$|T sVD

|. qsd+VQ\T
m+. n*y\T eT+>
MA, M.Ed

VIVANA PUBLICATIONS
# 1-7-510/E/4, Geminic Colony, Zamistanpur,
Hyderabad - 500047, Cell. 9177091268
email. vivanapublications@gmail.com

` 126
 Vipatthu Nirvahana(Disaster Management)

Written by: P. Narasimhulu, M. Alivelu Manga

Copies: 2000

Price: Rs 126/-

Copy Right : Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

Publishers: Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

DTP & Cover Design: KALYANI GRAPHICS, Dilshukh Nagar,

Hyderabad Cell: 9493386871

First Edition: 2012

Second Edition: January 2014

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Information contained this book has been obtained by Vivana Publications, from sources belived to be reliable. However, neither Vivana Publica-
tions nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Publishers nor its authors shall be
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 $wjT d
I. $|T sVD |]o\q........................................................................................5 - 44
1. $|T sVD ueq\T.................................................................................................................. 7 - 16
2. $|T\T` ||+# |]d ............................................................................................................ 17 - 22
3. us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q ....................................................................... 23 - 36
4. +<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q .......................................................................... 37 - 39
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................ 40 ` 44
II. u+b\T .........................................................................................................45 ` 68
1. u+b\T ` sD\T, |uy\T......................................................................................... 47 ` 55
2. us<X+ u+b\T.............................................................................................................. 56 ` 58
3. +<|<X u+b\T ............................................................................................................... 59 ` 61
4. u+b\T ` |XeTq ePV\T ......................................................................................... 62 ` 66
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................ 67 ` 68
III. #y\T .........................................................................................................69 ` 86
1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T.......................................................................................... 71 ` 77
2. +<|<X #y\ #] .................................................................................................. 78 ` 79
3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T .......................................................................................... 80 ` 85
m.|.|.mdt.d |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................. 86 ` 86
IV. dTHMT ............................................................................................................ 87 ` 102
1. dTHMT ` sD\T, |uy\T ................................................................................................ 89 ` 97
2. dTHMT ` |Xe Tq ePV\T................................................................................................98 ` 100
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................101 ` 102
V. es<\T .......................................................................................................... 103 ` 117
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T............................................................................................105 ` 110
2. +<|<X es<\T ..................................................................................................................111 ` 112
3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T ......................................................................................... 113 ` 116
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................117 ` 117
 VI. sTe\T, ub\T eT]jTT s $|T\T .............................................. 119 `134
1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T .........................................................................................121 ` 125
2. +<|<X sTe................................................................................................................... 126 ` 127
3. sTe |XeTq ePV\T.................................................................................................. 128 ` 130
4. ub\T ` s $|T\T ................................................................................................131 ` 133
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................134 ` 134
VII. eqe s $|T\T ` ysD ePV\T ................................................... 135 ` 150
1. eqe s $|T\T ..............................................................................................................137 ` 150
VIII. $|T |XeTq ePV\T/ #s\T ............................................................... 151 ` 191
1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[ ....................................................................... 153 ` 158
2. $|T sVD ` d+k> @sT ...............................................................................159 ` 165
3. k, sh ksTT d+d\ b ......................................................................................... 166 `170
4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[ ..................................................................................... 171 ` 174
5. $|T deTj |ejT eTwH eed\T ........................... 175 ` 177
6. new H|D\T ........................................................................................................................... 178 `186
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................187 ` 191
n_ywqT ...................................................................................................... 192 ` 193
bdT |X\T................................................................................................ 194 ` 208
I
. $|T sVD ` |]o\q
1. $|T sVD ` ueq\T
2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d
3. us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
4. +<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
 1. $|T sVD ueq\T
(Concepts of Disaster Management)
1.1 |]#jT+
$|T\T eqe C =MT <T. eqe\
nksyTq|{, n$ #] |Ps| jTT>+ qT+&
eqeC dV Jeq+ #dT H sTT. u>[ ` yesD
|]d T \T, n~ ksTT +& ke, ] <Ts\ +
us<X ||+#+ n+ $|T u]yTq <X
{> #XsTT.
$|T (Disaster) nH |<, ^ uw qT+&
eq Dus nq> <Tw( #&T ) eT]jTT aster nq> q +
nH s+&T |<\ \sTT <s eq eT< jTT>\
H{ |+#Y |<+ desastre, bNq uw #+~q
disastro |<\ qT+& dw+#sT. ^, {H uw
disaster nq> <Tw q+(bad star) n ns+. bNq
\+ |P\T @<H $<+d+ < $|TqT @<
q + eTT&|{, q <Twq +(disaster)>
u$+# ysT.
u+b\T, TbqT, e&> yq\T(haisstrom),
+u e w ( cloud-burst ), u b + ( landslide ),
ueTjT+(soil erosion), VeTb+(snow ava-
lanche), es<\T(flood) yTT<\>T dV < |
$|T\T, n |e<\T, eTVe] y<T\T (epidem-
ics), s&T, $eq, s\T |e<\T, skjTq, nDT
|e<\T yTT<\>T eqe * < eqe s
$|T\T + d+u$dH HsTT.
$| T d V y T q ~ e# T < eqe
|s|yTq~ e#T.
$|T @<H |< mTq
1. eqe qc,
2. JeHb~ qc
3. dT\ qc sDeTeT+~.
$eq |_wH
4. $|T e\q ]wyTq b++ yTT+
qwbT+~.
$|T |uy >TsjT b+\ = eT&
\D\T |ksTT. n$:
d e | k< s D JeH n+ s j T +
\T>TT+~. < |ue+ |< d+K |\|
|&TT+~.
|< mTq bD, d, JeHb~ qw+ sT>TT+~.
$|T |uy >Tsq eT{ qc\ qT+&
\Te& y \ T| \ qT+& d V j T +
nedseTeT+~.
<X ] eed $|+ \T>TT+~.
1.2 s#H\T
de+ q k+ eqsT\ \T
$<+>, n+<T eqe, b<] < |sesD
eqsT\qT $\T|+ #d, de sVD re n+sjT+
*+#~. (<) eqe <q +~q J$ nde d+ #d
n~ bD qw+, d qw+ *+#& y| |TqqT
$|T> |s=+{sT.
United Nations Development Programme/Office
of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator
(UNDP/UNDRO)
de+ ] \T $<+>, k<sD
keTs $T+ bD qw+ , d qw+ , eT* ks\T,
|sesD+, eds de\T, JeHb~ esZ\qT
$< +dyT Tqs d+|T q < esTd |T q\qT $|T
n+{sT(Disaster is an event or series of events, which
gives rise to casualties and damage or loss of prop-
erties, infrastructures, environment, essential ser-
vices or means of livelihood on such a scale which is
beyond the normal capacity of the affected commu-
nity to cope with).
7 $|T sVD
+< VA+ eT+ XK material, economic or environmental losses which
exceed the ability of the affected community or soci-
k<sD J$ < |sesD eed ety to cope using its own resources) $|T n+{sT.
n+sjT+ *q|&T bD\qT < |sesD
b&, d+s+#& nk<sD neds #s\T ||+# s> d+d(WHO)
nedseTjT |<e |]d(catastrophic situation in |u$ eT{ < b++ \Te&
which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has y\T|* qT+& nk<sDyTq |d+<q nedseTjT
been disrupted and extra ordinary emergency inter- $<+> qc, ] $<+k, eqe bD qc
ventions are required to save and preserve lives and
or the environment)H $|T n+{sT.
s>+ eT]jTT s> de\qT |q+ #d @<H
|T q(any occurrence that causes damage, economic
$|T sVD #+, 2005 destruction, loss of human life and deterioration in
health and health services on a scale sufficient to
$|T sVD #+ (Disaster Management Act)
warrant an extraordinary response from outside the
2005 $|TqT.. @<H b++ | d<+> <
affected community or area)> ||+# s> d+d
eqe * sD\ e\ < |e<eXT <
s+> d+u$+, d++~ b++ q+ qT $|TqT s++~.
\T $<+> |< mTq bD qc, eqe n+ +&, e T{ \ T, q> s \T <
J$, d $<+d+ < qc, |sesD qc >e\qT |u$+ #d <Ts\ |]d *d e#
< $<+k sDeTjT |<e+, |e<+, re u+|+, es< < TbqT e+{ y|+ jTT
$|T < <Tsq(a catastrophe, mishap, calamity q+> L& ||+# s> d+d $|TqT |s=+~.
or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natu-
ral or man made causes, or by accident or negligence 1.3 $|T\ eZsD
which results in substantial loss of life or human suf-
fering or damage to, and destruction of property, or
damage to, or degradation of environment, and is of $|T\T d+u$+# y>+, y{ $se+, y{
such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the cop- <]rd sD\ <s+> $|T\qT |\T s\T>
ing capacity of the community of the affected area)> eZ]+#e#T.
s++~. m. y> { $|TqT <qyTq(slow) <
sd$T y>e+yTq(Rapid) $|T> |s=+{sT.
$|TqT sd$T .... de| < 1. <q+> bs+ueTjT $|T(Slow onset Di-
e T{ k< s D sD eT]j T T k< s D saster ): sE\T, H \ \T < s T e >
sb\ n+sjT+ *d nkT> < d+es\ s& =qk> $|TqT <q+>
re+> d+u$+# |<(the occurrence of sudden of bs+ujT $|T(A disaster that prevails for
major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and
normal functioning of the society or community)> many days, months or even years like drought)
s++~. n+{sT. |sesD D, >T <&, <T]+
UNISDR(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
yTT<\>Tq$ B <VsD\T.
Reduction) 2. y>+ > e# $|T ( Rapid onset disaster): D
eT{ < de+ q k+ eqsT\ $|+ e\ d+u$+# $|T(A disaster that is
\T*> keTs $T+ $ksyTq eqe, b<], triggered by an instantaneous shock)qT y>+ >
] < |sesD qc\ sDeTe eT{ e# $|T n+{sT. B |ue+ d\\+
< de sVD esTd> n+sjT+ *+# +&e#T < Bs\eT +&e#T. u+|+,
|Tq\qT(A serious disruption of the functioning of a #y+(TbqT), d es<\T, n|s
community or a society causing widespread human, $kq+ B <VsD\T.
$eq |_wH 8 $|T sVD
_. d + u $ +# s D \qT { $| T \ qT $|T \ T {, eqe |s | $|T \ T n L&
dV(Natural) < eqe s(Human n+{sT. 1984 ub >dt <Tsq, 1997
& | V sY d eV ]q n
Induced) $|T\T> eZ]+#sT.
|e<+, 2002 s< m|dt |{\T
1. dV $|T\T(Natural Disasters): |&+, 2003 +uD+ bsX\ ]q
| y|+ sD+> d+u$+, |u$ n |e<+, 2008 C|PsY ]q esTd
|\T m<Ts $<+ > eqe, b<] eT]jTT u+T |\T, 2013 |e] V<su<
] qc\ <]rd |TqqT dV $|T ~dTUq>sY ]q + |\T yTT<\>Tq$
n+{sT(A natural disaster is an event that is eqe |s| $|T\ <VsD\T.
caused by a natural hazard and leads to hu- |\ ke, ] deTd\qT |]w]+#&+,
man, material, economic and environmental
losses, which exceed the ability of those af-
eqe #H ds[ esT rdTse&+,
fected people).
$|T \ >T]+ ne>Vq \>Cj T &+, |sesD
|]sD yTT<\>T se\qT #|&+ <s
es<\T, sTe\T, deTT< y s+>\T, u eqe * $|T\qT y]+#e#T.
|+ |q\T sD+> d+u$ +# $|T \ qT (| )
dV $|T\T n+{sT. H{ <T ke <<+ $|T\qT
eZ]+#&+ eT+ neT+~. $|T\ n~
2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ d+u$+q X+ |\ ke, ] eed\ sb\T <
dTH$T, 2008 #H eq u +|+, 2007 wjT\ sD+>H d+u$dTHsTT. |\ Jeq
+><X eq d<s Y TbqT, skH + $<H\ |sesD+ D+be&+, |D +B
e# sTe, s, |eT us<X+ >MTD, ke, ] eed\T dTds+ e&+ e\q eqe
|D b+\T s +&+{ |jT{ e# es<\ T s $|T\T n~eTeTHsTT. qB |yV\ <
dV $|T\ <VsD\T. n~+ > +& b+\T < u +b\ eTT| n~+ >
| d++<yTq $|T\qT eTq+ y]+#+. +& b+\ ed+# eT{\T, n& ds|&q
, eTqq <T Xd, k+, de#s |\T, y] ke, ] |]dT\ sD+> n~
s+>\qT |j+#T, y{ reqT =+ <Ts\ (vulnerability) >TsjT |e<+ +~. B
es Z+#e#T. TTTe\ y>, d+es\ y>, nkT> e#
| esT\T & $|T reqT eT]+ |+#TsTT.
2. eqe s $|T\T(Human Induced Disas- $|T\T d+u$+# deTj, y{ e, reqT
ters):
n+#H yjT b e&+ e\ L& $|T |u e+ n~+ >
|u $ |\T m<Ts $<+ > eqe, b<], +T+~.
] eT]jTT |sesD qc\ <]rd eqe $|T sVD| 1999 +< eekjT XK
|s | y| + k<sD J$ \T>C d re eJ s<] C.d. |+Y H+ @sT #jT&q
n+sj eqe s $|T n+{sT(A se- nTH~s $T{ 31 s\ $|T\qT >T]+, y{
rious disruption of normal life triggered by a
human induced hazard causing human, ma- <T |<q du>|\T> $u++~.
terial, economic and environmental, which
exceed the ability of those affected to cope).
$$< s\ $|T\ C_
n | e <\T, s k j T q < b]X$T 1. sT eT]jTT yesD d++~ $|T\T
|e<\T, |sesD \Tw+, s&T, s\T e+{ m. es<\T, { eTT+|
s y D | e <\T, $eq | e <\T, \ _. TbqT
|e<\T, sjT nX+ yTT<\>T y{ e\
$|T\qT eqe s $|T\T n+{sT. d. {s&\T eT]jTT V]qT
$ |+> eqe #s\ e\ d+u$+# &. e&> yq
$eq |_wH 9 $|T sVD
 . +uew 5. j $|T\T
m|t.
e&>\T\T, #* >\T\T m. j $|T \ T eT]jTT eTVe] y<T \T
. VeTb\T _. \ <&T\T
V#Y.
sTe\T d. |Xe\ e# eTVe] y<T\T
. deTT<| &. Vs+ $w|P]+ e&+
C.|&T>TbT
.
dTH$T
1.4 ueq\T
(2004 sTy dTHMT $|T\ C_ eqe C ed+# m&] b++ u+|+
#ssT) d+u$d, n~ deC mTe+{ |, D qw+
*+#<T. n+<Te\ < $|T> |s=qeTT. <
2. u>[ $|T\T y| +(y| +) n+{+. 2001 >TsY uT C
m. ub+ eT]jTT |+ |yV\T(landslide andd+u$+q u+|+ 10y\ |> |\ bD\qT
mudflows)
V]++~. de+| D |ue+ #| $|T>
e]+~.
_. u+b\T >eT: 2007 qe+sY 15q +><X
d. q\T be&+(Dam failuers/Dam bursts) d+u$+q d<sY TbqT $|T> e]q y|
<VsD> #|e#T.
&. qq <yq\T(Minor fires)
3. skjTq, b]X$T, nDT $|T\T
1.4.1 y|+(Hazard) n+f @$T{?
HAZARD nH |<+ hasard nH |sq |+
m. skjTq eT]jTT b]X$T $|T\T |<+ qT+& e+~. ns_ az-zahr n+f neX+
_. nDT $|T\T < n<w+ n ns+.
4. |e<\ d++~+q $|T\T >j\, bD qc < d, JeHb~ <
|sesD $<+k sDeTjT | < eqe
m. ]#T |s| |e<s |TqqT y|+ n+{sT(Hazard
_. |D n |e<\T is a dangerous event, natural or human induced that
cause injury, loss of life or damage to property, live-
d. >qT es< |yV+ lihood or environment).
&. #eTTsT |e<\T y|\qT 1. dV y|\T(Natural Haz-
ards), 2. ke ` dV y|\T(Socio-Natural
. ue+T\T L*be&+
Hazards), 3. eqe |] y|\T(Human In-
m|t. esTd u+T |\T duced Hazards)> $u+#e#T.

. y\T, }s+|\ d+<s + > ]> |e<\T u+|+, dTH$T, n|s $kq+ yTT<\>T
y{ | d< < dV y|\T n+{sT.
V#Y. $<TY, n |e<\T
b]X$T | e <\T, s \ T, s& T , $eq
. $eq, s&T, s\T |e<\T | e <\T, > y < <& T \T, q \ T
C. |&e |e<\T L*be&+, $w|P] es\ J, jTT<+,
n+sZ sT>TuT yTT<\>Tq$ eqe |s|
. >e n |e<\T y|\ <VsD\T.
$eq |_wH 10 $|T sVD
 es<\T, ub\T, sTe\T e+{ y{ |, es<\T, u+|+ < TbqT e+{ @<H
eqe | s | s D \T s +& +{sTT. y|+ d+u$d, n~ $|T <]rdT+~. |<
n+<Te\q y{ ke ` dV y|\T mTq bD, d qc sDeTeT+~.
n+{sT. <VsD es<\ T dV d<+ > ]d <VsD Hyk\T m&] b++ e#
n~ es\ e\q se#T < eqe s+ u+|+ n~ m+ re \~ nsTTH $|T>
sD+> dsq &HJ ks+ be&+ e\q | ] > D + # & < T . | \qT, y] d T \ qT,
L& se#T. sb\qT |u$+ #dq|& u+|+
eT{ nH s\ y| \ >T]e#T. $< +ds e TeT+~. {, y| \T, <Ts\+
<V s D > T sY u + b\T m e> \>*dq|&T eyT $|T d+u$dT+~.
d+u$+# b+yTq|{, s#T> TbqT, _q s\ y|\T
es<\T L& edT+{sTT. u+| eT+&\+ y|\T n$ d+u$+# rsTqT { # s\T
+& rs b++ es<\T, Tbq L& >T] HsTT. = s#T> ed, eT]= d+<s {
e#T. nTe+{ b+ VQ y| edT+{sTT.
eT+&\+(multi-hazard zone) n+{sT. eTq
<X $$< $|T \ nqTe> +& <Ts\ y| sV\T y|\T
{ |\T s\T eT+&\T> $u +#&+ ]+~. u>[ y|\T
= b+\T VQ y| eT+&\T>
HsTT. 1. u+|+
us<X+ u+b\T, sTe, es<\T, TbqT, 2. dTH$T
u b\T, <yq\T, |< mTq n |e<\T 3. ub+
e+{ y|\qT m<Ts=+T+~.
4. n|s |\T&T
y|+ m|&T $|T <]rdT+~? 5. q\T be&+
y|
d+ue $|T ( potential disaster)> 6. >qT n |e<+
|s=+{sT. y|+ nqTq~ $|T <] rd
d+|Tq. <VsD es< y|+. { yesD y|\T
n~ d+u$ +q|&T, < m<Tse& |\T 1. w eT+&\ #y+
d<+ > q|&T es< |\qT, q T, |X e\qT, (TbqT)
$\Tyq edTe\qT T& |fdT+~. n|&T es< 2. {s&, V]H
$|T> esTT+~.
3. es<\T
de+ esZ+| y| |ue+, <
e\q d+u$+q eTsD\T, >j\T, d qw+ 4. sTe
< ] qc\ qT+& |\T \T $<+> 5. e&>\T\T
#dq|&T $|T d+u$dT+~.
6. +uew
y|
+ <Ts\+ *q |\| |u e+ #|,
$< +k , bD qc , n+ s j 7. ub+
<]rdq|&T L& $|T d+u$dT+~. 8. e&>\T\T, o\ >\T\T
d s q eqs T \T n+< T uT b e& + , 9. VeT d+b\T
\VqT\T, e<T\ T, ne>Vq b e&+ yTT<q
\yTq <Ts\\ bT $|TqT s+# 10. deTT< sTsD
$eq |_wH 11 $|T sVD
|sesD y|\T <Ts\+> sksT. u, ke, ] eT]jTT
1. |sesD \Tw+ |sesD s\T < |jT\# s]+#&
eT{ y| \ |u y >TsjT dT |+#
2. n&e\ q]y d <Ts\+ n+{sT(Vulnerability is the condition
3. m&sD determined by physical, social, economic and envi-
ronmental factors or processes, which increases the
4. >T <&T\T susceptibility of a commnunity to the impact of haz-
ards).
C$ y|\T
<VsD 2001 >TsY u+|+ d+<s+>
1. n+T y<T\T uTC |D+ ysT b+\ eddTq y] +f
2. >T <&T\T sTq s&T, => ]+#&q msTTq, dTs+
ueH\T, n~ qk+< *q uTC b q>s
3. \Tw Vs+ # + ~q y s m e> >j T | & s T . m e eT+~
4. keTV $< +d eTsD+#sT. ysT b+\ eddTq |\T
jTT<\T $X\yTq s&qT * +&yT +&, qk+<
L& e> +~. {/s+&T n+dT\ ueH\qT
skjTq/b]X$T/nDT |e<\T eyT * HsT. n+<Te\ ysT u+|+
1. skjTq $|T\T eq|&T s> jTs>*>sT. {, uTC
ys eddT q y] +f uT C b q>s+ eddT q
2. b]X$T $|T\T ysT n~ <Ts\+ * qT #|e#T.
3. #eTTsT m>eT&+/ n ke+>, ]+> n&T>Tq q |\T
|e<\T $|T\ eT]+ <Ts\Ts +{sT. <VsD ~>Te
b+\(low lying areas) +& ysT es< eTT|
4. nDT |e<\T m e> * +{s T . es < \ e\q y]
<+{sTT. y] JeHb~| |ue+ |&TT+~.
|e< y|\T eqsT\ $T L& $|T\ d+~+# eT]jTT <
1. | & e /s& T / s \ T/$eq m<Ts=H keTs |]$T+ #dT + ~. q|\\ T, e<T\ T,
|e<\T $+>T\T $T> y]+f me |u y >TsesT.
d+sY |sY dsY H ~ m|&$Tj\J |t
2. >MTD/|D b+ ]> &CdsY(CRED) 2000 $&T<\ #dq y~
n | e <\T/u+T |s+ $|T\ d+<s+> #bjT y] 85% eT+~
|\T eTV\T, |\ +THsT.
3. ]#T\T <Ts\\qT u ( physical) <Ts\+,
ke - ] ( socio-economic ) < T s \ +>
4. ueH\T L*be&+ eZ]+#e#T.
5. $<TY |e<\T u <Ts\+
6. =d\T u+b\T < es<\T e+{ | $|T\T
7. >qT es<\T sD+> qwbjT, $<+k >TsjT e\T,
eqsT\T B |]~ eksTT. ~ ue H\T, eT*
1.4.2 <Ts\+(Vulnerability) edT\T e+{ eTT+| *q sD\T eT]jTT
|\T y| q kMT|, |<X+,
eT{, sD+, de\T < u>[ due+| <s|& +T+~. $|T ]>
b++ y{ due+, sD+ eT]jTT n$ $|T u] dejT+ ueH\T, sD\T < \qT
b+ < |e<s u u> q kMT| m<Tse& * q k+ keTs +| L&
$<+k < n+sj >Tse& >\ |]~ <s|& +T+~.
$eq |_wH 12 $|T sVD
 dTs+ b+\ n<T|+& |]>
dsyk\T |\qT y|\ >T] #ksTT.
u+|+ < ub+(landslide) d+u$+
q|&T b++| +& ue+T\T, sD\T
|L\&+ < C]be&+ ], ~>Teq q
b+\ u +b\qT T H $<+ > ]+q
sD\qT d+ L*yjTe#T.
ke` ] <Ts\+
y|+ |\| #|+# re e\+ <
u n+X\| eyT <s|& +&<T. |\
ke ] d L& |ue+ jTT reqT
s]dT+~. BH ke ] <Ts\+
n+{sT.
<VsD deTT< rs+ ed+# |< |\
<&yTq +T ueH\T ]+#Te&
nedsy T q &T +&<T . n+<Te\ ysT eTT|H
+{sT. \yTq <TsT>\T\T < TbqT
eH eT yk\qT sT. |<]+
sD+> ] qT ]+#TsT.
1.4.3 keTs+(Capacity)
$|T q T m<Tse&+, Te&+, s~+#&+
< < qT+& s> \Te&+ d+ T+u\T
eT]jTT eT{\ e< +&, y{ n+<T d+d<T \ qT
#d eqsT\T, esZ\T eT]jTT \qT keTs+>
s k s T . | \ keTs L & | ] > D q
rdTe#T.
keTs\T s+&T s\T.
1. u keTs+:
Tbq <s <+deTjT qT, es<\
=TbjT |+qT |\T b&Te#T.
=+<sT e\T ysT |<X XX+> >
< *+> > e\d be&+ <s b~
b+<>*> H|D * +{sT. Te+{
y{ u keTs+ n+{sT.
2. ke` ] keTs+:
n~ X+ $|T\ |\T u+>,
b<]+> n~ qc\T b+<TsT. nsTT
d+|qe+T\T eT d+|< sD+> Te+{
qc\ qT+& s> \T+{sT. d+|qe+T\T
$eq |_wH
dTs b+\ edd , y] >V\T <&y T q
keT ]+#&+ e\q ysT nsT<T> eyT
$| T \ > T s e T +{s T . y d s +
$<+dyTH, < qT+& \TH keTs+ *
+{sT.
y|
\T m|& d+u$ dH +{sTT. nsTT,
reyTq <Ts\+, m<Ts=H keTs+ e>
q|& y|\T $|T> essTT.
eTs $<+> #b\+f y| e, eT{
<Ts\+ re+> |u$eTjT eTT|qT
|+#TsTT.
1.4.4 eTT|(Risk)
y| \T eT]jTT <Ts\ |]d T \ eT< |sd s
#s\ sD+> ] s|+ n+sjT+,
|sesD D bT eTsD\T, >j\T, d,
JeHb~ qw+ e+{ VsyTq |sekH\T <
}V+#<qTe+{ qk\T ]> d+ueqT eTT|
n+{sT.
]w \ ee~ ]w b++ y|
d+|Tq d+u$+q sD+> }V+q qc\
n+#HqT eTT| n+{sT.
eTT| ksTT +~ n+X\| <s|& +T+~:
y| due+
y| |uy >TsjT n+X\ <Ts\+
n+X\ ] $\Te
eT{/b++ y|\ >Ts, <
<Twuy |u$yTq|&T eT{/b++
eTT| qT #|&TT+~.
eTq+ $|T sVDqT >T]+, #]dTHeT+f,
n~ $|T eTT| sVD >T]+ #]+#&y T neT+~.
$|T eTT| sVD y| ~+#&+
< eTT| * q n+X+ jTT <Ts\ ~+#&+
<s $|T d++~ bD qc\T, d qc\qT Z+#
n #s\T $T& +{sTT.
$| T eTT| ~+| ( Disaster Risk
Reduction)qT ~>Te $<+> #|&sT.
1. d+d<(Preparedness):
~ d+sD |jT. +<T |uT\T, e\T
$|T |]dT\ dsyT, y>+> d+~+# $<+>
#d #s\T +{sTT.
13 $|T sVD
 d+d<
1. #sDjTyTq neds |D[\T,
2. V#] eed\ n_e~,
3. $wsD\ sVD,
4. e\ D
yTT<\>Tq$ +{sTT.
{, d+d< $|T d+u$+q|&T bD
qc , \ de\ n+ s j , $< +k
Z+#& $|T eTT+<T rdTH #s\qT *
+T+~.
2. |XeTq+(Mitigation):
|XeTq+ y| |uy, u$wY $|T
y| Z+#&d+ <Ts\ |]dT\qT ~+#&
rdTe\dq #s\T s+& +{sTT.
{, |XeTq sb\T y|+ bT
$|T eTT|q >TsjT n+X\| L& +B]+#e\d
+T+~.
]w y| |XeTq #s\ <VsD\T:
sTe eTT| q b+\ { jeq+,
y| |& b+\ qT+& |\qT s*+#&+,
y|+ d+u$+q|&T $<+k ~+# sD\
|+ yTT<q$.
|XeTq #s\T Te+{ u #s\ bT
$|T d+u$+#& sDeTjT ], ke
<Ts\\qT ~+# \ L& * +T+~.
2004 d T H$T s T y $ T H & T
k$TjsY|sTT >eT+ s >e\ b\T+f
e eTsD\T d+u$+#sTT. >eT |\T X<q
sD, U #jTT, |<eT D * HsT.
~ ysT $|T\ d+<s+> deTse++> d+~+,
|< d+K $\Tyq bD\qT b&{ <V<|& + ~.
eTT| ke |]dT\qT { L& +T+~.
<VsD q>s +& b~ neX\T >MTD
b+\ |\qT eT y| ]ksTT. ds q ] eqsT\T
be&+, q>s d\ +& n~ sT y]
dTs + , <Ts\ yTq eTT] y& ds | & #ksTT.
eTT+u |qseeTjT es<\ e\ q>s+ s
b+\ y] +f eTT] y& ed+# |< me
$eq |_wH
<Twuy\T m<Ts=+THsT. sEy L* |qT\T
e&+, | |<X\T <q&+, $<T<|+, {
e\ e# y<T\T, s s\ qc\qT m<Ts=+{sT.
y] mTe+{ d +&be&+ e\q mTe+{ ;e
L& e]+#<T. |uT+, s dVjT d+d\T y]
*q qc\ mTe+{ |]Vs+ #*+#e. $<+>
y] ke d es<\T eq|&T n~ $|T
eTT|q sDeTeT+~.
1.5 $|T sVD
(Disastster Management)
$|T sVD nqTq~ $|T / neds |]d T \|
jT+D * +&{, |\qT $|T |u e+ qT+&
|+#&, |uy\qT Z+#&, y] y{ qT+&
\Te& <V<|& $<+> #{ *+#
$<+> s|\q #dq |\T s\ sb\
deVs+(Disaster Management covers the range of
activities designed to maintain control over a disas-
ter/emergency situations and to provide a frame work
for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects of, or
recover from impact of a disaster).
s b\T $| T eTT+< T , $| T
d+<s+> < $|T nq+s+ sV+# d+d<,
| X e Tq+, n ed s d +< q , d V j T eT]j T T
|qsT<sD(|q]sD+ eT]jTT |qsyd+) yTT<\>T
y{ d++~+qy +{sTT.
$|T sVD $_q <X\T +{sTT.
n$:
1. neds d+<q dVjT #s\T
2. |qsyd+ |q]sD+
3. |XeTq+
4. d+d<
k<sD+> <X\qT $|T d+u$+q
nq+s+ esTd> =qkksT.
1. neds d+<q dVjT #s\T
(Emergency Response and relief)
$|T d+<s+ eT]jTT $|T q y+H
< |u y\qT +Z #& #|f D #s \qT neds
d+<q dVjT #s\T> #|e#T.
14 $|T sVD
 |uT +, |uT s d+d\ T, CH dT, >TsT <s
$T{ e+{ |\T eT d+d\ T |d+<q eT]jTT dV jT
#s\qT n+~ksTT.
+<T
m. X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T,
_. |<eT ,
d. Vs+, \T, w\sT, eT+<T\T n+<CjT&+
yTT<\>Tq$ +{sTT.
2. |qsyd+ |q]sD+(rehabilitation and re-
construction)
|d+<q eT]jTT dV jT #s \T #|{ q y+H
$|T |u$ eT{ k<sD d #sTH+<T
|uT+, |\T |uTs d+d\T |qsyd+ eT]jTT
|q]sD(rehabilitation and reconstruction) #s\T
#|&sTT. s&T, XX >V\T, $<TY, eTwH
H{esT\T |qsT<]+#&sTT. $|T sVD
d++~+q <X JeHb~ sTTq y] ]
|qsyd+ L& *ksT.
3. |XeTq+(Mitigation)
$|T |]~ < $|T d+u$+#& >\
neX e #d @ #s HH |Xe Tq #s nqe#T.
|XeTq #s $|T eTT+<T, $|T deTjT+ <
$|T nq+s+ L& #|e#T. , |XeTq #s
nH |< $|T >TsjT d+ueqT Z+#&
rdTH #s\ s#T> |j+#&+ sT>TT+~.
|Xe Tq #s u eT]jTT sD #s \T
s+& +{sTT.
$|T \ |u y\qT +Z #& Bs * #s \T>
|\T s\ sD eT]jTT sDs #s\qT
#|&sT. sD #s u>+> $|TqT TH
ue H\ sD+, qB q\ mT |+#&+ #ksT . $|T
s V D D e& + , u $j >
eTB]+#&+, | ne>Vq |+#&+ yTT<\>T
sDs #s\T #|&+ sT>TT+~.
4. d+d<(Preparedness)
y| \ |u y deTse ++> m<Tse&
y| |Tq eTT+< #|f sb\T, #s\qT
d+d< n+{sT. deTse+yTq d+d< #s\qT
|]>Dq rdTq |+ $|T \ |u y |< mTq
$eq |_wH
+Z #&y T +&, $|T \ qT m<Ts=H+<T eT{
nTeT+> dq<+ #jTe#T.
|XeTq+, d+d<\ d++~+ +~ <VsDqT
>eT+#+&:
1977 qe+sY 15q +<|<X >+ 200
MTs y>yTq >\T\ L&q #y TbqT
d+u$++~. B sD+> 10,454 eT+~ eTsD+#>,
55,00,000 eT+~ sXjTT\jsT. 90,37,400
eT+~| |ue+ |&+~. 378 sbjT\ ] qw+
d+u$ ++~. 1990 +< |<X qT eTs= |qT TbqT
+~. nsTT |]q Hu sD+> 1977 +f
me> 1990 63,40,000 eT+~ sXjTT\jsT.
$|T sVD e\jT+
(Disaster Management Cycle)
$|T sVD $|TqT |+#&+, <
|u y +Z #&+ < < e\q ]q qc\ qT+&
\TH #jT&+ d+ $|T eTT+<T, $|T
d+<s+>, $|T sTy #|f n sb\T,
se\T, #s\ $T& +{sTT.
$| T eTT| s V D u > + > # | f
sb\ jTT eT&T eTTKyTq <X\T.
1. $|T eTT+<T:
y|+ d+u$d, < e\q *> eq, d
qc\qT Z+#& #|f sb\T. <:
ne>VH |#s\T, \VqyTq sD\qT |+
#jT&+, T++ eT]jTT eT{ ksTT $|T
sVD |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ yTT<\>Tq$.
<X #|f Te+{ eTT| ~+| #s \qT
|XeTq eT]jTT d+d< sb\T n+{sT.
2. $|T deTjT+:
u~T\ neds\qT, u<\qT rs+<T #|f
#s\T. <X #|f #s\qT neds |d+<q
sb\T n+{sT.
3. $|T sTy:
$|T q y+H $|T |uy >Tsq
eT{\T s> \TH $<+> #|f |qsyd
#s \T. M{ |d+<q eT]jTT dd ( response and
recovery) sb\T n+{sT.
15 $|T sVD
nsTTq|{, deTse+yTq |XeTq, d+d< #s\ |\T, d++~ s |uT XK\T eT+ |+&
sD+> eTT\ d+K >DjT+> Z+~. 969 eT+~ eT~+| #j*q neds+ +~. n+<TuT q
eTsD+#sT. eqs T \ > T ]+ ne>V q b e& + s D +>
\ueTeTq de#s+ e] es #s&+ <T.
1.6 de#s dsD us<X+ $_q $|T\ de#s dsD
<X y|+> d+u$+# |\T s\ $|T\ u< qT >D+\T eT]jTT se\ neT\T eT+
de#s d+d<+ #d jT++>+ + n_e~ XK(Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implemen-
#+<e\d +~. $|T sVD #+ 2005, +< tation) #|{+~. $|T\T, y{ d++~+q s
@sT #jT&q Hwq d{ |sY &CdsY n+X\ &{udqt T n_e~|] #+<T nedsy T q #{
d+d<+ #d <w +< >D+\ s\jT+(Central
y T H C y T +{ ( National Institute for Disaster Statistics Office) k+ $T{ @sT #d+~.
Management(NIDM) ) | ] X< H s e \T
sVk+~. $|T \ bT <X ke, ] Jeq+, 1. ksTT $|T\ >D+\T
&| e~| y{ |u y d++~+q de#s dsD 2. ksTT #|{q |XeTq #s\T, |qsyd
jT++> d+d n_e~ #dT+~. >D+\T,
3. $|T >D+\ \ y d+>VD
||+# ksTT $|T\ de#s d]+# 4. |XeTq #s\T, |qsyd >D+\ \ y
eT&T |<q eqsT\T HsTT. n$: 1.EM. DAT, 2. d+>VD,
Natcat , 3. Sigma . d+sY | s Y dsY H ~ 5. sh ksTT qw+, |qsyd de#s
m|&$Tj\J H &CdsY(Centre for Research on b~#jT&+
the Epidemiology on Disastera(CRED)) nH d+d | $es\qT d]+#+<T <T bsqT n_e~
1987 qT+& ||+ #y|+ > |\T <X\ qT+& d]dTq #XsT. +< ksTT &{udtqT d<+ #jT&
$|T &{qT EM. DAT> eeV]ksT. eT#Y nedsy T q de#s sh |uT +, ksTT d+d\ T
qsH +| NatcatH{{qT sVdT+&>, ddt n+~+#e\d +T+~.
qsH +| Sigma |] de#s d]k+~.
eT&T d+d\T d]dTq de#s+ eT< b+q 1.7 |\| $|T |ue+
+&+ <T . n$ d]+# n+\T deT>+> +{jTH
us k d + <T . = d+<s\ n$ n+\qT me $|T q|&T k<sD+> |< | re
#d #|Tq <VsD 1999 yE d+u$ +q |u y >TsesT. ysT eT yd kH m+|
ub+ d+<s+> ]+~. #dTe& e neX+ +T+~. nH |<
eT{\T {sq =+& y\T\T < qB es<
>+ d+u$+q $|T\ d++~+q yT<H\T e+{ |e<s H\ eddT+{sTT.
+BjT >D+\ de#s dsD(&{udt) ]sT Te+{ b+ ysT k+ q T T +{sT. y{
be&+ eTT|qT n+#H yjT&+, <X+ + dTs + > m ]+#Ty\H ne>Vq +&<T . y
|Ps+ d+u$+q $|T\ d+>VD |<q n&+> ne>Vq q|{, <&yTq, HDyTq ueq sD
+{+~. bD qw+, $|T\ |uy d++~+ keT =qT>\T #d X +&<T.
$_q eqsT\ <s d]+# &{ _q s\T> +,
$|T reqT n+#H yjT& ++> +{+~. $|T sT y |< |\T \Te&+ # w+ .
|<q y|\(Hazards) d++~+q XdjT Xs >j\T, $<+d+, JeHb~ e&+ e+{
d e #s + \u eTe T q| { , y{ | u y Bs* |sekH\qT * +{sTT. \ keT,
d++~+q de#s+ deT>+> \_+#&+ <T. <X syD k<H\qT eTqT, eT T+u\qT
y|+> de#s+ d+ \u+ e&+ <T. bw+#Te& eTsesZ+ +&<T. y] mTe+{
;e +&<T. $|T eTT+<T q ksTT se&+ #
$_q eqsT\ <s \_+# $|T de#s weTeT+~.

