2 2 2 2
A B A B B A
tan tan sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B
cos cos
2 2
A B B A A B
sin cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B A A B
sin cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
C C
sin cos
2 2 2
A B A B
sin sin

2 2
C C
2 sin cos
2 2 sin C

C A B A B A B
2 sin sin 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
sin C sin C

A B A B sin A sin B
2 cos sin
2 2
k sin C
[Multiply Nr & Dr by k
k sin A k sin B
c
LHS .
ab
(j) LHS : a cosC cos B k sin A cos C cos B
CB C B
k sin A 2sin sin
2 2
A A A C B
k 2sin cos 2sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
A A A C B
2k 2sin cos cos sin
2 2 2 2
6
A C+ B C B
2k cos2 2sin sin

2 2 2 2
A C+B C B
2k cos 2 2 cos sin
2 2 2
A
2k cos2 sin C sin B
2
A
2 cos 2 k sin B k sin C
2
A
2 b c cos2 RHS .
2
A A
(k) RHS : b c sin k sin B k sin C sin
2 2
A
k sin B sin C sin
2
BC BC A
k 2sin cos sin
2 2 2
BC A A
k cos 2sin sin
2 2 2 2
BC A A
k cos 2cos sin
2 2 2
BC
k cos sin A
2
BC
k sin A cos
2
BC
a cos LHS .
2
C B C B
(l) LHS : 2 b cos2 c cos2 b 2 cos2 c 2 cos2
2 2 2 2
b 1 cosC c 1 cos B
b b cos C c c cos B
b c b cos C c cos B [By Projection formula, a b cosC c cos B
a b c RHS .
2 C 2 C
(m) LHS : a b cos 2 a b sin 2
2 2
C C C C C C
a 2 cos2 b2 cos2 2ab cos2 a 2 sin 2 b2 sin 2 2ab sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
C C C C C C
a 2 cos2 sin 2 b 2 cos 2 sin 2 2ab cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
a (1) b (1) 2ab cos C
c 2 RHS .
c b cos A a cos B b cos A b cos A
(n) LHS : [By Projection formulae
b c cos A c cos A a cos C c cos A
a cos B cos B
RHS .
a cos C cosC
(o) LHS : a b cos C c cos B ab cos C ac cos B
7
a 2 b2 c2 a 2 c 2 b2
ab ac
2ab 2ac
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a c b

2 2
2 2 2
a b c a c 2 b2
2

2 2
a b c a c 2 b2
2 2 2 2

2
2 2
2(b c )

2
(b c 2 ) RHS .
2
cos A cos B cos C 1 c 2 b2 a 2 1 a 2 c 2 b2 1 a 2 b2 c 2

(p) LHS :
a b c a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a a c b a b c

2abc 2abc 2abc
c b a a c b a b2 c2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2abc
2 2 2
a b c
RHS .
2abc
2 A A
(q) RHS : b c 4bc cos 2 b2 c 2 2bc 4bc cos2
2 2
A
b 2 c 2 2bc 2 cos 2 1
2
2 2
b c 2bc cos A
a 2 LHS .
A A
(r) Consider, b c cot k sin B k sin C cot
2 2
BC BC A A B C A
k 2 cos sin cot k 2cos sin cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A
A B C cos 2 BC B C
k 2sin sin k 2sin cos
2
2 sin A 2 2 2
2
B C B C B C B C
k 2sin sin k 2sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
B C C B
k cos cos k cos cos
2 2 2 2
A C B
So, b c cot k cos cos (i)
2 2 2
B A C
Similarly c a cot k cos cos (ii)
2 2 2
B B A
And, a b cot k cos cos (iii)
2 2 2
Now adding (i), (ii) & (iii), we get :
8
A B B C B A C
b c cot c a cot a b cot k cos cos k cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
B A
k cos cos
2 2
C B A C B A
k cos cos cos cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B
b c cot c a cot a b cot 0 . Hence Proved.
2 2 2
b2 c2 b2 c 2
(s) Consider, sin 2A = [2sin A cos A]
a2 a2
b 2 c 2 b2 c 2 a 2
= 2(ak ) 2
a 2bc
(b2 c 2 )( b2 c 2 ) a 2b 2 a 2c 2
=k
2abc
b2 c2 b 4 c 4 a 2 b2 a 2 c 2
i.e., sin 2A = k (i)
a2 2abc
c2 a 2 c 4 a 4 c 2b 2 a 2 b 2
Similarly, sin 2B k (ii)
b2 2abc
a 2 b2 a 4 b 4 c 2 a 2 c 2 b2
And, sin 2C k (iii)
c2 2abc
b2 c2 c2 a2 a 2 b2 b 4 c 4 a 2b 2 a 2 c 2
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C k
a2 b2 c2 2abc
c 4 a 4 c 2 b 2 a 2b 2 a 4 b 4 c 2 a 2 c 2b 2
k k
2abc 2abc
k
b 4 c 4 a 2b2 a 2 c 2 c 4 a 4 c 2 b2 a 2b 2 a 4 b4 c 2 a 2 c 2b 2
2abc
k
0 0
2abc
b2 c 2 c2 a2 a 2 b2
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C 0 . Hence Proved.
a2 b2 c2
(t) LHS : a (sin B sin C) b(sin C sin A) c(sin A sin B)
a sin B a sin C b sin C b sin A c sin A c sin B
k sin A sin B k sin A sin C k sin Bsin C k sin Bsin A k sin Csin A k sin Csin B
0 RHS .
(u) LHS : 2 bc cos A ca cos B ab cos C
b2 c 2 a 2 a 2 c 2 b2 b2 a 2 c 2
2 bc ca ab
2bc 2ac 2ba
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b c a a c b b a c
a 2 b 2 c 2 RHS .
cos A
(v) Consider, b2 c 2 cot A b2 c 2
sin A
9
1 b2 c 2 a 2
b2 c 2
ka 2bc
b 4 c 4 a 2 b2 a 2 c 2
i.e., b c cot A
2 2
(i)
2kabc
c 4 a 4 c 2b 2 a 2b 2
Similarly, c 2 a 2 cot B (ii)
2kabc
a 4 b 4 c 2 a 2 c 2b 2
And, a 2 b 2 cot C (iii)
2kabc
b 4 c 4 a 2 b2 a 2 c 2
b c cot A c a cot B a b cot C
2 2 2 2 2 2
2kabc
c a c 2 b 2 a 2b 2 a 4 b 4 c 2 a 2 c 2b 2
4 4

2kabc 2kabc
4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
b c a b a c c a c b a b a b c a c b

2kabc
0

2kabc
b c cot A c 2 a 2 cot B a 2 b2 cot C 0 .
2 2
Hence Proved.
Dear Student,
I would urge you for a little favour. Please notify me about any error(s) you notice in this (or
other Maths) work. It would be beneficial for all the future learners of Maths like us. Any
constructive criticism will be well acknowledged. Please find below my contact info when you
decide to offer me your valuable suggestions. Im looking forward for a response.
Also I would wish if you inform your friends about my efforts for Maths so that they may also
benefit.
Lets learn Maths with smile :-)
For any clarification(s), please contact :
MathsGuru OP Gupta
[Maths (Hons.), E & C Engg., INDIRA Award Winner]
Contact Nos. : +91-9650 350 480 | +91-9718 240 480
@theopgupta
Mail me at : info@theopgupta.com
Official Web-page : www.theOPGupta.com
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