$eq |_wH 16 $|T sVD

 2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d
(Disasters in the World - An Overview)

2.1 |]#jT+ 1992`2000 eT< d>Tq d+es <<| 500

$|T\T #=|q ||+#y|+> yTT+ 4,989 $|T\T
$|T\T nq$ ||+#y|+> ds k<sD+. d+u$+#sTT.
$|T \ eqe C q+ #] +~. y{ re, nsTT 1999 qT+& 2003 eT< d+es
d+w, e, ] eed\| y{ |ue+ HH{ d>Tq 707 $|T\T qy<jsTT. 1994 `1998
|sT>TT+&+ +<q *k+~. | y|\T eT< \+ b\T+f 1999`2003 eT< $|T\
|\ re eTT|qT *d n~ Hu k+< d+K d> Tq d+es 60% |]+~. eqy_e~
* q n_e~ <X\ \T $<+> qw+ n\+> q <X 142% |s>&+ >eTHs+.
*dTHsTT. $|T\ e\q ||+# ] eed
d+es d>Tq 880 _*jTH nyT]H &\s qw+ 1992`2001 eT< d + u $ +q $| T \ qT
y{\T+~. |]o*d, sTe, <T]+ n+ bD+ $|T\T>
s | e Tj sTT. es < \ T, k+ | e <\T,
| $|T\ d++~+q ]sT qy<T u+b\T, TbqT, nk<sD c>\T sTy
.|P. 430 qT+& bs+uyT+~. d+es+ @<H kH HsTT.
q>s+ f| d t eTVe] d+u$ +qT qy<+ ~. .X.
1556 eTT+<T ||+#+ 10 n+ ujT+syTq
| $|T \ T d+u$ +#sTT. 1556 qe] 23q #H
c+^ b$qT d+u$+q u+| & 8,30,000
eT+~ bD\T jsT.
2.2 ||+# y|+> $|T\ rsT
20e X+ s+&e nsu>+ ||+#+
$_q b+ 200 |> |qT $|T \ T d+u$ +#sTT.
dTesT 14 \\ eT+~ bD\T jsT. 1995 qT+& 2004 eT< ||+#y|+>
b]X$T <X\ b\T+f $|T\ e\ d+u$+q $|T\ rsT
d+u$+q qw+ (&| X+ |s+>) n_e~ es<\T 30%
#+<TTq <X\ 20 sT n~+> +~. |
TbqT 21%
$|T\ sD+> bD qw+ n~+> ]q <X\
C_ dj <X\T n>u>q HsTT. sTe, d++~ $|T\T 19%
{e\ \+ dV , eqe s $|T \ d+K eTVe] y<T\T 15%
>DjT+> |sT>T+~. 1994 qT+& 1998 eT< ||+ # u+b\T dTHMT\T 8%
y| + > d + e s d > Tq 428 $| T \ T
d + u $ +#sTT. sd $ T > D +\ | s + ub\T 4%
$eq |_wH 17 $|T sVD
 n|s $kH\T 1% ePV+(United Nations International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR)) $&T<\
VeT d+b\T 1%
#dq > nddtyT+{ ]bsY 2011 |s+
\ <&T\T 1% ||+# y|+> es<\ >TseTq y] 90
X |> <Ddj, sT dj, |d|
2.3 s $es\T <X +THsT.
2005 s>sY, usY s+q In the Line of Fire: <Ddj $|T |& <X\ n~ Hu
Trauma in the Emergency Services |d
+ |s+ sD+> us<X+, +><X\T n~+>
>& q 10 d+es\ nq> 1995 qT+& 2005 $|T\ >TseTHsTT.
eT< ||+# y|+> 200 T(2 _*jTqT) u>[ $ds + , q<T\T, d sD+> +><X
< ||+#Hu 1/3 e+T Hu $|T\ rs b+\T es < \ T, T b q m e>
& >Tse&+ ]+~. >TseTHsTT.
dV $|T \
sD+> ||+ #y|+ > |jT{ ||+#u+ $&T<\ #dq natural hazards,
60,000 eT+~ eTsDdTHsT. unnatural disasters y~ |s+ es<\T,
+swq |& s wH |t s &dt n+& s &d+{ TbqT ||+#y|+> n~ X+ $d]+
kd{dt(IFRC) |#T]+q ||+# $|T y~ +& > , | s T e\T # s # T >
(World Disaster Report) 2010 |s+ 2000 d + u $ d T H sTT. s T e\T, es < \
qT+& 2009 eT< ||+# y|+> $|T\ |&+ #&TTq <X\T ||+ #+H n+ *
|uy >Tsq y] 85% dj, |d| <X\T> |\Te&TTHsTT.
b+ #+~q ys HsT. +< VA+ eT+ XK 2011 y~ |s+
sd$T $|T ~+|q n+srjT $|T \ e\q d+u$ +# qw+ &| X+ |s+ >
$eq |_wH 18 $|T sVD
 b]X$T <X\ +f n_e~ #+<TTq <X\
20 sT n~+> +{+~.
jTTmHmdt&sY $&T<\ #dq Disaster Risk
Reduction: An Instrument for Achieving the
Millennium Development Goals | s +
u +b\T, TbqT, es<\ T, sT e\ >TseTq
y] 85% eT+~ n_e~ #+<TTq <X\
#+~q ys +THsT.
$| T \ e\ H s T > d + u $ +# qw + $\Te
1960\ d+es 75.5 nyT]H _*jTH
&\sT +&>, > 10 d+es\T> n~
d+es {*jTH nyT]H &\sT(\
&\sT) #sT+~.
2.4 n+srjT $|T sVD
d+d\T
| d+es+ nsY 13qT n+srjT $|T
~+| ~q+(International Day for Disaster Re-
duction)> b{ksT . 1990`1999qT n+srjT
$|T ~+| <X+(International Decade for
Natural Disaster Reduction)> b{+#&+ ]+~.
|d| dTH$T y]+> d+sY(Pacific Tsunami
Warning Center (PTWC)): BH n+srjT
dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT.
B |< q s\jT+ nyT] VysTT sh+
y ;#Y +~. B nyT] #+~q Hwq
zc n+& n{djT] n&dwH(National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)) sVk+~. B 1948 @sT
#XsT. 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ eq
dTH$T nq+s+ +<+ de\qT V+<
eTVdeTT<+, s_jTH, #TT|\ b+\
L& $d]+#&+ ]+~.
yud{: http://ptwc.weather.gov
+swq dTHMT qs wH d+sY(International
Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) ): B
jTTHk #+~q +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
$TwH( IOC) < s+ 1965 @sT #jT &+
]+~. B |<q +<+ nyT] VysTT
$eq |_wH
sh+ q VAH\T\T.
yud{: http://itic.ioc-unesco.org
|d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT
>|(International Coordination Group for the
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG-
ITSU)): B 1968 jTTHk |< q s\jT+
bH b]dt +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
$TwH( zd) < s+ @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
djTH &CdsY ]&H d+sY(Asian Disaster
Reduction Cente(ADRC) ): B 1998
CbH u q>s+ @sT #XsT.
yud{: www.adrc.asia
dj &CdsY ||sYHdt d+sY(Asia Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC) ): B 1986
qe] <sTT+& s< u+ +<+>
@sT #jT&+ ]+~.
yud{: www.adpc.net
||+# yesD d+d(World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) ): ~ sd $ T
nqT+< d+d. u>yesD |sy+#
d+d |<q +<+ ds+& Cy
+~. |jT{ e] 23q ||+# yesD
~He+> sT|+{sT.
yud{: http://www.wmo.int/
ksY &CdsY yTHCyT+{ d+sY(SAARC Disas-
ter Management Centre (SDMC)): B 2006
nsY q& Hwq d{ |t
&CdsY yTHCyT+{(National Institute of Disaster
Management) esD @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
yud{: saarc-sdmc.nic.in
kY djTH &CdsY H& H{esY(South Asian
Disaster Knowledge Network (SADKN)): ~
ksY &CdsY yTHCyT+{ d+sY <s+
sV+#& yubs.
yud{: www.saarc-sadkn.org
+swq kJ |sY &CdsY ]&H(United
Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduc-
tion (UNISDR)): ~ sd$T <s+
19 $|T sVD
 @sT 1999 &d+sY @sT #jT&+~. n+srjT $|T ~+|
|<q s\jT+ ds+& Cy +~.
yud{: www.unisdr.org
~He+: nsY 13
(International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR)):
+sY > e s y T + bH H y T {
#+C(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | jT{ nsY 13q n+srjT $|T ~+|
(IPCC)): B 1988 | | + # yes D
~He+> sT|+{sT. 2013 ~Hy
d + d ( & T m+z), sd $ T | s es D $|T \ T, n+>y \ + bs&TTqy] n++ #XsT.
seT+(jTTmH|)\T \d @sT #XsTT. 2009 es | j T { n sY 2e T< y s
B |<q s\jT+ ds+& Cy n+ s r j T d V $| T \ ~+|
+~. ~He+(International Day for Natural Disaster Reduc-
tion)> b{+# ysT. 2009 &d+sY 21q sd$T
yud{: www.ipcc.ch k<sD nd+; 2010 qT+& |jT{ nsY 13qT
nysYHdt n+& ||sYHdt |sY meTsdt m{ n+srjT $|T ~+| ~He+> b{+#\
e(Awareness and Preparedness for Emergen- ssTT++~.
cies at Local Level(APELL)): sd $ T
|sesD seT+(jTTmH|) |uT\T, CrjT $|T sVD ~He+:
b]X$T esZ\ *d k+ |e<\T, nsY 29
|sesD neds |]dT\T d+u$+#+&
Z+#&, y{ e\ ]> Vs |uy\qT us< X + |jT{ nsY 29q CrjT $|T
~+#& nysHY d t n+& ||sYH d t |s Y meTs dt sVD ~Hy sT|+{sT.
m{ e(m|mm)qT sb+~++~.
+&j &CdsY yTHCyT+{ +>dt
yud{: www.uneptie.org/pc/apell
n&MT |sY &CdsY b+> f+>( Acad- CrjT $|T sVD d+d( mH&m+) < s+
emy for Disaster Management Education, Planning
u s < X y T T y T T< { & C d s Y y T H C y T +{
and Training (ADEPT)):
+>dt(&m+d) 2006 qe+sY 29, 30 B\
q& $CH ueH ]+~. B |<qeT+
~ #H q |uTs d+d. $|T sVD eTHVHd+> bs+_+#sT.
s+>+ D sT\T n+~+#&+ bT
|D[\T sb+~dT+~. s +&e +&j &Cds Y yTHCyT +{ +>dt 2009
qe+sY 4 qT+& 6e B es q& $Cq
yud{: http://www.adeptasia.org/ ueHH ]+~.

$eq |_wH 20 $|T sVD

$eq |_wH 21 $|T sVD
||+#+ d+u$+q ujT+s $|T\T` bD qw+
#] qy<q ujT+s $|T\T
e.d |Tq d+es+ <X+ b++ eTsD\T
1. u+|+ 1556 #H, c+^ 8,30,000
2. u+|+ 1731 #H 1,00,000
3. TbqT 1737 usY, \ 3,00,000
4. jT q~ es<\T 1887 #H 9,00,000-20,00,000
5. yTdH u+|+ 1908 1,23,000
6. u+|+ 1920 #H, >+qT 2,35,000
7. +{ |qT u+|+ 1923 bH 1,42,000
8. #H eTV <T]+ 1958-1961 #H 150,00,000-430,00,000
9. u TbqT 1970 |eT u+>(usY), +><X 5,00,000
10. {+>H u+|+ 1976 #H 2,42,419

>&q X+ qy<q ujT+s $|T\T

e.d |Tq d+es+ <X+ b++ eTsD\T
1. #H es<\T 1931 #H 10,00,000-25,00,000
2. es<\T 1954 #H 40,000
3. TbqT 1970 >+>, KT(+><X) 3,00,000
4. +><X TbqT 1991 +><X 1,39,000
5. u+|+ 1999 17,000
6. dTH$T 2004 +&Hwj, l\+, usY, eTwj, 2,30,210
ke*j, +><X, <sTT+&
7. V]H H 2005 jTTHf& d{ |t nyT] 1,836
8. djH u+|+ 2008 #H 87,476
9. dH qZdt 2008 eTjTHsY 1,38,000
10. Vr u+|+ 2010 Vr 3,16,000

$eq |_wH 22 $|T sVD

 3. us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
(Disasters in India - an Overview)

3.1 |]#jT+ $Td) XK H& &bsYyT+T> u< eVk+~.

2000 d+es+ qT+& <X+ $|T |d+<q
u ` owd eT+&\+, |\ u, ke, keTs\qT n_e~ #jT&+ bT d+d<, ysD,
] <Ts\\ &T n~ X+ us< X u u>+ |XeTq keTs\qT n_e~ #jT&+| +B]+#&+
<Ts\ b+\ +&+ yTT<\>T sD\ e\q sT>T+~. <X+ n n_e~ se\qT $|T
us<X+ ||+#+H n+ $|T |& <X\ ||T+> sb+~+#bsTTq#, <X n_e~
{> e]+~. \\qT, dTds n_e~ k~+#&+ nk<eTeT+~.
es<\ T, sT e\T, u +b\T, TbqT, u b\T n+<Te\q us< X + $|T sVD n+
yTT<\>Tq$ us<X+ s# d+u$+# $|T\T. b<q e&+ sT>T+~. CrjT, sh+,
ksTT $|T sVD eedq T nT |uT s+>+qT,
1839 qe+sY 25q d+u$+q TbqT e\ 3 |uT s+>+q |+ #dTHsT.
\\ eT+~ |> |\T eTsD+#sT. 2001
>TsY uT C d+u$ +q u +|+, 1999 nsY 3.2 us<X+ $|T\ |]d
29q ]k rs q d|sY dH\T |{
>TsT+&bjT HsTT. 2010 >dT 6q eT ||+#+ n+ $|T eTT| *q yTT<{
osY Vt, < #TT|\ b+\ ]dq 10 <X\ us<X+ L& {.
+uew sD+> eq d es<\T, |+
|yV+(mudflow) dw+q ;u+ n++ <T. j T TH f & H w H | d t | s Y & C d s Y ]dt
B e\ 196 eT+~ #b>, 65 eT+~ >\+jsT. ]&H(UNISDR) y~ |s+ 2010 dV
3,661 <+d+ >, 27,350 Vs |+ qw+ $|T \ #H sT y us< X + s +&e kq+
]+~. +~.
d j K+& + d + u $ +# $| T \ d > Tq | d + e s + y \ d
|u$eTjT | 6%, $|T\ e\ d+u$+# qwbe&+ bT 50 $T*jTqT(< 5 )
eTsD 24% us<X+H d+u$dTHsTT. eT+~ |\T { < n++f me $|T\
|uy >TseTHsT.
s |t +&jTH k+&sY(_mdt) |s+
us<X+ $ds+ dTesT 85% { < n++f us<X+ | d+es+ |qseeTjT
me $|T \ >TsjT b++> +~. s< & es<\ 200 $T*jTq(20 ) eT+~ |\T
dV 57% uu>+ re u+| eTT|qT * +~. |u$eTeTHsT.
$| T \ e\q @{ Crj T d \ us< X + 1970\T, 80\ sT e\T, <T] \T
<oj(&|) 2% $|T\ e\q qweTe+~. n|< bD+ $|T \ T> +&$. H&T |]d
|P]> e]bsTT+~. nTeT eqsT\ sVD,
us<X n_e~ esZ dV $|T\T Vsu< #s\ sD+> sTe\T, <T]\
|<q nes<+> +THjT 2003 ||+#u+ e\q d + u $ +# eTs D \T > D j T +>
sV+q n<jTq+ y\&++~. +< |uT+ ZbjsTT. H&T $|T >jT|&TTq y]
$|T sVD deTqj +< >V eT+(VA+ 98% es<\T, <TsT >\T\T, u+b\ e\H
$eq |_wH 23 $|T sVD
 >jT|&T THsT. d+K > 10 d+es\T>
|sT>T +~.
2001 qT+& 2011 eT< \+ dj K+&+
|< d+K u+b\T d+u$+#sTT. |<
d+K |\T eTsD+#sT. {e\ \+
es<\T, sTe\T, #y\T, u+b\T,
u b\T, V eTd + b\T u s < X +
>DjT+> |sT>TTHsTT.
|< mTq $|T eTT|, |uy >TsjT
eT+~ |\T u>[ $|T\T, \` yesD
$|T\T, eqe s eT]jTT k+ $|T\
<Ts\+ *q b+\ eddTHsT.
_* + > y T { ] j T f \J | y w H
( BMTPC) s b+~+q e\s T*{
n{dt(Vulnerability Atlas) us<X u>[
$ds+ 58.6% e~] qT+& n+
reyTq u+b\qT m<Ts=H III, IV eT]jTT
V u+| eT+&\(seismic zones) qT
V#]++~.
<X u>[ $ds+ 12% +& 40 $T*jTH
Vs |> u$T s+s+ e# es<\T, qB
|yV esT, qB jT+ yTT<\>T y{
>Tse+~. +<T dTesT 7.5 $T*jTq Vs
b++ | d+es+ |qseeTjT es<\
>Tse+~.
7516 MTs us< X rss K 5700 (71%)
MTs uu>+ TbqT n\&T\T, TbqT,
dTHMT\ eTT|qT * +~.
| d+es+ d> Tq ns_j deTT<+, +>
U + qT+& < T < s T w e T+& \
TbqT(tropical cyclones) rs <TTHsTT.
us<X uu>+ 8% u$T TbqT\ eTT|
* +~.
yTT+ k>T j>yTq u$T 68% |>
$ds+ sTe <Ts\+ * +~.
nds y T q y\T\T, ms TTq |<X \ u b\T,
VeTd+b\T s#T> d+u$dT+{sTT.
| n+X\qT |]o*d us<X+ <<| 85%
u $ds + dV y| \ |& b++> +<
#|e#T.
$eq |_wH
1967 qT+& 2006 eT< us<
X + d+u$ +q
yTT+ dV $|T\ 52% es<\ e\q >,
23% #y\T, 11% u+b\T, 11%
ub\ e\q d+u$+#sTT. nsTT u+b\
e\q n~ eT+~ #b>, es<\ T, #y\T
sTy kH HsTT. n~ X+ |\T
|u$yT+~ e+ sTe e\H.
||+# u+ n<jTq+ |s+ 1996 qT+&
2000 eT< us< X + dV , eqe s $|T \
sD+> |jT{ &| 2.25 X+, s&
12.15 X+ sTT+~.
1982 qT+& 2001 eT< >&q s+&T <Xu\
dV $|T\T 1,07,813 bD\qT V]+#sTT.
d>Tq d+es 5,390 eT+~ bD\T
e&+ ]+~.
||+ # u+ 2001, 2003, 2009 sV+q
n<jTq+ |s+ us<X+ $|T\ sD+>
|jT{ &| 2%, +< |uT y]
s& 12% qwb+~.
21e X+ yTT<{ <X+H us<X+ nH
uj
T +s $|T \ qT m<Ts=+~. n$: 2001 uT C
u+|+, 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+
dTH$T, 2008 d q~ es<\T, 2009
+<|<X, s es<\T, 2010 Vt
+uew, sK+& es<\T, 2011 d+
u+|+.
d++~ |uT\T n+~+q n+#H\ |s+
2008 d es<\T, 2009 +<|<X, s
es<\ T, 2010 s K+& es<\ y{*q yTT+
qw+ $\Te s. 80,000 T.
12e ] d+|T+ 2005 qT+& 2010 eT<
<X+ yTT+ MT< $|T sVD
{sTT+q yTT+ e\+ s. 21,333 T
eyT.
>&q 35 d+es\ 360 dV $|T\T
d+u$+#sTT.
21e X| yTT<{ 9 d+es\H |\T s\
dV $|T\ sD+> dTesT 400 y\ eT+~
eTsD+#&+, 247,480 y\ eT+~ |u$+
e&+ ]+~. eTsD+q y] n~ X+
eT+~ |< HsT.
24 $|T sVD
 dV $|T \ |yqH yu >D+\ |s+ us<X+
T us< X ] eed | re |u e+
#|THsTT. >&q 35 d+es\ |uT, 1980 qT+& 2010 eT< 30 d+es\ \+
|yT dT\ |+> 30 _*jTH nyT]H us<
X + d+u$ +q dV $|T |T q\T,
&\s qw+ d+u$++~. y{ |*\ $es\T HsTT.
n+ eTT+<T 15 d+es\ b\T+f (2.9 $|T |Tq\ d+K 431
_*j T H &\s T ) 1981`1995 eT< 15 eTsD+q y] d+K 1,43,039
d+es\ dV $|T\ e\q ]> |
qc \ T H\T+ \ T(13.8 _*j T H &\s T ) d>Tq d+es eTsD+q
|]>sTT. 1996`2001 eT< > & q s T y] d+K 4,614
d+es\ ]q qc\T 13.8 _*jTH |u$Tq |\ d+K 152,17,26,127
&\s $T+#sTT. >TsY u+|+ e\H d>Tq d+es
491 qT+& 655 $T*j T H &\s qw + $|T\ |uy >Tsq
d+u$++~. nq+s+ eT& bT sh ] y] d+K 4,90,87,940
eed| 2.2 _*jTH &\s |L\ |ue+ ] qw+(y\ &\s) 4,80,63,830
|&+~. u+|+ e\q dT\T, eT* edT\
]q qc 4800 &\sT> n+#H yXsT. d>Tq d+es qw+ 15,50,446
(y\ &\s)
||+# u+ y~ 2002 |s+ es<\T,
TbqT, u+b\T e+{ d+> e#, e
1980 qT+& 2010 eT< 30 d+es\
e *q dV $|T\T re |ue+ d+u$+q |<q dV $|T\ $es\T
*dTH sTT. |< q+> +ue w, TTT|eH sTe\T 7
e# u es\ e\q edTq es<\T >DjTyTq u+b\T 6
qc\ eT\sDeTeTHsTT. 2002 eTT+<T eTVe] y<T\T 56
>&q <X+ Te+{ es<\ e\q 13
nk<sD c>\T 38
_*jTH &\s |> qw+ y{*+~. \yTq
w e T+& \ T b qT ( tropical storms ), es<\T 184
#y\T(cyclones) sD+> 6.6 _*jTH \ <&T\T 1
&\s qw+ s>, u+b\T dw+q $<+d+ nHew 1
e\q 5 _*jTH &\s |> qw+ d+u$ ++~. new 34
$|T\T n|{ es k~+q n_e~ yTT+ TbqT 92
bT eqe&T @sT #dTq sjT n |s |\T 2
d]V<T\qT d+ T&|&sTT. <X+
d+u$+q $|T |Tq ||+#+ s 3.3 us<X $|T duy\T
u>[ b+\| re |ue+ #|e#T. us< X + ||+ #+ n+ $|T eTT| *q
us<X+, <Ddj b++ ~ mHksT yTT<{ 10 <X\ {> +&{ nH |
sTEy+~. Hb ]dq u es\ usY |syTq eT]jTT eqe * s\T <V<+
es<\T edT+{sTT. Te+{ | $|T\T #dT H sTT. |L\ u>[, owd |]d T \T, d
n_e~ |qT dy\T> esTTHsTT. duy\T(topographic features), |sesD D (en-
$eq |_wH 25 $|T sVD
vironmental degradation), Hu e~, |DsD,
b]X$TsD, nXdjT |<T\ ne\+q yTT<\>T
s\T $|T \ sDeTeTHsTT. s\T HsT >
> $|T reqT, e |+#&+ <s > |<
mTq bD qc <]rjT&yT +& <X+
JeH<s eed n+sjT+ \T>CdTHsTT.
eTq <X+ n~ $|T\ >T]e& <
$wyTq u>[ eT]jTT ueT |]dT sD+.
$|T \ >TsjT duy {, us< X + <T |
b+\T HsTT. n$.
1. Ve\jT b++
2. +&T yT<H\T
3. B|\ b++ =+&\ u>+
4. rs b+ eT+&\+
5. m&] b++
Ve\jT b++ u+b\T, ub\ e+{
$|T\ eTT| * +&>, yT<q b+\T <<|
| d+es+ es<\ >TseTHsTT. <X+ m&]
u>+ sTe \ >TseT+&>, rs b+\T
TbqT, >* yq\qT m<Ts=+THsTT. sT rs+
TbqT, es<\ T e+{ V &yT{j s $|T \ qT,
dTH$T e+{ uu $|T\ eTT|qT * +~.
us<X+ $|T <Ts\+(Vulnerability)
|sT>T<\ < dV d<y T q u>[ sDyT
b<$T eT* sD+. Ve\jT b++, <
|H q +&T yT<H\ u>[, $s|s
\D\T(geo-tectonic features) b+
u +b\T, u b\T, \j T + yTT<\>T y{
>TsjT #dT H sTT. us< X B| n+
ds y T q u u>+> |]>Dd T q |{, b++
n|&|& d+u$+# u+b\T B|\
n><+ |{ u>[ $s|s #\H\T
sT>TTqT *jTCdTHsTT.
d+<T, >+>, V| q<T\ +&T yT<H\
+< +& \\T Ve\jT |sXDT\ y|
u>+ e&+ e\q +&T yT<H d+
Ve\jT b+ $s|s \D \T, duy\T
+{sTT. $<+> b++ L& d\+>
u +b\ >TseT+T+~. Ve\j\ qT+&
|eV+# |\T |< q qB eed\ T, n$ |< mTq
$eq |_wH
rdT=# neb\ sD+> b++ +&T
eT{ |sTbsTT s#T> es<\ >Tse+~.
eTTK+> s|<X, sK+&, ;VsY\
yT<H\T es< eTT|qT m<Ts=+THsTT.
skH, >TsY sc\T, eTVsh =
b+\ L&q <X+ |eT b+ +
s T e\T | \ ] d T + {sTT. s T T | e H\T
nqTL\+> +f <X+ s b+\
L& sT e |]d T \T $d] ksTT. eTVdeTT<\|
+& |&q |]dT n\&T\ sD+> rs
b+ T b qT ( cyclones) d + u $ k s TT.
eTVdeTT< u\+| ]> u>[ $s|s
#\H\T rs b+\qT dTHMT $|T >T]
#ksTT.
nk<sD yesD |]dT\T, VeT q<\
|< |]eD+ |sTbsTTq eT+#T, s |
s\T L& <X+ |\T $|T\ >T]e&
sDeTeTHsTT.
|q #]+q | s\ bT Hu
|sT>T<\, |sesD D, n&e\ q]y (de-
forestation ), nXd j T n_ e ~ , eekj T
|<T\T, >& yT|&+(grazing), |D[ sV
|D s D
, qB \ |yV\| |< |< q\ T
]+#&+ e+{ eqe * s\T L&
<X+ $|T \ |u e+ y>e ++ e&, y{
e |s>& sDeTeTHsTT.
|sT>TTq ke_e~ bT skjT,
C $ , s & j < ] , nDT< ] $| T \ T L &
|sT>TTHsTT. n~ eTT| +& b+\(high - risk
zones) Hu $d]+#&+, |DsD |s>&+,
b]X$TsD n_e~#+<&+, |sesD+ D+#&+,
yesD e]& yTT<\>Tq$ $|T\qT eT]+>
|+#TTHsTT.
+sY > e s y T + bH H y T {
# + C ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change(IPCC) ) H\T> e eT~+| y ~ | s +
yesD e]& e\q ||+# d>T yjTT, deTT<
c>\T |s>&+, neb+(precipitation), n~
esb+, eT+#T ]be&+, TbqT, es<\T, d>T
deTT< eT{\T |s>& + e+{$ sT>TTHsTT. yesD
e]& e\q |dT nk<sD yesD esT\T +
26 $|T sVD
|], = $|T\ <]rd, de+| $_q s\ 3.4 sc\T, $|T <Ts\+
rj T ( spatial ), ke , ] | u y\qT
# | q THsTT. nk< s D |s T > T < \ \T us<X+ sc\ d++~+q deT>
\#+(hydrological cycle), \ eqsT\T, sTe\T, y| $es\qT y\& + # @ |+ e\sT*{
n{dt(Vulnerability Atlas). B +< >V
es<\T, >TsT, n&e\T, |sesD eed\T, deTT< sD |D |<] s\q eT+ XK
eT{\T, rsb+ & H\\T, eT& n&e\T, Vs |]~ +& _*+> yT{]jT f\J
u<, s>+, d++~ s n+X\| re |ue+ |ywH (BMTPC) 1997 sb+~+
#|qTHsTT. $ |+ us<X+ e+{ n_e~ +~. < C d e #s + 2006
#+<TTq <X\ b* |qT $|T\T> e], us<X de]++~.
|D \T/q>s\ eddT q |< H\T> e+T qT+& yTT+ <X+ 35 sc\T/+< b* b+\
d>+ eT+~ |]d eT]+ <Ts\+ #jTqTHsTT. >qT 25 $|T eTT| * HsTT.
yTT+ 22 sc\qT y|\ |&(hazards
|]\ c>\T, esb\T, |]XwD+ prone) sc\T> >T]+#sT.
(evaporation), s nk<sD |]De\T, yesD
$|T sVD| @sT #dq 12e |+#es
e]& ~s\T |sesD dy> essTT. |D[ e]+> >| n+~+q $es\ |s+
ndsyTq owdT\T, nk<sD yesD |]dT\T $|T\ e\q ]> bD qw+, |Xe\ qw+,
uyesD e]& re+> |u$+ #dTHsTT. $<+d+, |+\ HXq+ $wjT+ >TsY,
|*+> >&q <X+ e&>\T\T, o\ |eH\T, eTVsh, +<|<X, |eT u+>, s,
eT] es<\ T, eT] sT e\T, eT]+ reyTq TbqT, ;VsY sc\T yTT<{ 10 sc\ +< eksTT.
d es<\T |]q |Tq\T eTq+ #X+. |eT $|T \ e\q +< |<X , skH, |eT u+>
b+ nk<sD esb+ >DjT+> |]+~. sc\T n~+> |Xe\qT THsTT.
esTTq owd H|<+ $|T sVD rsT s sc\ b\T+f bD qw+,
|P] esT\T rdTse\dq neds+ m+H +~. qc\ s|<X, ;VsY, s, |eT
u+>\T n~ qw+ b+<TTHsTT.
3.3.1 |<]+` $|T <Ts\+ |q |s=q sc\ n~ <Ts\+
|<]+, $|T <Ts\+ <={ n$Hue eksTT. M{| | X< |e\dq neds+
d++<+ * +&, |sds+ reqT |+#T+{sTT. +< $|T sVD| @sT #dq 12e |+#es
$|T d+<s + de+ |< esyZ T n+ re+> |D[ e]+> >| n_bjT|&+~.
|u $eTeT+~. |<\T nys |]d T eT eTqT>& 2005` 06 qT+& 2009`10 eT< d+u$ +q qc\
d+ |sesD eqsT\qT n~+> <#Te&+ <s yTT<{ 10 kH q sc\T
eTT|qT eT]+ |+, deC eT] $|T\ >T]
#jT&+ sT>TT+~. eTTK+> es<\T, sTe\T, bD qw+
u b\T yTT<\>T y{ de+ dT\u+ > >TseT+~. sh+ eTsD+q y] d+K
<]<+ sD+> |< |\T e\d\T y[, u+> 1. s|<X 2,763
n~ <Ts\yTq b+, dTs+ |<X, 2. ;V sY 1684
dTs+ >V J$+#e\d edT+~. y] 3. >TsY 1199
4. s 990
n+<TuT +& <s eTs= |<X + \u + be&+ 5. |eT u+> 921
< y] b~ neX\ dMT|+ +&be&+ 6. +<|<X 770
e\H |<\T nTe+{ |<X, dTs+ yk 7. s 760
ed+#e\d edT+~. |<\ >V\ sD+ <Ts\ 8. eTVsh 749
|]d eT]+ D+|CdT+~. k+ <D 9. sK+& 488
|]>Dq rdT+& e ejT+ L&q 10. Ve#|<X 379
keT ]+#&+ e\q |\T s\ y|\ s sc\T 2,340
Te+{ >V\T dT\Tyq \\T> essTT. yTT+ 13,046
$eq |_wH 27 $|T sVD
|X d+|< qw+ 3.5 us<X owd $es\T
sh+ #bsTTq |Xe\ d+K
1. +<|<X 4,81,960 us< X + nk<sD ow d b+\ H\e.
2. skH 50,894 < D q w e T+& \ ow d qT+& s q
3. |eT u+> 47,526 Ve\j\ deTow, H sV ow d es
4. eTVsh 46,586 _q s\ yesD |]dT\qT *q b+\T
5. nsTD#|<X 28,409 u s < X + HsTT. u s < X ow d |
6. s 23,020 Ve\j\T, <sY m&] <&y T q |u e+ #|THsTT.
7. ;VsY 20,474 sTe eTT| q b+\qT >T]+#+<T +<
8. >TsY 19,365 \ d+|T+(Central Water Commission(CWC))
9. Ve#|<X 13,551 b|~qT m+#T+~. B |s+.. b++
10. nk+ 11,659 d>T y] esb+ |]o*+#&q d+es\ 20
s sc\T 42,668 X| k<sD esb+ 75% +f e> +&
yTT+ 7,86,112 |]d sTe> |]>DksT.
>V qw+ @<H |+#jTr d$T < < deqyTq
sh+ <+dyTq >V\ d+K $u>+ 30% < n++f me k>Tu$T
1. |eT u+> 20,96,665 k> T s T n+~q# nTe+{ < X q T s T eqT
2. s 11,34,080 m<Tse& nqTyq <X #sTqT> |]>DksT.
3. ;VsY 10,89,676
4. +<|<X 8,57,027 1875 qT+& 1998 eT< ]dq esb
5. eTVsh 7,23,325 d++~+q de#s n< jTq+ <s+> <X+ d\
6. s|<X 5,17,198 ksTT qT+& reyTq sT e >Ts q b+\qT >T]+#&+
7. nk+ 4,93,228 ]+~.
8. ]k 4,75,618 124 d+es\ ee~ eT&T d+<s\
9. skH 2,69,252 nq>, 1877, 1899 eT]jTT 1918\ <X+ 60
10. >TsY 2,21,664 X |> uu>+ sTe & >Ts+~.
s sc\T 9,21,314 n< jTq+ ]|q 124 d+es\ ee~ sT e
yTT+ 87,99,047 d + u $ +# d + u e sk H ( 25%), ksh
|+ qw+ #Y(23%)\ >]w+> qT qT>=q&+~. y{
sh+ |+ $ds+(\\ Vs) sTy eT osY(21%), >TsY(21%) n~
1. s 32.46 sTe d+ueqT * HsTT.
2. |eT u+> 31.38 1987 <X+ $$< b+ q sTe
3. +<|<X 29.21 + eTT+<q& msT> nk<sD reqT *
4. $TH&T 23.24 +& , nbs y T q | + qc \ , > T { =s
5. s|<X 22.87 <]rd+~.
6. eTVsh 21.52
7. ;VsY 21.37 3.5.1 esb+
8. skH 17.36 qe] qT+& p es TTTe\ y |eH\
9. >TsY 12.85 ee nqTd]+ us< X s +&T es TTTe\T
10. ]k 12.36 HsTT. yd$ ek\ re w+ |sekq+> s
s sc\T 34.43 us<X uu>+ y&> e], eTVdeTT<\| +&
yTT+ 259.15 eT L&q |eH\qT eT y| ]ksTT. Be\q
$eq |_wH 28 $|T sVD
 b++| +& |eH\T eeT+ #+<& yd$ <X+ n~ X+ u>\ $ksyTq es\
< HsT(south-west(SW)) TTT|qy\T(monsoon) s|+ <b \T y> sTdT+ ~. |s b+ |]yV
n+{sT. us<X| yTT+ y] esb+ dTesT b+ $seT |]d T \(break conditions) +< ]#
75% esb+ pH qT+& d|+sY eT< H\T>T H\\ u esb+ |*+> yT<q b+ es<\T
d \ ee~ H s T d T + ~. n+< T e\ H s T
d+u$ksTT.
TTT|eH\ m+ beTTK +~. nsTT $_q TTT |eH\ \+ +>U+ @s&
b+\T b+< esb+ # n+s\T +{sTT. n\|&q TbqT eed\qT TTT|eq yjTT>T+&\T
|eT skH d>T y] esb+ 13 (monsoon depressions) n+{sT. $ k<sD+>
d+{ M Ts H e> +f y T | \j T d>Tq H\ s+&T qT+& eT&T #=|q s
eTdH+ 1141 d+{MTs |> +T+~. +>U+ @s&sTT. s + y| q < yjTe
1871 qT+& 2009 eT< us<X+ 27 |<q ~X #\q+ #+<&+ <s <X+ s eT]jTT
sTe d+es\T HsTT. sTe\ m H <D eT< us< X $ksy T q es\qT rdT=ksTT. Hs T
&\q+(El nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)) L& TTT|eH\ |d+VsD k<sD+> d|+sY 1q
|<q sD+. Be\ <X Vs <H\ skH, d|+sY 15 H{ yjTe b++
re+> |u$yT+~. bs+uyT, nsY 15 H{ <X+ n b+\
qT+& |d+V]+#&TT+~. B kq+ Xq
HsT TTT|eH\T TTT|qy\T> |\Te& s| K+&+s yjTT
us<X esb+ re+> |syT(large spa- |yV\T |yksTT. s>eTq TTT|eH\T
tial), * nds(temporal variability) * \+>D, sT rs+ y+& yq \T\T ]|ksTT.
+T+~. Xq TTT|eH\T
1901 qT+& 2003 es qy<q esb bdteH dH < Xq TTT|eH\T <
|]o*d, d>T H\ y esb+ p(286.5 $T s>eTq HsT TTT|eq \+( nsY, qe+sY,
MTsT) n~+> +&, yTT+ d>T y] &d+sY) us |K+&+| Xq |yV\qT
esb+(1182.8 $T.MT) 24.2% +T+~. >dT |eV+|Cd d+~\+. \+ +<|<X,
H\ esb+ < +f =+#+ e> +&, y] $TH&T, s eT]jTT <D s rs b+\T eT+
esb+ 21.2% qy<eT+~. pH, d|+sY esb b+<TsTT. y{ yTT+ d>T y]
ek\ esb\T <<| $<+> HsTT. pH esb+ dTesT 35% esb+ \+H
ed + 13.8%, d| + sY 14.2% es b + qy < e T +~. b+ | \ T u >\T
qy<e+~. +>U+ @s& TbqT\ |uy qesTT.
u es\T, <TsT >\T\T, TbqT sD+> rs
pH qT+& d|+sY es HsT TTT|eH\ b++ |< mTq d, bD qw+ d+u$dT+~.
<s ]d esb+(877.2 $T.MT) d>T y]
esb+(1182.8 $T.MT) 74.2% +T+~. $|T\| yesD |Tq\ |ue+
HsT TTT|eH\ s k<sD+> pH 1q us< X + nk<sD yesD |]d T \ H\e.
us<X| <D n+#Tq q sqT &+ <s 1990\ qT+& $|T d+|Tq\T, y{ re s+&
bs+ue TeT+~. pH =* sE =+DY rs+ y+& |]>sTT. yesD |Tq\qT y{ |ue+, ke,
$d]+, p eT< H{ <X+ yTT+ $d]ksTT. ] qc\T, |sesD D, Bs* qc\T e+{
+>U + Be ys + eTT+< T >H <s+> reyTq$> eZ]ksT.
bs+ueTesTT. us<X+ 70 X |> Hu eekjT+
TTT|eH\T m H, ss> c>, MT< | + > >, |s+ > > <s|& J$dTH sT.
deTT< |]\ c>, VeTe#+(snow cover) n+<Te\ eqe J$+, s Je{| yesD
yTT<\>T y{# |u$eTesTT. TTT|eq esb+ |u e+ w + > +T+~. ]k sh+ 85 d+es\
$eq |_wH 29 $|T sVD
qy~ \+ 49 d+es\T es<\T s>, 30 sDeTeTHsTT. | d+es+ d>Tq <<| 7.5
d + e s\T s T e\T, 11 d + e s\T T b q q T $T*jTH Vs u$T es< eTT+|q >Tse+~.
m<Ts=HsTT. 1960\ sT e\T ds k<sDeTjsTT.
85 d+es\ ee~ eq yTT+ 11 |< q sT e nk<sD yesD |Tq\ <VsD
yTT<{ 30 d+es\ \+(1891`1920) 3 sT e\T b<$T yesD |Tq\T
> , <T |] 30 d+es\ nq> 1921`1950\ o\ |eH\T, b>eT+#T, eT+#T TbqT,
eT< 3 sTe\T eyT e#sTT. 1951 qT+& 1981 VeTd+b\T
eT< 25 d+es\ ee~ <T |<q sTe\T
qy<jsTT. 1972 eT]jTT 1979 d+es\ e&> yq\T, sTeTT\ L&q TbqT, <[
us<X| yT<q b+ eT&+ {qs qT+& TbqT
s+&T e+T\ es T esb+ qy<+~. nq> nk<sD c>\T
k<sD esb+ +f dTesT 25% e esb+
]d+~. us<X+ yTT+ 31 yesD | w eT+&\ TbqT eT]jTT ys+>\T
$u>\ >qT 1994 10 $u>\ 20% qT+& TbqT, u es\T
43% es T esb+ qy<+~. sTe\T
||+# yesD d+d(World Meteorological ~rjT |Tq\T(Secondary Events)
Organization(WMO)) 1963 ` 2002 eT< ||+#
y|+> d+u$+q |<q dV $|T\T/nk<sD y<T\T
|Tq\ d++~+ d]+q &{ |s+ es<\T, |D, >MTD { =s
sTe\T >]w qc sDeTeTHsTT.
|+\ k>T, ~>T& y|\+
u s < X + d + u $ +# es < \ T, s T e\T
|< q+> Hs T TTT|eH\| <s|& +{sTT. Hs T bwVs |+, < n\ bwVs+, *
TTT|eH |< mTq d+u$+# yqT\T (fluc- ub\T, |+ |yV\T, \eD\ |yV\T
tuations) ;uyTq es<\T < reyTq sTe\

us<X+ $|T eTT| >D+\T (1967`2006)

$|T s+ d>Tq |+|D X+ d>Tq d>Tq d+es
d+es d+es |u$eTjT
$|T\T eTsD\T |\ d+K($T*jTq)
u+|+ 0.88 11 2,672 0
es<\T 4.05 52 1,308 18
sTe 0.20 3 8 24
ub+ 0.88 11 104 0
TbqT 1.83 23 1,219 2
Source: Financing disaster management, NIDM 2009

$eq |_wH 30 $|T sVD

 $|T sVD| yudT
Natural Disater Management India: es<\
T,
sT e\T, Tbq d++~+q C de#s
n+~dT+~. B bT www. weather.nic.in
yud{ qT+& V+< eTVdeTT<+| c>\ T,
yesD |]dT\qT *jTCdT+~.
yud{: http://www.ndmindia.nic.in
National Disater Management Authority:
yud{: http://www.ndma.gov.in
National Institute of Disater Management
yud{: http://www.nidm.gov.in
Delhi Disater Management Authority
yud{ :http://www.ddma.delhigovt.nic.in
Building Materials & Technology
Promotion Council: ~ e\sT*{ n{dt |t
+&jqT sb+~dT+~.
yud{: http://www.bmtpc.org
Indian Meteorological Department(IMD):
usrjT yesD XK <X y| yesD
]bsT\T, TTT|eH\ ]bsT\T, yesD
#sT\T, X{{ \T, esb e|\T,
u +| ]bsT\ T, nk<sD yesD |]d T \
$|T sVD| >+<\T
Everybody Loves a Good Drought
Rajasthan ki Rajat Boonde
- Anupam Misra
Good Practice Review - Disaster Risk
Reduction Mitigation and Preparedness in
development and emergency
programming - John Twigg
Training Programme on Search and Rescue
for the members of the Village Disaster
Management Teams, by Disaster
Mitigation and Management Centers
- Government of Uttaranchal
$eq |_wH
d++~+q V#]\qT n+~dT+~.
yud{: http://www.imd.ernet.in
+< \+|T+(Central Water Commission):
yud{: http://www.cwc.nic.in
Geological Survey of Indai(GSI):
yud{: http://www.gsi.gov.in
National Institute of Hydrology(NIH):
u>s \ e|+>, es< b+\ e|+>,
u $j>+, \eDjT , ne| s D
, u j
T +,
{ n$q yTT<\>T y{ de#s
n+~dT+~.
yud{:www.nih.ernet.in
National Information Centre of
Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur.
yud{: www.nicee.org
Amateur Seismic Centre : <X+ sc\
y> u+| $es\qT *jTCdT+~. <
bT >+ d+u$+q u+b\T, dTHMT\
deT> $es\qT L& n+~dT+~.
yud{: www.asc-india.org
A book on Introduction to Natural Hazards
- P. Sainath - UNDP DHA 1997
Disaster Management: Recent
Approaches
- Arvind Kumar (Anmol Publications )
Natural Hazards and Disaster
Management - Satyesh C. Chakraborty
Development and vulnerability to
disasters are closely linked
- Edited by Arnold M and Kriemer
Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging
Economies - World Bank
31 $|T sVD
 1980 qT+& 2010 eT< us<X+ | $|T\ |u$yTq |\T, bD\T
sTTq ysT, ] qw+ $es\T
d+es+ $|T\T |u$yTq |\ d+K eTsD+q ysT ] qw+
(y\ &\s)
1980 es< 30,000,023
1982 sTe 100,000,000
es< 33,500,000
1984 n+T y<T\T 3290
1987 sTe 300,000,000
1988 n+T y<T\T 3000
1990 TbqT 2,200,000
1993 es< 128,000,000 7,000,000
u+|+ 9,748
1994 es< 2001
1995 es< 32,704,000
1996 TbqT 1,500,300
1998 TbqT 2871
nk<sD c>\T 2541
es< 1811
1999 TbqT 9,843 2,500,000
2000 sTe 50,000,000
2001 u+|+ 20,005 2,623,000
2002 sTe 300,000,000
es< 42,000,000
2004 es< 33,000,000 2,500,000
u+|+(dTH$T) 16,389
2005 es< 3,330,000
es< 2,300,000
2006 es< 3,390,000
2009 es< 2,150,000
Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database * (includes Tsunami)

$eq |_wH 32 $|T sVD

 us<X+ |qT $|T\T
us<X #] ujT+s $|T\T
$|T d+es+ |ue+ eTsD\T, qw+
1. u+|+ 1618 eTT+u, eTVsh 2,000
2. u+> u+|+ 1737 u+> 300,000
3. TbqT 1864 , |eT u+> 60,000
4. eTV<T]+ 1876-1878 <D us<X+ 58.5 $T*jTq eT+~|
(The Great Famine) |ue+, 5.5 $T*jTq
*#e\T
5. TbqT 1882 u+usTT, eTVsh 100,000
6. us <T]+ 1896-1897 <X+ yTT+ 1.25 $T*jTq qT+& 10
$T*jTq es
7 u+|+ 1934 ;VsY 6,000
8 u TbqT 1970 |eT u+>, +><X 500,000
9 sTe 1972 <X+ n~ u>+ 200 $T*jTq eT+~| |u e+
10 sTe 1987 15 sc\T 300 $T*jTq eT+~| |u e+
>&q X+ us<X+ |qT $|T\T
1 u+|+ 1905 +>, Ve#|<X 20,000
2 TbqT 1977 +<|<X 10y\ eT+~ eTsD+, <X
Vs<H\ 40%
qw+
3 sT u+|+ 1993 eTVsh eTss& b++ 7,928
4 ]k d|sY dH 1999 ]k 10,000
5 >TsY u+|+ 2001 uTC, #e, n+sY
nV<u<, dsY 25,000
6 dTH$T 2004 $TH&T, s, +<|<X 10,749
|<T#], n+&eH usY
Be\T
7 eTVsh es<\T 2005 p eTVsh 1094
8 osY u+|+ 2005 osY b++ 86000
9 d es<\T 2008 s ;VsY 527
10 dH c 2008 $TH&T 204
11. sTe 2009 10 sc 252 \T `
12. V +uew 2010 eT ` osY 196
13. d+ u+|+ 2011 Xq sc\T, d+ 111

$eq |_wH 33 $|T sVD

 1980 qT+& 2010 eT< us<X+ d+u$+q |<q $|T\T
u+|+, 2005
nsY +uew
2010
VeTd+b+,
2005 eT osY
s u+|+ s|<X es<\T
es<\T, 1993, 1991 nsY 20, 1998, 2005
Ve# #y* u+|+
1996 |<X
#+&>&
1999 @| 23
|+Cu sK+&
H
Vs

uTC u+|+, X
& |<
2001 qe] 26 ns TD#
skH d+
s|<X ;VsY, nk+ es<\T
nk+ H>+&
;VsY 2002. 2004, 2007, 2008
yT|\jT
eTD|PsY
Cs+&
u + > eT
>TsY eT<|<X |s

| $TCs+
t>&

#Y TbqT, 1998 ub >dt <Ts++

#rd

1982 &d+sY

&X

sY u+|+, &eTH &jT << sh d|sY dH 1999

q>sYVy eTV nsY 26
1993 d|+sY 30
es<\T +<|<X TbqT, 1992, 1996
2005 p 26
s

+<|<X, s
>y es<\T, 2009
|<T#]dTH$T, 2004
es<\T,1994 &d+sY 26
s

$TH&T
\Be\T n+&eH
usY
dTH$T, 2004 dTH$T, 2004 Be\T
&d+sY 26 &d+sY 26

2001`02 qT+& 10 d+es\ es<\T, #y TbqT, ub\T yTT y{ e\ qw+

d+es+ bD qw+ |X d+|< qw+ <+dyTq |+ qw+
(\\Vs)
2001`02 834 21,269 3,46,878 18.72
2002`03 898 3,729 4,62,700 21.00
2003`04 1,992 25,393 6,82,209 31.98
2004`05 1,995 12,393 16,03,300 32.53
2005`06 2,698 1,10,997 21,20,012 35.52
2006`07 2,402 4,55,619 19,34,680 70.87
2007`08 3,764 1,19,218 35,27,041 85.13
2008`09 3,405 53,833 16,46,905 35.56
2009`10 1,677 1,28,452 13,59,726 47.13
2010`11 2,310 48,778 13,38,619 46.25
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

$eq |_wH 34 $|T sVD

 2013 us <X+ d+u$+q |<q $|T\T
1. b+ dT |e<+: $<+k dw++~. 1999 ]k d|sY dH
nq+s+ n+{ |qT TbqT> |*HqT |s=qe#T.
eTVuq>sY b+ e< 2013 nsY 30q
u+>SsT qT+& V<su< edTq |yT {y 6. VH TbqT:
#+~q y dT |e< >Ts eT+\T 2013 qe+sY 18q +>U+ @s&q
#\s >&+ n+<T |j DdT q 49 eT+~ |j D VH TbqT qe+sY 20 H{ sT us<X+
45 eT+~ dJe <VqeTjsT. u es\qT rd T =+~. re yj T T> T +& + >
2. u+>TSsT ` H+<& m|dt @d u^ bs+uy T q TbqT qe+sY 21 H{ reyTq TbqT
eT+\T: n\&> e] \+ dw++~. B e\q c
eT|D + q>s re qw+ y{*+ ~. c,
u+>TSsT qT+& H+<& yTq m|dt sT><e], l+, $XK|D +, >T+sT
@d u^ 2013 &d+sY 28q nq+|s+ u es\T ]XsTT. |eT><e] <+~.
=# s T e s dw H e< eT+\T #\s >&+ n+<T e], =], ns{ |+\ qw+ y{*+ ~. c, sT,
26 eT+~ |jD\T dJe <VqeTjsT. |eT><e] s. 1,628.73 T qw+ ]+~.
3. sK+& es<\T: 7. eTT|sYq>sY eT |TsD\T:
pH 14 qT+& 17 eT< sK+& ]dq 2013 >dT 27q s|<X eTT|sY q>sY
+uew |qT es<\, ub\ <] rd, 2004 C{\, eTTd+\ eT< ]q |TsD 43
dTHMT sT y n|< $|T > |]D$T++~. +<T eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. 93 eT+~ >jT|&sT . |T sD\qT
5700 eT+~ |> eTsD+qT n+#H. sK+& n<T| #jT& >&q 20 d+es\ sTy
bT |]ds b+\T k<sD TTT|eH\ \+ yTTyTT<{k]> sh+ dH yV]+|Cj*
b+< esb+ +f 375 X+ n~ esb+ e+~. dTesT 50,000 eT+~ s b+\
qy<sTT+~. es\ &T, 3800 n&T>T\ mT s*+#* e+~.
q #=s] VeTq<+ s>&+, u^s~ q~ es<\T
y\Ty , u b\T d+u$ +, |]d <sTD+> e]+~. 8. ;VsY eT<V uq+ $c<+:
4. eT<|<X <y\jT+ e< =d: ;VsY XsDY <sw >+<eH nH
>eT+ 2013 p 16q b<$ T bsX \ eT<V
qesT\ d+<s+> 2013 nsY 13q uq+ |sT>T eT+<T \e&+ < q 23 eT+~
eT<|<X <j #] s>& |\\T #b>, &q d+K nHs>+ b\jsT.
<y\jT+ e< sT q e+q| ]q =d 115
eT+~ eTsD+#sT. +<T 30 eT+~ |\\T L& 9. +u yT =d:
HsT. 2006 L& < <y\jT+ e< =d +uyT d+<s+> 2013 |e] 10q
] 50 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. s |<X n\Vu< s dw H ]q =d
5. |*H TbqT: 36 eT+~ #bjsT.
us<X+ |{ es sT rs q 10. T<>jT |\T:
TbqT n|< TbqT> u$dTq |*H TbqT ||+#ysd d+|< C_ q ;VsY
+<|<X, &X sc re $<+d+ dw++~. T<>jT 2013 p 7q esTd> 10 u+T\T
2013 nsY 12q &c >b|PsY e< rs |\&+ <sT u< dHdT\ dV <T>TsT
q |*H TbqT + eTT+<q&T u eTsD+#sT.
$eq |_wH 35 $|T sVD
9. +sZ$T d+<Ts |\T&T: du dMT|+ ]q esTd u+T |\T sT>TsT
eTsD+#sT.
eTT+u HXjT+ 2013 >dT 14q usrjT
H< #+~q +sZ$T mHmdt d+<Ts 11. $XK V#Y|dm ]|q n |e<+:
|\T&T d+u$ +, eT+\T #\s >sTT. |T q d+ $XK|+ V+<TkH |{*jT+ s=swH
18 eT+~ #bjsT. *$Tf&(HPCL) 2013 >dT 23q ]q $kq+
10. b{ u+T |\T&T: 25 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. +<T sT eyT d+d
< >, $T*q ys+ +{ |<| | #dTq
;VsY s< b{ 2013 nsY 27q ;C| |yT e\T e&+ >eTHs+.
|<q eT+ nu] qs+< y& sVdTq Vs+>

us<X+` $|T <Ts\+

es<\T sTe
<X+ 40 $T*jTH Vs u$T(12%) es< us<
X + s k>Tu $T 68% u u>+
eTT| * +~. sTe u] b++> +~.
| jT{ 8 $T*jTH Vs u$T es<\ +<T 33% dTBs sTe u] b++.
>TseT+~. b++ d+es 750 $T.MT. +f e
V|, >+> qB |]yV |<X\T es< esb+ b+<TT+~.
eTT| n~+> q b+\T. sTe u] b++ 35% u$T d+es
|e |eV+# qB b+\ yjTe 750 qT+& 1125 $T.MT. eT< es b +
b+\T, c, y, eTVq~ |]yV b+<TT+~.
b+\T es< eTT| sT y kq+ HsTT. ub\T
TbqT us<X yTT+ u>[ $ds+ dTesT 25%
us<X+ 7,516 MTs b&yq rs sKqT $ds+ ub\ eTT|qT * +~.
* +~. +<T 5,700 MTsT TbqT Ve\j\ b++ yTT+, Xq b++,
u] b++> +~. |eT qTeT\ b+\T + u b\ &
us<X $ds+ 8%, Hu eT& e+T, >TseT+{sTT.
84 rs b+ \qT * q 13 sc\T/ u+| eT+&\T
+< b* b+\T TbqT u] b+\T>
HsTT. u+| eT+&\+ < |]~ +&
u $ds X+
sT rs+ $TH&T, +<|<X, ]k,
|eT u+>, |<T#], |eT rs+ >TsY V 12%
TbqT eTT|qT n~+> * HsTT. IV 18%
TbqT yT ` pH, nsY ` qe+sY\ III 27%
d+u$ksTT. II 43%
Source: Activiy Book on Disaster Management for School Students, National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

$eq |_wH 36 $|T sVD

 4. +<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
(Disasters in Andhra Pradesh - an Overview)
4.1 |]#jT+
+<|<X dqT, w eT+&\ TbqT, es<\T,
sTe\ + >Tse +T+~. | s+&T qT+&
eT&T d+es\ e~] qT+& n+ reyTq
TbqT sh+ +> d+u$dT+~. sh+ 44
X+ b++ w eT+&\ TbqT, < d++~
y|\ qe +T+~.
us< X + d qT TTT |eH\ eTT+<T @|
` yT H\ eT]jTT TTT |eH\ nq+s+ nsY
qT+& &d+sY eT< d+u$dT+{sTT. nsTT y{
n~ X+ qe+sY ed+H @s&sTT.
+>U+, n+&eH deTT<+ < <D #H
deTT<+ <$+, sT rs dqT
k<sD+> Te+{ sV y|\ n+
<Ts\+> +& $TH&T, +<|<X, ]k, |eT
u+> rs sKqT #sT+{sTT. >&q X+H
n + | e < s y T q s +& T d q T ]k,
+<|<X\ esTd> 1971 nsY eT]jTT 1977
qe+sY\ d+u$+#sTT. = TbqT d+<s+>
10 y\ eT+~ |> bD\T jsT. 1999
]k d+u$+q d|sY dqT |< mTq bD,
d qw+ y{sTT. +< rs+ y+& C+|+,
eT|+ eT< q b++ + TbqT \ es\qT rdT=, pH eT]jTT d|+sY ek\ eT<
H\e> +T+~. us<X rssK\ y+& TbqT
<Ts\+ @q +&<T. ~>Teq |s=q
us<X rs b+\T TbqT \ me>
>TseT+{sTT. n$:
1. s ]k, |eT u+> rs\T
2. +>\T eT]jTT eT|+ eT< q +< |<X
rs b++
3. $TH&T rs+, <D H>|+.
|eT rsq ns_j deTT<+ d]V<T> *q
$eq |_wH
sc\T s, >TsY > |P]> dTseT <T,
eTVsh > |P] |e< u]eT <T. n$ L&
dq & >TseT+{sTT. d+es d>Tq
H\T>T dqT d+u$d, n+<T { reyTq~
+T+~.
@{ ||+# y|+> d+u$+# w eT+&\
dq 7% +>U+ @s&sTT.
k|+ > #dq|&T e X+ d qT eyT
@s&TTq|{, eqe bD\, dT\ y{ qw+
e+ # n~ ksTT +T+~. dqT k]
|< q u u>+ |y +q sT y n$ u es\
u\T yksTT. y{ e\ e<s\T d+u$ksTT. 1986
>dT ><e] d+u$+q reyTq TbqT
sD+> d+u$+q es<\T +<T <VsD>
|s=qe#T.
sT deTT< rs sc k \ |H
q | \ T s T e b+ \ T # y yj T T
>T+&\(cyclonic depression) sD+> e# |deD
es\( torrential rains) d es<\ d+
>TseT+{sTT. #y\T(cyclones), < d++~
y|\ bT s, eT< +>U+ @s&
TTT |eq yjTT>T+&\T +<|<X bT s,
eT< us<X+ es $d]+, u qT+& n u
T q<T es<\ <]rksTT.
+< k<sD+> es< deTd q q<T\qT
eTT+#& |]$TeTeT+~. , k & b+
&H J deTd {\+ e&+ #y\ |u e+ n~y T ,
es< eTT|qT eT]+> |+#T+~. eTTK+> k>T{
bsT<\ eed sVD q b B sD+>
#|e#T. |\T d+<s\ #sTe\T, \Te\ >+&T
|&+, yT\T yjT&+, H#T yTT\T |s>&+ e\,
s T es < \ T> bs & + e\ H m e eTs D \T
d+u$dTHsTT.
37 $|T sVD
4.2 |qse $|T\ |sekq+
k +<|<X | $|T\T, eqe s
$|T\T + d+u$dT+&+ e\ sh ] eed
bT <X ] eed|q, n_e~ $<H\ MT< re
|ue+ |&T+~. sjT d+T\q+ MT<, \~
eT+~ J$\|q re |ue |&T+~.
+<|<XqT #y\T(TbqT), es<\T,
sTe\T, u+b\T e+{ n s\ | $|T\T
y~dTHsTT. rs b++ s+s+ TbqT, es<\
|&+#&T+~.
1977 eq TbqT, y s+ >+(tidal wave)
nbs qc *+#sTT. 10 y\ eT+~ |> bD\T
jsT. 1979, 1990, 1996\ eq Tbq e\
L& |qT qw+ d+u$++~. ><e], c q<T
e# es<\T sT, |eT ><e], c
$c<\ sDeTeTHsTT.
>+ +<|<X k rs+ y+&, |\,
><e] qB jT b+\ u +b\T d+u$ +#sTT.
2000 d|+sY V<su< q>s+ d\ |+|q\T
e#sTT. 2012 k b++ |\T \ bT
KeT+, qZ+& d\ |+|q\T e#sTT.
s+s+ e# | $|T\ +<|<X |\
ke, ] Jeq+ re+> |u $eTe+~. sh+
s+s+ #y\T, TbqT \T, es<\T,
sTe\ >Tse+~. n+<TuT q $|T |]Cq
n+#H\ |s+ reyTq #y\ <Twuy
m<Ts=+Tq sh+ +<|<X.
sh+ yTT+ u>[ b++ dTesT 44%
w eT+&\ Tbq |ue+, < d++~ y|\
nqTe> +~. +< |<X deTT< rs b++ Te+{
| <s us<X+H n+ nqTyq~> nqTue$T e\ ysT n~ qc >TsesT.
+&>, \+>D b++ KeT+ L& k
b++ <T \ bT TTT |eH\ \+
e# es<\ >Tse+~. sjT\deT H\T>T \T,
\ +>D < T \ T + s T eqT
m<Ts=+THsTT. rss K y+& C+|+, eT|+
eT< b++ TbqT \ +<+> +{+~.
sh ] eed |T>=eT\T> +Tq
><e], c q<T\ & b+\T es<\T, &HJ
deTd\qT, TbqT nq+s+ m<TsjT s deTd\qT
$eq |_wH
m<Ts=+THsTT.
X + +<|<XqT 60 |>
#y\T(cyclones) sTT. > <Xu\ #y\T
d+u$+#&+ |]+~. | s+&T, eT&T d+es\
\yTq TbqT se&+, sh ] eed, ],
d+k> eqsT\ dy\T $ds&+ dsk<sD+>
e]+~. +<|<X k b++ <<| 90
\\ eT+~ TbqT, y{ |uy\ >TseT+&>,
n+<T 33 \\ eT+~ deTT<| &Tq <T MTs
| +THsT. +<|<X n+ |e<syTq
TbqT 1977 d+u$++~. dTesT 10y\ eT+~
bD\T jsT. nq+s+ 1990 yT H\ |<
TbqT e+~. n+<T ysTT eT+~ eTsD+#>, 10
1.25 _*jTH &\s qw+ y{*+ ~. 1977 qT+&
1992 eT< d+u$ +q TbqT, es<\ sD+> dTesT
13,000 eT+~ eTs D + # > , 3,38,000 | X e\T
=TbjsTT. 33 \\ <HsTT.
yT H\ TbqT d+u$ +#&+ nsT<q |{, 20e
X+ dTesT 13 TbqT H\H e#sTT. 1979
yT H\ eq TbqT & b+ nbs qc
#L ]+~. yTT+ bD\T sTTq y] 80% eT+~
& ys e&+ >eTHs+. & b++ yT H\H
e] k>T yTT<\eT+~.
nH eT+~ |qT\T yT+ & b+\
eksT. y] & TbqT eTT| >T]+, |P]>
ne>Vq +&<T. n+<Te\ k |\ +f e\d
eq ys y|\ e\ n~+> qwbsT. s=jT
#sTe | #jT& T+u\, T+u &
b+ s* e, * >T&s\(>T&d)
eddT+{sT. d+es+ n~ \+ >T&dH
+{sT. TbqT V#]\T y] d\+ #s b e#T.
y #]q|{, TbqqT m<Tse&+ q
c, ><e] q<T\T dsyTq |yV esZ\qT
* +{sTT. y{ q dV d<yTq, eqe ]
q\ <s es< { ydT keTs + +{sTT.
nsTT & b+\T $<+> +&e. k<sD+>
+<|<X es< deTd qq q<T\T b+>&+,
=sT dsdT #T +& b+\T eTT+|q >T]
e& eyT |]$TeTeT+~. nsTT k
& b+\ &HJ deTd eT]+ {\+ e&+
Tbq $<+d keTs+ nH sT |] es< eTT|\T
38 $|T sVD
|sT>TTHsTT. 1977 qe+sY, 1990 yT, 1996 qe+sY dsq sVD be&+ &sTT+~.
dq d+<s+> TbqT \+ d+u$+q|&T, 1979 yT H\ eq TbqT e+{ d+<s\
n|{ |deD es\(torrential rains) q k n~ X+ eTsD\T #sTe\T, \Te\ q\T
b+\ deTT<| sT se&+ qw+ nH sT >&+, #sTe |P&\T, H#T yTT\T |], sT
|]+~. B &T es< sVD, k>T{ eed\ b+bs&+ sD+>H d+u$+#sTT.

+<|<X 1977 qT+& 2010 es d+u$+q es<\T, TbqT

d+es+ $|T |u$ |u$ eTsD\T |X qw+ <+dyTq |+ qw+ qw+
\T |\T (Vs) (s. )
(\)
1 1977nsY 28` qe+sY 1 TbqT 8 34 10000 250000 1014800 1351000 172.00
3 1979 yT 13`15 es<\T 10 37.4 706 748000 242.65
6 1983 >dT es<\T 8 1.58 58 1726 94218 714000 89.56
11 1986 >dT es<\T 13 21.15 309 22000 423000 853200 1686.74
13 1987 qe+sY 2`3 TbqT 10 32.04 119 110550 961000 126.48
14 1988 p es<\T 11 23.43 88 4233 48694 406000 245.40
15 1989 p es<\T 22 89.44 232 10905 227000 593000 913.50
17 1990 yT 5`10 TbqT 14 77.81 817 27625 1439659 563000 2137.27
19 1991 qe+sY 11`15 TbqT 9 0.18 192 97470 409000 367.32
24 1995 nsY, qe+sY es<\T 19 2.3 229 3663 146525 665000 917.00
25 1996 pH 12`16 TbqT 10 0.22 100 1607 21517 15000 129.10
26 1996 >dT`d|+sY es<\T 13 0.21 140 188 12100 134000 159.00
28 1996 nsY 17`21 es<\T 11 87.37 338 146621 130731 1128000 843.27
29 1996 qe+sY 6`7 TbqT 4 80.62 1077 19856 616553 511000 6129.25
32 1998 d|+sY ` nsY es<\T 22 16.34 260 5126 150196 1405000 2525.20
35 2000 >dT 22`31 es<\T 17 1.98364 207 6156 99800 178000 966.15
38 2005 d|+sY 18`19 es<\T 10 350 107 14416 118618 551966 2697.97
39 2006 >dT 2`5 TbqT/es<\T 10 13.84 165 20530 276567 219897 3455.23
41 2006 nsY28 ` qe+sY4 z TbqT 5 13.85 41 350000 95218 384550 7173.25
49 2008 qe+sY 14`16 UeTT TbqT 9 1.0 0 37 1190 59287 36
50 2008 qe+sY 25 ` 30 c TbqT 5 1.0 9 28 8258 220000 80
51 2009 d|+sY 29` nsY 4 es<\T 13 20.72 90 49686 259095 226092 12455.75
52 2010 yT 17`22 TbqT 14 17.80 22 2075 14298 26685.83 1603.22
54 2010 nsY 29`qe+sY8 TbqT 13 16.98 63 1140 20554 483000 2496.98
55 2010 &d+sY 5`8 es<\T 15 8.16 21 3026 3169 1208000 2739.33

$eq |_wH 39 $|T sVD

 m.|.|.mdt.d |\ n&q |X\T
1. ||+# $|T\ |+|D u+b\T eT]jTT 11. $| T s V D ( Disaster Management)
dTHMT\T m+ X+ es +{sTT? (3) sb\T m|&T sV+#e#T? (4)
1) 6% 2) 7% 1) $|T eTT+<T
3) 8% 4) 9% 2) $|T sT>TTq deTjT+
2. | $|T <VsD (4) 3) $|T s
1) TbqT 2) u+|+ 4) |$ n
3) dTHMT 4) |e 12. ||+# $|T es<\T m+ X+> +{sTT?
3. +~ y | y|+ @~? (4) 1) 30% 2) 35% (1)
1) u+|+ 2) TbH 3) 40% 4) 45%
3) ub+ 4) |e 13. us u u>+ m+X+ es<\ >TsjT
4. +~ y @~ eqe s $|T? (4) neX+ e+~ ? (4)
1) u+|+ 2) dTHMT 1) 22% 2) 20%
3) 18% 4) 12%
3) es< 4) |$ @M e
14. +&j q yTT+ 35 sc\T eT]jTT +<b*
5. +~ y eqe s $|T (4) b+\ m $|T\ >T] >\e? (4)
1) es< 2) u+|+ 1) 18 2) 28
3) sTe 4) u+T |\T&T 3) 22 4) 25
6. +~ y | d<yTq y|+ @~? (1) 15. ksY $|T sVD d+sT m& q~? (3)
1) sTe 2) jTT<+ 1) 2) s&
3) rey<+ 4) n+sT<+ 3) q & 4)
7. +~ y |d< $|T @~? (4) 16. 1980`2010 eT< \+ +&j | $|T \
1) TbqT 2) u+|+ e\ m+ eT+~ eTsD+#sT? (1)
3) dTH$T 4) |$ n 1) 1,43,039 2) 1,23,039
8. |e<+ (Hazard) nbsTT] d+|Tq n~ 3) 1,13,039 4) 1,03,039
1) u+|+ e#T 2) dTHMT e#T (4) 17. $|T (&CdsY) nH e @ uw qT+& <$+
3) es<\T e#T 4) |$ n +~? (3)
9. $|T d+|Tq < e\q (4) 1) ns_ uw 2) #dt uw
1) eqeqw+ \T>TT+~ 3) |+ uw 4) swH uw
2) d qw+ \T>TT+~ 18. $|T sVD |D[ |<q \D\T (4)
3) +Te\ qw+ \T>TT+~ 1) \ X~ 2) ds
4) |e 3) #sD k<+ 4) |e
10. $|T (Disaster) d+|Tq < |*+ (4) 19. CrjT $|T sVD d+d q #T (2)
1) $d qqw+ 2) JeHb~ qw+ 1) s& 2) q &
3) d qw+ 4) |$ n 3) =H 4) $XK|+
$eq |_wH 40 $|T sVD
 20. +&j rs b++ m+ u>+ >*yq\T, 29. ||+# u+ n+#H |s+, d+es+
TbqT\T eT]jTT dTHMT\ >TseT+~? (4) us< X e TT d\ <ojT m+ X+ |
1) 3700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT $|T\e\ qw+ y{\TT+~ (\T>TT+~)? (4)
3) 6700 MTsT 4) 5700 MTsT 1) 3 1 % 2) 3%
2
21. $|T sVD n+s>\T (4) 3) 4) 2%
1) |q]yd+ 2) ysD 30. $|T re, k<sD+> < { n+#H yksT?
3) |q]sD+ 4) |e 1) bD qw+ 2) d qw+ (3)
22. $|T sVD $u>\T (4) 3) bD d qc\T 4) |y$ e
1) d+d< 2) d+<q 31. SAARC <s $|T sVD de#s +<+
3) ysD 4) |e q#T (4)
23. +~ y | d< $|T (1) 1) =\+u 2) U+&T
1) sTe 2) jTT<+ 3) & 4) q&
3) >y<+ 4) n+sT<+ 32. $|T\ |s\ #]q$ (4)
24. 2010 ||+# $|T\ y~ |s+, 2000`09 1) ud++< $|T\T
eT<\+ 85 X+ qw|&q |\T @ b+ 2) Jed++< $|T\T
#+~qysT? (1) 3) \d++< $|T\T
1) dj |d| b++ 4) |e
2) s dj b++ 33. 1996`2000 eT< \eTT | d<, eqe |]
3) <D dj b++ $|T\ e\ +&j m+ X+ .&.|. |
4) |eT dj b++ 1 d+es+ qwbsTT+~? (4)
2 %
25. $|T \ |u y <<s n~e TT> +Z #e#T? 2 1) 3.12% 2) 2.12%
1) yTsT>q |D[ <s (4) 3) 4.12% 4) 2.25%
2) yTsT>q d+d< ne>Vq <s 34. $|T sVD +&~ (4)
3) yTsT>q ysD #s\ <s 1) |XeTq+ 2) |qsyd+
4) |n{ <s 3) dVjT 4) |$ n
26. $|T sVD se\qT m|&T sV+# e#T? 35. ||+ # $|T \ sT e\T/e\T eT]jTT d++~
(4) $|T\T m+ X+ +{sTT? (2)
1) $|T eTT+<T 1) 18% 2) 19%
2) $|T s 3) 20% 4) 21%
3) $|T d+u$+q|&T 36. sd$T (jTT.mH.z.) |s+ ||+#+
4) |e 1992`2000 eT< d+es m $|T\T
27. n+srjT dTHMT de#s +<+ q #T ]>sTT? (3)
1) >y 2) s (3) 1) 100 2) 300
3) V q\T\T 4) |<T#] 3) 500 4) 800
28. 1980`2010 eT< \+ +&j | $|T \ 37. +&j |K+&+ +~ y <e\ me> V
e\ qwbsTTqy] d+K (1) \T>T nqTL\eTT> q~? (4)
1) 1,521,726,127 2) 1,121,726,127 1) TbqT\T 2) sTe\T
3) 1,321,726,127 4) 1,224,726,127 3) u+b\T 4) |e
$eq |_wH 41 $|T sVD
 39. $|T\ s\T (4) 47. eTq Hu MT< kseTT> $|T |uy
1) Je d++< $|T\T Z+#& rdT=qe\dq #s\T (4)
2) ud++< $|T\T 1) yTsT>q |D[\T 2) dHV ne>Vq
3) { eT]jTT yesD d++< $|T\T 3) ysD #s\T 4) |e
48. ||+# u+ n+#H |s+ | $|T qT+&
4) |e |+> *> qc\T d\ CrjT m+
40. | d< $|T\ #s&Tq~ (4) X+? (3)
1) u+|+ 2) dTHMT 1) 4% 2) 3%
3) es<\T 4) |e 3) 2% 4) 1%
41. $|T sVD nq> (4) 49. &CdsY ]dt ]&H e\dq <X (4)
1) |d+<q eT]jTT |XeTq+ eeTT H 1) e+&* V#] $<H >{|s#&+
me 2) ne>Vq j |+#&+
2) eT< |< 3) eT+ |qsyd+, |q]sD+
3) $_q sb\ deTV+ 4) |e
4) |e 50. $|T\ |uy <e\ me> Z+#e#T?(4)
42. |d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT >|t 1) d\D |D[sD
m& +~? (1) 2) d\D ne>Vq, j
1) b]dt 2) s 3) d\D ysD #s\T
3) { 4) $XK|eTT 4) |e
51. $|T sVD| @s&q q n~s d+|T + 1999
43. $|T sVD | n+srjT+> HH sT\T
>w $|T\qT 5 s\T> eZ]++~. y{
sVdTq $X$<\jT+ (4) n+s>\T (4)
1) yH $X$<\jTeTT 1) u>[ d++< $|T\T
2) |H $X$<\jTeTT 2) Jed++< $|T\T
3) >+& HH $X$<\jTeTT 3) sT, yesD d++< $|T\T
4) |e 4) |e
44. $|T sVD d]|{ sTqT +~ y @~ 52. ksY $|T sVD yud{ (4)
sVdT+~? (1) 1) sdmc.nic.in 2) saarc.sdmc.in
1) +~s>+B CrjT ks $X$<\jT+ 3) saarc.nic.in 4) saarc-sdmc.nic.in
2) _.sY. n+u<sY ks $X$<\jT+ 53. y| <VsD (4)
3) q\+< ks $X$<\jT+ 1) u+|+ 2) dTHMT
4) eseq eTVMs ks $X$<\jT+ 3) es< 4) |e
45. $|T |D[ |<q \D\T (4) 54. 1980`2010 eT< \+ ]q u+b\ d+K
1) \ dw 2) ds (flexibility) 1) 92 2) 34 (4)
3) #sD eT 4) |e 3) 38 4) 56
46. ||+# u+ |s+ 1996`2000 eT<\+ 55. nkT> |< <Ts<w+> de sD
$|T\ e\ dTesT CrjT T\T m+ X+ $q+ #d d+|TqqT $|T n+{+ ` |
qwbjsTT? (3) y| ~ mesT q s#q+? (1)
1) 2.85% 2) 2.50% 1) sd$T 2) ||+#u+
3) 2.25% 4) 1.95% 3) jTTHk 4) dj n_e~ u+
$eq |_wH 42 $|T sVD
 59. ||+#+ es<\ >TsjT Hu m+ X+ 68. $|T\ (Disasters) qT ss\T> eZ]+#{
<D dj, sT dj, |d| <X <s+ (1)
eddTHsT? (4) 1) n$ *+q bDqw+
1) 80% 2) 65% 2) n$ *+q d qw+
3) 75% 4) 90% 3) < y>+
60. $|T sVD d++~+q~ (4) 4) < > #]
1) |q]sD+ 2) |qsyd+ 69. $|T sVD (Disaster management) n+s>+
3) neds |d+<q 4) |e 1) $|T\qT jT++#+ (4)
61. +~ y @~ dsq~? (4) 2) $|T |* Z+#+
1) $|TqT y]+#e#T 3) |uT+ | n~sT\ *jTs+
2) $|TqT }V+#e#T 4) |$ n
3) $|T jH sT>TT+~ 70. +~ y $|TqT Z+# ePV+ (3)
4) $|T <Tw*\qT Z+#e#T 1) #> $<TYqT n+~+#+
62. Rapid-onset - &CdsY/$|T <VsD (4) 2) |\\ d jTbs+\T e+
1) sTe 2) <T]+ 3) TbH H\TeqT ]+#+
3) |sesD uw 4) |$ n 4) u+\ qT+& n|\T e+
63. $|T sVD n+s>\T (4) 71. $|T\ re k<sD+> |s+> +#
1) |X$T+| 2) dd, |]Vs+ &sTT (1)
3) neds #s 4) |$ n 1. bD qw+ 2. d qw+
64. $|T sVD n+s>+ (1) 3. +T qw+ 4. >V qw+
1) |q]sD+ |qsyd+ 72. $|T sVD e#~ (4)
2) |<\ n|\T 1. jT<d rdTse&+
3) $+>T\ n|\T 2. |q]sD+
4) \VqesZ\ s>+ u$T 3. $T{>wH
65. | |e<\ |*+> @s& ub\T ||+# 4. |e
$|T m+ X+ +{sTT? (4) 73. +~ y{ @$ eqe e\ @s& $|T \ T?
1) 6% 2) 2% 1. es<\T 2. u+b\T (4)
3) 3% 4) 4% 3. sTe\T 4. n|e<\T
66. $|T n+f @$T{? (4) 74. +~ y eqe |s| |e<+ @~?
1) | eqe |s| d+|Tq 1. u+|+ 2. dTHMT (4)
3. es< 4. |$ @M e
2) < <s n~+> eqe <+d+ sT>TT+~
75. +~ eTTKyTq |e< @~ $|T > ese#T?
3) < <s JeH<s qw+ y{\TT+~
1. TbqT\T 2. u+b\T (4)
4) |$ n
3. dTHMT\T 4. |e
67. |e<+ (Hazard) (4) 76. $|T sVD (1)
1) |e<syTq d+|Tq 1. |d+<q eT]jTT |XeTq+ eyT <T
2) | eqe |u$+ 2. KyTq |jT
3) bD qc *dT+~ 3. _q n+X\ L&q $<q+
4) |$ n 4. |e
$eq |_wH 43 $|T sVD
 77. $|T ujT+syTq |]d, B k<sD 84. yTH+> &Cds Y ]dt H meT]+> mqMTdt y~
Jeq+ nded+ neT+~. |sesD d $q+ me]~? (1)
neT+~. bD\qT s+#&, |sesD 1) ||+# u+ (es u+)
b&& neds |yTj\ neds+ 2) @dj n_e~ u+ (@wjTH &e|tyT+{
s#H +~ mesT? (4) u+)
1) |<qeT+ s\jT+ 3) >V eeVs\ eT+ XK ($Td |t VyT
2) $|T sVD #+, 2005 n|sY), >esyT+{ |t +&j
3) jTd|t 4) CrjT $|T sVD d+d, +&j (Hwq
4) us |uT+ >Vsb\ eT++ Hd{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{, +&j)
78. nkT> |< <Ts<w+> de sD 85. $|T ujT+syTq |]d, B k<sD
$q+ #d d+|TqqT $|T n+{+ ` | Jeq+ nded+ neT+~. |sesD d $q+
y| ~ mesT q s#q+? (1) neT+~. bD\qT s+#&, |sesD
1) sd$T 2) ||+#u+ b&& neds |yTj\ neds+
3) jTTHk 4) dj n_e~ u+ s#H +~ mesT? (4)
79. nH |#TsD d+d |#T]+q &CdsY yTHC 1) |<qeT+ s\jT+
yT+{ : d+{ nb#dt >+<s mesT? (1) 2) $|T sVD #+, 2005
1) ns$+< esY 2) _. HsjTD 3) jTd|t
3) _.d. udt 4) sY d+> 4) us |uT+ >Vsb\ eT++
80. us <X+ jTT yTT+ yX\+ m+ X+ 86. $|T sVD CrjT $<q+ |s+ +&j
u+| d++< <*\ >T]neqT? (4) u u>+ m+X+ k<sD, re >\ u +b\T
1) 42 X+ 2) 67 X+ d+u$+#& neX+ +~? (2)
3) 78 X+ 4) 56 X+ 1) 52.4% 2) 58.6%
81. +& j | d + e s + m+ e T+~ | \T 3) 59.5% 4) 45.8%
|qse es<\ >TseTHsT? (4) 87. @ |uT+ >eT $|T sVD eTTs\qT D,
1) 325 $T*jTqT 2) 175 $T*jTqT nHwD, b&+| y~qT jsT #d+~?
3) 150 $T*jTqT 4) 200 $T*jTqT 1) s+# |uT+ (1)
2) eTD|PsY |uT+
82. {e\ |#T]yTq Hwq VCsY n+& &CdsY
yTHCyT+{ nH |d s#sTT mesT? (3) 3) +&Hwj |uT+
4) +&jTH s&dt
1) s+H dT 2) DY dssY
88. +&j $|T sVD\ d+d d+k> esT\T
3) dwt #e] 4) #+<H dTs_ <dt d+#T q n~s $T{ @ d+es+
83. +&j m+ u u> XeTT es<\ >TseT +~? @sT #jT&+ ]+~? (4)
1) <<| 22% 2) <<| 20% (4) 1) 1996 2) 1997
3) <<| 18% 4) <<| 12% 3) 1998 4) 1999

$eq |_wH 44 $|T sVD

 II. u+b\T
1. u+b\T` sD\T, |uy\T
2. us<X+ u+b\T
3. +<|<X u+b\T
4. u+b\T ` |XeTq #s\T
 1. u+b\T `sD\T, |uy\T
(Earthquakes - Causes and Effects)
1.1 |]#jT+
n+ $<+ds dV y|\ u+|+
L& {. ||+# y|+> u+b\T |< mTq
d, bD qc\ sDeTeTHsTT. us< X u>[
$ds+ 59% u+| eTT|qT * +&+ e\q
u+b\ e\q us<X L& eTT| b+ +~.
M{ e\ ||+#y|+>|jT{ 50,000 eT+~
eTsDdTHsT. u+b\T ueH\qT, eT* edT\qT
dq <+d+ #d, n+<T +Tq ysT #bjT
< >j T | & # j T > \ e. u
Hyk\qT <+d+ #jT&yT +&, |uT, <X
] eed, ke sD nds |sTksTT.
1.2 u sD+
u$T eT&T bs\T +{sTT.
1. u|\+(Crust)
2. u bes+(Mantle)
3. u+<+(Core)
u|\+:
~ |Tq d +T+~. B skjTq d+|Tq
Sial. dj nq> d*H(Si), n\$TjT+(Al).
n\$TjT+ *> +T+~. { u |\+ *>
+T+~. u| s+&T $<\T> $uksT.
1. K+& |\+
2. deTT< u|\+.
K+&|\+ |q >H{, +~ u>+ k
+T+~.
deTT< |\+ k \\T, n|s(e)
\\qT * +T+~.
u|\+ k+<: 2.27>/|T.d+.MT
$eq |_wH
u|\+ eT+<+ : 10`65 .MT.
deTT< u|\+ jTT eT+<+ |s
me>qT, deTT< b++ e>qT +T+~.
u|\+ eT+<+ |s\T > |sueTT\T >
yT<H\T> deTT<\T> f+#Y\T eT+ +T+~.
u|\+ n~+> +& VeT\+
n\$TjT+.
u bes+:
+ b\T e\+ u bes+ 2900 .MT. T es +T+~.
ubes+ k+< 5.7 >/|T.d+.MT +T+~.
u bes+ T <ed +&, nT |T qd
+& =sTT& s|+ +T+~.
B skjTq k++ de(Sima) `
de d*(Si), yT^wjT +(Ma) nH eT\\T
+{sTT.
u+b\T ubes+ es eyT |]$TyT
+{sTT.
u|, ubes ysT #jTT bsqT
yTTVA < yTTVs$ddt $q+ n+{sT.
u +<+
~ 6371 .MT. es +T+~.
B skjTq d+|Tq |(Nife).
| nq> (Ni) eT]jTT |sdt(Fe).
u+<+ |<s+ <ed +T+~.
B k+< 12 >/|T.d+.MT.
u+<+ e< c> 6000 &^\ d*jTdt.
u +<, u bes ysT #d bsqT
>TfHsYZ $H#sY $q+ n+{sT.
47 $|T sVD
 u|\+ (crust) sbs(rocky layer). B >jT sH (uyT)u+|+
eT+<+ @> +&<T. deTT<\ +< dTesT 10
MTs qT+& K+&\ +< 65 MTs es ]sY d\T 6.6 re L&q Xe+yTq
+T+~. u|\+ eTT> +&<T. |\\T u

+ |
+ >jT sHqT 2003 &d+sY 26q +~.
(Plates)> |\Te& nH $u>\qT * +T+~. B re nbsyT q bD qw+ ]+~. u dT\ T
|\\ |]eD+ d + _q+> +T+~. ={ = <<| |P]> <+deTjsTT. 30y\ eT+~ |\T
e+<\ qT+& y\ MTs |]eD+ * +{sTT. eTsD+#sT. eTs 30y\ eT+~ >jT|&sT. s>,
y\ d+es\T> |\\T ds + > <T \T, esT $< edT\T re+> <HsTT. 85 X |>
+{sTT. 65y\ d+es\ + ]q esT <+deTjsTT. u+|+ <{ #] uyT
sD+> Ve\jT|s\T @s&sTT. |D+ |P]> <+dyT+~.
|\\T <| { C]q|&T |&q+ & =q|&T < ~*q|&T |&q+ @s&TT+~
$&T<\ #jT&, u+X(fault) < ueTT|]\+
|>T se& <]rdT+~. #\H\T X\+> 1.2.1. u+| s+>\T:
q { ssTT $d]q|&T @s& sT s+>\ u+b\ y\Te& X s+>\ s|+
> u$T#T s+> s|+ |+|H\T @s& y\Te&TT+~. u+b\T @s&q|&T eT&T sq
#ksTT. $<+> u+b\T @s&sTT. s+>\T y\Te&TsTT.
u |\+ (earth's crust) $s|s |\\T (tec- 1. P - s+>\T < b<$T s+>\T
tonic plates) > |\Te& n|< n+s +~ K+&\
(interlocking blocks of rock)# sb+~+#& +T+~.
2. S - s+>\T < ~rjT s+>\T
K+&\T bys+(mantle)> |\Te& ns<e 3. L - s+>\T < Bs s+>\T
\(semi - liquid rock) bs| <T\T +{sTT. s+>\ <s\T ysTysT> +{sTT.
<T\T +& ns <e \ (bys+) u|+
K+&\T < { es+> < < y| P - s+>\T(P - Waves)
{ <\& sDeTeT+~. $s|s |\\T $ X s+>\qT b* +{sTT. M{H |wt
_q s\ |\ #\H\T

1. n| d s D # \ q+: | \ \T 2. n_dsD #\q+: |\+ | 2. sb+s #\q+: #\q+

<={ <s+> s>& + e\q eTs= |\+ #=#T se&+ e\q | \ \T < = { | >
qq |\+ @s&TT+~. eT< u|\+ <+deTeT+~. B n&+>, y>+> yT+{sTT. B
n{ + { ]& n{ + { eTV n_dsD #\q+ n+{sT. e\q u|\+ $<+d+ e&+
deTT< s, <D\T> $&>= >, => @s&+ sT><T.
&TT+~. ~ ndssD d]V<T <VsD: |d| eTVdeTT<+
]+> | t | s Y , V e\j T <V s D : ny T ]
<VsD. eT< n{+{ ]& *b]j XH \sTTdt _k
d+es 2.5 d+{MTsT, 25 |sXDT\T K+&+s |\\
n_ d s D # \ q+ j T T q> s s T q f + s Y
$T*j T H d + e s\ 25 |s XD XH +&j dt u+ X+
MTs yTs y| #+<TT+~. |s ekH\qT dw+ > |<] ksTT.
]C yT<H |> y[be&+.
$eq |_wH 48 $|T sVD
 s>Ty u+|+
1972 &d+sY 23q eT< nyT] <XyTq
s>TyqT esTd u+b\T n\+ #XsTT.
n|< u+| |]eD+ ]sY d\T| 6.2>
qy<+~. s< eTq>Ty e< u+| +<+
@s&+~. u+|+ |\T n~+> +& d+
CH b+ |P]> <+d+ #d+~. dTesT 27
#<s| MTs(10 #<s| yT) b++ yTT+
<+dyT+~. u+|+ e\ eq eT+\T q>s
eT]+ n\+ #XsTT. $|T sD+> yTT+
4,30,000 eTH> T y Hu 8,000 eT+~
eTsD+#sT. 20,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT. 2,60,000
eT+~ q>s M&ysT. <>dT 50% eT+~
b~ jsT. 70% eT+~ qT jsT. 10%
b]X$T keTs +, 50% yD dT\ T, 70% |uT
ks\T d+ _+bjsTT. yTT+ 845 $T*jTH &\s
qw+ y{*+~.
s+>\T n n+{sT. s+>\T yjTT, <e, |Tq
|<s\ >T+& |jDksTT. M{ y>+ \\qT { 5
qT+& 13.8 .MT/dqT es +T+~. s+>\T
u+b\qT qy<T #d +<\qT eTT+<T> #ssTT.
{, s+>\qT b<$T < s+>\T n+{sT.
s+>\T u$T |] #sd] Bs s+>\T>
esT #+<TsTT. $ n~ bq:|q+ * me
#\q y>+ |j D+ #ksTT. $ bs+u kq+ qT+
|jT+# ~X yqT eTT+<T }d&T
|jTksTT. $ |jT+#|&T eTT+<Tq uu>+
MT< & \T>CksTT. n+<T M{ |wt s+>\T
n+{sT.
S - s+>\T ($s|D s+>\T) (S - Waves)
$ <e |<s\ >T+& |jD+#e. +
s+>\qT b* \+eTT> |jT+#&+ e\q u$T|
$|yTq qw+ y{\TT+~. s+>\ y>+ \
dqT 3.2 .MT. qT+ 7.2 .MT es +T+~.
n+ s e T( Ground Water ) \qT $| + >
$j +# T e\q s + >\T # < s +
|jD+, me qc *ksTT. M{ s
s+>\T n L& |\TksT. s+>\T u$T
|]\+ qT+& |d]ksTT. s+>\T u |]
#s d] Bss+>\T> e]bsTT. M{ >D
s+>\T n L& n+{sT. s+>\T P s+>\
$eq |_wH
e Vd s+> <s+ * q|{, P s+>\ H
HeT~> |jDksTT.
L - s+>\T ( ` s+>\T)(L - Waves)
$ | T q, < e , yj T T | < s \ > T +&
|jDksTT. $ u|\+ <s esTs+>
|jDksTT. M{ u\ s+>\T(Surface Waves)
n+{sT.
M{ y>+ dqT 4 qT+ 4.3 .MT. es
+T+~. P, S s+>\ esZ\T + sD\ |sesq
eueq d\ nqT>TD+> +{sTT. s+>\
dVjT+ u n+s> $Xc\qT \TdTe#T. L
s+ >\T e\+ K+& b+\ |\+ >T+& |j Dd
u+b\ sDeTjT $<+d X\ &&T
+{sTT.
P, S, L s+>\T bs+uyTq |<X H_
n+{sT. s+>\T H_ qT+ n y| u
n+s>+ #=#T= bsTT |sesq+ #+~,
e u $ +, ] u | ] # s sTT. u
n+s>+ bs\ <s s+ >\T HsT > s++>
=+ es eyT |jTksTT. $ u+< eT+&\+
<s |jT+#e.
edT s+>\T (body waves), |] s+> edT
s+>\T (Surface wave' Body waves) (M{H P
eT]jTT S s+>\T n L& n+{sT) e\q
e# u\ <* (ground shaking) u$T
#=#TbsTT y>+> +|+|CksTT.
u+| #j eT+&\+(Shadow Zone):
u+| H_ HsT> m<TsT>(es ~X)
q uu>(~ yTT+ uu>+ dTesT d>u>+
+T+~) P, S s+ >\T HsT > #s e . u>H u +|
#j eT+&\+ n+{sT.
u+| H_(Focus):
u+b\T @s&q kH u+|q +<+ <
u+| H_ n n+{sT. < u+|+ <$+#
n+seT _+<Te (Subterranean point)qT H_ (focus)>
|\TksT.
n_ +<+(Epicentre):
u+| H_ }s+> |]\+| >\ +<
n_+<+ < ~ +<+ n+{sT.
49 $|T sVD
 n~ X+ u+b\T d\ |+|q\T u| ~>Teq @s& X\T < \T
eyT. |qT u+b\T k<sD+> q q syTq u+b\ sDeTesTT.
|+ |q\ yTT< { < n++ f me $< +ds 2. n|s d++~ sD\T:
n|\ (violent shocks) s|+ <\TksTT. es
|s| \T(afteshocks)> |\Te& eT+> >T eZ TTK+ n| s \T |\& + e\q u + b\T
|f +|H\T> e] n+eTesTT. d+u$ksTT. n|s |<X u n+s>+
<e+ <\&+ e\q, n |s\ qT+& <e+
1.3 s#q+ | eq|&T u>s+ XSq |<X\T @s&
XSq |<X\ MT< +& \\ sTe u$T +<
k<sD+> u+|+ n+f, u$T |]\+> + u+b\T @s&sTT.
|\Te& u|\+(Crust) < bys+ d+> 3. d k| s< d<++:
e# +|q+ < |+|q #\q+> #|e#T (a sud-
den trembling or shaking movement of the earth's sur- V#Y.m|t. & d<+ |b~+#sT.
face, called the crust). |\\T(Plates) k| #\H\T * q|&T \\T
Tq+> $ \+(Strain) e~ #+<TT+~.
u|\+ < bys+ b+~, H_ \+ \\ ||T q X $T+q|&T \\T $#< q +
qT+& +# |+|q s+>\ |s+|s\H u+|+> #+~ n\ $ \+ kH #sT+T+~.
|s=qe#T. \\T d n+s \ e\q d d<+ d k| s< d<++(Elastic Rebound
kqu+ X+ #+~q|&T X y\Te&TT+~. X s+ > Hypothesis) n |sT.
s|+(P, S, L) q\T ~X y|ksTT. $<+>
s+>\T y|+, |+|q\T \T>CksTT. M{H 4. b d++<y T q sD\T(Plutonic Earthquakes):
u+|+ n+{sT. M{ e\q u+b\T # nsT<T> eksTT.
u+b\qT >T]+ n<jTq+ #jTT Xk u $T n+s>+ *> s &j <] $, skjT
ddty\J(Seismology) n+{sT. #s\ e\ ]> esT\T B sD\T. $ u
|] 24 .MT. qT+ 640 .MT T es
1.4 u+b\ sD\T: d+u$ksTT.
5. |\ $s|s\ d<++ (theory of plate tec-
1. |]\ sD\T: tonics):
$ u $T |]\+| @s&sTT. |< |< =+&
bs\T Cs&+ e\q >, VeT q<\T |eV+# ||+#+ Xe+yTq u+b\T $sT|s
# VeTb\T d+u$+#&+ e\q >, >qT\Tq \ e\H edTHsTT. $s|s \ q,
|<X\ ks+>\| | L\&+ e\q >, |s d+|&q u\T(Compressive Forces) u|\+|
b+\ ub+(Land Slides) s>&+ e\q #ksTT. u|\+ sbs\ # \+> q
u+b\T @s&sTT. \ ek\ eT\+> = |<X \ u+ X\T @s&
bs\ X ek\T dsT= |\+ d&*
u n+s\+ |ue+ >V\ | |\T u+|+ edT+~. sTy u$T ds b+<TT+~.
L*be e\q L& u+b\T @s&sTT. d<++ |s+ |\\T #\q+ +& u bys+|
u>s+ nDd |\T sV+#&+ e\q, <T\T, w d+eVq |yV\T (thermal convection
|< |< eT Xj \ e\, u $T KC\ d+ currents)> u$+#&TTq = ns] jT++>\#
$q ks+>\ | |\T L\&+ e\q u+b\T q&T|&TT+{sTT. |\\T <={ q|&T
@s&e#T. e |]\ sD\ e\ @s&sTT. u|\+ & \T>TT+~.
$ n+ reyTq$ e. $<+> @s&q u+b\T
n e qc *ksTT. Te+{ u+b\T &T\qT |\\ V<T\ y+& ]>
@s&{ eqe |yTjT+ me> +T+~. #\H\qT { +~ $<+> eZ]+#e#T.

$eq |_wH 50 $|T sVD

 m. <={ <s+> >&+
dyy u+|+
_. < m<TsT> eTs={ HT=q&+
dyy 1917 pH 26q n|< u+|+
d. < n+#T| eTs= < n+#T Cs&+ d+u$++~. u+| +<+ dyy Be\ HsT
1906 nyT] *b]j eq ~X +ByT +~. u+|+ ]sY d\T|
XHbdt u +|+ $s|s \ e\q @s&q<. 8.5> qy<+~. ~ b++ d+u$+q n
#\H\ u+b\ d++<+ * \yTq u+b {> ]ssTT+~.
+{sTT. |\\ V<T\ e< Cs&+ < |>T <s eTs 2009 d|+sY 29q 8.1 |]eD+
d+X (accumulated energy) $&T<\ #d |\ u +|+ e+~. 2009 ||+ #y|+ > d+u$ +q
b+\ (areas of stress)qT u+X\T (faults) n+{sT. n|< u+|+> qy<+~. u+|+ sD+>
6. dk| d<++(theory of elasticity): dTH$T s+ >\T <$ +, dy y, nyT]H dy y,
B |s+ $s|s |\\ #\q+ s+s+ {+>\ |< mTq $<+k, bD qc
u|\+| |\+ < & \T>CdH +T+~. <]rXsTT. u+| +<+ e< deTT< eT+ 3
n~ j<+> >]w ne\+q $ (Supportable n+>T\T(76 $T.MT) |]qT |d| dTH$T V#]
strain) _+<Teq #sT T+~.n|&T u+
X+ y+& |>T \T +<+ qy<T #d+~. dyy rs+ e< deTT<|
@s&, $\+ (Strain) qT+& $&T<\jT es \ s+>\T 14 MTsT(46 n&T>T\T) mT m>d|&qT
q k+ dk| u\ +< m>d|&TT+~. u+X q+& Xdy\T s]+#sT.
|>T #d +|H\qT u+| s+>\T (Seis-
mic waves) n+{sT. $ u +| H_ qT+& n ~X\ #s d] y{ |ue+ ~+#&TT+~. n+<Te\ $
|d]ksTT. (^ uw seisoms nq>, n|+ < # nsT<T> eyT $< +ds y T q $> +{sTT. ><
u+|+ n ns+). H_ ( Shallow focus ) u + b\T # s # T >
d+u$ksTT. |] dMT|+ +&+ e\q re
1.5 u+b\T s\T: $<+d+ dwksTT.
H_ T (focal depth) <s+> u+b\qT 1.5.1 u #\H\T(GROUND MOVEMENTS)
eT&T s\T> $u+#e#T.
u+b\ e\q e# u#\H\T |\T s\
m. >< u+b\T(Shallow Focus):
$<+ds |uy\qT * +{sTT. n+<T
$ |]\ qT+& 0 ` 60 .MT. es y|+ = |<qyTq |uy\T:
+{sTT. u +b\T # s# T > d+u$ ksTT. H_
u |] dMT|+ +&+ e\q re $<+d+ 1. u <*(Ground shaking): H\ >T+& |+|q
dwksTT. s+>\T |jD+#&+ e\ H\ yqT,
eTT+<T #*dT+~.
_. e<$T u+b\T(Intermediate Focus):
2. eT u+>\T(Soil failures): u<* e\q
$ 60 .MT qT+& 300 MTs T es
y|+ +{sTT. H\ <M]+#&+ (liquefaction), u b\T (land-
slides) e+{$ @s&sTT.
d. n>< u+b\T(Deep Focus):
3. |]\ u+X |>T(Surface fault ruptures):
$ 300 qT+ 700 MTs T es |>T, \Te N*\T yTT<\>Tq$.
y|+ +{sTT. <VsD du& H eT+&\T(n><
+<\T). 1933`34 eT]jTT 1943\ +&Hwj 4. y s+>\T(dTH$T): XjT |]\|
n>< u+b(720 .MT. T) qy<T #jT&+ e# n|< s+ >\T rs b+ u qc
]+~.n>< H_ u+| s+>\T u |] sDeTesTT.
$eq |_wH 51 $|T sVD
1.6 u+| \D\T
u+b\T d'd<+> d+u$ksTT. n~ dV
\D +. u +b\T |>\ T, s nH & +&,
mTe+{ V# ] \ T +& d + >
d+es+ m|&H d+u$ksTT.
es<\ T, #y\T (TbqT), s |< q d
$|T\ <] rd y|\T (hazard) V#]
ee~ ( warning peroid ) * +{sTT.
n+<Te\, y{ m<Tse& eTT+<dT #s\T
rdTe&, y]+#Te&, y{ u] qT+&
|\qT s+#& =+yTs neX+
+T+~.
u +b\T mTe+{ V#]\T +& eksTT.
y{ eTT+<T> }V+#& < y]+#&
neX+ <T. nsTTq|{, <e\ d+u$+#
$<+k eTq+ Z+#e#T. n~ X+
$<+d+ u+b\ e\q +&, eTq+
ed+# ue H\T, , | +, |D < |D
ysT b+\ +& +T sD\ e\
d+u$dT+~. u+b\ e\ d+u$+# eTsD
95% ue H\T L*be&+ e\H sT>TTHsTT.
u+| |+|q\T $_q bq'|H\T, y>\
d+u$ ksTT. u +|+ jTT yde |>T |jT
(rupture) =~ dqT bT eyT +T+~. u
u+b nsTT $Tw+ bT +T+~.
n~ X+ u+b\T d\ +|q\T(minor
tremors) eyT. nsTT, u u+b\T d\
+|q\ yTT<, y>+> { < n+ +f
m e $< +d s n| \ s | + <*,
|s|\T(aftershocks)> |\Te& eT+>
ZbjT |+|q\T(vibrations)> eTT>TksTT.
n+< T e\q u + b\T d + u $ +q| & T
+ | q \T( tremors ), | + | q \T( vibrations )
@s&jT #|e#T.
es<\T e+{ = dV y|\T u>+
yTT+ MT< $ks+> $d]+ q|{, =
y|\T ]w u>[ b+\ eyT
|]$TeTesTT. nTe+{ y{ u+b\T
<VsD> #| e#T. u +b\T k<sD+> u
$eq |_wH
| \+ s +& T $u >\T * d u >[
u+X+(geological fault) y+& d+u$ksTT.
||+#+ u+b\ eTT| n~+> q 57
<X\T: | kH, nj, n]j, ns+ {H,
sj, dj, udj, H, Z]j,
s, |t e], , #H, =\+_j, k],
=jTwj, d|dt, u{, sT eTsY,
&sY, |, mk&sY, ~j|j,
C]j, ^dT, >feT, V, VA+&Tsdt,
dt+&, usY, +&Hwj, sH, CjT,
, bH, CsH, kH, <D =]j,
yTd&j, yT, yTTs, q+&,
s>Ty, bkH, b|y q j, |sT,
|*|H, bsT>, s=yTj, sc, d]j
e+fH>, kyj, kH, {+>, ,
nyT], yHT.
K+&s |\\ n+#T\ qT+& <s+> +&
d * j , _H , u e+{ < X \
k<sD+> |e<s u+b\T d+u$+#e.
|qT u+b\T k<sD+> s+&T $s|s
|\\T(tectonic plates) *d L&*(junction) e<
d+u$ksTT.
<: +&jT H |\+, jTsdjT H |\+ +<
y Ve\jT |sXD y+& re u+b\T
@s&TT+{sTT. ||+#+ n+ reyTq
u+b\ = us<X+ d+u$+#&
< sD+.
u+b\T ub\T, es<\T, n |e<\T,
dTHMT\T e+{ s |e<s $|T\
sDeTesTT.
eTVdeTT<\ { n&T>Tq d+u$ +# u +b\T
dTHMT\T> |\e& |< s+>\T @s&{
sDeTesTT. s+>\T >+ 8000
MTs y>+ |jDksTT.
n~ X+ u+b\T n_dsD |\ V<T\T
e</ jo\+> +& u>[ u+X\ MT<
@s&sTT.
52 $|T sVD
1.7 u+b\qT =\e&+
u+b\qT y{ |]eD+, reqT { s+&T
$_qyTq =\<\ (Scales) =\TksT. u+|
(Seismograph) nH jT++ u+b\qT y{
re\qT qy<T #dT+~. u+| qy<T #dq
>|tqT u|+q sU +(Seismogram) n+{sT.
]sY d(Richter Scale)
u+| deTjT+ VsZyTq yTT+ X
\TdTe& 1935e d+es+ nyT] #+~q
&sY #sdt bdt ]sY(Dr. Charles Francis Richter)
nH Xdy d\TqT sb+~+#&T. ]sY u+|
s+ > <s + <s+> |{ q T sb+~+, u +|
reqT 0 qT+ 9 es 10 esZ\T> $u+#&T.
fH{ {dt(TNT) nH skjTq |<s+
$&T<\ #d X u+| X T\q+ #d, <
< s + > $u q # X & T . B d + es Z
eT\( Lorarthmic ) s | + * j T C j T +
sT>TT+~. d\T| n+ 10 sT V#T X
d+eTeT+~. k<sD+> u+| reqT ]sY
d\T \T|sT.
u+| |]eD+ < < e\ $&T<q X
y T T d k >| t ( Seismograph)qT | j
s]ksT.
]sY d| 5.5 +f me |]eD+ *q
u+|+ dT\T, bD\ qw+ *dT+~.
]sY d| 7.5 |]eD+ *q u+|+ 6.5
|]eD+ *q u+|+ +f 30 sT n~
X $&T<\ #dT+~.
3 |]eD+ *q u+|+ eqe\ n
q~> dT+~.
|{ es ]s Y d| qy<q n|< u +|
| ] eD+ 9.25 (y T T< { ~ 1960
d+u$ +#>, s +&e~ nyT] n\k sh+
1965 qy<+~).
{e\ \+ ]sY d| 9.0 < n++f
me re d+u$+q u+|+ CbH
2011 e] d+u$+q u+|+ f.
|we d+u$+q u+|+ re ]sY
d\T| 9.0> qy<+~.
$eq |_wH
yTs d\T
~ u +| reqT, nq>, u +|+ d+u$ +q
# < |uy =\TdT+~. B 1902
#+~q yTs sb+~+#sT. n+<T d\TqT yTs
d\T n+{sT. nq+s+ <T nqT>TD+>
B <T]+#&+ y&|& yTs d\T (Modi-
fied Mercalli Scale) n+THsT. ~ |\ MT<, sD\
MT<, u |]\+ MT< u+| |ue reqT
*jTCdT + ~. u +| reqT I qT+& XII es seTH
n+ n+#H yksT. VI, n++f e re
+f, u$T ~*, >&| ;\T eyT @s&sTT.
u +| re XII +f, & \T |P]> |L*bsTT,
k<sD qJeH |P] $|+ \T>TT+~.
yTs d\T eZsD
I`III:# =~eT+~ |\T eyT u+b*
>T]ksT.
IV`VI:u +| eqT | s >T]+# >\T>TsT.
= {\T |*bsTT. ndsyTq edTe\T
+<|&bsTT, \ >&js+ *bT+~.
VII`X:| s qT+ jT |]>&sT.
u+b\qT TH$<+>, <&yTq keT
+ ]+q & \T =~> < +deTesTT. k<sD
keT ]+q & \T d\+>, u +b\qT
Te& nqTe> ]+#, \VqyTq
keT ]+q & \T re+> <+{sTT.
s T q& |ys T L & u + | + eqT
>T]+#>\T>TsT.
XI- XII:|P]> $HXq+ sT>TT+~. u +| s+ >\qT
u |]\+| L& >eT+#e#T. edTe\T
>* m>d|&sTT.
eTT+<T> n+#H yjT&+(Predictability)
u +b\ sqT eTT+<T>H >T]+#e# =+<sT
Xdy\T #TTq|{, ysT |s=+Tq |<T\T
$y<d<+> +THsTT. d+> d+u$+#
u+b\qT n+ ]w+>, +> }V+,
eTT+<T>H #|&+ |{ k<+ e&+ <T.
u+| b++(Seismic Zone):
|{ es *dq +|q |]$TT\ re
<s+> s]+#&q b+ u+|q b++
53 $|T sVD
n+{sT. us<X+ +|q b+\qT u+| e. eT+&\ \+ jTT n~ u>+ #H , n+eT
re\qT ]s Y d\T +|q |]$TT\qT { s]+#&+ u>+ |*|qT rs+ HsTT. eT+&\+ jTT
]+~.1962 y T T< { + | q b+\ s U \+ <D dj, dj yTqsY, eT<<s b++
(Seismic Zonig Map) j ds |t >T+& $d]dT+~. ~ sb @C]dt, s
+&j(GSI) jsT #d+~. nyT] H |s \ qT+& dj yTq sY\ MT<T>
Vej\T, {u{, #H\ es $d]dT+~.
kddeT sK\T(Isoseismal):
||+#+ s+&e u+| b++ (Alps)
u+| re >\ b+\qT \T| ^dq | s b+ + qT+& d d t | s \ MT< T >
sK\qT kddeT sK\T n+{sT. kddeT sK\T Ve\j\T, B MT<T> |eT +&j Be\ es
k<sD+> &>T&T < Bses+(Elliptical) $d] + q b++. ||+ #+ d+u$ +# u +b\
+{sTT. 20% b+\H eksTT.
re(Intensity): 1556 |e] 2e Bq #H c+|T eT]jTT
Vqdt b++ d+u$+q u+|+ 8,30,000
u+b\ e\q |]\+ <*\ H d, eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. |{ es *dq #] u +|+
bD qw+ d+u$dT+~. H_ }s+>, |]\+||q sD+> d+u$+q n~ bD qw+ <.
b+~ +& ~+<+ e< u+| |ue+
me> +T+~. ~ +<+ qT+& <s+ y =~ 1.7 |\| u+| |ue+
|+|H\ re\T Zb +{sTT.
u +| |u y\T ys T < +> +{sTT. u +b\
1.8 u+| $dsD eT+&\T d+<s+> eTsD+# ysT < >jT|& y] n~
u+| yTK\\T: X+ eT+~ |\T \d J$dT+{sT. ysT ed+#
& \T u +b\qT T H $<+ > ]+#& +&e.
||+#+ u+| |e<+ ~ d*j u+|+ d+<s+> eTsD+# y] 95 X+ eT+~
K+&+ eyT. n |s b+\qT, => &\T L*be&+ e\H #bT+{sT. u+b\T
@s & T T q e[| s b+\qT k< s D +> sy ed n+ |e<s+. m+<T+f, =*
u +b\T $]$> d+u$ ksTT. nsTT, {e\ \+ +|q\T (foreshocks) eq|&T |\T ~d +{sT.
d*j L& u+b\T @s&sTT. n+<Te\ sT, jT |&{ y] q ee~
m. |d| eTVdeTT<+ #T |]ywyT +& +&<T. n++&, \Tq y] MT< +f |&T
eT+&\+(Ring of Fire) q y] MT< edTe\T me |&sTT. u+|
|uy\T < n~+<(epicentre) #T +&
|d| |]yw u +| yTK\. B ||+ #+ b+\| # me> +{sTT.
d+u$ +# u +b\ 68% d+u$ dTH sTT. s , <D
nyT] |eT rs\ n\wjTH Be\, dj =+<sT |\T ysT ed+# b+ { me
K+&+ sT rs+, CbH, |*|H Be\T b++ eTT| * +{sT. eT]=+<sT y] ke` ]
|]~ +&, me u+b\ >TseTHsTT. |]d { me eTT| * +&e#T.
b+ n e\jT+ < Ring of Fire n u+| |+|q\T e<T\T H\\T(loose soil) <
L& n+{sT. eT+&\+ n |s\ yTK\\T, qB b \T(river deposits) e+{ |{w + |]\T
B| e\T(Island arcs), n>< +<\T HsTT. q # me deTjT+ +&, re |u y *ksTT.
n\k qT+& q+& es $d] + q yTK\
+&Hwj sY|> L& +~. ds\ b+\( bedrock areas)| e
|ue+ *ksTT. n+<Te\ yT{ H\| {q <&yTq
_. {H dj{, eT<<s eT+&\+: &\ +f ds\| {q k<sD &\T L&
eT+&\+ u |+|q\ j =~> u+| $<+k deTse++> T>\T>TsTT.
$eq |_wH 54 $|T sVD
 u+b\T d+u$+# sH = b+ |sekq |uy\T d+ +{sTT. n |e<\T
|>\T u> y&> +&, sT u> #*> +{sTT. s>&+, q\T be&+, ub\T (land slides),
& qT nk<sD c>\qT TH $<+> | ] \ | > T d + u $ +# & + , \esZ \ T
eT+<b{ >&\T, u ||\ T+{sT. d + _ + be& + , es < \ T se& + e+{ $ L &
Te+{ u+b\qT Te. sT>TsTT. skjTq $kH\T s>&+ e\q
|e<syTq |<s\T jsT #d |]XeT L&
u qw+ $<+d+ d+u$+#e#T. eTwH ks\T
u+b\ e\ u+> nH $<\T> qw+ <+{sTT. \VqyTq &\ sD+> |< mTq
sT>TT+~. eqe yk\T, ue H\T, sD\T, eT* bD qw+ sT>TT+~. |Cs> eed, syD,
edT\T, |+, _&\T, msTTq s&T, s {\T, eTwH, { ds|s eed\ d+ u qw+
{+\T, ||qT, $<TY ks\T re+> y{\TT+~.
<+{sTT. n|{ \Vq+> q sD\ u+b\ e\ ]> $<+d+ +~ n+X\|
u +|+ nq+s+ e# |s| \T (Aftershocks) + <s|& +T+~.
|qT qw+ *ksTT.
]sY d| u+| |]eD+
~rjT |uy\T (Secondary effects) n_+< T
u+b\ e\q HsT> d+u$+# qc\ bT eqe yd+ qT+& n_+< <s+

2013 $|T\ ||+#y|+> sK+& $|T ]e bC

20,000 eT+~ *
||+#y|+> 2013 dTesT 880 |<q
dV $|T\T d+u$+qT s #+~q ||+#
|d~>+q eTT#Y nH qsH +| 2014
qe] 7q y\&++~. 2012 b\T+f 2013
dV $|T\ sD+> dTesT s+&T s eT+~
n~+> #bsTTqT +| $&T<\ #dq y~
|s=+~. nsTT ~ + <X| d>T (d+es
1,06,000 eT+~) +f # e. 2013 |
$|T\ sD+> 20y\ eT+~ |> eTsD+#>, 125
_*jTH nyT]H &\s qw+ y{*+~. s
d+u$ +q e&> yq, eT< jTs|t eq es<\ T,
nyT]qT ~|yd q {s&\qT n+ qw+ *+q
dV $|T\T> eTT#Y |s=+~. |*|HqT
n\+ #dq f|PH VjHqT n+ \yTq
weT+&\ TbqT n\&> *|+~. +<T 6,000
eT+~ |> eTsD+#sT. 10 _*jTH &\s |>
qw+ y{*+~. ~ |*|H &| 5% +T+~.
sK+& es<\qT s+&e n|< $|T> |s=+~.
||+#u+ ~
2013 pH |qT es < \ T, u b\
n\yTq s K+&qT <TH+<T ||+ #u+
eTT+< T =+~. s K+& $| T ] e
bC(Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project) 250
$T*jTH &\s sTD+ n+<Cd+<T ||+# u+
n+^]++~. yTs 2014 qe] 9q +<
|uT+, sK+& |uT+, ||+#u+
|+<+| d++ #XsT. sK+& sh |uT+
$|T nq+s+ #|f ]e |D[\ eT<T
n+~+#&+, $|T eTT| sVD sh keTs
|+ #jT&yT bC eTTK <X+. n+
eTT+<T +< |uT nusq yTs ||+# u+,
dj n_e~ u+\ d+jTT +<+ {
sK+& s|& &yTC n+& & nddtyT+{(Rapid
Damage and Needs Assessment (JRDNA) )qT
s V ++~. B | s + es < \ T, u b\
n\\yTq sK+& |q]sD 661 $T*jTH
nyT]H &\sT neds+ qTHsTT.

$eq |_wH 55 $|T sVD

 2. us<X+ u+b\T (Earthquakes in India)

2.1 |]#jT+ us<X+ B|\ u>+ L& u+b\

us<X $|T\T qTueyT, $|T\T
d+u$+#+& s~+#+<T nH k+|syTq
|]cs\ (Techonological Solutions) qT qT>=+T
q|{, n$ mq& |P]> |* \T e<T . n+<Te\
$|T\ d++~+q dsq $<, nTyTq d+d< b+\ #+~q 229 \T 4 eT]jTT 5e u+|
y{ ysD |]cs esZ+.
u+b\ |uy |]$T+ #d k<yTq
esZ\ >T]+ #]+#& < y{ m<Tse&
d<+ e& eTT+<T us<X+ @jT b+\T
u+b\ >Tsej \TdT+<+.
us |K+&+ u+b\ n+ nqTe>
+& s+&T K+&+s |\\( continental plates)
d]V<T +~. Ve\jT|sXD +&jTH |\+
jTTsdjTH |\+ +< y b++ e< +~.
Ve\j\T ||+#+H n sTD (young-
est) eTT& |s XDT\T (fold mountain ranges). n+<Te\
V e\j \ n+ s e T (Subterranean) b+ +
u>[+> #Ts> +&, u+b\T d+u$+#
d+ue |s>& nqTe> +T+~. qTH
Ve\j\ #T +& b++ n~ u +| eTT|
q CH> >T]+#&+~.
eTq <X s< &, yD s< eTT+u
s+& n+ qk+< *q q>s +&,
n~ u+| eTT| *q H\T>e CH HsTT.
Xq b++ yTT+, >TsY #Y b++ 5e
CH HsTT. nq>, b+\ |\T u+b\
eTT|qT + me * Hsqe. #]|s+>
u | + | H \ s | + e> qT
u$+#&TTq < qT |su $T s +&T u u +b\T
d+u$+#sTT. { 1993 sY e+~. ~
]sY d\T| 6.4 > qy<+~. e+<~ eT+~ bD\T
>, eT* edT\T d+ |Ts+> <HsTT.
n+ eTT+<T 1967 eTVsh j <s
$eq |_wH
qeT+< s]yT+~. _*+> yT{]jT f\J
|ywH (BMTPC) sb+~+q e\sT*{
n{dt |s+ us<X+ yTT+ 597 \ >qT
233 \T 3, 4 eT]jTT 5 e u +| eT+&\(seismic
zones) HsTT. +<T 22 sc\T, +< b*
eT+& HsTT.
2.2 +&j u+| eT+&\T
us<X+ H`Ve\jT yTK\(Alpine -Hi-
malayan Belt)| +~. yTK\ +&jTH |\+
jTTsdjT H |\ *d s K y+& +T+~. n_ds D
|\+( convergent plate)> +& +&jTH |\+
d+es 5 d+.MT\ y>+ jTTsdjT H | T +<
#=#Tb+~. s+&T K+&+sZ |\\ (Continen-
tal Plates) d]V<T\ | q us |K+& u +b\
eTT| # me> +T+~. ||+#+H n+
reyTq u+b\T = us<X+ d+u$+#sTT.
nsTT, n<we X, yM |< q q>s d+u$ +#< T .
s |t +&jTH k+&sY (Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS) C> sb+~+q u+| eT+&\
e|t (Seismic Zoing map)) |s+ us<X+ 65
X |> uu>+ <T]+#&q yTs re
d\T (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MSK) | @&T
eT]jTT n+ $T+q re L&q u+b\
eTT|qT * +~.
d\T <s+> us<X H\T>T u+|
eT+&\T (Seismic zones)> $u+#sT.
n+<T Xq us<X+ yTT+, ;VsY
s u>+, s K+&, Ve# |<X , eT osY,
>TsY, n+&eH usY Be\qT n+ reyTq
u+b\T d+u$+# CH 5 b++> >T]+#&+~.
us<X+ n~ Hu *q q>s\ +~.
56 $|T sVD
q> s & \T u + b T H $ e us<X+ d+u$+q |<q u+b\T
eTBsD jT++>+ # \Vq+> +~. ```````````````````````````````````````
n+<Te\, q>s\qT u+|+ |< $|T ~ |<X+ re
neT+~. ````````````````````````````````````````
>&q 15 d+es\ us<X+ |\T 1819 pH 16 #Y (>TsY) 8.0
b+ sT |qT u+b\T d+u$+#sTT. 1869 pH 10 ##sY (nk+) 7.5
Ve\jT b++ yTT ]sY d\T| 8.0 1885 yT 30 kbsY (eT osY) 7.0
bsTT+ |> re u+b\T d+u$+# re 1897 pH 12 w +> |su$T 8.7
u+| |e< b++> |]>DksT. 53 d+es\ 1905 @| 4 +> (Ve#|<X) 8.0
n e ee~ b++ H\T>T |qT u +b\T 1918 p 8 leT+> (nk+) 7.6
d+u$+#sTT. n$ : 1930 p 2 <T_ (nk+) 7.1
1934 qe] 15 ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T 8.3
1. w+> |su$T 1897 8.7 re. 1941 pH 26 n+&eH B$ 8.1
2. Ve#|<X +> 1905 8.0 re, 1943 nsY 23 nk+ 7.2
3. ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T 1934 8.3 re, 1950 >dT 15 nsTD# |<X `#H
4. nsTD#|<X ` {u{ d]V<T 1950 8.6 d]V<T 8.5
re. 1956 p 21 n+CsY (>TsY) 7.0
1967 &d+sY 10 jTq (eTVsh) 6.5
Ve\jT b++ sT y|q nsH je 1975 pH 19 HsY (Ve#|<X) 6.2
eTT& yTK\(Arakan Yoma fold belt), |eT y|q 1988 >dT 6 eTD|PsY `eTjTHsY d]V<T6.6
#eH u+X(Chaman fault)\ # #TTeTT& +~. 1988 >dT 21 ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T 6.4
n+<Te\ Ve\jT b++ m|&H |qT u +b\T 1991 nsY 20 s (sK+&) 6.6
d+u$+#e# Xdy\T V#]dTHsT. M{e\ 1993 d|+sY 30 sY ` kHu<
us<X+ {~ eT+~ |\| |ue+ |&TT+< (eTVsh) 6.4
#TTHsT. 1997 yT 22 |PsY (eT<|<X) 6.3
1999 e] 29 #y* (sK+&) 6.0
5 \\ |> Hu * +&, 3,4,5 u+| 2001 qe] 26 uTC (>TCsY) 7.7
eT+&\ q 38 q>s us<X |uT+, 2005 nsY 8 osY 7.6
sd$T n_e~ seT+ (jTTmH&|) #|{q 2006 |e] 14 d+ 5.7
$|T eTT| sVD seT+ +< nsH msY
e\sT*{ ]&H bC (UEVRP) qT \|{sT. 38 >eT : _*+> yT{]jT f\J |y wH
q>s\ $es\T : (_m+{|mdt) 1997 e&q e\sT*{
n{dt |t +&jqT dMT+, C e|qT
CH 3 : nV<u<, e&<s, sC{, uyq>s,Y ds,Y sb+~++~. B |s+ u+| eT+&\+ (CH)
eTT+u, >, ;e+&, Hd, qsY, |D, 1qT s +&e CH $q+ #d, CH 2> |sT essT.
uT eHX sY, , nqH, =, , ysDd, CH 3qT eTVsh, +< |<X , $TH&T\ eT]
s, \, +&sY, |P sY, $jTy&, <H &, b+\ $d]+#sT. CH 4, CH 5\qT jT<$~>
# H , j T + s T , eT+> S s T , & , +#sT. m+mdt re d\T 1964 > |\e&TTq
sTeq+|s+ u +| reqT =*# = |eD+ y&|& yTs
(m+m+) d\T b\T+f due eT]+
CH 4: &V&H, q&, eTTHq>sY, b{, MTs{, d$esyTq, >TDyTq d\T> |k$+#&+~.
eT, neTYdsY, \+<sY n+<Te\ |q |s=q u+| Cq eZsD m+mdt
CH 5: >TyV{, lq>sY qT e&+ ]+~.
$eq |_wH 57 $|T sVD
 us<X+ u+| eT+&\T
us<X uu>, n~ u+| y|\
>TsjT re <c dd CH e|+> CH 2 qT+&
5 es eZ]+#&+ ]+~.
CH 5: ~ n+ reyTq u+| eT+&\+. #
reyTq eTT| q CH> |k$+#&+~.
m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 9
*q b+\T eT+&\+ |]~ eksTT.
Xq sc\T yTT+ , >TsY #Y b++,
Ve#|<X, eT osY b+\T,
n+&eH usY Be\T CH |]~
HsTT.
CH 4: m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 8
q b+\T CH |]~ +{sTT. ~
u+| re n~+> +& s+&e CH>
|]>D+#&TT+~.
eT osY qT+& Ve#|<X es
q s yTK\ u>\T, & , VsH =
u>\T, eTVsh j b++ eT+&\+ |]~ HsTT.
CH 3: m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 7> qy<jT b+\T B |]~ eksTT. B
$TyTq qw eTT| *q CH> |]>DksT.
skH = u>\ *| s us<X+ qT+& <D us<X+ =+DY rs+, sT
us<X+ = b+\T CH |]~ eksTT.
CH 2: B |]~ e# b+\ u+| re m+mdt d\T| 7> +T+~. ~ n\ qw eTT|
q CH> |]>D+#&TT+~.
s, +<|<X, ]k, eT<|<X, sCkH sc b+\T CH |]~ HsTT.

>TsY u+|+ u s < X + u + | qy < T

2001 qe] 26q >TsY d+u$+q +<\T
u +|+ 13,000 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. d+ 15 \\
eT+~ >jT|&sT . 3.4 \\ ue H\T <HsTT. 7.8 us< X + yTTyT T<{ u +| qy<T +<
\\ <+deTjsTT. nH _&\T, s&T 1898 |eT u+> @sT #XsT.
<HsTT. uTC +<+> @s&q u+|+ sT y eTVsh eTT+u, $TH&T & H
sT`|eT ~X q u+X+ y+& d+u$++~. @sT #XsT. 1961 V<su< CrjT u
+&jTH |\+ s ~X> jTTsdjTH |\+ |]X<H +<+(NGRI) @sT #jT&+ ]+~.
#=#Tbe&+ *q & e\q u+|+ s|<X s] u+b\qT T=H $<+>
d+u$++~. sD+ #jT& d++~+q |]X<H +<+
+~.
$eq |_wH 58 $|T sVD
 3. +<|<X u+b\T
(Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh)
dd C+> |t +&j |s+ +<|<X
CH 1, CH 2, CH 3\ |]~ +~. eT&T CqT
L& e eTT| eT+&. +<|<X us<X
B|\ e#+(Peninsular Indian Shield) eT<
u>+ +T+~. n+<Te\ eTq sc dsyTq~>,
u+b\ ujT+ b++> u$+# ysT. nsTT
1967 eq j u+|+, 1993 sY
u+|+, 1997 H{ |PsY u+b\T ueqqT
|P]> e]yXsTT. b+\ L& us B|\
e#+ |]~H HsTT. B|\ b++ d{
bs\ = b+ q \Vq sD+> =
u+X\ y+& |+|q\T, d\ u+b\T d+u$+# +<|<X u+| eT+&\T
neX+ +< ssD se&+ ]+~. bT s+&T q<T\ jT\ |]~ +& \T CH
sT rs b++, < |q b+\T u+| 3 HsTT. V<su< q>s+ CH 2 +~.
sb\T *q \D \qT |<] +#&+ sT>T+~. $jTy& CH 3 +~.
+>\T, ne>&, +\|P&, |s|s+, $jTq>s+ +<|<X n|< u+|+ 1969 @| 13q
e+{ s |e *q b+\T \D\T *q #q|* ` >=\>&+ b++ d+u$++~. B
Xq ` Hs T |e L&q u+ X `<s n+#T\T u <#\+ u +|+ n L& n+{sT. <D B|\ +
sh+ # HsTT. <D+> q b+\T d+u$+q n|< u+b\ ~ L& {>
& |]q|&T ] jo\+ njT neX+ qy<+ ~. u <#\+ bT < #TT| \ b+\
+~. M{ +>\T b+ eT+&\+ n+ j o\+> L& Be\ |qTqw+ d+u$++~. B re yTs
+&, >&q 30 d+es\ d\ u+b\qT qy<T d\T| >]w+> 7> qy<+~. u+|+ e\ Hsk
#dT+~. +>\T s |e *q b++ y+& ]sjTsT =~ deTjT+ bT | #jT &+ bsTT+~.
$s|s |\ s|+ s>& + e\H u +b\T B |ue+ <D us<X+ yTT+ MT< |&+~.
d+u$+ +&e#T. $jTq>s+ b++ L& V<su< |\T ujT+ M<T |]>sT.
Te+{ u + | d + | T q\T e re 2000 d|+sY V<su< q>s+ 2.816
d+u$+#sTT. |]eD+ *q u +|+ d+u$ ++~. 2000 d|+ sY
s |t +&jTH k+&sY (Bureau of Indian 17q V<su<, d+<u< + q>s\qT d\
Standards (BIS)) 2000 d + e s + C| ] q u+|+ +~.
us<X u+| y|\ |+ (Seismic hazard 2004 &d+sY 26q dTeT ` n+&eH
map of India) |s+ +<|<X 2 eT]jTT 3 Cq u +|+(dTH$T) |u e+ +< |<X MT< L& |&+ ~.
|]~ +T+~. >jT q s T , &| , H\sT 105 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. sh+ d+u$ +q u +b\
\ T eT& e CH HsTT. + eTT+< T #]qT |]o*d ]s Y d| 5.0 +f me |]eD+
| + CH 3 q nq+| s+ C e|t *q u+b\T eT&T ksT d+u$+#sTT. {
CH 2 |]~ e+~. ><e], c & b++ ><e] j T (u <# \ +) 1969 @| 13q
$eq |_wH 59 $|T sVD
d+u$+#>(B |]eD+ 5.7), s+&e~ $jTq>s+ +< |<X 1800 qT+& d+u$ +q u +b\
b++ 1917 @| 17(B |]eD+ 5.5)q e+~. $es\qT |{ e&+ ]+~.
eTs={ 1967 +>\T b++(5.4) d+u$ ++~.
b++ B |]eD+ re
+>\T` q|] 1800 nsY 18 4.3 VI
H\sT ` =ePsT 1820 &d+sY 31 4.3 V
sT 1822 qe] 01 5.0 V
$XK|D+ 1927 qe] 6 4.3 V
V<su< 1843 e] 12 3.7 IV
$XK|D+ 1853 |e] 21 3.7 IV
l+ 1858 nsY 12 5.0 V
>T+sT ` H* 1859 p 21 4.3 VI
>T+sT ` H* 1859 >dT 2 3.7 V
>T+sT ` H* 1859 >dT 9 3.7 V
$XK|D+ 1859 >dT 24 4.3 V
sT| 1860 |e] 2 4.3 V
c 1861 p 24 3.7 IV
c 1862 qe] 13 3.7 IV
q\|P& 1867 qe] 3 3.7 IV
$qT=+& 1867 qe] 6 3.7 IV
+>\T 1867 e] 11 3.7 IV
H\sT 1869 d|+sY 1 4.3 V
H& 1869 &d+sY 19 3.7 IV
$XK|D+ 1870 &d+sY 19 3.7 IV
ds+# 1872 nsY 22 5.0 VI
d+<u< 1876 nsY 5.0 VI
u>|* 1879 @| 28 3.7 IV
$jTq>s+ 1881 &d+sY 31 4.3 V
$jTq>s+ 1917 @| 17 5.5 VII
$XK|D+ 1927 4.3 V
>+<] 1935 3.7 IV
=>&+ 1954 qe] 5 4.3 V
+>\T 1956 nsY 13 5.0 VI
$jTq>s+ 1959 >dT 9 3.7 IV
|>T+&sT 1959 >dT 21 3.7 IV
+>\T 1959 nsY 12 5.0 VI
$jTq>s+ 1959 &d+sY 23 4.3 V
+>\T ` >T+sT 1960 nsY 8 4.3 V
>T+sT 1963 &d+sY 5 3.7 IV
+>\T 1967 e] 27 4.4 VII
$qT=+& 1967 >dT 11 3.5 IV
u<#\+ 1968 p 27 4.5 V
sjT#{ 1969 qe] 16 4.1 IV
u<#\+ 1969 @| 13 5.7 Mb5.3
=>&+ 1969 d|+sY 15 3.8 Mb5.3
u<#\+ 1970 p 11 4.0 Mb5.3
+>\T 1971 p 28 4.3 Mb5.3
+>\T Xq+ 1974 qe+sY 20 3.9 Mb5.3
&| 1975 |e] 9 3.5 Mb5.3

$eq |_wH 60 $|T sVD

+>\T 1976 nsY 25 3.5 Mb5.3
<]`+>\T 1977 yT 25 3.5 Mb5.3
jT\+<Tb&T 1978 qe+sY 24 3.8 Mb5.3
qZ+& 1979 nsY 10 3.6 Mb5.3
n&r>\ 1980 e] 31 3.9 Mb5.3
s+|#&es+ 1980 e] 31 3.8 Mb5.3
seT+& 1980 nsY 2 4.0 Mb5.3
Ns\ 1981 qe+sY 2 3.5 Mb5.3
yT& 1983 pH 30 4.0 V
u\+|* 1983 &d+sY 14 3.5 V
u\+|* 1984 @| 24 3.5 V
yC> 1984 >dT 23 3.6 V
e+X<s 1985 yT 12 3.9 V
VseT+&\+ 1985 yT 12 3.8 V
+>\T b++ 1986 >dT 18 3.5 V
+>\T 1986 >dT 19 3.5 V
+>\T 1987 &d+sY 3 4.0 V
+>\T b++ 1987 &d+sY 3 4.0 V
H\sT 1988 e] 21 4.1 V
eT+< 1990 qe] 12 3.7 V
s|& 1990 yT 3 4.1 V
eTDT>sT 1990 pH 9 3.5 V
eTDT>sT 1990 pH 9 4.0 V
eTDT>sT 1990 pH 9 4.0 V
u<#\+ 1990 pH 9 4.0 V
+>s&>&+ 1990 p 24 3.6 V
Lqes+ 1990 p 30 3.6 V
+>\T 1992 qe+sY 14 3.6 V
>T+sT 1995 yT 24 4.0 V
+>\T 1995 nsY 21 3.9 V
n<+ 1996 >dT 4 4.1 V
>T+sT 1997 @| 14 3.8 V
eT+< 1997nsY 29 3.8 V
eT+< 1998 pH 29 3.8 V
+<T 1999 |e] 3 4.0 IV
V<su< 2000 d|+sY 16 2.8
V<su<, d+<u< 2000 d|+sY 17 ` `

$eq |_wH 61 $|T sVD

4. u+b\T ` |XeTq #s\T
(Earthquakes - Mitigation Strategies)

4.1 |]#jT+ @s&sTT. u >s + ]| nDT $kH\ e\ L&

u+b\T eksTT. $ eqe |s| u+b\T.
$s| \ |yTq X nkT> $&T< bH eT]jTT +&Hwj e+{ s+s+
H\qT +|+#&+ < |+|q #+<&+ u+|+ u + b\qT m< T s=H < X y{ | u y
n+{sT (An Earth quake is a sudden release of energy ~+#& |uT\T, |\T |\T |XeTq #s\qT
accumulated in deformed rocks causing the ground to #|&+ sT>T+~.
tremble or shake).
>&q 15 d+es\ ee~ us<X+
u +b\T ||+ #+ |#{ d+u$ ksTT. = $$< b+ sT |<q u+b\T d+u$+#sTT.
b+\T s b+\ +f me u+b\qT us<X+ |DsD y>+ HH{ |sT>T+~.
m<Ts=+{sTT. u+b\ s sD\ e\ L& CrjT s< q& dV nH q>s\T, |D\T
d+u$ ksTT. n|s |\T sD+> u $T +|dT + ~. n~ u+| eTT| q Cq H\= HsTT. <
|\T, sTT+>, yT+>\ e\ d\ u+b\T &T q>s n~ &\T u+b TH
|]eD+ *q u+b\ deTjT+ d+u$+q bD qw+| bH, nyT] us<X+ eT< b*
<X+/ |<X+ B re bD qw+
nyT]
<D *b]j 28.6.1991 6.2 M 2
+&sY, *b]j 28.6.1992 7.3 M 3
zs>H 21.9.1993 6.4 M 2
HsY]&, *b]j 17.1.1994 6.9 M 60
y$T+> 3.2.1995 6.7 M 1
d+ *b]j 22.12.2003 6.8 M 2
bH
& 25. 9. 2003 8.3 M 0
u 16. 1. 1995 6.9 M 5530
+#{ 12.5. 2005 7.3 M 0
| 20. 3. 2005 6.5 M 0
q 16. 8. 2005 7.2 M 0
us<X+
s 20.10.1991 6.6 M 2000
sT 30.9.1993 6.3 M 9475
|PsY 22.5.1997 6.0 M 39
#y* 29.3.1999 6.8 M 100
uTC 26.1.2001 6.9 M 13805

$eq |_wH 62 $|T sVD

$<+> (earthquake resisatant) be&+ +<q u+b\qT TH$<+> #|e\dq neX #s\T
*dT+~. eTBsD jT++>\T \Vq+> yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ |C$< |\ ne>Vq
+THsTT. {, q>s\qT @<H u+|+ , *dT+~.
n~ u $|T> esTT+~. nTe+{ $|T\qT
y]+#& |XeTH = #s\T #|&+ Commmunity
4.3 eT{ d+d< (
]+~. Prepared ness ):
4.2 u+| |XeTq #s\T u +| |u y |X$ T+|C d+<T eT{
d + d < m+ \ y T q ~. u + b\ qT+&
4.2.1 sD |XeTq #s\T s+#Te&+ &|t, esY n+& (Drop, Cover
+]+> sV ueH\qT s|\q #d, Hold) $<q+ m+ |u e+yT q ~. q q u +b\
y{ u+b TH $<+> ]+#*. ueq+ deTjT+ L& |< nqTd]+ >j\T b\T
jTT s|\q eT]jTT sD |<T ]fs +& b&Te#T.
eT]jTT +]+> <\qT d$T[+ #j*.
sD eTT+<T H\ sVqT |d]> $Xw+#*.
eT<Tyq H\| sD\T sT|s<T. yT{ H\|
ue H\qT ]+qsTT, # d\ u +b\ d +
<+{sTT. n< $<+ > +&TH\\T, q~ &T | L&
Te+{ deTd TT+~. H\ yT> +f u
qc\T +{sTT.
u+b\qT TH$<+> dTsyTq ueH\
4.2.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T sD s |t +&jTH k+&sY ueq sD
ueq sD +<q\qT neT e&+: &\T, esZ<s\qT |#T]++~. ueH\qT
u+| |uy ~+# dTsyTq sD\ ]+#& eTT+< #{\ |s+ ueH\ sD
d+ s |t +&jTH k+&sY(_mdt) ueq sD |D[\qT eTTb*{ F #j*. dT\T,
+<q\T, esZ<s\qT sb+~dT+~. ueH\qT bsX\\T, ne| +<\T e+{ nH |tH
]+# eTT+<T, ueq sD bqTqT eTTb*{ysT ueH\qT u+b\ u] qT+& b& (earthquake
F #j*. ueq sD+ |uT+ sb+~+q safety) |eD\ nqT>TD+> ]+#&+ <T.
ueq sD esZ<s\ nqT>TD+> +< < n+<Te\ y{ u+| u< neds\qT ]{|{+>
|]o*+#*. |<T\ <s rs*.
$|T\T q|&T dT\T, eTTKyTq |uT
s\j\T, bsX\\T, ne| +<\T \b 4.4 CrjT u +| eTT| |Xe Tq
bwksTT. n+<Te\ y{ esZ<s\ nqT>TD+> bC
s{|{ #j*.
| ne>Vq |+#&+: ( National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project
(NERMP))
]f, _\sT, +{sT, &CqsT, +sT,
|HjTsT, |uT <>T\T, +{ jTeqT\T, | u+|+ e\ d+u$+# y| |]dT\qT
y T d T \ ne>V q eT]j T T D s e \T y]+#e\dq neds >T]+q us |uT+
sV+#*. n |e<\T, es<\T, ub\T e+{ CrjT u +| eTT| |Xe Tq bC q T bs+_++~.
~rj T | u y\ qT+& qc \ qT ~+# T y*. B <s u+| sD, sDs |XeTq
u+b\ sD\T, y{ \D\T, u+b\| H\ |jT\qT |+ #jT&+ bT u+| |e<
due+ jTT |ue+, VQ n+dT\ sD+ eTT| n~+ > q <Ts\ ~+# #s \qT
#|&sT. eXyTq eTT| |XeTq #s\qT n~
$eq |_wH 63 $|T sVD
u+| eTT| q Cq neT\T #ksT. bC
d++~+q d$esyTq bC y~ (Detailed Project
Report (DPR)) CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d
(mH&m +m) d<+ #d+ ~. +<T k+ ` # <y T q
$<H\T, d+k> #s\T, keTs sD+, |
C> H\=\&+ yTT<\>T n+X\T HsTT.
4.5 CrjT ueq sD &
(National Building Code (NBC))
< X y| + > u e q sD s b\
eTBsD esZ<s\qT *+# CrjT k<qyTq
deT>yTq us CrjT ueq sDY & (National
Building Code of India (NBC))qT yTTyTT<{k]>
1970 sb+~+#sT. 1983 dMT+ #sT. 1987
s +&T, 1997 edsD #XsT. ue q sD s+>+
esTd> eq nH esT\T, uj T +sy T q u +b\T,
d|sY dqT e+{ nH dV $|T\ H|<+
HsTq >TDbs\ nq+s+ CrjT ueq sD &
$T{ |]~ mH_d deT>+> dMT+# bCqT
#|{sT. n dMT+#&q mH_d |dT+ us
CrjT ueq sD & (National Building Code of
India) 2005> eeV]dTH sT. +<T | y| \
e\ dyqT m<Tse&+, <ojT sD \T
{|& #jT&+, |dT |]dT\ nqT>TD+>
n+srjT |<T\T yTT<\>T n+X\T HsTT.
&\qT deTse++> neT\T #jT&+ dy\T
e+{+~. &qT #sD #+<T usrjT
beD\ d+d (Bureau of Indian standards), Hwq
&CH n+& dsY bsyT\T d{ |t +s
\d nH deyX\T, esTc|\T sV+#sTT. y{
s+s w 2011 yT H\ Implementation of stan-
dards in Infrastructural Development nH n+X+| d<d
sV+#sT.
4.6 _*+> yT{]jT f\J
|ywH (BMTPC)w 4.8 u +|+:rdTe\dq C>\ T
|]X<q n_e~(sY &), qq ue q sD
k+ |]CH\ neT\T eT< q n+s |P&&+
d+ +< |D_e~ eT+ XK 1990 p
_* + > y T { ] j T n+& f \J | y w H
(_m+{|d) @sT #d+~.
$eq |_wH
|\ $$< |uT d+d\ ]{|{+>
(retrofitting) k+ |< T \| ne>Vq *+#+<T
_m+{|d bD\qT b& sD\ (lifeline structures)
|q]D (retrofitting) bC\T #|{+~. &
eTT| s=swH |t & bsX\ ueq ]{|{+>
_m+{|d #s\T #|{+~. q& 250 |&\T
*q us V+<Tse d| n<jTq+ ]|+~.
n+ eTT+<T eT osY bs q du
&d d, >TsY 442 sD\T, <H, u
sjT|PsY, &V&q b<$ T bsX \\qT ]{|{ + >
#d+~. |\ |< mTq dVjT+ #jT&+ bT,
\\ d+K q |uT, |yT ueH\ <Ts\
~+# ~X> $<qs\qT +|Cd #jT&+,
<s u$wY d+u$+# u+b\ u] qT+&
n~X+ |\qT s+#&yT \+> s{|f&
ueH\qT #|&+ ]+~.
4.7 |+#sTTr sC eT+XK
#|{q #s\T
w y T q eT* n+s\qT |P&&+, s n_e~
neds\qT nedsyTq <T\qT uysY H >+{
|+ & (Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF)) +< +<
|+#sTTrsC eT+XK $&T<\ #dT+~. |+#sTTr
sC ueH\T, n+>Hy& +<\T, s> ><T\T, s&T,
_&\T, \sT\T yTT<\>T y{ sD _sYm|t
+< |+#sTTrsC eT+XK |\T |D[\
] dVs+ n+~dT+~. sh >MTD_e~ d+d\
(State Institutes for Rural Development (SIRD) ) ue H\T,
u ksY d+sT, |+#sTTr sC D +<\T
yTT<\>T y{ |q]sD L& <T \T n+<Cd T + ~.
nTe+{ sD\T CrjT $|T sVD u$wY
T |D[ nqT>TD+> $|T\qT TH $<+>
+&\ 2010 |e] 2q |+#sTTrsC eT+XK
sc\ d++~.
u+|+ d+u$+q|&T, y{ T
u e H\T, >& \ T L *bsTT, | \T ~
be#T. s\T, s&T esZ\T <, dVjT
sD +<\T b+\ #sTe& ee~
|e#T.
64 $|T sVD
 nsTT u+b q y] DyT
dVjT+ n+~+#&+ m+ eTTK+. { n&
eddTq | |<eT n+~+#e\d +T+~.
{ k\ b<$T sD #s\T, |<eT u |+|q >Z es n& X+> +&*.
$<T D |+#*.
\ e +{ < + < # s T y*. { \ T,
n\eTs\T, Tw\T, u n<\T, y&Bdq 4.8.1 |+|q\T >TZeTTK+ |{q sTy
yTT\T, bqT eT]jTT s |< |< edTe\
<s+> +&*. |+|q\T > es \\T
e+{ y{ +<H +&*.
>MTD b+\ qsTT, +{ qT+& <
bsX \ ue q+ qT+& jT |<X \ |sT > *.
sT\qT dyjTs<T. MTsT 4 < 5 Cq
eddTqsTT |H\ yTT<{ keTys+ B
dsT #j*.
msTTq ueq+ qsTT >&\ <s+>
], MT \qT #T\ ||Ty*. MT <>Zs
V{ +f, < <]+#*. *|qT
|j+#s<T. { n<\T |*, >j\T
e#T {, y{ <s+> +&*.
Vs+> |<X qsTT, #T, dHusT\T,
ue H\T, $<TY r>\T, d+ u\ <s+> y*.
yVq+ MT< qsTT, yVH s&T |
rd |yj*. | zesT, $<TY qT, yD
| q\ usT\ <s+> +&*. sT qT+&
jT sy*. sT +&s<T.
$eq |_wH
d& j T +, &{]jT+ < ~jT sY qsTT,
| +&by*. jT dT sL&<T.
MT d{ LsT, \| #T\T n&T|Ty*.
sTy esTd> jT sy*. eTT+<T>
|\\T, e<T\T, $+>T\qT jT |+b*.
|+|q\T Zq sTy m& y dq<+
y*. \<#TH |<X\qT qT>=q+&.
yTT< MT >j\T nsTT, y{ |<eT
#dT, sTy sT\ dVjT|&+&.
X+> +&, +<q q sT \ dV jT
|&+&.
n |e<+ b+ +<y |]o*+#+&. <>sZ
bqT qsTT, ne|XK (101) <
bdT +{ seTT (100) bH #d,
dVs+ rdT+&. | MT< bjT&
{ dTqT d<+> +#T+&.
4.9 u+b\qT TH ueH\
sD+
u+b\ e\ ]> H\ <*\T |\T s\
$< +d s |uy\qT * +{sTT. y{ =
|<qyTq |uy\T
65 $|T sVD
 1. H\ eD&+ (Ground shaking) H\ >T+& +|+#
s+>\T y&+ e\q H\ yqT eTT+<T
#*+#&+
2. u $T +|+#&+ e\q eT <MsD + #+<&+ ,
u b\T @s&+ e+{ eT y| \T (back
- an - forth motion)
3. |>T, \TeH N\&+ e+{ |]\ u+X
&\T (surface fault ruptures)
4. y s + >\T (d T HMT\T): X j \ b&yq >&\ |{wyTq +T d+u\ }+
|]\+| @s& u s+>\T rs b+\
u qc sDeTesTT. +&*.
+> ns\T T,L,U eT]jTT X s\ +&
4.9.1 ueH\| |ue+ |< |< u e + T \qT eT< U e~*,
|+ |q\T, s+ >\T, u $T >T+& y Tq|&T Bs#Tsks u\T> $u+#*.
u |]+\| q ue H\T L& #*ksTT. | ue q+ sD|s+ > <&+ > +&, u +b\qT d +
q sD+| <s|& $_q+> |d+~dT+~. T>*> ueH\T =ksT |H~ s|\q d]>
s+>\T q|&T u$T L& n< sK y+& be&+ e\q L*bsTT. eT <Mueq+ (Soil
eTT+<T, yqT #*dT+ ~. u |]\+| q ue q+ liquefaction) |* +> sD+ e+be&+, |>T [e&+,
jTT ~>Te u>+ DyT u$T bT <T\TT+~. k] sD+ L*be&+ sT>TT+~. |]q |&q +
| u>+ =\T ds+> +T+~. $<+> uqe+ |s ekq+> |T qd q eT <e d es&
k>TT+~. eT+> | u>\T L& n&T>T u>+ eT <Mueq+ (soil liquefaction) n+{sT. eT
\d <\& |jTksTT. , n|&T u$T eTs due+ <s+> |H~ jTT T ss TT+#&TT+~.
~X <T\TT+~. =s&=q (whiplash) |ue+
@s&TT+~. |+|q\T ueq+ sD y| >&\ eT< {\T, \T|\T
(structural failures) sDeTesTT. ue q+ bT (Control on openings in walls)
$_q |d+<q \D\T q |qTq ueq+| L& >& _+# \T|\T, {\T q$>q,
|u e+ #|T+~. b{ ue H\ +f ms TTq ue H\T >& eT<q +&*. # me \T|\T, {\
med| +|+, y{ +f n~ qc >TsesTT. < |<|<$ >&qT <Ts\+> esTksTT. n+<Te\
u+b\T eq|&T >& L |e<+ +T+~.
4.9.2 d+sD #s\T \T|\T, { \ T >& n+#T eT <>sZ + > +&L &<T .
u+b\ d+<s+> ueH\T L*b+&
s~+, <s ue H\ |\, #TT| \ eTsD\T,
>j\qT Z+#&yT u+| s< s|\q (earth-
quake resistant design) b<$T \+. ydT |D[
eT]jTT ueq sD s|\q <X ]w \D\qT
|]>Dq rdT+f, u+b\T eq|&T ueH\T
yTsT>Z +&, qc ZksTT.
4.9.3 ueH\ +&e\dq \D\T
(Buliding Configuration)
ueq+ k<sD Bs#Tsks |D[qT *
+&*.
$eq |_wH 66 $|T sVD
| ueH\ |]|wyTq +T |{\T ksTT| <s|& | |sqT y&sT.
(Relnforced Concrete bands In masonry buildings) \Te <\T
esD >&\+{ >{ |f> eT\T, >&\T *d # y] sTTH
*d +& #|+<T b]wH >&\ bT |*, bsYyT+{ (\T| <\T) @sT #j*. n
y\T|* >&\+{ *| +# |{wyTq +T n+dTq $ n&T<\+ |{\T, H\ kT\T <
|{\qT @sT #j*. ueH ~>Teq |s=q H\ eT+ ksTT |{\ >T+& y*. |\qT u +b\T
y{ { < n+ + f m e | { \ T #+|e. d]> ]+# ueH |\ eTsD
nedseTesTT. n$ : |H~ |{ (Plinth band), sDeTesTT. u+| y| $|T> es+&
n&<\+ |{ (lintel band), || |{ (roof band) s~+#\+f, ue H\ sD+ u +b\qT T H
sTeT&T |{ (gable band), |{ |j+# ueq+ &CH \D\qT b+<T|], deT+> ]+#*.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. u+|+ \+ eyT d+u$+#e#T (4) 8. ]+> | t | s Y (eT+\ # +) @ k> s
1) <jH 2) eT<s d++~++~? (2)
3) eT<V+ 4) |e 1. n{+{ 2. |d|
2. 1917 pH 26q dyy d+u$+q n |< 3. +&jTH 4. n+{]{
u+|+ ]sY d\T| m+> qy<sTT+~. (1) 9. +~ y @~ |< u |+|q+? (4)
1) 8.3 2) 4.3 1) , yT 1960 2) nk, yT 1964
3) 11.3 4) 9.3 3) bH, e] 2011 4) |e
3. ]yC #dq dd$t T CqT\ |s+ +< |<X me 10. s |t +&jTH k+&sY u+b\T d+u$+#
u +b\ qjT b+eTT> >T]+|&q~ @~? { M\Tq b+\qT m eT+& \T>
1) qZ+& 2) >T+sT (3) $u++~? (1)
3) +>\T 4) +q>sY 1) 5 2) 6
4. +&j q <T ddt$T CqT\ @~ me 3) 7 4) 8
yesD esT\ >TseT+~? (1)
1) 5e CqT 2) 4e CqT $esD: _mdt us<X 4 u+| eT+&\T>
$u++~. n+ eTT+<T 5 eT+&\T>
3) 3e CqT 4) 2e CqT q|{, 1 eT]jTT 2 eT+&\qT $q+ #jT &+,
5. ||+#+ qy<T &q bD+yTq u+|+ eT+&\ d+K 4 Z+~.
#H m|&T d+u$++~? (1)
11. 2012 @| 11q @ <X+ u u+|+ d+u$+
1) 1556 2) 1557
s T rs b+ + 28 < X \ d T HMT
3) 1558 4) 1559 V#]\ <]rd+~? (3)
6. 1556e d+es+ ||+#+ qy<T &q
bD+yTq u+|+ @ <X+ d+u$++~? 1) H 2) eTwj
1) +&Hwj 2) bH (3) 3) +&Hwj 4) |*|H
3) #H 4) +&j 12. 2000 d + e s + qT+& qy < q rey T q
7. u+b\ e\ |]DeTeTT d$T[yTq~ (4) u+b\ #]q~. (4)
1) <* eT]jTT H\ |>T 1) 26`12`2004 (+&Hwj)
2) ub\T eT]jTT VeT|yV\T 2) 25`3`2005 (+&Hwj)
3) H\ <MsD+ 3) 11`3`2011 (bH)
4) |e 4) |e
$eq |_wH 67 $|T sVD
 13. +&Hwj dTeT reyTq u+b\T #bjsT eT]jTT 30,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT?
d+u$++~ m|&T? (1) 1) 26`12`2003 2) 26`12`2004 (1)
1) 11`4`2012 2) 15`4`2012 3) 26`11`2005 4) 26`10`2004
3) 18`4`2012 4) 22`4`2012 21. 26`12`2003 @ <X+ Xe+yTq u+|+
14. {e\ \+ u u+|+ d+u$+q b++ e\ $|yT q bDqw+ eT]jTT dq w+ ]+~?
1) uTC (2001) 2) #y* (1999) (4) 1) sH 2) s (1)
3) |PsY (1997) 4) |e 3) k~ ns_j 4) CsH
15. u+|+ qT+ e<\&$ (3) 22. u +|+ reqT =*# k<q + (1)
1) +|H\T 1) ]s Y d\T 2) V &MTsY
3) usMTsY 4) |$ @M<T
2) |+|H\T
23. u s < X + @ sw + u + b\ u]q | &
3) +|H\T eT]jTT |+|H\T neX\THsTT? (3)
4) |+|H\T eT]jTT eT+\T 1) q& 2) +<|<X
16. +~ <X\ @ <Xe TT k<sD+> u +b\T 3) >TsY 4) s
d+u$+#e? (4)
24. @ sEq u|+|q\T us<X |\T sT rs
1) 2) bkH b+ d+u$+#sTT? (1)
3) q+& 4) d*j 1) 11.4.2012 2) 13.4.2012
17. us sc\ $d y| $esDqT |_+_+| 3) 9.4.2012 4) 8.4.2012
#jTT <kyE es_*{ n{dT. < 25. +&j s# u+b\T d+u$+# sh+
jsT#dq~ (1)
1. nk+ 2. ;VsY (1)
1) u e q sD ke eT]j T T f \J
|+b+~+# (_*+> yT{]jT n+& f\J 3. yT|\jT 4. eTVsh
|ywH ) 26. ]sY d MT< =\e&~ (2)
2) +&j yesD XK (+&j yT{jT 1) <y\ k+< 2) uT+b\ re
s &bsYyT+{) 3) TbqT\ y>+ 4) |s\ mT
3) $|T sVD d+d (&CdsY yTHCyT+{ 27. +~ y |< u |+ |q+ @~? (4)
Hd{) 1) (27`2`2010)
4) jTTHk`(jTT.mH..mdt.d.z) 2) bH (11`3`2011)
18. u +b\T, n |s \T B dV d++< * 3) +&Hwj (26`12`2004)
+{sTT. (1) 4) |e
1) eTT& eT]jTT u+X+ #+~q b++ 28. u+|+ < <]rdT+~? (4)
2) n>< deTT< yT<q+ 1) u$T <* 2) ub
3) |su$T b++ 3) |]\ |>T\T 4) |e
4) deTT< rs b++ 29. +~ y @~ ds+~? (1)
19. | nqT |<+ B ddT+~ (2) 1) u+|+ ne+eTT> ]> $|T
1) u+b\T 2) u+b eTT+< }V+#e#T
2) u$T n+s>+ 3) u+|+ 25 eTTc\ bT +T+~
3) u|\+ 4) u+|+ s|P d+u$dT+~
4) eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ 30. eT< nyT] <XyTq s>TV @ d+es+
20. @ sEq >jT sH b++ Xe+yTq u+b\T d+u$+ ;u+ dw+, u qw+
u+|+ d+u$+ nbsyTq qqw+, <<| *Z++~? (1)
d+|Ps dqw+ ] dTesT 30,000 eT+~ 1) 1972 2) 1973 3) 1974 4) 1975
$eq |_wH 68 $|T sVD
 III .#y\T
1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
2. +<|<X #y\ #]
3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
 1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
(Cyclones - Causes and Effects)

1.1 |]#jT+ #y\T y# deTT<| c>, n~ k|

s, yesD nds \sTT e\q d+u$ksTT.
#y+ nqTq~ deTow eT]jTT w n+X\ #y+, #y +<+ (eye of the cyclone) n
jTT y& |yV\ d+u$+# n\ yesD |&q+ |\Te& +<+ #T yT| \T >T$T>&sTT. #y
(A cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure, Which +<+ e< eT+ yesD \D\ L&q |X+
occurs in the hot oceans of tempreate and tropical lati- yesD+ +T+~. nsTT, +<+ n+#T (B yks+
tudes). ~ es eT]d, eTV deTT<\ |< 20 qT+& 30 MTsT +T+~) e< $< +d |eH\
mTq s+ >\qT dwd , s s> + n|de ~X, L&q re |]d T \T +{sTT. #y +<| n+#TqT
<Ds >+ de~X M# Xe+yTq >\T\ #y &+ n L& n+{sT. #y +<+
L&q (= ksT >* y>+ >+ 300 MTs b+ <f =\~, >* >TZT+T+~. nsTT,
|>H +T+~. dT&T\T ]> yesD n\& (It is a #y+ ~=B, >* y>+ eTs |sT>TT+~.
swirling atmospheric disturbance, accompanied by Pow- #y| yd+ (diameter of the cyclone) e+<\
erful winds (exceeding the 300 km/h sometimes) blowing MTsT +T+~. #y +< yd+ 20 qT+&
in a clockwise direction in the Northern hermispheres and 50 MTs es +&, #y yT|\T | md
anti clock wise direction in the southern hemisphere, by {b esD+ yTT $TksTT.
pouring rain, and enormous waves in the ocean).
#y\T k<sD+> ueT< sK 5 ` 20
dH (cyclone) nH |<+ ddt (cyclos) nH &^\ s, <D n+X\ eT< d+u$dT+{sTT.
^ |<+ qT+& e+~. ^ uw d dt nq> beTT
yT*\ #T (coils of a snake) n ns+. +>U+, $u\ eZsD
ns_j deTT<\ @s& w eT+&\ TbqT #T
#TT q beTT\ e +{sTT eq, V |&+>H +>U+, ns_j deTT<\ @s&
nH nqT d qT nH |< yTT<{k ]> |j +#sT. n\|&H\ eZsD us yesD XK
b|~qT sb+~++~. < ||+# yesD
w eT+&\ #y+ d+u$+#&+ nqTq~ d+d n+^]++~. < |s+...
k<sD | \D+.
$u+ >*y>+ >*y>+
e T *q eTV deTT< d+ds+ (Ocean (.MT/>+) (H{/>+)
bed), rs b+| sT sD+> us |K+&+
||+ #+H n+ reyTq #y |u $ (Cyclone n\|&q+ 31 17
- affected) b++> e]+~. V+< eTVdeTT<+ yjTT>T+&+ 31`49 17`27
||+#+ sT n+ #y b+\ {> n>< yjTT>T+&+ 49`61 27`33
+~. #y\T | d+es+ y~ eT+~ bD\qT
V]+#&yT +&, re d qc \T>CdTHsTT. #y TbqT 61`88 33`47
nsTT, y{ >T]+q ne>Vq * +&+, d+d< reyTq TbqT 88`117 47`63
(Preparedness) <s $<+d |]eD >DjT+> d|sY dH 221 120
Z+#e#T.
$eq |_wH 71 $|T sVD
1.2 #y\T k<sD \D\T
us<X+ #y\T $T due+ *
+{sTT. #y+ jTT = k<sD \D\T
$<+> +{sTT.
1. \yTq >\T\T
2. nk<sD es+
3. TbqT \+
#y\T |< mTq $< +k <]rd \yTq
>\T\ L& +{sTT. = d+<s\ u +&b
es+ L& ]jT&+ e\ deTT< eT{\T |], T
b+\ es< eTT+| @s&TT+~.
#y+ eT&T <X\ n_e~ #+<TT+~. n$:
m. s|\q, =* n_e~ <X :
#y+ @s&\+f, H\T>T yesD/ deTT<
|]dT\T neds+. n$ @eq>...
uwueq+ <s >* deT<+> { $]
n+~+#&+ d+ 60 MTs T es 26 &^\
d+{>& +f n~yTq y# deTT< c>.
yes D + { $], y T | \qT
d _+<Te\T> es& nqTe> <Mue q+
#+~+#T, wX $&T<\ #jT T, |&H
Z+#T nedsyTq n~ k| s (>*
{ $] d + | + # + < k s TT es
yesD+ 7000 MTs mT es)
TbqT ` \T
#y TbqqT >* y> { <T _q
{\T> eZ] ksT . n$ dw+ # $< +d+ <s+>
L& TbqqT <T s\T> $u ksT . y{ $es\T..
>*y>+
(.MT/>+)
1 120`150
2 150`180
3 180`210
4 210`250
5 250 |q
$eq |_wH
dH d<sY
d H d<s Y +><X rs 2007 qe+sY 15q
+ ~. qe+sY 11q +>U + @s &
yjTT>T+&+ nq+s+ TbqT> e], re $<+d+
dw++~. s< & bT <X y|+> u
es\T ]XsTT. 74 MTs TbqT qT L&q
TbqT 500 MTs yks * +~. >+
220 qT+& 240 MTs y>+ >\T\T M#sTT.
3000 eT+~ |> eTsD+#>, nbs d qw+
]+~. yTT+ 27 \ >qT 25 \| re
|ue+ |&+~.
| md >* <Mue
q+ d+u$ +q|&T }s
eTT\dt yT|T d+eVH bV+# yesD
nds (c> k<sD ksTT $T+ >T <Z \ )
n\|&q +<\ #T #y |eH\ |dsD
e\ |s|eTjT |uy d]+#+<T
uueTD+ sD+> e# \+ jTT |uy
nqTeT+# ueT<sK d+ 4 qT+& 5 &^\
n+X\ <s+ +& |<X+
_. d+|Ps | <X :
#y+ d+|Ps | <X #sTq|&T n~
d+ _ <X q sTeTT\ L&q n|< eTT\dt
yT| \T e\js |{\ T> @s&sTT. |{\ T |\
e\js+> +&, n+ #TsT>Z +& k+<+>
, +& eT< yT|T +< @ssTksTT. $ s\+> q
b+ *+ #ksTT. eT< yT|T +< #y
+<+ (eye of a cyclone) n+{sT. ~ q\ s+<+
< <yTq yT|\T #TTeTT{q _+<Te (dot)
> |dT+~. <yTq yT|T| y\T|* |]~ +<
&+ (eye wall) n+{sT.
d. \Vq|&+ < D+#&+:
$<+d+
y# eT L&q >* ns+s+> #<q
#+<&+ (cut off) bs+uyTq yqT y+H weT+&\
w+ #y+ \Vq|&+ yTT<\eT+~. ~ #y+
d\+ n~ q #] < eTs= n\|&q+ e\ #y+
H\qT q|&T eyT k<eTeT+~.
re+
y# weT+&\ deTT<+| < esZ+ eT]jTT
nk<sD+ H\ q kMT|+| <s|& #y+ 24 >+\
|<e+ +f e ee~ qT+& eT&T ys\ es +&e#T.
72 $|T sVD
d>Tq #y+ J$ #+ (life cycle), nq> d+u$dT+{sTT. TbqT n\& sD+> |]>
|q |s=q eT&T <X\T |P] e& sT sE\T deTT<{ eT+ rs b+\ es<\ <]rdT+~.
|&TT+~. |+ TbqT n\&T\T k<sDyTq bT (high
tide) &sTTq|&T es<\ T eT]+ re+> +{sTT.
#] |{ es n+ dTBsy T q #y+>
f|PH CH( John ) qy<+~. ~ 1994 >dT, sT rssK #y\ n+ qTK+>
d|+sY\ Xq eT]jTT yjTTe |d| |]yV +T+~. us<X+ d+u$+# yTT+ #y\
b++ @s& 31 sE\ bT +~. d T es T 80 X + s T s KqT T +{sTT.
+>U+ <$+# #y\ yTT+ sT
1.3 #y+ @s&q|&T @$T rseT+ nqTe> +T+~. +>U+ y+&
+& |eTu+>, ]k, +<|<X, $TH&T
sT>TT+~? sc\T #y\ bT \yTq >\T\T, es<\T,
#y+ e\ d+u$+# eTTKyTq nbj\T : TbqT n\&T\T e+{ y|\ >TseT+{sTT.
<D~ sc\ b\T+f |eT rs+ ns_j
1. |qT>\T\T, \yTq >\T\T: deTT<+ y+& +& >TsY, eTVsh sc\T eT]+
$ e\qT L{y dV |*+ yksTT. nqTe> +{sTT. ||+#+ s #y\
f*bqT qqT, $<TY d+u\qT <+d+ #jT&+ e\, nqTyq b+\ b\T+f +>U+, ns_j
$<TY ds|s, eTwqT *bsTT. deTT<+ <$+# weT+&\ #y\ e (fre-
quency) # me> +T+~.
2. es<\ sDeTjT +ues+
TbqT n\&T\ e\q m&s | +& +&b 1.4 # y \T ` | s es D
es\T ]jT&+ e\q T b+\T es< eTT+|q MTsD+
>TsesTT.
rs+ y+& +& n&e\T dVd<yTq >*,
3. n~ y s+>\T (High tidal waves) : { q\T> +, #y\T, TbqT n\&T\
M{H TbqT n\&T\T n L& n+{sT. y $<+d| X qT+& rs b+ |\ sD e#+
s+>\T, TbqT n\&T\T sD+> rs b+ | #ksTT. rs b+\ #y TbqT\ |uy
d+u$+# \ |j\ e\H n~ eTsD\T Z+#& n$ dVd<yTq yjTT s<\ (wind `
breakers) qT @ssTksTT. n&e\ q]y, rs b+
#y\ $$< b+ |sT sD yTK\ b++ e] k>T<sT\T, s=jT\T sT\#
n e TD\ > T ]e& + s D +> n& e \T
n+srjT ~qsK (dateline) |eq q n+]+bTHsTT.
yjTTe |d| eTVdeTT<+: f|PqT
s n{+{ eTVdeTT<+, <D |d| 1.5 # y \qT eTT+< T >
eTVdeTT<+ < n+srjT ~qsK sTq >T]+#&+, V#]+#&+
q Xq |d| eTVdeTT<+ : V]qT
HsT |d| eTVdeTT<+, >jT V+< #y\ sqT n+#H yd, V#]\T #d
eTVdeTT<+: weT+&\ #y\T u<qT usrjT yesD XK (The Indian Meteo-
rological Department (IMD) s ]d T + ~. H X {
s V+< eTVdeTT<+: #y TbqT |>V+, 10 dH &fH |w\T, ye $u>\
nd*j : $ $ V#]\T C #ksT. #y n|eT (cyclone
alert) qT 48 >+\, TbqT V#]qT 24 >+\
<D nyT] : {s& C #ksT. dqT V#]qT HX{ |>V+ <s

$eq |_wH 73 $|T sVD

k uw\ |#s+ #d+<T | $|T 3. f*$H
V#] eed (Disaster warning system (DWS)) +~. 4. f*bH
1.5.1 TbqT V#] 5. b
n\ |&H, #y+ n_e~, n~ $<+d+ 6. f*>yT
dw+#& >+\T < sE\ eTT+< |e#T.
eT |>V\T #y\ <*\qT |d>&sTT. 7. Vs+> |q\T
< <s+>, n$ |u$+ #jTujT b+\ qT+& 8. | |q\T yTT
|\qT eTT+<T> U #sTTksT. nsTT n+
+> n+#H yjT&+ # w+. yTq V#]\qT k<sD |C+, deTT<\
V#]\qT =~ >+\T eTT+<T> eyT e&+ y y[q eTsT\T, z&se\ n~sT\T, ye
k<eTeT+~. esZ\T, |uT jT++> *jTCjT &+ sT>TT+~.
||+#+ nTeT TbqT V#] eed\T 1.6 eTT| q n+X\T
*q <X\ us<X+ L& {.
#y\qT, y{ esZ\qT eTT+<dT> n+#H \yTq >\T\T, $ksyTq es\T, y{ e\ e#
y j T & + u s < X yes D XK ( Indian es<\ T *d u d bD qc \T>Ck sTT. 1999
Meteorologcial Department ) H& @C > ]k eq d|sY dH 10 y\ eT+~ |>
eeV]dT+~. m+& TbqT n\&T\qT >T]+, bD\qT V]++~. +<T eTV\T, |\ me>
|sy+, V#]\T, n& T{qqT $&T<\ HsT. bD qw+ bT eT{ {q , \VqyTq
#dT+~. >&\ q |sq ueH\T, e+q\T, T
b+ +& nyd b+\T, s eT* edT\T
q& +<+> q us yesD XK <+deTesTT.
n+srjT bs $eqjq d+d(International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO)) neds\ nqT>TD+> 1.7 TbqT qc\T
de#s+ n+~+#&+ {| dH n&sY
d+sY(TCAC)> eeV]dT+~. =\T, d+> e# |qT>\T\T eT*
sh |uT n~sT\ TbqT V#]\qT edT\T, u qc \T>CksTT. y{ nq+s+
H\T>T <X C #jT&+ sT>TT+~. e# u es\T, es<\ T eksTT. rs b+\ TbqT
n\&T\ e# y s+ >\T T b+\qT eTT+
1. | dH y#Y: 72 >+\ eTT+<T> C #ksT. yksTT. rs+ qT+& <<| 15 MTs <s+ es
2. dH n\sY: d+ 48 >+\ eTT+<T T b+\T eTT+|q >TsesTT.
3. TbqT V#]: d+ 24 >+\ eTT+<T Tbq |ue+ rs b+ \ |]$TyT
+T+~. >]w qw+ TbqT +<+ qT+& 100 MTs
4. TbqT H\qT q nq+s |]d : d+ rs |]~| < TbqT esZ sT y| +T+~.
& 12 >+\ eTT+<T
n~ bD qw+ y s+>\ e\q rs
us yesD XK dCddt, +f|wH, b+\T eTTbe&+, reyTq TbqT n\&T\T,
e]+>, n+#H\ d++~+ s&e|tqT +&b es\ sD+> sT>TT+~.
jsT #d+~. #y\qT |jT+# esZ HX{
|>V+ <s |&sT. m. u qw+:
TbqT V#] |#s+ \yTq >\T\T, es<\T, TbqT n\&
sD\T <q&+ < <+d+ e&+ sT>TT+~.
1. X{{ <] $|T V#] eed\T *b{ | |\T eTTK+> b]X$T ueH\|
2. s&j q | |\T re+> <+{sTT.
$eq |_wH 74 $|T sVD
_. bD qw+ eT]jTT |Cs>+ : us< X + d+u$ +q |< q Tbq $es\T
es<\ sD+> sT \TwyT ysdt y<T\T, d+ b++ eTsD\T TbqT mT
&jT]j, eT]j e+{ eTVeTsT\T y|ksTT. (n&T>T\)
1737 VQ^ (|.u+>) 3,00,00 40
d. |+\T eT]jTT Vs ds|s\T :
1885 bbsTT+{(&c) 5,000 22
\yTq >\T\T, es\T T b+ q
|+\qT, Vs \\qT <+d+ #ksTT. ns{, =] 1971 bsB|t (&c) 10,000 7`20
e+ |+\T |qT qc >TsesTT. deTT<| 1977 Ns\, +<|<X 10,000 16`18
{ | eekjT u eTT\| |sTbsTT \eDjT 1990 +<|<X 990 13`17
(salinity) qT |+#TT+~. |+ qw+ e\ Vs =s
@s&TT+~. 1998 bsY+<sY TbqT 1,173 `
1999 bsB|t (&c) 9,885 30
&. eTwH:
>\T\ e\e $<TY, eTwH esT, f*bH 1.8 us<X+ #y\T
d+u\T, f*bH qT, m+{H\T, X{{ &dT\T b|dsY de wH, ~sT\T 2006
L*bsTT. |ks de\T *bsTT, eTwH s+q Climate Change and Disaster Risk Man-
d++<\ re n+sjT+ @s&TT+~ s\T, s&T agement | s + > & q X \+
syD esZ\ L& ++ @s&TT+~. dsq +>U + 1000 | > # y \T
eTwH eed be&+ e\ |qsyd keT d + u $ +#sTT. +< T 500 | >
|+|D| |ue+ |&TT+~. yjTT>T+&\T, 400 |> TbqT < re

#y\T @s& <X\T

1 m. #\ n~q
26 &^\ d*jTdt +f 2 c>\ e\ eTT
me> +& yw deTT<
c>\T yw, |>d, +dt yT| \T @s&
e T L & q >\T\ sTT.
sDeTesTT. _. | >d yw >*
e\q #T q >*
eT< q n\|&q b++ y|q
edT+~.
3 m. eTT 4 m. #y yjTT eed qT+& e# >\T\qT
+dt yT|\T n~ q > \ >\T\T
b&yq <s+> rdTsTT.
esTs _. n~q q b&
yT|\ |{\T> >* H e T~> T b qT
@s&sTT. eT< >&, TbqT
_. |* y| q +<+ @s& #dT+~.
e# >\T\T d. \yTq >\T\T TbqT
=]*jdt |ue+ sD+> eT< q +<+ #T sT>TsTT.
n\|&q b++ #T dT&T\T sT>TsTT. TbqT eed >\T\ # q es+Z H &TT+~.
$eq |_wH 75 $|T sVD
 usY, +><X\ d+u$+q |<q TbqT
d+es+ <X+ |sT eTsD\ d+K TbqT n\&
(mT n&T>T\)
1737 VQ^, |eT u+>(usY) 3,00,000 40
1876 usY>+C(+><X) 2,50,000 10-40
1885 b bsTT+{(]k) 5,000 22
1960 +><X 5,490 19 n+>T\T
1961 +><X 11,468 16
1970 |eT u+>, +><X 5,00,000 13-17
1971 bsB|t, ]k 10,000 7-20
1977 Ns\, +<|<X 10,000 16-18
1990 +<|<X 990 13-17
1991 +><X 1,38,000 7-20
1998 bsY+<sY TbqT 1,173 `
1999 bsB|t, ]k 9,885 30
Source: IMD Disastrous weather Events annual reports

TbqT HsTT. M{ 205 re Tbq wH q s#q |s=HsT.

d++~+q de#s+ |P]> \ueTe+~.
M{ 55 $TH&T rs b+ |u$+
#jT>, 59 +<|<X rs b+\qT <{sTT.
58 ]k rs sTT. 33 |eT u+>qT
sTT.
b+ { V&yT{js $|T\
eTT| e~] qT+& re ksTT es +{+~.
uu $|T\ |ue+ d\ ksTT qT+&
e~] ksTT es +{+~. V] >V
yj T Te\ | u e+ |s T > T T +& +
+>U + T b q d + K, | + eT& +
TTT|eq nq+s \+ |sT>T+<
n<jTq+ <s y\&sTT+~. yesD e]&
sD+> Tbq L&q >\T\ y>+ L&
|sT>T+< n<jTq+ |s=+~.
yesD e]& sD+> us<X rssK
y+& deTT< eT+ 2050 H{ 39 qT+& 57
d+{ MTsT, 2100 H{ 78 qT+& 114
d+{MTsT |]> neX+ +< b|dsY
$eq |_wH
#y\ e (frequency) ||+#+ $_q
b+\ _q sV\ +T+~. 7516.6
MTs b&yq us<X rssK ||+#+H
n+ #y & >\ b++> +~.
||+ #y|+ > d+u$ +# yTT+ Tbq dTesT
10 X+ us<X+ d+u$ksTT.
us<X+ yTT+ u yX\+ dTesT 8
X+ #y\ nqTe> +T+~.
us<X rssK d+u$+# yTT+ #y\
s +& T e+ T \T +>U + H
@s&sTT.
sT rs+ |eTu+>, ]k, +< |<X ,
$TH&T, |eT rs+ >TsY, eTVsh,
>y, s, s sc\T k<sD+> #y\
|uy >TsesTT.
>TsY, +<|<X, eTVsh, >y, s,
s, $TH&T, |<T#], &c, |eTu+>,
76 $|T sVD

]k d|sY dH
&c rs 1999 nsY 29q >+ 250 MTs
y>+ L&q d|sY #y TbqT +~. <X+ H
n+ reyTq TbqT> u$+#&TTq TbqT
10 y\ bD\qT *>=+~. 12 15 $T*jTq
eT+~| |ue+ #|+~. M] 3.5 $T*jTq eT+~
|\\T HsT. \~ eT+~ sXjTT\qT #d+~.
nbs d qc, |sesD |qT qc *++~.
yTT+ 10 sc\ dTesT 71 X+ u u>+
TbqT u] b++> +~.
n+&eH, usY Be\T, \Be\T +
Tbq >TseH +{sTT.
us< X + |eT rs+ +f sT rs+ me
TbqT eTT| * +~. yTT+ Tbq dTesT
80% sT rs sTT.
| d + e s + +>U + , n s _j
d+es\ @s& Tbq dTesT <T qT+&
sT we T+&\ #y\T rs T+{sTT.
+<T s +&T < eT&T # re+> +{sTT.
TbqT rs+ <f deTjT+ <TsT >\T\T,
u esb+, TbqT \T (Storm surges)
es<\T eksTT. M{ sD+> reyTq qw+
TT+~. +>U+ s u>| e+{ deTjT+ |\T s\ #y\T q|&T, y{
y&q, T e rs\ TbqT \| e\ >+<s>+ @s&+& +&+<T w eT+&\
|ue+ eT]+ me> +T+~.
+>U+, ns_j deTT< TbqT nqTe> #ksT. # d+<s\ weT+&\
4:1 w +{sTT.
#y TbqT >+ 65 qT+& 117 MTs
$eq |_wH
|eq y>+ d+u$d, \yTq #y TbqT
>+ 119 qT+& 164 MTs |eq y>+
nsY ` &d+sY ek\ eT< +<|<X,
$ T H & T rs\qT sTT. & c ,
|eTu+> rs\qT \yTq TbqT n~
d+K sTT.
| | + # + s T | < q # y eTT|
b+\ V+< eTVdeTT<+ L& {.
s V+< eTVdeTT<+ d+es,
d+es TbqT n\&T\T (Cyclonic distur-
bances) w eT+&\ TbqT\ e #
ed+ +T+~. y{ ]w deTjT+ n+
+&<T . nsTT, \+ bT Tbq d+K L&
> T Z T qT q & T +~. s V +<
eTV d e TT< + 3.1 beD $# \ q+
d+es d>Tq 15.7 TbqT n\&T\T
d+u$ksTT. 1984 @&T TbqT n\&T\T
#\s>>, 1927 23 TbqT\T e#sTT. 1949
e\+ { eyT s>, 1893, 1926,
1930, 1976\ 10 #=|q d+u$+#sTT.
w eT+&\ #y\ |sT |&+
*> >T]+#&+ bT @<H b++
#y\ |sT |&sT. n++& @ #y+
e\ n~ |e<+ +< |\T yqTy+H >T]+#&
#y\ n$ |PsjT es |sT +T+~.
|sT b+ { esTT+{sTT.
77 $|T sVD
 2. +<|<X #y\T
(Cyclones in Andhra Pradesh)

+>U+, n+&eH deTT<+, <D #H

deTT<\ <$+# TbqT k<sD+> $TH&T,
+<|<X, ]k, |eT u+> rs\qT #ssTT.
rs b+\T Te+{ y|\ eT]+ nqTe>
+{sTT. >& q X+ 10y\ eT+~ |> bD\qT
V]+q n+ bD+ TbqT 1971 nsY
]k, 1977 qe+sY 19q +< | < X
d+u$+#sTT.
1977 qe+sY 19q $ T H & T rs
T+< u$+q #y+ +<|<X k
b++ c, ><e] &qT +~. n& |\ * q|{, =$T~ \qT n+ TbqT eTT|
eTT+<dT V#] # \d+> #s&+ < nd\T q y{> >T]+#&+ ]+~. 1891 qT+& 2009
n+<be&+ e\q >T+sT, < #TT|\ eT< +<|<X rs 103 |> TbqT sTT.
<<| 10y\ eT+~ #bjsT. n<$<+> 1990 yTT+ 9 rs b+ H\sT 11 re TbqT, 21
eq TbqT e\ <<| ysTT eT+~ #bjsT. 10 k<sD TbqqT m<Ts=+~. c 8, sT ><e]
1.25 _*jTH &\s qw+ y{*+ ~. 1977 qT+& 4, l+ 4 re TbqqT #$ #XsTT. $jTq>s+
1992 eT< TbqT, es<\ e\q 13,000 eT+~ rs b++ # e> +T+~. n+<Te\q
eTsD+#>, 3,38,000 |Xe\T #bjsTT. dTesT mTe+{ TbqT & >T] <T. B |eT
3.3 $T*jTq <+deTjsTT. ><e] L& \+ mTe+{ TbqT
+<|<X rs+ y+& C+|+ eT]jTT >T]be&+ >eTHs+.
eT|+ eT< q u>+ TbqT n\&T\ n+ >&q <Xu\ TbqT d+u$+#&+ |]+~.
nqTe> +T+~. | s+&T, eT&T d+es\ |qT TbqT se&+,
sT rs+ msTTq TbqT n\&T\ sh ] eedqT |u$+ #d, ], d+k>
nqTe> q $u> +>\T eT]jTT eT|+ eqsT\qT n\+ #jT&+ L& k<sD+>
eT< q b+ {> >T]+#&+ ]+~. e]+~. 2001 Hu \ |s+ +<|<X
rs b+ yTT+ 31.57 $T*jTq eT+~
||+#+ s b+\ b\T+f sT eddT+&>, 2.9 $T*jTq eT+~ TbqT eTT|qT *
rs+ y+& TbqT s| X+ y nsTTq|{, HsT. <<| 3.3 $T*jTq eT+~ rs sK qT+& 5
TbqT *+# bD, d qc\T e+ # n~+> MTs | <s+ eddTHsT.
+THsTT.
#y+ H\qT q|&T n~ y>+ L&q +<|<X Tbq >T] e&
>\T\T, u es\ sDeTeT+~. es\T
es<\ <]rdTHsTT. 1986 >dT eq TbqT sD\T :
e\ eq es<\T ><e] & reyTq qc 1. +>U+ d+u$+# d>+ TbqT s#T>
sDeTjsTT. TbqT n\&T\ L&q re #y\T>
+<|<X rsb++ yTT+ Tbq eTT|qT es&+.
$eq |_wH 78 $|T sVD
 2. rs+ y+& T +& b+\T nk<sD
es<\ , T deTT<| { eTT+|q >Te&+. 1891`2009 eT< eq TbqT
3. rs+ y+& Hu, eT* edT\T, ] re TbqT k<sD TbqT
sb\T n~+> +B+ e&+. 1. H\sT 11 21
4. es< d+sD , k>T{ bsT<\ eed\ T, eTTsT>T 2. c 8 15
{ \Te\T, q\ sVD deT+>
be&+ 3. sT ><e] 4 11
5. deT> rs b+ eT+&\, & sVD b e&+. 4. l+ 4 10
5. $XK|+ 3 7
#y\ |uy\T 6. |X+ 2 4
1977 qe+sY d+u$+q TbqT n+ 7. >T+sT 1 2
8.
u j T + s y T q T b qT> +< | < X # ] |eT ><e] 0 0
*bsTT+~. 9941 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 900 eT+~ 9. $jTq>s+ 0 0
| > > \ + j s T . 34 \ \ eT+~ | >
sXjTT\jsT. 2.5 \\ |Xe\T #bjsTT. #y d+<s+> d+u$+# bD qw+
33,36,000 ms |+ qw+ ]+~. 10,14,800 n~+> Tbq bT s#T> e# es<\T,
<HsTT. |uT, |\ #+~q ueH\ $< +ds y T q TbqT n\&T\ sD+>H sT>TT+~.
s.172 qw+ y{*+~. reyTq #y Tbq 90 X |> eTsD\T
#y\ eTTKyTq |uy\qT ~>Te $<+> eTTbe&+ e\H d+u$ksTT. TbqT n\&T\T
eZ]+#e#T. +& #y| Tbq eTsD\T # e>
+{sTT.
bD qw+, >j\T, n+Ty<T\T, &
y H { eTT+| bT ueH\T L*
d++~+q s s> deTd\T be&+ e+{ y{ s+&+{ e\ eTsD\T d+u$ksTT.
yk\qT e&+ eTsD bT {e\ e# &jT]j, nks+,
|X d+|<qT e&+, |+\, eekjT f b sTT& , y s V| f { d t e+{ n+Ty< T \T,
\ qw+. qyj, ]+<>TZ e+{ XdXy<T\T, T,
|C ks\ qw+ >k m+{{dt, \s, yTsT, s+ yTT<\>T y<T\T
|sesD eed n+sjT+, qw+. eksTT.

$eq |_wH 79 $|T sVD

 3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
(Cyclones Mitigation Strategies)

3.1 |]#jT+ 3.3 |XeTq #s\T

#y\T, $ksy T q |]~, |qT>\T\ L&, 3.3.1. sD |XeTq #s\T:
n\|&q +<+ #T e\js+ ]> $<+ds m. VQs k< TbqT w\sT:
TbqT\T (Cyclones are Violent storms , often of vast
extent Characterized by high winds rotating about a calm
rs b+\ = |<X\ dsq
Vs k< TbqT w\sqT ]+#*. w\sqT
centre of low atmospheric pressure). n\|&q +<+
TbqT q|&T |qsyd +<\T>, k<sD
s#T> >+ 50 MTs y>+ <T\TT+~. deTj bsX\\T < eT{ +<\T>
us<X+ rs b+ eTseTs e# |j+#Te#T. TbqT deTjT+ >+&T bsTqT
#y\ (TbqT) e\ |< mTq bD qw sT>TT+~. |Xe\, yTT<{ n+dTqT eTqTw\ w\sT>
JeHb~ neX\T <+{sTT. |uT, |yT y&e#T.
dT\ qw+ y{\TT+~. eT* edT\T re+> _. rs b++ yTT\T H&+:
<+{sTT. $<+ > $|T d+u$ +q|&T k~+q rssK y+& XdjT |< |# e\qT
n_e~ s>eTq esZ+ |&TT+~. H&+ e\q TbqT |uy Z+#e#T. |#
e\ @s&q V] yTK\ (green belt) qc
3.2 TbqT V#] ZdT+~. n&e\T \yTq >\T\T, d es<\qT
# y + @s & { =+ d e Tj T + n&T H $ksy T q |s Y CH (buffer zone) > | #ksTT.
rdTq|{, n$ rs b+\qT kT> sTT. n&e\T # #y+ T b++ *>
|jDdT+~. sD> *# n&e\T # sT |<
#y <*, n~ @s& rsT, n~ |jT+# esZ mTq uu>+| |eV+, $<+k sDeT
X{{ |d>>\<T. eTT+<T> }V+q #y eT+~. n&e\T q+#&+ e\ esTd> e# #y\T
|jT+# esZ+ V#]\T C #d, b+\qT T b++ eT]+> #=#TbsTT.
U #sTT+#e#T.
d. +sY sD\T(( Engineered Structures):
nsTT #y\T u$T m|&T jTq~ sD\T \yTq >\T\qT TH $<+>
=~ >+\ eTT+<T eyT }V+#>\T>TsT. +&*. eT+ d m+| #dTe&+ L& #
#y\T u $T m|&T, m& jTq~ +> eTTK+. rs b+\ n~ X+ ue H\qT k+>
#|&+ # w+. \_+# keTH ]ksT. n+<T +]+>
us< X + w eT+&\ #y\T, u es\T, <\T @MT +&e.
VeTb\T, o\ eT]jTT e&>\T\ d++~+q | y{ bT ~>Te |s=q eT+ sD |<T\qT
V#]\qT us yesDXK C #dT+~. TbqT b{+#*.
V#]\qT X{{ <] $|T V#]\ eed, #y >* TbqT rs b+\qT eTT+#
s&j, f*$H, f*bH, b, V |j]{ TsTT. {, ueH\qT msTTq ~H\T <
f*>eTT\T, Vs+> | q\T, | | q\ <s eT{ ~\| ]+#*.
#ksT.
$eq |_wH 80 $|T sVD
 qT >*, es< $<+d+ qT+& TH $<+> |j D+q esZ\T ]wy T q yjTT y>\T d+u$ +q
<&+> ]+#*. sD\qT |{ +# n rsTqT *jTCksTT. y| e| s# #y\
>TsjT b+\qT dw+> *jTCksTT. ~ #y
eT\\T edTe \T | >jT +& < m>s +&
n&TH $<+> +&*. <VsD | |\T reqT, b++ |\T s\ qw re\qT n+#H
u> eTT+<T e+ +&+& C> |&*. yjT & |j >|& T T+~. y| e|qT >+
esTd> +& e\T e#+ > | #d, es<\ yesD ]sT\T, yjTT y> #], es<\ e
T
& ZksTT. yTT<\>T y{ <s+> jsT #ksT.
ueH\T >*, { n&TH $<+> +&*. _. u $j>+| jT+D:
Vs ds|s\qT \ #d ueH\T >\T\T, { <Ts\ b+\ wyTq sb\T
qT+& s+|& $<+> +&*. w+> +& $<+> u $j> jT+DqT
qB q\qT d+s+#*. eTwH qqT
sb+~+#&+ ]+~. es<\T d+u$+# yT<q
b+ +& ds y T q yk\T <<| |P]> eTT|qT
u>s+ yj*. * +{sTT. {, u $j>+ \ edT\
$|T <Ts\ b+\ eT{ w\sT> \ q | d ] > +&*. u $j >
|j>|&+<T <&yTq qT ]+#*. eTB]+#& $<H\qT sb+~+#&+ bT
&. es< sVD (Flood management) : ueq sD &\qT neT\T #j*.
#y |u$ b+\ +&b es\T, d. TbqqT >T]+#&+, V#]+#&+:
\yTq >\T\T, TbqT re yTT<\>Tq$ es<\ #y\qT deT+> n+#H yd, |\
<]rksTT. ub\T (landslides) d+u$+# neX+ s>, d\+ V#]+#&+ e\ ysT $|TqT
L& +~. n+<Te\ es< |Xe Tq #s \qT rdTy*. m<Ts=e& dq<eTesT. <s bD, d,
. e deTV yTTsT>T|s#&+ : JeHb~, eT* edT\| |ue+ ~+#&TT+~.
yTT\, e\ ysT H\qT # #<s+& #d, u$wY d+u$+# | y|\ bD,
eTj y]ksTT. { |yV n&T, d qc\qT ~+#+<T +< + eT+XK rs
es<\qT y]+#&+ < Z+#&+ #ksTT. #qT b+ sc\T, +< b* b+\ CrjT #y
esTd> H&+ e\ n$ >* n&TH wind break> eTT| |XeTq bC (National Cyclone Risk Mitiga-
|j>|&sTT. reyTq y>+ M# >\T\qT tion Project (NCRMP) ) qT eT&T <X bs+_++~.
n&Te& rs b+ XjT sD (Coastal
Shelterbelt) y T T \qT n_ e ~ # j *. ~ re 3.4 CrjT #y eTT| |Xe Tq
$HXqsyTq |uy\qT ZdT+~. ]k y|+
#y eTT| q rs b+\ y+& rs b+ bC ( )
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
sD yTT\T He\dq neds m #|+~. \+: #y\qT n+#H yd, y{ esZ
+<Td+ m+#T=q& yTT\ CT\T e\+ \yTq |d> f , V#] eed\ qT yTsT>T|s# & + , VQ $|T
TbqT >\T\qT TH $<+> +&yT +&
eTj n&TH $<+> L& +&*. eTT| sD+ keTs sD+, VQ |jq
TbqT w\sT, q\ sD+ yTT<\>T \\
3.3.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T : bCqT #|&+ ]+~. bC <s ]k
m. y|\ e|\T jsT #jT&+(Hazard map- 5.60 +<|<X 5.50 \\ eT+~ |jq+
ping) \T>TT+< u$dTHsT. bCqT CrjT $|T
>* y>, ~X\ d++~+q yesD sVD b~s d+d (The National Disaster Managment
]sT\ T b++ >\T\ d+ueqT *jTCksTT. Authority (NDMA) <s neT\T #ksT. bCqT
< <s #y\qT bs+u re+>q, s#T> mH&m+m, +< + eeVs\ XK s+s+
# $<+ds+>q +T+~. > ]sT\T, n$ |syksTT.
$eq |_wH 81 $|T sVD
bC eTTU+X\T: dV sh ksTT @C\T, d+d\ keTs sD+
dVs+ n+<CjT&+.
eT{ dMTsD, D
3. ]k d&m+ <<\qT neT\T #jT&+ :
TbqT w\sT , s&T sD+, q\
]|sT e+{
TbqT eTT| |XeTq eT* edT\ sD+ +<T u>+> bsB|t ` <s>b|PsY `
* n><\ bT rs b+ ne| $u>
$|T eTT| sVD| keTs sD d&m+ |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ dV sh ksTT
k+ dVs+ n+~+#&+ @C\T, d+d\ keTs sD+ dVs+
bC sVD, neT\T dVs+ bT n+<CjT&+.
keTs sD+, $Cq de#s dw+#&+. 4. |eT u+> d&m+ <<\qT neT\T
neT\T #jT& sc\T : #jT&+:
yTT<{ <X bCqT ]k, +<|<X bC ejT+ s.1425 T. B 2015
sc\ neT\T #ksT. &d+sY 31 H{ |P] #j\ ssTT+#sT.
bC ejT+ :
bC yTT+ ejT+ s.1496.71 T. 3.6 #y\T ueH\| |ue+
||+# u+ s.1198.44 deqyTq ] #y\T ||+ #+ nH b+ bD\,
dVs n+~dT+&>, ]k |uT+ s.132.98 dT\ u eTT| y{\CdTHsTT. | d+es+
T, +<|<X s.165.29 T u]dTHsTT. d+u$dTq $<+dsyTq #y\T eT esZ+
+& rs b+\T, Be\ |qT $<+d+ dwdTHsTT.
3.5 dMT rs b+ eT+&\ >* L&q TbqT e\ n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T,
sVD bC es\ e# es<\T, y{ bT TbqT n\&T\T
(Integrated Caostal Zone Management Project \>\d re $<+d+ dwksTT. 1977 qe+sY 19q
(ICZMP)) $TH&T rs T+< u$+q #y+
us |uT+ +< |sesD eT]jTT nM +<|<X k b++ c, ><e] &qT
eT+XK n<s+ dMT rs b+ eT+&\ +~. n& |\ eTT+<dT V#] # \d+>
sVD bC ( ICZMP) qT bs+_++~. <X+ deT> #s& + < nd\T n+<b e&+ e\q #eT+~ |\T
#bjsT. k<sD TbqT n\& (storm sturge) e\
rs b+ sVD << neT\T #jT&+, >TsY, 65 >e\T, T&|Tb>, dTesT 21 >e\T
]k, |eT u+> sc\ dMT rs b+ qy +&bjsTT. TbqT n\& 5.7 MTs
eT+&\ sVD << |+b+~+#&+ CrjT (19 n&T>T\) mT, 80 MTs (50 yT) b&e, 16
keTs sD+ u s | u T d V s + MTsT (10 yT ) y&\ T qT s]+#&+ ]+~.
n+~+#&yT bC |<H<X+. ~ >+ 190 MTs (120 yT) y>+ rs
bC H\T>T n+X\T HsTT. n$ +~. TbqT & >Tsq u~T n~\T
1. keTs sD+: e\q L\T e&+ >eTHs+. Be\ eTT\qT
+<T $|T sK\ (hazard lines) e|+>, |&+ w+> e]+~.
>T]+#&+, V<T\T ssTT+#&+, us<X rs b++ 3.6.1 n+ <Ts\yTq >V\T
y+& rs b+ ne| $u>\qT (Coastal sediment) #y+ e\ eqe yd <Ts\+ n~
>T]+#&+. H\= q |<X + , #y+ d+u$ +# d+ue (Prob-
2. >TsY dMT rs b+ eT+&\ sVD ability), <e\ qwbjT ueH\ ksTT| <s|&
<<\qT neT\T #jT&+: +T+~. n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T, TbqT n\&T\
+<T u>+> > |t #Y dV rs b+ ueH\T T jT&\ y{ <Ts\yTq y{>
ne| $u> d&m+ |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ |]>DksT. k<sD+>, \| #{\ L&q *
$eq |_wH 82 $|T sVD
b{ sD\T, |+, [bsTTq \|, \VqyTq
>&\T * qTe+{ b ueH\T #y\
n+ <Ts\+ * +{sTT. +T u\
|\e+> ]+q L& <Ts\ +> +{sTT. ~>Te
b+ Be +& |D, >MTD eT{\T, T
rs b+ |\T < qB es< yT<H ed+#
y] #y\ <Ts\yTq y]> |]>D+#&sT.
+, b++, ueH\T, TbqT & >TsjT rsT
b<$ T ksTT TbqT >* y>+ | <s|& +T+~.
3.6.2 ueH\| |uy\T
TbqT n\&, n~ y>+ L&q >\T\
|sekq+> k<sD+> ~>Te |s=q&q qc\T
\T>TsTT.
e\T L*bsTT syD, dVjT #s\
++ *+#&+
dH b dT\ T, $<TY d+ u\T, {H$TwH H es
qc\T y{\&+
deT+> {\T, { #{\ qw+
y{\&+
| |\ qw+ s>&+
deT+> |>&\T L*be&+
|\T s\ |V >&\T L*be&+
n~ e& sD+> >&\ bT | |\T
L*be&+
* b{ | |\T *, b&yq >&\T q
u b]X$T ue H\T |*, y\T|* >*
sD+> L*be&+
dtukdt s\T |dTus&+
qT| d+u\| | |> ydq qT| s\T
m]be&+
3.6.3 ue H\ qw+ y{\ +& rdTe\dq
sD #s\T
1. d\ m+|
#y >* TbqT\T (cyclonic windstorms)
k<sD+> dw+# TbqT s+>\T rs b+
eTT+yksTT. #y |u$ b+\, rs b+
dMT|+ eTT+| ksTT m>Teq +& $<+> d
m+#Ty*. dV d<yTq msTTq |<X+ \u+
q|&T TbqT n\&T\T >]w ksTT #s mT es
$eq |_wH
mTe+{ >&\T < _>TdTbjT &\T +&
msTTq d+u\T (stilt) MT< < eT{ ~H\|
]+#Ty*.
2. H\T eT]jTT d\eTT(Platforms and orientation)
m. $&> +& ueH\ Bs #Tsks+ <
#Tsks |D[ +f e\js <
VQeTTK |D[ s m+#Ty*.
_. > _ | D [ ]+# & q nkw e
(assymmetrical) yTq ueq+ +f <yTq H
(compact platform) ]+#&q kwe ueq+
(symmetrical building) eT]+ ds+> +T+~.
nkw e sD+ >\T\T/ # y \
d++~+q qc\ eT]+ nqTe> +T+~.
3. |H<T\T
|H~ s|\ q #d deTjT+ ~>Te e&q
bs$TT\qT |+& |]>Dq rdTe\dq
neds+ +T+~.
m. TbqT n\& < es< |ue+: u es+,
y s+>\ n\& L&q #y TbqT
T b+\qT es< eTT+#TT+~. y
s+>\ n\& rs 10 qT+& 15 MTs
es |jDdT+~. ~ rs |jD+# =~
<+ #\&TT+~.
_. msTTq d+u\ (stilts)| ueH\T:msTTq
d+u\| ueH\qT ]+#|&T d+u\T
s T y | _> T T > Hj ? < ? n
|]o*+#&+ neds+.
4. y z|+>
m. ><+ { +&q|&T n$ jT y&
m<Ts <TsT> ws T +& s +&T H\T +#*.
n+ $T+ | | +< mTe+{ z|+>
({\T e+{$) +&s<T
_. \T|\T, {\ \+> \T yd @sT
+&*. >dT / \| bH >{> _+ +&*.
5. >dT bH*+> (Glass Panelling)
m. Tbq d+<s + n~ y>+ L&q >* |&q +
< >* ms edTe\ e\ >E {\T,
>y\T |*bT+{sTT. >E >y\T (panes)
# dq> +&+ e\ >* |&H\ *>
|*bsTT.
_. n+<Te\ >E |\ |]eD Z+#*.
83 $|T sVD
 y{| bd | < ||sY d|t n+#*.
d. >E |\ y\T|\ yT{* b_/yTwtqT
neTs*.
&. ws dsq \T @sT #j*. >&\
#{\qT >{> neTs*.
6. || sD+ (Roof Architecture)
m. y\T *q || (Pitched roof) L&q
ue H\T, w y T q |<X \| >* |u y <w
|T s|t bCqT 500 $TMTs +f
e> +& $<+> #&*.
_. | | MT< >* &T\qT Z+#&+ d+
@y\T sV | | (gable type roof) +f
|s$T& < V|t sV | | eT+~.
#y\ e\ *> qc |q |s=q f\J\T,
|<T\ <s Z+#Te#T. >* y> Z+, qc
~+#& rs b+\T, n |< |< eek|q\
>* M# ~X y+& w\sYu yTT\qT H{*.
3.7 dH dqT rdTe\dq
C>\T
1. s&j < {M\ yesD $es\qT $H*.
TbqT V#] C nsTTq d+<s+ |
] n|eT+ #j*. k<sD+> & ds
<s < +{+{ ] #| &+ <s n|eT+
#jTe#T.
2. MT b++ q dTs+> \<#TH
b+\ ( T b qT w\ s T , | u e H\T
yTT<\>Tq$)qT, y{ #sTe& n <>Z],
dTs esZ\qT >T]+#Ty*.
3. +{ e< meTs {qT d<+> +#Ty*.
4. MT , #TT|\ b+\T dTs+> +&
#dTy*. \T|\T, { \ T, | | &T, >&\qT
TbqT dqT eTT+< s{|{+>, ]|sT
#sTT+#&+ <s |{w|sT#Ty*.
5. d]|& Vs <H\T, { dTs |<X\
\ #dTy*.
6. MT d++~+q eTTKyTq |\qT meTs
{ +#Ty*.
7. k bdT dw H , \ |d T e+{ eTTKyTq
n&dT\T, y{ bqT q+s C_qT jsT
$eq |_wH
#dT , Vs+>+> |+# $<+ > |Ty*.
8. TbqT V#] C nsTT+<qT u$+,
me] ysT e & sV+#Ty*.
TbqT V#] C nsTTq|&T #jT e\dq~
1. eT]+ de#s+ d+ k s&j, {M <
eT{ V#] eed n+~+# de#s
$H*.
2. {\T, \T|\+{ eTdyj*. \T|\qT
b&T, +{| +&by*.
3. V s | < s \ qT ysY | P | t d + # T \
u<|s#Ty*.
4. MT +{ d++~+q $\Tyq dT\ C_qT
jsT #dT+&. MT |\T, +<Te\
d++~+q de#s y\+{s , n~sT\
y*.
5. meTs {qT d<+ > +#T, reyTq TbqT
V#] C nsTTq |+ MT T+u
|{wyTq | ueq+ < TbqT w\sT
rdT*.
6. deTT<+ y kVd+ #jTs<T.
7. y#<H # <TdT\qT <]+, sD b+<*.
<s+> y* ed #jTe\dq$
1. s&j ys\qT m|{|&T $+ +&*.
2. >\T\T nkT> qZ |{, jT y <s +
#jT s<T. n~ TbqT eTT+<T |X+ e#T.
n~s+> jTsY |q e# es y
#&*.
3. MTsT yVq+ +f, deTT<, #, $<TY
q, { |yV\ <s+> \b*.
TbqT sTy #jTe\dq$
1. n+ dTs + > qT n~] | q y\Te&
es jT yL&<T. y +{ U
#d, <s+> +f, ] se# d+# es
y +&*. n~sT\T d+q es+Z H ]
sy*. =+<s |&L&<T.
2. kqT y*+# eTT+<T J\qT F #j*.
3. $<TY |]s\qT u> su{q sTy
|j+#*.
4. beTT\ u] qT+& C>> +&*.
5. L*q $<TY d+u\T, <q _&\T, ueH\T,
# | C>> +&*.
6. es< { |y+#s<T.
84 $|T sVD
1970 qT+& 2005 eT< d+u$+q TbqT eTsD+q y] d+K
e d+es+ b++ eTsD+q y] d+K
1. 1971 sT rs+ 9658
2. 1972 +<|<X ]k 100
3. 1977 #H, s, +<|<X 14,204
4. 1979 +<|<X 594
5. 1981 >TsY 470
6. 1982 >TsY eTVsh 500
7. 1984 $TH&T +<|<X 512
8. 1985 +<|<X 5000
9. 1990 +<|<X 957
10. 1990 ]k 250
11. 1999 ]k 8913
source: World Bank

2013 esTd TbqT

2013 esTd> H\T>T re TbqT yqTy+H d+u$+#&+ k<sD |\ +& |sesD y\,
|uT\ L& +<q *k+~. 2013 yT qT+& &d+sY eT< |{ es sT rs+ <T TbqT
d+u$+#sTT. n$: eTVdH(2013 yT), |*H (2013 nsY), VH(2013 qe+sY), VsY(2013 qe+sY),
e~(2013 &d+sY). +<T eTVdH { eyT k<sD TbqT >, $T>e |qT TbqT. 2013
nsY 12q &c >b|PsY e< rs q |*H TbqT + eTT+<q&T u $<+k
dw++~. 1999 ]k d|sY dH nq+s+ n+{ |qT TbqT> |*HqT |s=qe#T. |*H &c
sh+H 18 1.33 eT+~| |ue+ #|+~. |*H TbqT, < e\ eq es<\ sD+>
&c 2.1 \\ |P]> <+deTjsTT. &c sc s. 4,200 qw+ y{*+~. >&q 23
d+es\ mq& $<+> &c, +<|<X sc\ |uT+ 5,50,000 eT+~ dTs b+\
s*++~. s+&T sc\ bT n+&eH usY Be\T, Cs+&, |eT u+>, #rdt>&, ;VsY,
s|<X = b+\qT L& |*H eD++~. |*H & Hb d, >+& q<T\ es<\T
e#sTT. n& @{ |Tq+> sT|H <XH |+&> TbqT sD+> |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. us
yesD XK |*HqT n+ reyTq #y TbqT n\&(Very severe cyclonic storm)> eZ]++~.
TbqT rs+ <f deTjT+ >+ 260 MTs |> y>+ >\T\T MXsTT. |*H, < nq+s+ eq
VH, VsY ~s Tbq +<|<X k b++ sT\T 12 \\ ms\ |+qT |P]> jsT.
~ yTT+ K|t $ds+ 7e e+T +T+~. e n~] >D+\T eyT. nq~] n+#H\ |s+
qw+ + me> +&e#T. esTd> edTq Tbq e\q $|yTq |+, d, |X qw+ bT bD qw+
L& >DjT+> +{+~. nsTT >+ b\T+f |&T |uT\T #|&TTq $|T sVD se\
e\q bD qc u> Z+#>*q|{, |+ qc\qT, |sesD $<+k, $|T\ e\ e# s qc\qT
~+#&+ k<+ e&+ <T.
$eq |_wH 85 $|T sVD
 m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. d&sY (SIDR) nqT TbqT +><XqT qw+ dTHMT\ e\ V \T> >\ rsb+eTT (1)
*++~ @ d+es+? (1) 1) 5700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT
1) 15`11`2007 2) 15`11`2008 3) 3700 MTsT 4) 2700 MTsT
3) 12`10`2006 4) 12`10`2008 11. @ sEq reyTq TbqT ]k rs <<|
2. +< |<X |qTTbqT d+u$ + ud+K |\ 10,000 eT+~ |\qT #+|+~, ]k 12
bD\qT b>={q TbqT d+u$+q sE (1) 15 $T*jTq eT+~ qweTT *+q~? (4)
1) 15`11`1977 2) 15`11`1978 1) 29`8`1996 2) 29`8`1997
3) 15`11`1976 4) 15`11`1975 3) 29`8`1998 4) 29`8`1999
3. @ sEq +<|<X |qTTbqT e 10,000 12. ddt nH e @ uc|<+ qT+& e+~? (4)
eT+~ |> #bjsT? (1) 1) #dt e 2) {H e
1) 15 qe+sY 1977 2) 15 qe+sY 1978 3) |+ e 4) ^ e
3) 15 qe+sY 1976 4) 15 qe+sY 1975 13. 1970 @ <X+ TbqT e\ 50,000 eT+~
4. @ d+es+ +<|<X d+u$+q reyTq #bjsT? (3)
TbqT e\ 63,40,000 eT+~ sXjTT\T njsT 1) |*| H 2) +&Hwj
eT]jTT 26,00,000 eT+~ |\ qw+ y{*+~? 3) +><X 4) ee\T
1) 1997 2) 1998 (3) 14. +><X 50,000 eT+~ #+|q TbH @
3) 1996 4) 1995 d+es+ d+u$++~? (1)
5. TbqT\ ny+#jT |ue+ (4) 1) 1970 2) 1971
1) nek|q qw+ 2) <s|ks\ qw+ 3) 1972 4) 1969
3) $<TY ++ 4) |e 15. Cyclone nH e Cyclos nqT ^ e qT+&
6. j ed+# 4 _*jTq Hu m+ X+ @s&+~. Cyclos e ns+ (2)
rs b+\ <>Zs edksT? (1) 1) TbH 2) beTT #T
1) 7% 2) 6% 3) |q 4) +~ u>+
3) 5% 4) 4% 16. >*yq (V]H) (1)
7. 1970 @ <XeTT TbqTe\ 50,000 eT+~ 1) | $|T 2) eqe |] $|T
eTsD+#sT? (1) 3) dTHMT 4) u$T $]|&+
1) +><X 2) +&Hwj 17. d&s Y (SIDR) nH TbH +><X qT m|&T +~?
3) |*|H 4) ee\T 1) 15 qe+sY 2005 (4)
8. TbqT nq> H$T? (3) 2) 15 qe+sY 2006
1) ss >+ de (|<D) >\T\ L&q 3) 15 &d+sY 2007
n\ |&q eed 4) 15 qe+sY 2007
2) s s >+ n|de (n|< D ) >\T\ L&q 18. d&sY (SIDR) nqT TbH +><XqT qw+
n~ |&q eed *++~ @ d+es+? (1)
3) s s >+ n|de >\T\ L&q n\|&q 1) 2007 2) 2008
eed 3) 2009 4) 2006
4) ss >+ de >\T\ L&q n~ |&q 19. @ d+es+ rs +< b+ c`><e] &\
eed |qT TbH d+u$ + ;u + dw+ +~? (2)
9. TbqT\ ny+#jT |ue+ (4) 1) 1976 2) 1977
1) n+]sDeTTq V 3) 1978 4) 1979
2) ub\T 20. 1977 qe+sY 19q $TH&TqT e\dq TbqT
3) $<TY +eTT @ b+ | >e\qT <+d+ #d+~?
4) |$ n 1) +<|<X 2) s (1)
10. us<XeTT TbqT s+>\T, TbqT\T eT]jTT 3) s 4) ]k
$eq |_wH 86 $|T sVD
 IV . dTHMT
1. dTHMT` sD\T, |uy\T
2. dTHMT` |XeTq ePV\T
 1. dTH$T ` sD\T, |uy\T
(Tsunami - Causes and Effects)

1.1 |]#jT+
dTH$T nH |<+ dT (Tsu) eT]jTT H$T (nami)
nH s+&T |dt |<\ \sTT @s&+~. |dt
dT nq> z&se, eT]jTT H$T nq> s+>\T n
ns+. dTH$T n+f, eTVdeTT<+ e+{ XjT+
u |]eD+ sT kq u+X+ #+<&+ e\q
d+u$+# { s+>\ esTd n ns+. (A tsunami (in
Japanese 'tsu' means harbor and 'nami' means wave) is a
series of water waves caused by the displacement of a
large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean). (tides) e\ mTe+{ qw+ d+u$+#<T.
dTHMT nH |< ks+> $j+#+<T dTH$T d+u$ +q|&T { s+ >\T 15 MTsT
1963 nyT] VysTT ]q n+srjT < n++f me mT m>d, rs b+ |\
Xdy\ d<dT n+^]+#&+ ]+~. re qw+ \T>CksTT. #]qT |]o*d, ||+#
$T uw dTH$T ]a |s (Aazhi y|+ > dTHMT\T e+<\, y\ d+K |\ bD\qT
peralai) n+{sT. V]+#sTT. dMT|+ @s&q u+b\ e\ e#
u+|+ e\ e# dTHMT\ e\q deTT<| H\ dTHMT\T rs b+ $Tc #sT +{sTT. s+ >\T
nqV+> $rsD #+~, <| +& sT |< mTq >< \ (shallow water) |y+#>H nH
kq#\q+ #+<TT+~. deTT< eT{ ~>Teq d+u$ +# n&T>T\ mTq md|&sTT. = d+<s |<T\
u+b\ e\q, <| deTT\q d +& sT n&T>T\ mT m>d, rs b++ yTT T&|&sTT.
kqu+X+ #+<TT+~. Be\ $&T<\jT X e |< u +|+ d+u$ +q sT y dTHMT |e< ee~
s+>&\q |]$T (amplitude) *, # dTBsyTq nH >+\ bT =qk>TT+~.
s+> <s+ (wavelength) *q (k] e+<\ 1.2 dTHMT sD\T
MTs b&yq) dTH$T s+>\qT #dT+~.
#] qy<q yTTyTT<{ dTH$T .|P. d T HMT\T | < q+> H\T> T s D \ e\
479 @jTH deTT<+(Aegean Sea) d+u$++~. T sTT. n+< T eT& T s D \T u >[
dTHMT\ #+~q yTTyTT<{ C_qT nyT] #\H\(geological movement) e\ qeTesTT. n$:
#+~q V 1934 sb+~+#&T. sT y 1947 1. u+|+ bT e# u+X #\H\T(fault
. |P. 479 qT+& .X. 1946 es d+u$+q 270 movements)
dTHMT\ $es\qT &]+#&T. 2. ub+(landslide)
<<| 80% dTHMT\T |d| eTVdeTT<+ 3. n |s $kq+
n |s $kH\T, u+b\T dsk<sD+> 4. b+
+& ]+> |t |sY(Ring of Fire)H d+u$dT+{sTT.
dTHMT\qT k<sD+> y s+>\T (tidal
1. u+|+ bT e# u+X #\H\T:
waves) n L& n+{sT, , ydy bTbT\T dTHMT\ $ n+ ds k<sDyTq sD+>
$eq |_wH 89 $|T sVD
#|e#T. $ |< mTq X $&T<\ #d, eTV
deTT<\qT d+ <f keTs+ * +{sTT. M{
#\H\ re u +|+ m+ y>+ > d+u$ ++~, m+
sT kq u+ X+ #+~q~ nq<| <s|& +T+~.
eTV deTT<+ s dT<s b+\
d+u$+# n|< u+b\ e\q L& dTHMT\T
se#T. u+b\ sD+> e# s+>\T >+
e+<~ MTs y>+ |j D+, u +b\T eq
# >+\T sTy rs sTT. b{> +
deTT<| eT| ksTT +&, s#T> e# k<sD
bTbT\ _q+> +& dTHMT s+>\qT q
deTT<+ |\ s|< <XH >eT+#e#T.
<X dTH$T s+ >\T 100 MTs es
s+ ><s + (wavelength) * q|{, T e>
+&, >+ e+<\ MTs y>+ |jDksTT.
<VsD u+|+ dt @+CqT , $kH\T < |< |< b |uy\ sD+>
s D +> e# d T HMT {qT C { y > + + f
n~y>+ #sTT+~.
dTHMT\T <<| deTT< u\+ +< <
eTVdeTT<+ dMT|+ d+u$+# u+b\ sD+>
deTT< u\ #\q+ e\q dw+#&sTT.
2. ub+:
dTHMT <]rd n+ s +&e k<sD sD+..
{ +< @s& < deTT< y\T|\ @s&, nq+s+
{ #=s& ub+ (landslide).
ub++ sD+> n|< dTH$T 1958
n\k *Tju d+u$++~. Be\ @s&q
s+>+ rs sK qT+& 50 qT+& 150 MTs mT es
m>d|&+~.
3. n |s $kq+:
n | s + $k q+ # + < & + . rs
2. dTH$T s+> fH @s&+
1 . + s Z u + X # \ q+,
ub+, < n|s
$kq+
$eq |_wH
dMT|+ < { |\ q n|s+
bs+ u+X #s (fault) < n |s |\T&T
d+<s + > d+u$ +qf | m>jT &+ < +be&+
s>e#T. 1883 +&Hwj |eTTK {y
n|s + $kq+ #+~, 40 MTs ms TTq dTHMT
<]rXsTT. eTVdeTT<\qT d + <f keTs + *q
LsyTq s+>\ e\ Cy, dTeT Be 36 y\
eT+~ |> bD\T jsT.
4. b\T:
dTesT 3.5 _*jTq d+es\ + d+u$ +q
b+ sD+> deTT<+ eq dTHMT <{
n|{ u$T |]\+| q JesX # es
T&|TbsTTqT Xdy\T u$dTHsT.
u+| sb\ e\, ub\T, n|s
deTT<\T < dsdT y>+> d+u$+# {
kqu+ X+ <$ +# s+ >\T s# T > dT<s+>
q rs\qT , \+ dwk sTT. sD+ @<q |{,
$<+d #\H\T, b+>&+ e\q deTT< sT, kq
u+X+ #+~, es >DjTyTq $<+d X
u $T| $sT#T|&T T+~. dTHMT |u y\T y\T|*
|+# $<+> (unnoticeable) +&, $<+ds+>
+{sTT.
d T HMT d + u $ +# s \qT Xd j T +>
|]X~+q sT y XdE \ T dTHMT\T d+u$ +#&
~>Te s\T <V<|&jTH n+#H e#sT.
deTT< >s+ u+|+ e\q 75%
n |s\T <\e&+ e\q 5%
deTT<+ u$T +be&+ e\q 5%
yesD+ |L\ esT\ e\q 2%
*jT sD\ e\q 10%
3. s+ >\T rs+ y| y =B, 4. rs + e< _
HeT~+, s+ ><s \T ,Z @s&TT+~.
mT |sT>TsTT.
90 $|T sVD
qeT+
#+<T&T deTT< q y| >T+Ee&+ e\H
dTHMT\T ekjT | qeT+ +~.
1.3 dTHMT k<sD \D\T
dTH$T {| >* M#&+ e\ e# k<sD
eTV deTT< s+>\ _q+> +T+~. dTHMT\T
k< s D s + >\ + f mH s T n~ y > +
|jDksTT. >+ 100 MTsT +& k<sD
s+ > y>+ b\T+f, eTVdeTT< n>< \+ (deep
water) dTHMT C{ $eq+ deq+> >+ 800
MTs y>+ |j DdT + ~. n>< \+ n$ m+
y>+ |jD+q|{, dTHMT\T { mTqT 30
qT+& 45 d+{MTs mT eyT |+#>\T>TsTT.
n+<Te\ deTT<+ H\| mTe+{ |u e+ +&<T .
n+<s k<sD+> u$dTqT dTHMT
n|< s+>+ (giant wave) <T. dTH$T 10 <
n++f me s+>\qT * +T+~. n+<Te\
s+>\ XD dTH$T s+> s\T (tsunami wave
train) n n+{sT. = s+ >+ 5 qT+& 90 $Tc\
ee~ eTs= < nqTd]ksTT. eTV \&+ (wall
of water) |<q uu>+ |y+#&+ <s dTHMT
es<\ sDeTeT+~.
d T HMT\T | > \ T, s nH & +&
@ deTjT+HH d+u$+#e#T.
eTV deTT<| n><+ d+u$ +# dTH$T e+<\
MTs b&yq s+>\ >+ dTesT
800 MTs y>+ |jDdT+~. nsTT
e\+ MTsT s+> &\q |]$T
eyT * +T+&.
deTT<| n><+ d+u$+# dTHMT\qT z&\T
> T ] + # e . nsTTq| { , d e TT< rs
q|&T s+> <s+ +#TbsTT, s+>
&\q |]$T $ks+> |sT>TT+~. n d\
ee~H >]w mT |sT>TT+~.
+|PsY qeTH\T dTH$T d+u$
=~ $Tc\ eTT+<T *jTCjT>\T>TsTT.
dTHMT\T $< +d due+ * +{sTT. dT
rs\qT K+&K+&\T> #ksTT. rs b++
e CT\qT $q+ #ksTT. q X y<*
q T, rs b+ & \qT
$<+dyTTqsTksTT.
$eq |_wH
dTHMT\T eTV deTT<\ <]rd q<T\T,
|yV\ y| L& |jD+#>\e.
= dTHMT\T # |<$> +{sTT. rs
b+\ y{ mT 10 MTsT < n++f
me> +T+~. nk<sD d+<s\ 30
MTs mT es L& +&e#T. T
b+\ e+<\ MTs <s+ |jDksTT.
T rs b+\ dTHMT\ <{ >TsesTT.
dTHMT s+>\ XD (series of waves) *
+T+~. # d+<s\ yTT<{ s+>+
|<~> +&<T. esTd> e# dTHMT s+>\
|e<+ yTT<{ s+>+ eq # >+\bT
+T+~.
rs b+ yT<H dTHMT\T e |sT>
y>+ +f y>+> >+ 50 MTs y>+
|jDksTT.
=ksT dTHMT\ sD+> rs+ e< sT yq
Z eTVdeTT<| u \+ (ocean floor) jT
q|&TT+~. B dV d<yTq dTHMT
V#]> u$+, >T C>\T rdTy*.
= dTHMT\ \+ $ks+> +T+~. |&e\T,
s es\ bT qT\ sTe +& s
d + dTHMT s+ >\ bT T b+
=T eksTT. , s sD\T <+d+
#jT &sTT. {| *j& n edTe \T, sT
# \+> #*d, |\qT >jT|s#&+
bT k] bD\T L& rksTT.
1.4 <Twuy\T
k dTH$T |Tq\T < eT\+ (Source)
30 $Tc\ +f e ee~ *q dTHMT\T u
qc \T>CksTT. { \+ q esZ+ n&Te#
| < L*ydT+~. dTHMT e\ e# es< |ue+
eqe yk\T, s&T, eT* edT\ bs qc
+# deTj *+, de| k<sD q&e& $|+ #dT+~.
dTH$T |d+VsD (withdrawal of the tsunami)
eT]+ qc sDeTeT+~. s+>\T eTVdeTT<+
y| s>$Td, & \ |H<T\qT d + }& |&sTT.
qT d e TT< + & T sTT. z& s e\ ,
$eHXj\ qw+ s>&+ e\ nedsyTq Vs
|<s\T, Ww<\ ds|s n+sjT+ @s&TT+~.
91 $|T sVD
u qw+ s>&+ bT |Cs> eed| re dTHMT <]rd u+|+
|ue+ |&TT+~. sT #=s&+ e\q |\T
{ eTTbsTT eTsD\T d+u$ksTT. ujT+s k<sD d
s+ >\ <{ nH eT+~ deTT<+ =T bsT.
eT]=+<sT s+>\ bT =Te# es\T, |<
|< edTe\ +< |& eTsDksT. nsTT dTH$T e\
e# es<\ sD+> |< mTq s> deTd\T q u+X+
|Tq\T # e eyT HsTT. n\&
$| T d+u$ +q b+ >T{ \u nq~ es< n\
m|& |<q deTd>H +{+~. eTTsT>T{ ||\T |>jT&+
< q& + e\ eTTs T > T { bs T < \ eed
ndedeTeT+~. u+| n_+<+
ue\T, s u>s \ eqsT\T, |sT, n\&
eTTsT>TsT, es\T #] \TweTesTT. es<\ e\ bT n\
|+ qw+ sT>TT+~. |&e\T, e\\T =T bsTT
JeHb~ bT+~. |sesD+ DdT+~. +>&+ u+| n_+<+
1.5 dTHMT\qT |d>&+ $dsD
||+#+ s+&T s\ dTHMT V#]\ (tsu-
nami warning) eed\T HsTT.
1. n+srjT dTHMT V#]\T
2. b+rjT V#] eed\T rs b+ es< b<$ T s+ >\qT
dTHMT\T n eTVdeTT<\T eT]jTT eT< <s n~>$T+#&+
deTT<+ d+u$ +#sTT. nsTT, n~ X+ dTHMT\T y>+ >Z&+
|d| eTVdeTT<+H e#sTT. Xdy \ T u +b\qT
@ $<+> eTT+<T> +> n+#H yjTs, n<
$<+> dTHMT\qT L& m|&T @s&j ]w+> zc n+& n{djT] n&dwH(National
n+#H yjTsT. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1. n+srjT dTHMT V#] eed\T (NOAA) ) s V k + ~. 2004 V +<
eTVdeTT<+ eq dTH$T nq+s+
|d| dTH$T y]+> d+sY(Pacific Tsunami +<+ de\qT V+< eTVdeTT<+, s_jTH,
Warning Center (PTWC)): BH n+srjT #TT| \ b+\ L& $d] +#&+ ]+~.
dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT.
1946 eq V d T H$T nq+ s + yud{: http://ptwc.weather.gov
VysTT y;#Y e< 1948 @sT #XsT. +swq dTHMT qs wH d+sY(International
dTH$T se& nH >+\ eTT+< |d| Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) ): B
d T H$T y]+> d+sY (PTWC) < X \qT jTTHk #+~q +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
n|eT+ #dT+~. dTH$T =~ >+ #sT>\ $TwH( IOC) < s+ 1965 @sT #jT &+
rs b+ |\qT V#] <s n|eT+ ]+~. B |<q +<+ nyT] VysTT
#ksT. s b+ |\ dTH$T m|&T sh+ q VAH\T\T.
edT+< *jTCd d#q (tsunami watch) C
#ksT. +< nyT] #+~q Hwq yud{: http://itic.ioc-unesco.org
$eq |_wH 92 $|T sVD
 |d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT
>|(International Coordination Group for the
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG-
ITSU)): B 1968 jTTHk |< q s\jT+
bH b]dt +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
$TwH( zd) < s+ @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
|d| dTHMT\ eTjT+ yud{: http://
www.tsunami.org/. ~ |d| eTVdeTT<+
d+u$+# dTHMT\ $es\qT, yud $es\qT
*jTCdT+~.
2. b+rjT V#] eed\T
k+> dTH$T eTT| +< < \TdT
e& k<sD+> dMT|+ eq u+b\
d++~+q &{qT $j+#T+{sT. k<sD
| \ 15 $Tc\ + f eTT+< T V# ] \ T
C#jT& Te+{ eed\T d]bsTT.
us<X+ ds |t +&j (Survey of
India) rs+ y+& f& >C H{esY (tide gauge network)
qT sVdT+~. z&se\T d+~ dVs+ sEy
>CqT sVksT.
f& > C bT s&s dV s+ dTHMT L&
|d>e#T. 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ @s&q
dTH$T d+<s + > H\T>T s&s qT+& &{qT, u +|+
eq sTy s+&T >+\ dTH$T s+>\ mTqT
qy<T #jT>*>sT. V+< eTVdeTT<| dTH$T|
eT |>V\ (satellites) |]o\q\T V#]\T C
#jT& @ e+ |j>|&<q $wj
>TsT+#Ty*. m+<T+f eT |>V\T n+~+q
& { qT bddt # j T & < T > + \T | { + ~.
nsTTq|{, u$wT dTH$T V#]\T C
#jT&+ n+] |]o\q\T | b bw+#
neX\T b<T.
eT | > V \ k+ | ] C H
|j +#T, dTH$T s u +b\ d++~+q
D V#]\qT C #jT &+ k< eTeT+~. V#]
ee~ u+| n~+<+ rssK qT+& m+ <s+
q~ nq <| <s|& +T+~. rs b+
nTbT e|\T (tidal gauges) dTHMT\qT rs
dMT|+ |yjT>\e. , eTVdeTT<| T
y{e\ |j >+ +&<T . duyT s H T <s H\|
nqTd+<+#&q dTH$T &fsT (Tsunami detectors)
$eq |_wH
deTT< y\T|\ 50 MTs <s+ @sT
#jT& +{sTT. dTHMTsT (Tsunameters) deTT<
|]\+| |e<\ d++~+q V#]\qT
|dsD #ksTT. < X{ n+~ksTT.
ny T ] # + ~q H w q zd j n+&
n{d] n&dw H (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)) 1995 &|t zwH nddtyT+{
n+& ]b]+> |t dTH$T (Deep Ocean Assessment
and Reporting of Tsunami (DART)) eedqT n_e~
#jT&+ bs+_++~.
2001 H{ |d| eTVdeTT<+ sT dwqT
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. | dwqT dTesT 6000
MTs +< deTT< d+ds u\ |&q ]ssT (Sea
bed bottom pressure) * +T+~. ~ dTH$T
<*\qT |d>{, |]\+| q V#]\ +<
de#s |d]+|CdT+~. |]\+| q V#]
+<+ de#s s &j <s |d| dTH$T d+sY
(PTWC) #sydT+~.
1.6 us<X+ dTHMT\T
us<X+ s#T> dTHMT\qT m<Ts=q
bsTTq|{, k<sD+> dTHMT |uy >TsjT
b+\qT >T]+#e\dq neds+ +~. us< X rss K
b++ yTT+ dTH$T eTT|qT * +~.
1.6.1 dTH$T <Ts\+ : keTs+
INCOIS |s+ us<
X rs dTHMT \+f
]sY d 7.0 +f n~ re *q u+|+
d+u$+#*. n+&eH ` dTeT < bkH
eTH b+ eyT n+{ re *q u +b\T
deTT<+ d+u$ +#& neX+ +~. nsTT, n+{
re *q u+b\ dTHMT\ <]rj*q
neds+ <T.
1.6.2 us<X+ dTHMT eT\T
1. us<X rs dTHMT \+f 7 <
n++f me re *q u+b\T
d+u$+#*.
2. dTH$T d+u$ +#\+f, u +b\T eTVdeTT<+
n><+ 100 MTsT < n++f e
T sy*
3. deTT< H\ }s #\q+ +&*.
93 $|T sVD
 4. eT+< < y>\T (Slow Rupture Velocities) dTHMT s+> fqT @s&+
n+ |e<syTq dTHMT\qT dwksTT.
deTT< u\+
1.6.3 us<X+ #] dTHMT\T e# |>T { | eTVdeTT<| n><+
~ b++ s+>| mT H&+ s+>\T s+>\T >+ 500
1762 @| 12 +>U+ 1.8 MT yTT<\esTT. MTs y > +
1881 &d+usY 31 sY usY `` <T\TsTT.
1883 >dT 27 {y 2.0 MT
1941 pH 26 n+&eH ``
1945 qe+sY 27 eTH 12.0 MT
2004 &d+sY 26 dTeT 10.0 MT
1.6.4 dTH$T eTT| n+#H
us< X + rs b+ d++~+q dTHMT H\ #sTejT =~
b<$T eTT| n+#HqT |\T n+X\ <s+> y > + > + 45
s]ksT. eTTK+> us |K+& |\\ sD+, s + > + T
. MT. > T Z T +~.
b++| $sT#T
u +b\ #] >+ d+u$ +q dTHMT\T <s+> nsTTH, s+>\T |
eTT|qT n+#H yksT. us<X sT, |eT rs |&, < esZ+
> & m T |s T n&T e# |<
b+\T, Be\ b+\T |<q+> uK+& |\\T >TT+~.
<={ #=#TbjT b+\ e# u +b\ <+d+ #dT+~.
|u $eTesTT. eTTK+> n+&eH usY, dTeT dMT|+ us<X (>TsY) rs #s& 2 qT+&
B$ e+| (Arc), s ns_j deTT<+ eTH 3 >+\ deTjT+ |&TT+~.
d H (subduction) b++ nH s +&T dTHMT d+u$ +# 1.6.5 V+< eTVdeTT<+ dTH$T
b+\ |uy qesTT.
dTHMT eq|&T n~ rs b+\ |\qT 2004 &d+usY 26q d+u$+q dTH$T
|d+<q deTjT+ u +|+ d+u$ +q |<X + | $TH&T, s, +<|<X sc\ bT |<T#],
<s|& 10 $Tc\ qT+& = >+\ deTjT+ n+&eH usY Be $ksy T q bD, d qc
|&TT+~. dTHMT sD+> e# u+b\ & <]rd+~. dTH$T $|T eTsT\ eT{ n+
n~+> +& dH b+\| q n+&eH re+> |u$+ #d+~. eTsT\T |\ bT
usY Be\qT & us<X+ n e JeHb~ d+ jsT. $TH&T, s,
deTjT+ |&TT+< dTHMT| ]|q n<jTH\T +<|<X, |<T#], n+&eH usY Be
*jTCdTHsTT. 1396 >e, 26.63 \\ eT+~ |\T dTH$T
$|T >TsjsT. <<| 9395 eT+~ bD\T
<VsD usY dMT|+ 7.5 < >, 396 eT+~ >\+jsT.
n+ + f m e re * q u + | +
d+u$++<qT+f, n~ usY n+ dMT| 1.7 rs b+ <Ts\ dN
rs+ e< |jD+#& +> 20 qT+& 30
$Tc\ deTjT+ |&TT+~. n< us<X |<q (Coastal Vulnerability Index)
uu> & 2 qT+& 3 >+\ ee~ |&TT+~. us<X rs b+ <Ts\ dN(Coastal Vul-
+&Hwj dMT|+ d+u$ +q u +b\T n+&eH nerability Index' (CVI) ) n{ d T qT 2012 y T 17q
usY Be\qT #s& 1 qT+& 2 >+\ deTjT+ V <su< us CrjT eTVdeTT< de#s de\
|&, us<X |<q uu> #s& 3 qT+& 5 +<+(Indian National Centre for Ocean Information
>+\ ee~ |&TT+~. eTH e< e# u+b\T Services (INCOIS)) $&T<\ #d+ ~. B |s+ deTT<+
$eq |_wH 94 $|T sVD
eT+ |] eTT| b+ q b+ $TH&T rs+ qc\qT Z+#+<T ds V#] eed (Early
y+& +|s+ n~ u>+, #H = Warning system) V+< eTVdeTT< b++ m+
u>\qT # n~yTq eTT|(very high risk) q neds+. V#]\ eed TbqT \
b++> eZ] +#&+ ]+~. $TH&T rss K y+& d++~+q neds\ d+ L& @sT #jT&+~.
d+ 6.38% b++ # n~yTq eTT| q eed q T bs + _ + q < > Z ] qT+& s + s +
b++>, 7% b+ n~ eTT|(high risk) q deTse+yTq de\T n+~+# \+ (end - to - end prin-
b++>, $T*q rss K b+ eT< sV (medium), ciple) <s+> sb+~+#&+ ]+~. yseT+
e eTT|(low risk) q b++> eZ]+#&+ sE 24 >+\ bT dTH$T V#] +<+
]+~. d\+ de#s #sydT+~. V+< eTVdeTT<
+< |<X sT ><e] eT]jTT $XK|+ b++ q s+&T dTH$Tq (Tsurnamigenic)
\ eT< q 37 MTs b+(yTT+ rs eT+&\ u +| bs$TT\qT d\+ s]dT+ ~.
b++ 7.51%) # n~ eTT| q b++> s +&T dTH$Tq eT+&\ #T uyT |sY ]ss T ,
eZ ] +#s T . B d + +~ + 156 e| \qT s+> e|H\T (Tide Gauges), s&sY <] d
sb+~+#sT. CrjT ksTT Te+{ n{dTqT eq]+> dwqT yTT<\>T y{ * q * q
sb+~+#&+ < =*k]. deT>yTq zdH nswq H{esYqT k|+#&+
]+~. ~ dTH$T bT TbqT \ L&
1.8 us CrjT eTVdeTT< eTT+|q >TsjT b+\T, <Ts\+ >\ b+\
d++~+q e|\qT sb+~dT+~. n++&
de#s de\ +<+( ) INCOIS dTHMT\T, TbqT \ d++<+ q ys+<]
+< u $Cq(msY dHdt) eT+ XK, 2004 keTs sD+, D, ne>Vq n+<CdT+~.
&d+sY 26 dTH$T nq+s+ V<su< +&jTH
Hwq d+{sY |sY zwH qswH dddt (Indian Na- 1.9 +<|<X dTHMT
tion Centre for Ocean Information services (INCOIS)) +<|<X 974 MTs b&yq rssK
ds dTHMT V#] +<(Tsunami Early warning >T sY sTy <X+ s+&e n|< rssKqT *
centre) 2007 n sY 17q @sT # d + ~. q sh+>, us<X sT rs+ n+ b&yq
HsTTH(INCOIS) us<X+ eTVdeTT<\T/ rss K q sh+> |d~ > $++~. yTT+ rs b++
yesD Xk\ s+>+ &{ dMTsD eT>yT 9 92,906 #<s | MTs y&\ Tq q rss K
q $$< d + d \ qT+& d e #s d ] +, y+& 2,482 >e\T HsTT. y{ 500 >e\T
eTVdeTT< d++~+q &{ ysYVdtqT * rs 5 MTs <s+ |H HsTT. >e\
+T+~. HsTTdt q e< de#s eTsT\T, | |b, eTTK+> #y TbqT, y
sh eTXK n~sT\T, |D[ d+|T+, z&se\T, s+>\ n+ <Ts\+> +{sTT. 1557
HXj \T, H sD |]XeT, H$<+ , rs b+ |481 P]> $< +d+ >, 40,000 re+> <HsTT.
qT {sY| +<, 40,000 >V\qT sh &{
>d<+, mHV#Y z +< \Tw jT+D eT+&*, dVjT+ eT+psT #jT&+ ]+~. sJy>+B
eqe eqsT\ eT+ XK yTT<\>T y{ nedsyTq |qsyd bJ +< dTH$T |u$ T+u\
de#s+ s|+ nqTe~+, y+{ n+<Cd T + ~. 481 >V\qT ]+ #+<T s.230 T $&T<\
dTH$T, TbqT \ e\ ]> bD, d #jT&+ ]+~.

$eq |_wH 95 $|T sVD

 $|T |sekq |ue+: u+|+, dTH$T, n |e<+,
nDT$|T: bqT nqTue+
=ks T s V $| T | s ekq eT+~ eTsD+ #>, 12,782 eT+~ >\+ j sT. $|T
|uy(cascading) <]rd, s $|T\T d+ sD+> 1,26,000 ueH\ bT _&\T, syD
d+u$ ksTT. n esTd> >=\TdT T e# |\T s\ eed, $<TY ds|s, >dt ds|s, eTwH de\T
$|T\qT eTT+<T> n+#H yd, y{ m<Ts=e& e+{ s eT* edT \T d + re+> < +deTjsTT.
d+d<+> +&+ <<| nk<+. bH 2011 d{>|t n+#H |s+ $|T sD+> >V
e] d+u$+q esTd $|T\T BH s|+#sTT. sD+ eT* edT\ s+> 5 qT+& 10 {*jTH
yTT< u +|+ d+u$ +~. nq+s+ n |e<, jTH\ qw+ y{*+~. nsTT yTT+ qw+ 15 {*jTH
nDT neds |]d <]rXsTT. | X e jTqT (183.7 _*jTH &\sT) < bH &| 3
n+#Hyd y] ]|+#sTT. X+ +T+< usYdt | nH d+d *+~.
1. u+|+ 3. n |e<\T
2011 e] 11 eT<V+ 2 >+\ 46 2011 e] 11q bH n|< B|yTq
$Tc\ deTjT+ Xq CbH b++ 9 re qT sT rs+ e< d+u$ +q Xe +yT q u +|+
L&q |qT u +|+ d+u$ ++~(BH >{ dt bH sD+> |\T# n |e<\T #\s>sTT. Vs
msY n+& dTH$T(Great East Japan (Tohoku Kanto) q>s+ k sTT +| ]|q eT+\T
Earthquake and Tsunami) n+{sT). u +| +<+ (epi- @s&sTT. eT+\T 14e B es =qk>sTT.
center) |d| rs+ b+ 130 MTs u+|+ eq yTT<{ sE sTy n |e<\
<s+, 24 MTs Tq +~. bH yesD d+|Tq\T |s>&+ yTT<+~. sE e\+ 44
d+d n+#H\ |s+ $Tj^ sh+ ]Vs |Tq\T eyT s>>, e] 19 H{ 325
q>s+ ]sY d 7 re L&q u+|+ |]+~.
d+u$+#>, 28 q>s 1 qT+& 7 bsTT+T eyT
*q CbH u+|| 6 |> re L&q 4. nDT$|T
u |+|q\T qy<jsTT. u+|+ eq e] 11 sEH |wj
2. dTH$T <N yTT<{ nDT $<TY b+T nDT neds
|]d (nuclear emergency) |{ + #sT. u +| re
u+|+ sTy u dTHMT d+u$++~.
nMT rs+ e< n\\T >]w+> 11.87 MTs mTq sD+> yTT<{ sT nDT ]js eT&T ]jsT
m>d|&sTT. bH s b++ n~ # 3 y+ ny eT|&sTT. ]js |+ +&
MTs msTTq dTHMT d+u$++~. ]sY d| 9.0 +<qs&qT #\|s#& { ds|s #d u|t
bsTT+ re d+u$+q u+|+ jTT u+X & qssT dTHMT sD+> <+deTjsTT.
eT+&\+ (full zone) 500 MTs b&e, 200 n+<TuT q sT $] e&+ yTT<\T e&+
MTs y & \ T yf qT+& s es e] 12 eT<V+ 3.30 >+\ yTT<{ nDT ]js Y
$d]+qT, bH yesD d+d s]++~. re e< V&H $kq+ ]+~. B |wj &N
u+|+ bT |< mTq m>d|&q \ s+>\ # T 20 MTs | ] ~ q | \qT U
< { u e H\T s bT u He\T d + #sTT+#sT. e] 14q eT&e q+sT ]jsY eTs
=T bj sTT. # q> s n | e <\T |\T&T #T #dT+~. e] 15q s+&e q+sY
d+u$+#sTT. nDT$<TY +<\T, X~ s>s\T, ]jsY eTs $kq+ ]|+~. +<q s&qT
$eHXj\T, s syD esZ\T eT|&sTT. u<|]# H\T>e q+sT ]jsY e< n |e<+
2011 e] 23 H{ >D+\ |s+ dTesT 9,079 d+u$++~. esTd d+|Tq\ nDT<]
$eq |_wH 96 $|T sVD
>T]L&<T . B bH |uT + |wj <N #T 5. >TDbs\T
30 MTs |]~ H | CH> |{++~. VQ y| << (multi - hazard) nqV
|]~ y\T|\ q b+ d+ nDT <] $|T\qT m<Tse& nedsyTq |D[qT d<+
|]qT >T]+#sT. #dTe\dq neds eTs=esT >TsT #d+~.
eTTK+> b\Ls, b\T, sTT sT yTT<\>T $|T\qT m<Ts=H d+d<\qT *q q nTeT
y{ nDT<] >DjT+> |]qT qT>=HsT. <X\ fq bH L& |sekq |uy (Cas-
n+<Te\ sT\T mTe+{ Vs |<s\qT es{ cading impact) #$ #&e\d e+~. usY e+{ <X\T
$&T<\ #jTs< bH |uT+ w<+ $~++~. + eTT+<T#| eeV]+#e\d +T+~.

us<X+ dTHMT\ #]
B |<X+ |ue+
.|P. 326 us<X+ qy<q yTTyTT<{ dTH$T `
1008 @| 1 qT+& us<X rs b++ @s&q u+|+ `
yT 27 eT< e\ eq dTH$T `
1524 eTVsh <u `
1762 @| 2 eTjTHsY nsH rs+ `
1819 pH 16 sDY |t #Y >TsY `
1847 nsY 31 >{ usY B$ `
1881 &d+sY 31 sY usY B$ e< ]sY d\T| 7.9
re u+|+ n+&eH usY Be\
bT us<X rs+ y+& #H
e< 1 MTsT msTTq dTHMT
qy<T
1883 >dT 26 +&Hwj {y n|s $kq+ us<X sT rs+| |ue+, #H
e< 2 MTs ms TTq dTHMT\T qy<T.
us<X sTrs+| |ue+
1941 pH 26 n+&eH B$ e< ]sY d\T| 8.1 re
u+|+ us<X sT rs+| |ue+
1945 qe+sY 27 sN 100 .MT.\ <s+ 8.5 re u+|+ us<X |eT rs+| |ue+, +&
e< 12 MTs msTTq dTHMT qy<T
us<X sT rs+| |ue+, 10
MTs msTTq dTHMT, 10 y\ eT+~
|> eTsD+.
2004 &d+sY 26 +&Hwj +& n#, us<X+
$TH&T, +<|<X, n+&eH usY
Be\T, l\+, <sTT+&, eTdj, H,
{+Cj <X dTH$T.

$eq |_wH 97 $|T sVD

2. dTHMT ` |XeTq ePV\T
(Tsunami - Mitigation Strategies)
2.1 |]#jT+
2004 & d+sY 26q d + u $ +q d T H$T
$TH&T, s, +<|<X, |<T#], n+&eH
usY Be\ nbsyT q bD, d qc \T>Cd + ~.
eTsT\ JeHb~ <rjT&yT +& y]
re+> qw+ *++~. , z&se\T, C{\T, s&T,
e+q\T, $<TY, f*+, dT\T, bsX\\T, s
ke s+> ueH\ u qc $T*+~.
nsTT, dTH$T |uy |X$T+|Cd+<T
dV d<y T q = esZ\T HsTT. rss K y+ #q T
H&+ n+<T eTTKyTq~. eT n&T>&\
b\T+f #qT H&+ e ejT+ L&q<
+& dTH$T |Xe Tq+| Bs \ |u e+ #|T+~.
V+< eTVdeTT<+ y+& q = b+\ rs+
y+& =] \T, eT& e\T (mangroves) dTHMT
X Xw+#Te&+ b+\| dTH$T |ue+
|<> |& < T . $TH&T q\Ty&T | nH >eT+
2020 rss K y+& 80,244 #q T H{sT. n+<Te\
dTH$T |ue+ >eT+| # d\+> |&+~.
2.2 bH #|{q #s\T
1896 d+u$+q |qT $|T nq+s+
||+#+H yTTyTT<{k]> bH dTH$TXd+,
|d+<q #s\qT nqTd]+#&+ bs+_+#sT. rs
b+\ |\qT b&{ bH\ 4.5 MTsT (15
n&T>T\T) mT +& nH dTHMT >&\qT ]+#sT.
dTHMT\ e\ e# { yq eT[+#+<T |\T
b+ es<>T, \Te\T @sT #XsT.
nsTTq| { , d T HMT\T s # T > M{ d
n~ > $ Td T + & +, y{ d e Ts | d + < V
ee Te+~. <VsD, 1993 p 12q d+u$ +q
u+|+ nq+s+ s+&T qT+& <T $Tc\ ee~
& w] B$ q zw] & dTH$T
<<| 10 n+dT\ ueH\qT 30 MTs (100
$eq |_wH
n&T>T\) dTHMT s+>\qT dw++~. zHsTT nH
z&se |D+ dTHMT qT+& b&{ ]+q
>& |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. b++ \|
]+q &\ |P]> <+deTjsTT. >&
dTH$T y> HeT~+|CjT&, mTqT Z+#&
<V<|& +&e#T >, $<+k >, bD qc
> \Te]+#bsTT+~.
2.3 eTT| ~+| #s\T
dTHMT y]+#&+ k< + <T. nsTT, dTHMT
eTT| q <X\ <e\ rs b+\ ]> qc
~+#+<T |\T #s\T #|&+ ]+~.
bH < X + CHu m e> +& rs
b+\ dTHMT >&\T |< mTq ]+#sT. s
b+\ dTHMT e\ e# { yq eT[+#+<T
es<>T, \Te\T @sT #XsT. nsTT, >&\T,
dTHMT mTqT Z+ >\T>Tj >, <e\ ]>
u $< +k, bD qc y]+#e . {, rss K
b+\qT dTHMT qT+& b&{ s =
eek> #s\qT #|&+ ]+~. n$ :
2.3.1 d\ |D[ eT]jTT u$T sVD
(Site planning and Land Managment)
deT> |D[ jTT $d #+ d\ |D[
|<X, < , ]w d\ n_e~ k+<qT
s]dT+~. <s dTHMT eTT|qT ~+#&+
eTTKyTq k<q+> | #dT+~.
eekjT+, bsT\T, $H< se\ e+{
Vs+> se\ (open- Space Uses) |j+#
+ Vs+> d\ dTHMT y| b+\qT >T]+,
+ y{ C+> #jT& yTTyTT<{ u $j>
|D[ ePV+> dbsdT #jT&+ ]+~. y|
b+\ (hazard areas) n_e~ d ksTT +&
$<+> ePV sb+~+#&+ ]+~.
eekjT+, bsT\T, $H< se\ e+{
98 $|T sVD
 Vs+> se\ (open- Space Uses)
u $T $j+#&+ | +\ T $~+#&+ k< +
b+\ s u $j> |D[
#s\qT |j+#*. y| b+\ ]>
n_e~ sV |j>\qT ePV+>
jT++#&+, k<yTq+ yTs n~ $\Te
*q, n~ kBq |jH\T *q y{
|+#*.
+]+> sD\T : n~ X+ eTTsT\
yk\T rs b+\H +{sTT. qT
mTe+{ +]+> < \qT
$j+# +& *b{ sTe +& keT
]ksT. n+<Te\ eT+ sD |<T\qT
nqTd]+#&+ | y] ne>Vq *+#*. eT+
sD\ +&e\dq \D\T:
d\ m+| : deTT<rs sK qT+& = e+<\
n&T>T\ <s+ |* b+\T dTHMT e\ n~
qw + b+< neX + +~. n+< T e\
b+\ qT ]+#Te&+ < yk\T
@sT #dTe&+ #jTs<T.
ueH\qT d>T deTT< eT{ (mean sea level)
+f me mT ]+#Ty*.
msTTq rs b+ >V\T (Elevate Coastal
homes) n~ X+ dTHMT s+>\T 3 MTs
+f e mT +{sTT. n+<Te\ qT
mT> ]+#T+f n~ X+ dTHMT\ qT+&
d qw+ s>+& b&Te#T.
s+>\ y> Z+#& ysY us (water)
qT ]+#*.
ueH\ sD { Hb, T||
keT $j+#*.
eT{ VqT $|T deTjT+ w\sT>
|=# $<+> msTTq |<X\ ]+#*.
es< sVD: dTHMT e\ es<\ T eksTT. dTHMT
s+ >\T rs b+\qT es<\ eTT+#T sTT.
n+<Te\ es< |XeTq #s\qT L&
#s*.
2.3.2 dTHMT eTT+<T @$T #j*?
\T, bsX\, | |<X+ < MTsT s#T>
d+<]+# |<X \T dTH$T eTT| q b+\
$eq |_wH
Hj? y? nq $wj qT>=H*.
MT M~ deTT< eT{ m+ mT +~? rs
b++ qT+& < n~ eTT| q C\ qT+&
m+ <s+ +~? \TdTy*.
dTH$T eq|&T MT \T, bsX\, | |<X+
< s |<X\ qT+& |+#TH <
s*bjT esZ\qT sb+~+#Ty*.
s*bjT esZ\qT bdT #j*.
&CdsY d|sTT\qT <>Zs +#Ty*.
dTH$T >T]+ T++ #]+#*.
neds eTwH |D[qT sb+~+
#Ty*.
dTHMT e\ T+ duT\T ] qT+& sT
ys q |+ eT ] \TdTe& nedsy T q
|D[qT eTT+<T>H d<+ > +#Ty*. dT<s
b++ +& +<Te < dVT& q+sTqT
T+ +{ q+sT> y*. $|T
nq+s+ m+>H <V<|&TT+~.
2.3.3 dTHMT\ eTT|q <>Zs> q|&T
rs s K qT+& e+<\ MTs <s+ | ue
H\qT
]+#&+ < y{ ed+#&+ > #jT s<T.
dTHMT eq|&T nedsyTq edTe\ C_qT
d<+ #dTy*.
rs b++ q qT mT ]+#Ty*.
n~ X+ dTHMT n\\T 10 n&T>T\ (3
MTs)| mT +{sTT. \T mT +&+
e\q n~ X+ dTHMT\ qT+& d qw+
s>+& b&Te#T.
es<\T s+& eTT+<T C>\T rdTy*.
qT +sT # F #sTT+#Ty*. qT
d T HMT n\\T +& eT]+ < & + >
]+#TH+<T d\V\T rdTy*.
n ed s d e #s m| { | & T
\TdTH+<T k s &j < {.$. dw H q T
|j+#Ty*.
k n~sT\T # d#q\qT b{+#*.
+{ e< q|&T dTHMT V#] ed, <
T+ duT \+<] *jTCj *. dTHMT eTT|
q b++ eddT q sTT, T++ yTT+
99 $|T sVD
 +{ qT+& jT y*. dTsyTq msTTq,
dTsyTq b+ y*.
2.4 dTHMT\qT |d>&+
| > V k+ | ] C H (satellite
techonology) |j+#T dTHMT q (tsuna-
migenic) u+b\ >T]+ D V#]\qT C
#jTe#T. V#] deTjT+ u+| n~+<+
(epicenter) rssK qT+& q <s+| <s|&
+T+~. =~>+ dTHMT |jD+# b+\
rs b+ |\ V#]\T C #ksT.
rs b+ ys+> e|\T (Coastal tidal)
deTT<| &T dMT|+ q dTHMT\ |>\e.
, eTVdeTT< n><\ @s&y{ \Te]+#e .
duyTsH T <s u$T nqTd+<q+
#jT&q dTH$T &fsT deTT< y\T|\ 50
MTs <s+ @sT #j*.
d T HMTs T (Tsunameters) d e TT< |
|]\+| @s& esT\qT |>V\ #syksTT.
2.5 dTHMT |uy |]cs
s|\q
$|T ds|s\ TqT <>Zs +#Ty*. \T
U #d deTjT+ nedsyTq edTe\T <>Zs>
+&+ e\q eT]+ kse++> +T+~.
+{ U #d y|&T MT +Te\qT L&
y+ rdT*.
MTsT ;#Y < eTVdeTT<+ e< q|&T u$T
+|+qT n|d, DyT msTTq |<X
y+&. dTHMT V#] e# es >+&.
eTVdeTT<\ y q<T\T, |yV\ <s+>
+&+&.
rs b+\ +& e+{ +T
]+q ms TTq VQ n+dT \ ue H\T T
b+\ +{sTT. nTe+{ d+<s\
ueH\ m>Teq +& u>\T dTs+> +
{sTT.
n|rs b+ ~\T (offshore reefs), T
e> +& b+\T (shallow areas) dTHMT
s + >\ \qT $ q # j T & +
dVjT|&sTT. nsTT, u, |e<syTq
$eq |_wH
s+>\T rs b+ ydT\ |{ eTT|>H
|]D$TdTHsTT. dTHMT V#]\T C #dq
deTjT+ T k b+\ qT+& <s+>
+&+ eT+~.
s&j, f*$q <s m||&T de#s+
\TdT+ +&*.
2.5.1 |&e < z& qsTT
dTHMT s+>\T eTVdeTT<+ n>#s+>
+{sTT. n+<Te\ dTHMT edTqT V#]
C #dq|&T deTT<+ qsTT, z&se
] s L & < T . d T HMT e\ { eT +
X s y > y T q es T \T ek s TT. z& s e\T,
HXj\ nqVyTq |e<u]yTq {
|yV\T #=#T eksTT.
dTHMT V#] C nsTTq sTy MT |&e
< z& deTT<+|* y& ee~ q
sTT, +~ n+X\qT >eTq+ +#Ty*.
n~ X+ |< z&s e\T, HXj \T VssY/
bsT <]{ jT+D +{sTT. <]{\T
dTHMT V#]\ deTjT+ esZ<s\qT
sksTT. n+<Te\ bsT n~sT\ d++<+
* +&+ eT+~. ysT q sX q + |s+
|&e < z&qT eT[+#e#T.
q z&se\T bsT <]{ jT+D +
&be#T. n+<Te\ dTHMT V#] eq
$wjT+ MT *d, MT |&e < z&qT n><
s* +# ee~ qsTT, eT|<
|s+ n #jTe#T. q |&e\ jTeqT
y{ se e< e~d, msTTq b+\
s*be&+ eT+.
rs + | =* d T HMT | u e+ s D +>
$<+dsyTq s+>\T, nqVyTq {
|yV\T =+ ee~ es VssqT |u$+
#ksTT. n+<Te\ VssT ] se& eTT+<T
VssY n~sT\qT d+|~+#*.
2.5.2 dTHMT sTy @$T #j*?
n ed s d e #s m| { | & T
\TdTH+<T s &j < f*$HqT s+s+
|j+#*. dTH$T s&qT, e+q\T, s
|<X\qT <+d+ #jTe#T. n+<Te\ y{ y|
y&+ dTs+ <T.
100 $|T sVD
 >jT|&q
y], bsTTq e\ dV jT+ ub\T, Ts<, s y|\T e+{ es<\
n+~+#& eTT+<T MT MTsT >j\jj ne| |uy\ e\ MTsT L& eTT|qT
< #dT, |<eT #sTT+#Ty*. m<Ts=e#T.
b&e\dq ysT mesH +f, d]jT q keT neds bq e\+ f*bqTqT eyT
q b|w q bH #d, s| +#*. #eT+~ |j+#+&. $|T |]dT\ f*bqT qT
es<\ q sT\qT b&{ y[, s#T> sB> +{sTT. n+<Te\ neds
ysT eTsD+ q d+|T q\T mH sT>TTHsTT? bqqT n+<Te& M\T> y{ jTsY
#j*.
| dVs+ nedsyTq Xe\T, e<T\
#T sT * +f, ueH\ y\T|
syD ks+ y], neds |]d +&by*. es< {> dTHMT sT L&
n<q| dVjT+ nedsyTq |< T+u\, | H< T \qT \V q| s T k s TT. u e H\qT
$+>T\, y] dVjT+> eq y] eTT+y k s TT. H \ | > T [ d T + ~. >& \ T
dVjT|&+&. L*bsTT. n+<Te\ ue H\ y\T| +&*.
$|T b+\ <s+> +&+&. MTsT n& ueH\qT |]o*+#|&T u | #d
+&+ e\q dV jT, neds #s \ ++ +sT, bwtqT eyT |j+#*.
*+#&+ bT \Tw sT, |*q s&T, =y=T\qT y&s<T.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. dTHMT nH e @ uw qT+& e+~? (1) 6. @ sEq deTT<+|\ re u+|+ dTHMT
1) |dt uw 2) swH uw <]rd bH Xq b+ 19,000 eT+~
3) ns_ uw 4) |+ uw eTsD sDyT+~ ? (1)
2. dTHMT\T sT#T> @ k |<X\ eksTT? 1) 11`3`2011 2) 14`2`2011
1) sT k b++ (1) 3) 11`1`2011 4) 14`3`2010
2) eT\usT se 7. { TqT{ dTHMT >+ m MTsT
|jDdT+~? (1)
3) > |t K+u{
1) 600`800 MTsT
4) sH |t #Y 2) 900`1100 MTsT
3. deTT<+|\ u+b\ e\ e#~ (3) 3) 800`900 MTsT
1) n|s 4) 950`1150 MTsT
2) +& d&\T (ub\T) 8. dTHMT n\\T <e\ <$ksTT? (4)
3) dTHMT\T 1) deTT<>s u +b\T 2) n d+u+~ |>T
4) es<\T 3) ub\T 4) |e
4. @ ]bsT\ qT+ +&jTH dTHMT >T]+ u> 9. 11`3`2012 H{ @ <X| u+|+, dTHMT e\
b ]sT\T \_+q$? (4) y~ eT+~ #bsTT d+es+ nsTT+~?
1) 1941 u+|+ 2) 286 _.d. u+|+ 1) yT 2) |*| H (4)
3) 316 _.d. u+|+ 4) 326 _.d. u+|+ 3) +&Hwj 4) bH
5. dTHMT\T me> d+u$+#~ (3) 10. dTHMT n\\T Be\ <$ksTT (4)
1) V+< eTVdeTT<eTT 1) deTT<+|* u+|+ e\
2) n{+{ eTVdeTT<eTT 2) n |s d++< |>T e\
3) |d| eTVdeTT<eTT 3) deTT<+ ub\ e\
4) eT<<s deTT<eTT 4) |e
$eq |_wH 101 $|T sVD
 11. deTT< >s+ u+b @eT+{sT? (4) 20. eTw *dq ujT+syTq s y|+(2)
1) TbH 2) sTeTT 1) TbqT\T 2) dTHMT\T
3) yTsT| 4) dTHMT 3) ub\T 4) >*yq\T
12. dTH$T s+>\T/n\\T d+u$+# sD\T (4) 21. |d| dTHMT V#] eed @ d+es+ @sT
1) deTT<eTT u+b\T #XsT? (3)
2) n|s <<H\T 1) 1948 3) 1952
3) ub\T (+&d&\T) 3) 1949 4) 1947
4) |$ n 22. |\yTq dTHMT\T me> y{e\ \T>TsTT?
13. dTHMT m|&T d+u$dT+~? (4)
1) u+b\T 2) z\H\T (1)
1) <jTeTT
3) ub\T 4) TbqT\T
2) kjT+eTT
3) nss 23. @ sEq dj 11 >jT dj <X
dTHMT d+u$+ 1 \\ eT+~ eTsD
4) |>\T s @ yHH
sDyT+~? (1)
14. dTHMT @ deTjT+ d+u$dT+~? (4)
1) 26`12`2004 2) 26`11`2004
1) <jT+ 2) eT<V+
3) 26`10`2004 4) 26`10`2003
3) kjT++ 4) | n+{
15. +&j CrjT dTHMT V#] eed (NTWS) @ 24. y{ <s <$+# s+> dTHMT\T? (4)
d+es+ neT e+~? (4) 1) u+b\T 2) n |s |>T
1) 2004 2) 2005 3) {|* ub\T 4) |e
1
3) 2006 4) 2007 2 25. @ d+es+ +&Hwj , {y b++
16. CbH #] 23 n&T>T\ dTHMT *+q |s d+u+< re $k+ e\ 40 n&T>T\ dTHMT\T
u+|+ m|&T ]+~? (2) d+u$+#sTT? (3)
1) 11`3`2010 2) 11`3`2011 1) 1881 2) 1882
3) 11`2`2010 4) 11`2`2011 3) 1883 4) 1884
17. dTHMT\T n~ u>+ d+u$+# b++ (4) 26. @ sEq \y T q \> s u + | + | eT
1) u+b\ b++ +&Hwj d+u$ +, V+< eTVdeTT<| |
2) +&Hwj b++ q <X\ dTHMT V#]> e]+~? (4)
3) +&jTH deTT<+ 1) 9`3`2012 2) 12`5`2012
4) |d| deTT<+ 3) 10`3`2012 4) 11`4`2012
18. @ sEq >jT dj rs b+ re+> 27. {e\ dTHMT\ MT< |]X<q kdTq \T>T
qw|]q dTHMT d+u$++~? (1) eqT >T]+ | ys\T y\Te&sTT.
1) 26.12.2004 2) 26.12.2003 e |sT (1)
3) 26.12.2005 4) 26.12.2002 1. dTq+< 2. dTsK
19. @j T H d e TT< | s b+ + m| & T
yTT<{k]> dT |Ps+ dTHMT\T d+u$+qT 3. dTeT+ 4. dTd
=* de#s+ \ueTeT+~? (3) 28. n+srjT dTHMT de#s +<+ q#T
1) .|P. 450 2) .|P. 412 1. s 2. >y (4)
3) .|P. 379 4) .|P. 479 3. { 4. VAq\\T
$eq |_wH 102 $|T sVD
 V . es<\T
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
2. +<|<X es<\T
3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
(Floods - Causes and Effects)

1.1 |]#jT+ 6. TbqT eTT+| >\ b+ TbqT \

L&q u es\T, \yTq >\T\T
k<sD+> eTT+|q >T] H\ eTT+|q 7. qB |yV+ +#Tbe&+
>T]e& <]rd $<+> qB \Te y+& < 8. qB |yV+ q esZ esTe&+
rs+ e< n~ {ksTT +& d es< n+{sT (Flood 9. q \ T, &eTT\T, \Te\ sD+
is a state of high water level along a river channel or on
+]+> b\T.
the coast that leads to inundation of land, which is not
usually submerged). es<\T >+\ deTjT+ rdT es<\ s sD\T
eT+> @s&e#T < q\ T be&+, u es\T deTT<\ \yTq bTbT se&+, TbqT\T,
yTT<\>T y{ e\ mTe+{ V#] +&H #y\T, dTHMT\ e\ L& es<\T eksTT.
kT>q se#T. neb\ |D+ < qB u\| |P&
sT q k<sD d < |yV $T+q @s&&+ deTT<| bTb qB es<\T @+ e&+
ksTT |eVdTq|&T es< d+u$dT+~. (A flood e\ rs yT<H es<\ deTd eT]+ d+w+>
occurs when water flows or rises above and beyond its esTT+~.
normal place or course) . Be\ |\, ue H\ *> H\ |] ~>Teq ]q bs q b+
|e< es< y|+ (flood hazard) n+{sT. sT |* bs +be&+ s><T. n+<Te\
1.2 es<\ sD\T Te+{ b+\T es< eTT|qT me * +{sTT.

<X+ es<\ TTT|eH\ \+ ]d 1.3 es<\T` s\T

es\T, +&T |P&T bjT qB eed\ T, @y\T>, es< $_q s\T HsTT n$:
dTbjT $<+ > +& |s \T, | + Ve\jT
|sXDT\qT |<q sD+> #|e#T. es<\ 1. d es< (flash flood)
<]rd sD\T b+ { esTT+{sTT. >MTD, 2. qB es< (riverine flood)
|D b+\ eT< L& sD ed+ +T+~. 3. |D es< (urban flood)
es < \ <]rd | < q s D qT $< + > 1.3. 1. d es<\T:
|s=qe#T.
1. u es\T +uew < Tbq L&q u es\T
yTT<q sT >+\ | d+u$+# es<\qT yTsT|
2. qB u\+| u> |P& |sTbsTT, q<T\T < d es<\T> s+#e#T.(Flash floods can
< |yV\ { ydT keTs ~+#&+ . be defined as floods which occur with in six hours of the
3. eTTsT>T{ \Te n&+\T @s&, b++ beginning of heavy rainfall, and are usually associated
es< eTT+|q >T]e& <]rjT&+. with cloud bursts, storms and cyclones). d es<\T
4. ub\ (Landslides) sD+> { |yV+ { |yV sT n~+> +&+, H\ bs>eT (per-
*be&+ meability) e> +&+ e\ L& d+u$ksTT.
5. q\T, ]sjTsT sD+ M{e\ d+u$+# qc ~+#& y>+
$eq |_wH 105 $|T sVD
 nk+, ;VsY es<\T(2004) 1. eT es< <X(Low Flood stage):
2004 TTT|eH\ \+ nk+, ;VsY q~ { eT+ V#] ksTT eT]jTT |e<
sc\ reyTq es< |]dT\T u $<+k ksTT eT< |eVdTq|&T +& es< |]d eT
sDeTjsTT. f*bH m+C\T eTTbe&+ < es< <X n+{sT.
T <q&+, s&T, s qT <+d+ e&+ 2. eT<d es< <X(Medium flood stage):
sc nH |<q +<\T sh s<
d++<\T |P]> jsTT. es< |u e+ me> q~ { eT+ |e< ksTT <{, n~ es<
q |qsyd, d+eT #s\ d++~+q eT{(highest flood level (HFL)) 0.50 MTs
de#s d+ sh +< *jTCjT& ~>Teq q|&T q~ es< eT<d <X qT
M +& bsTT+~. |]d >eT+q sh |uT \T #|&TT+~
re+> <q \ sh s<qT\ eTwH 3. n~ es< <X(High flood state):
d++<\qT @sT #jT& DyT neds q~ { eT+ n~ es< eT{ 0.50 MTs
deTqjT keT bT X{{ bqqT |+|e\d+~> | q|&T < n~ es< <X n+{sT.
+< |uT CrjT $|T sVD $u> $|
#jT&+ ]+~. 4. nk<sD es< <X(Unprecedented flood
stage):
L&Tq k V#] |s y+ #& ys Y d t H{esY,
f*bH HqqT |jksT. nsTT, d es<\ @<H es< eTT+<dT d#q +<+ e< q~ {
$wjT+ d\+ U #sTT+#& nedsyTq eT+ < n~ es< eT{ #sT q|&T nk<sD
V#]\qT C #jT &+ n y k< + be#T. es<\T d+u$+qT #|&TT+~.
1.3.2 qB es< 1.3.5 es< y| e|\T:
qB |yV+ q\ qT <{ |eV+, sT #TT es< y| e|\(flood hazard maps)qT
j ds |t +&j(GSI) sb+~dT+~.
|\ b+\qT eTT+ yjT& qB es< n+{sT. e|\ w~(prohibitive), +\ L&q (Re-
~ n+ k<sD es< s|+. qB es<\ T |< q+> stricted), V#]\ L&q(Cautionary), es< sV
es| sT < eT+#T ] qB |yV+ y>+> eT+&\(Flood Free Zones)qT ddT+~.
\e&+ e\ d+u$ksTT. es< bs+u+ e& mdt es<\ d++~+q n+X\| ]|q
eTT+<T q~ +& { |]eD keTs #q bd{ n<jTH\qT +< \ d+|T+, \ eqsT\ n_e~
(channel capacity) n+{sT.
bC n<]{\T, |D, >MTD |D[ n<]{\T,
1.3.3 |D es< |sesD nM eT+ XK, eekjT eT+
d\ \ ee~ ues\T d+u$+#&+ XK\T $j+#T+{sTT.
|s>&+, { esZ\qT $#DsV+> $T+#&+, 1.4 es<\T m& d+u$ksTT?
&HJ edT\qT deT+> sV+#be&+ e\
q>s\T, |D \ es<\ T se&+ k<sD+> e]+~. sd $ T n+ s r j T $| T ~+|
d+es+ d+es deTd eT]+ re+ e&+, ePV+(United Nations International Strategy for
qc\T |sT>TT+&{ <w |T mH&m +m |D Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR)) sb+~+q >
es<\ n+X |+> >T]+ <| | X< mddtyT+{ ]bsY(Global Assessment Report) 2011
eV+#\, < sVD | esZ<s\qT |s+, ||+ # y|+ > es<\ T m<Ts=+Tq Hu
sb+~+#\ ssTT++~. 90% eT+~ <D dj , sT dj , |d| <X\H
es<\ qT |s y+ #+<T +< \ d+|T + es<\ eddT H sT. <D dj $|T eTT|qT m<Ts=+Tq
reqT H\T>T \T> eZ]++~. n$: <X\ usY, +><X\ |\T n~+> es<
$eq |_wH 106 $|T sVD
eTT|qT m<Ts=+THsT. es<\ T <<| <X+ n 1.4.1 n~ X+ es< |u$eTjT
qB |]yD d+u$ksTT. b+\T
||+#+ n~ es< eTT| q <X\ 1. >+>q~ |]yV b++, us, rk, s,
us<X+ L& {. us<X+ es<\ TTT dT+d], d+wt, ~V+>, \TVY yTT<\>T y{
|eH\T, n~ |P& *q q<T\T, yq, me> L&q V| |]yV b++.
dTbsTTq Ve\j\ |sXDT\T e+{ eTTK 2. J\+, NHu, s$, dfC, _jdt, |> q<T\
sDeTeTHsTT. L&q yjTTe qB |]yV b++
us<X uu>+ dTesT 12 X+ (40 3. |, qs<, eTVq~, ysD, ><e], c,
$T*jTH VsT) es< eTT+| * +~. #y\T |H, y q<T\ L&q B|\ qB |]yV
(Cyclones) e +& es < \ T n < X \ b++
dsk<sD+. s eT]jTT sT us<X+ u>\T
es<\ n~+> >TseTHsTT. s, Xq <X+ es< eTT+|q >TsjT
us<X+ d+<T ` >+> ` V| yT<H b+\T
V|, >+>, yT|Tq qB |]yV b+\T n+
es< eTT+| *q b+\T> qy<j sTT. us< X + e sh+ es<\ >TsjT b++
yTT+ qB |yV 60 X+ & |eVksTT. ($T*jTH Vs)
V|, >+>, yT|Tq qB |]yV b++ 15 1. +<|<X 1.39
|> sc $d]+ +&yT +&, us<X| 2. nk+ 3.19
Hu dTesT 47 X+ |]yV b++H 3. ;VsY 4.26
eddTHsT. es< eTT+| *q s b+ |eT 4. >TsY 1.39
~X |eV+# qs<, | e+{ qB |]yV b+ 5. VsH 2.35
+& yjTTe b+\T, eTVq~, c, ><e], y 6. Ve#|<X 0.23
e+{ sT y|q |eV+# |<q q<T\ |]yV
b+ q eT< us< X + , < qT |su $T HsTT. 7. eT osY 0.08
>+>, V| q<T\T n~ es<\ sD 8. s 0.02
eTeTHsTT. us< X + pH qT+& d|+ sY ed+ 9. s 0.87
es +& HsT sTT|eH\ \+ es<\ |<q 10. eT<|<X 0.26
sTTe> +{+~. 11. eTVsh 0.23
us<X+ d>Tq 1200 $TMTs esb+ 12. eTD|PsY 0.08
b+<TT+~. n+<T <<| 85 X+ esb+ 13. yT|\jT 0.02
H\T>T H\\ (pH qT+& d|+ sY es ) d\ ee~H 14. ]k 1.40
sTdT+~. n+<Te\ H\ q<T |< mTq sT 15. |+Cu 3.70
e, $ksy T q es<\ <]rdT+ ~. |eT rs+, |eT 16. skH 3.26
qTeT\T, Ud =+&\T, V| jT b+\
d+es+ d> Tq 2500 $T.MT\ +f me esb+ 17. $TH&T 0.45
qy<eT+~. TTT|eH\ \+ d+u$+# n~ 18. |s 0.33
X+ es<\ T k<sD+> we T+&\ TbqT n\&T\T 19. s|<X 7.336
< yjTT>T+&\T, #TsTq yesD |]dT\T 20. |eTu+> 2.65
yTT<\>T y{ d++<+ * +{sTT. 21. & 0.05
u s < X + <<| n qB | ] yV 22. |<T#] 0.01
b+\ es<\T d+u$ksTT. yTT+ 33,516
$eq |_wH 107 $|T sVD
 4. +< |<X , $TH&T, ]k, s rs b+\T.
nk+, s|<X, ;VsY, ]k\T s#T> re
es< eTT+|\ >TseT+{sTT.
5. <X+ nH qB eed\T Ve\j\ qT+&
| e V d T + & +, n$ |< m T q
neb(sediment)\qT rdTse&+, qB \
es+Z (channel) |P& @s&+ yTT<\>T sD\
e\q es<\T s#T> edT+{sTT. eTTK+>
s |<X , ;VsY yT< H sD\ e\q s#
es<\T edT+{sTT.
1.5 es< |uy\T
n s\ dV $|T\ u ],
bD qc\ sDeTe n+ $<+d due+ >d+ =s @s&TT+~. H\ | bs =Tbe&+
*q y{ es<\ $|T L& {. 1967 qT+&
2006 eT< \+ us<X+ d+u$+q yTT+
$|T 52% es<\ e\H e#sTT.
<X+ 35 sc\T/+< b* b+\ >qT
23 sc\T/+< b* b+\T es<\
>TseTHsTT.
40 $T*jTH Vs u $T, nq> us< X u>[
$ds+ dTesT 1/8 e+T u$T es< eTT|
* +~.
us<X+ = b+ es<\T |
d+es+ edT+{sTT. dTesT 7.5 $T*jTq
Vs u$T | d+es+ |qseeTjT
es<\ |uy >Tse+~. 200 $T*jTq
eT+~ |\T |u$eTeTHsT. <X+ es<
eTT| * q 40 $T*jTq Vs s |<X
21.9%, ;VsY 12.71%, nk+ 9.4%, |eT
u+> 7.91%, ]k 4.18%, $T*q sc\T
43.9% es< eTT| b+ * HsTT.
es<\ e\q |jT{ d>Tq 1464 eT+~
eTsDdTHsT. 86,288 |Xe\T #bTHsTT.
es< eTT+|q >Tsq b+\T <X+ $T>
b+\ d++<\T e#T.
rs b+\, q<T\ dMTbq q b+\T
eT]+> es<\ >TsesTT.
]+>, ke+> yqT&q esZ\T es<\
$<+d |uy\ me >TseT+{sTT.
esZ\T ] |Ps| d #sTe& #
deTjT+ |&TT+~.
$eq |_wH
1.5.1 re |sekq |uy\T
es<\ e\ *> n+ eTTKyTq |sekq+.
bD\, d qw+ y{\&+. >V\T, e+q\T, s&T
e+{ sD\T es< sT, sT *be&+ e\ =+&
#]jT\T $] |&+ sD+> <+{sTT. |&e\T,
#|\T |f e\\ L& qw+ y{\TT+~. eTT+|
s D +> bD\ , | X d + | < nbs qw +
sT>TT+~. dsq >T{ ks\T be&+ e\q
u$sT, u>s \T, { ||\ <s e# \T
\TwyT n+Ty<T\T, &jT]j, ysdt y<T\T,
eT]j bT + nH d+eTD y<T \T se&
<]rksTT.
es<\ e\ eekjT u$T eTTbsTT, |<
mTq |+ qw+ sT>TT+~. Be\ Vs =s, |X
e\q ks+> esTT+~. deTT<| sT #s&+ e\
#&T u$T> esTT+~.
es<\T, #y\T eekjT #+(agricultural
cycle ) e# d + < s { , eT* ed T \T,
eekj ]> qw+ $ks+> +T+~.
1.6 es< V#]\T
es<\ qT eTT+<dT > n+#H yjT &+, V#]\T
C #jT&+ >&q s+&T <Xu u> n_e~
#+~+~. X{{, ]y{ d+> |]s\ e+{
n<THq k+ |]Cq+ { eT{\T <s+>
es< s+>\qT |d>e#T. d es<\T (Flash
+><X es<\T
+><X q<T\ #TTeTT{ q <X+. &
| d+es+ es<\T se&+ yT +&,
eX+ L&. | d+es+ TTT|eH\ \+
# b+\T eTTbsTT. C +&TeT{
|&sTT. <s H\\T kseeT+eTesTT.
nsTT s T m e \+ \Te +f ,
|j>syTq es< $|T\T> essTT.
nTe+{ es<\T 1974 yd$ e#sTT. es<\T
H\ bT dTesT d>+ <X eTT+ yXsTT.
es<\ e\q 1200 eT+~ #b>, y<T\T, *
eTs 27,500 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 4,25,000 L*
be&+ < re+> <q&+ ]+~. yTT+ 36
$T*jTq eT+~ $|T sD+> <Tss c\T
m<Ts=HsT.
108 $|T sVD
floods) $TqVsTTd , $T> es<\ k<sD+> sb\T $T& +{sTT. n$:
dVTyTq V#] ee~ (warning period) +T+~. 1. V& V& yT{js &{qT
n~ neb+ (Heavy Precipitation) eTT+#T=dTq qB |]o*+#&+, d]+#&+
es<qT V#]dT+~. n~ >\T\ L&q msTTq 2. &{qT eTT+<dT V#]\ +<\ |ks+
bTbT k b+\ q es< eTT| >T]+ #jT&+
V#]ksTT. >T |syD, V#] es< eTT| 3. & { qT $X w + # & + , eTT+< d T d # q qT
q b+\qT U #sTT+#&+ k<eTeT+~. sb+~+#&+
es< V#]qT +< \ d+|T+, k>TsT 4. eTT+<dT d#qqT |ks+ #jT&+
es< jT+D XK, \ eqsT\ XK C #ksTT. | d+es+ TTT|eH\ \+ <X+
1.6.1 es<\ n+#H ` +< \ d+|T+ |\T b+ d>Tq 6000 eTT+<dT d#q\qT C
es< eTT+<dT d#q(forecasting), V#] #eTT+< jT &+ sT>TT+~. 1978 qT+& 2002 eT< C #dq
dT d#q\qT |]o*d V#]\ + 81%
eed\qT es<\T se& eTT+<T>H |\T dTs qT+& 98 X |]+~.
|<X\ s*y&, $\Tyq edTe\qT es< eTT|
q b+\ qT+& s*+#&, es<\ qT+& 1.7 es< d+d<
s+#TH+<T | sD\qT #|&+ d+
|j+#T+{sT. yTTyTT<{ k]> us<X+ dV y|q es<\qT m<Ts=H+<T eTq+
+< \ d+|T+ 1958 qe+sY XdjT+> es< >T $<+ > d+d< +f, n$ $|T > es neds+
eTT+<dT d#qqT C #d+~. <X s< & #T <T. dTTq $|T sVD +<\T @< &m+{
|\ b+ qB b+ q >e\ es< (Disaster Management Teams) \qT | >eT+ < |D
V#]\T C #d+<T +< \ d+|T+ & ysT b+\ @sT #d |jT sT>T+~. j
q |<q s\jT+ es< eTT+<dT d#q b+\ &m+{ es<\T, s $|T\ ysD
+<(Flood Forecasting Centre) 1958 qe+sY nedsyTq d+d<\ u< eVksTT. | s
@sT #d+~. ~ |dT+ <X y|+> $d]++~. d+d<, ne>Vq *+# |jT, H|D *q
es < eTT+< d T d # q H\T> T | < q neds u< +<\ u>keTT\T y*.
sK+& es<\T
2013 pH 14 qT+& 17 eT< ]dq nk<sD u es\ sD+>
sK+& u es<\T d+u$+#sTT. k<sD+> TTT|eH\ \+
]d k<sD es\ +f 375% n~+ > ]jT&+ eT+<, n\q+<
q<T\T b+ |qT $<+d+ dw+#sTT. sK+& dsY |{+q <
|s+ es< 10y\ eT+~ |> eTsD+#sT. nsTT 2013 pH 29
es sK+& |uT+ |{+q n~] $es\ |s+ eTT\ d+K
850 es +~. #sY<yT\T> |\Te& >+>, jTeTTH, <sYH<,
<H<\ d+<sq y[q dTesT 70 y\ eT+~ j\T es<
bjsT. ye <+, dq+, bs$T\ <\T es< bsTTq 1,10,000 eT+~ b&sTT.
deTT< eT{ dTesT 3800 MTs mT q #s] VeTq<+ ]be&+ eT+< q~ b+ es<
;u+ dw++~. 58e q+sY CrjT sV<] |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. #sY<yT\ bT y |t |esY,
s|t+< e+{ b+\qT L& es<\T eTT+#sTT. 450 |> # s&T |P]> <HsTT. u es\
es<\ bT ub\T(=+& #]jT\T $]|&+) L& d+u$+#&+ nH eT+~ es< bjsT.
<<| 5,500 eT+~ eTsD+qT s #+~q eTT#Y ] nH ;e +| y\&++~. |*|HqT ~|ydq
VjH TbqT sTy sK+& es<\T, < |*+> @s&q ub\qT 2013 n|< eqe qw+
*+q | $|T> eTT#Y (Munich Re) |s=+~. es<\ sD+> <sYH< |D+ |P]> <+dyT+~.
nsTTq|{ n& <sYH< <y\jT+ ##<sbe&+ Xdy\ d+ Xs+ *++~.
$eq |_wH 109 $|T sVD
 us<X+ es<\ e\q d+u$+q eTsD\ $es\T
d+es+ eTsD+q y] d+K |<X+
1961 2,000 s us<X+
1968 4,892 1. skH, >TsY, 2. Xq sc\T, |eT u+>,
nk+
1971 1,023 s us<X+
1978 3,800 s, Xq us<X+
1980 1,600 s|<X, ;VsY, s, VsH
1989 1,591 eTVsh, +<|<X, >TsY
1994 2,001 nk+, nsTD# |<X, eT osY, Ve# |<X,
|+Cu, s|<X, >y, s, >TsY
1995 1,479 ;VsY, VsH, eT osY, |+Cu, s|<X,
|eTu+>, eTVsh
1997 1,442 +<|<X, nsTD# |<X, nk+, ;VsY, >TsY,
Ve# |<X, eT osY, s, s, eTVsh,
eT<|<X, ]k, |+Cu, skH, d+, s|<X,
|eTu+>
1998 1,811 nk+, nsTD# |<X, ;VsY, s, yT|\jT, |+Cu,
d+, s|<X, |eTu+>
2000 1,290 >TsY, +<|<X, nk+, nsTD# |<X, ;VsY,
Ve#|<X, s, eT<|<X, |+Cu, s|<X,
|eTu+>

us<X+ 1953 qT+& 2004 eT< es< |ue+, qc\T

n+X+ jT{ d>T qw+ >]w qw+ ]q qw+ $\Te
d+es+
1 |u$ b++ $T*jTH VsT 7.63 1978 17.50
2 |u$yTq |\T $T*jTq 32.92 1978 70.45
3 bD qw+ d+K 1597 1977 11316
4 |X d+|< qw+ y\ d+K 94 1979 618
5 qwbsTTq |+ $ds+ $T*jTH Vs 3.56 1988 10.15
6 |+ qw+ $\Te s. 708.57 2000 4246.6
7 <q y\ d+K 1235.61 1978 3508
8 <q $\Te s. 251.05 1995 1307.9
9 <q |uT dT\T s. 813.69 2001 5604
10 yTT+ qw+ $\Te s. 1817.07 2000 8864
Source: Central Water Commission (FMP Directorate)

$eq |_wH 110 $|T sVD

 2. +<|<X es<\T
(Floods in India)

2.1 |]#jT+ dVyTq n&e\T, |+q n&e\T

esb |]eD+
qB |yV+ dV d<y T q q\ T < eqe e es<\ duy, |]~ s]ksTT.
] q\ qT $T+ b+ |eV+#&+ < |yV+
k<sD ksTT +f $T+ n~+> |eV+#&+, y{ q<T\T b+ |eV+#&+ , u es\ sD+>
sD+> T b+\T eTT+|q >T] e& d+u$ +# eTT+| duy\T, eTT+|q >TsjT b+\T
es<\T \D+> |s=+{sT. ] w + > +{sTT. d + +~ XK\ e< M{
d + +~ + q d e #s + +T+~. , T b qT
= ksT $ksyTq TTT|eq es\T qB n\&T\T, TbqT rs+ <{q sT y e# es\ e\q
|yV\T b+ bs& & $< +ds y T q es<\ eTT+|q >TsjT b+\qT eTT+<T> }V+#&+
sDeTesTT. weTeT+~. n$ >* ~X MT< <s|& +{sTT.
m>Te b+ ]d n~ es\ sD+> e#
{ |yV\qT TH dsq keTs+ qB q\ 2.2 +<|<X es< duy\T
be&+ es<\ sDeTeT+~.
dsq eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed b+\T +<|<X es<\T |< mTq bD qw+, |X
n~ es\ es< eTT+|q >TsesTT. d + | < qw + , > V qw + , | + qc \
sDeTeTHsTT. eT* edT\T L& |< mTq
es<\T |s>& sD\T $<+deTeTHsTT.
1. e T j \ e\ qB u | P & ><e], c q<T\T yTq, dsyTq |yV
|sTbe&+, < e\q q<T\ { \ keTs + esZ\qT * HsTT. y{ dV yTq q\ T, eqe
Zbe&+ ] q\T es< { ydT keTs+ *
2. u+b\T, ub\ e\q qB |yV HsTT. , & b+\qT +<T $TqVsTT+|>
n&+\T @s&, |yV ~X es&+ #b*.
3. |<q q<T\T, | q<T e# es<\T s+&
\e&+
4. Tb |ue+ e\q qB y>+ eT+<+#&+
es<\T dV+> nH s\| <s|&
+{sTT. n$:
m&s| +& ]d es\T, d\ ee~
]d TbqT es\ e\q dV {bsT<\
eed <q&+
|]yV b+ due+
|yV due+
H\ due+

$eq |_wH 111 $|T sVD

 eT{ dsq <<+ be&+, |D[
s V e~ , d V d < y T q # s T e\qT d
sV+#be&+, {bsT<\ eed\qT d]>
+#be&+ e\q c, ><e] &\ dV+>
es<\T edTHsTT. , ydy M{ eqe s
es<\T> #|e#T.
k<sD+> +< |<X es< deTd q q<T\T
b+>&+ , =s T dsd T |]ds b+\T eTT be&+
e+{ y{ |]$TyT +~.
, >&q s+&T <Xu\ k \
& b+\ {bsT<\ deTd re+ e&+
Tbq $<+d keTs+ |\T sT |], es<
y|\qT |+#&+ ]+~.
dsq sVD be&+ es< sVDqT,
k>T{ bsT<\ eedqT re+> |u$+ #k+~.
~ es<\ eTs= sDeTe+~.
1979 yT TbqT e+{ nH d+<s\ n~
X+ eTsD\T #sTe\T, \Te\ \T be&+,
d T y T \T, H# T y T T \ s D +> \Te\T
+bsTT, es<\T |s>&+ e\H d+u$+#sTT.
k b++ <T bT \+>D
b++ KeT+ L& TTT|eH\ \+ e#
es<\ eTT|qT n~+> * +~. rssK y+&
C+|+ eT]jTT eT|+ eT< q b++
TbqT n\&T\ eTT|qT me> * +~.
sh eekjT ] eed >DjTyTq y{
* q ><e], c q<T\ & b+\T |
d+es+ es<\qT m<Ts=+THsTT.
+< | < X d { ]y { d+> n|
d+sY(APSRAC) sh+ n |<q qB eed\
$eq |_wH
d++~+ 100 d+es\ qB |yV e|\qT
e T+> sb+~++~. +<|<X VCsY $T{>wH n+&
meTs dH ]e bC u>+> m|mdtsYmd
2005 eq es<\ b|~q KeT+ |& e|qT
sb+~++~.
>&q X+ +<|<X 103 TbqqT, y{
e\ e# es<\qT m<Ts=+~.
2.3 s \T ` eTV u q > s Y
es<\T(2009)
2009 d|+sY 30 qT+& nsY 5 eT< c,
< | q<T\ d+u$+q es<\ sD+> s\T,
eTVuq>sY, c, qZ+&, >T+sT 87
eT+&\T, 525 >e\T eTT+|q >Tsj sTT. |< q
s \T q>s+ bT eT+\jT+ eT]=
|D\T re+> qwbjsTT. eTq sh+ 20.72
\\ eT+~ es< |u y >Tsj sT. s =
b+\T L& es< eTT+|qT m<Ts=HsTT.
\\ ms\ |+ {b+~. y\ d qw+
]+~. 55 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 10 y\ |>
qw+ d+u$++~. 1903 sTy c q~ + u
es<\T se&+ < |<eT+. <X lX\+ &yT
28 \\ Ld\ { |yV+ e #]+~. s\T
1.5 \\ T+u\qT, eTVuq>sY
13.4 \\ eT+~, c 5 y\ eT+~ dVjT
d+~ dTs b+\ s*+#sT. @&T V*|sT
550 eT+~ d d+~, 165 eT+~ Hwq &CdsY
s kH bsT (mH& sYm|)t d+~, mH& sYm|t #+~q
w H 48 |&e \T, eTs 90 s |&e \T s+>+ ~ dV jT
#s\T #|{sTT.
112 $|T sVD
 3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
(Floods - Mitigation Strategies)

3.1 |]#jT+ 3.3 |XeTq #s\T

u es\T, |qT>\T\T, #y\T, TbqT s # T > es < eTT+| qT m< T s=+Tq
n\&T\T, rs+ y+& dTH$T, VeTb+ < +ue w b+\ |< mTq sD eT]jTT sDs
e\q ]sjTsT +& {eT+ |s>&+ < q<T\T |XeTq #s\qT #|&+ <s es<\ |uy
b+ |eV+#&+ e\q $ksy T q b+\T * ~+#e#T.
eTT+|q >T]e& es<\T n+{sT (Floods are
temporary inundation of large regions as a result of in- 3.3.1 sD |XeTq #s\T
crease in resorvoir or of rivers flooding their banks be- m. ysYw& yTHCyT +{: dV d<y T q \ eqsT\
cause of heavy rains, high winds, cyclones, storm surge (#sTe\T, dsdT\T)qT, |D, >MTD b+ {
along coast tsunami, melting of snow or dam burst). bsT<\ eed\qT d\+ Xu+ #jT&+, |P&
us<X+ es<\T |qseeTeT+{sTT. rjT&+, T |+#&+
<X+ 12% u u>+ es< eTT| * +~. es<\ T _. ]sjTsT: dV d<yTq { \ |<X\qT
s+&T s\T> d+u$ksTT. k] eT+>, >+\ es eTT+<T |d]> Xu+ #j*. TTT
ee~ rdT eksTT. < { jT+D sD\T |eH\ s+u eTT+<T #sT e\T, +\T < dV
<q&+ e\q < b++ ]dq u es\T d<yTq { bsT<\ eed\| q eTD\qT
< +uew sD+> d+> L& d+u$ksTT. =\+#*.
V#] : d es<\ deTjT+ $TqV, d. +sY & \ sD+: es< yT< H +sY
$T> es<\ VT<y T q V#]\ ee~ +T+~. &\qT ]+#*. &\T es< { X, #eT
+< \ d+|T+, k>T{ es< jT+D $u>+, (seepage) qT T H $<+ > <&+ > +&*. ue H\qT
us |uT \ eqsT\ $u>+ es<\qT |d>{, ms TTq b+\ ]+#*. nedsy T q |+ ~H\T
V#]\qT n+<T, y{ |\ #s yd u< qT < b{bs\| ]+#*.
eVksTT. |& |P|+> (Flood proofing) <s es< eTT|
qc Z+#e#T. +<Td+ es<sT s+& dT
3.2 es< V#]\ de#s k\T n&TyjT&+, +{ \T|\T, {\qT >{>
#syd $<H\T _+#&+ yTT<\>T #s\T rdTe#T. qT msTTq
b+\ ]+#&+ <s es< eTT| +&
1. |uT #q #jTe#T. n> ueH\qT Xj\ <s+>
2. n~ b<q q f*>eTT\T ]+#Ty*.
3. <s<sH eT]jTT k T\T #q &. dV d<y T q \ +<q |]yV\T : (Natu-
4. XyD ral water retention basins): es< s< q\T,

5. | |q\T n+>Tjs \T, s q\qT ]+#&+,

d+s+#&+, T yT<q b+\qT es< eTT|q
6. X{{ <] $|T V#] eed\T >TsjT neX\qT Z+#&+ d+ * {
7. b ]sjTsT> |j +#TH+<T &eTT\T, s \ T
8. f*bqT. ]+#*.
$eq |_wH 113 $|T sVD
 . es< jT+D #s \qT neT\T #jT &+ : es< 3.3.3 CrjT es< eTT| |XeTq bC
qc ~+#+<T jT+D #s\qT neT\T #j*. (National Flood Risk Mitigation Project (NFRMP))
n& e \qT | qs T < ] +# & + , e d e TT<j \qT es<\ eTT|qT, reqT < y{ |s ekH\qT
d+s+#&+, { |yV\T, s Xj\ qT+& |X$T+|CjT&+ < Z+#&+ d+ CrjT es<
#q T Xu+ #jT &+, #sT e\T, dsd T \T yTT<\>T y{ eTT| |XeTq bC (NFRMP) s|\q #XsT.
d+s+#&+ <s { |yV |]eD Z+, <Ts\+ (vulnerble) q eT{\ #q+
es<qT jT++#e#T. s\T, q\T, &yT\T, *+#&+ bT $|T\ d+u$+q|&T dVjT
\Te\ yTsT>T<\ yTT<\>T y{ <s es<qT
#s\T, |qsyd+, |qsT<sD nedsyTq eqsT\T,
eT[+#e#T. &yT\T { \Te #d, { |]$TyT q
keTs\ dMTsD nedsyTq @sqT d<+ #d
$&T<\ #jT e#T. u +b\ e\ &eTT\T $|\ yT,
sT \T #T+f T b+\qT es<\T \ + bC q T d<+ #XsT. es< eTT| |Xe Tq
eTT+#TsTT. bC| d$esyTq bC ]bsTqT sb+~+#
u<qT mH&m+m n|+#sT.
3.3.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T 3.3.4 es< sVD seT+
es< eTT| q b+\ e|+>: @ b++HH (Flood Management Programme):
es< eTT|qT Z+#& eTT+<T> b+ k++ eq|{ qT+& sh |uT\T es<
d++~+q e|qT jsT #jT&+ b<$T #s. sVD |qT eT>yT HsTT. 10e |+#es |D[
#] d++~+q ]sT\T es< eTT+|q >TsjT es 45.6 $T*jTH Vs es< eTT| q b+\
b+\qT, es<\T d+u$+# ee~, es<\T m+ VT<y T q ksTT sD *+#&+ ]+~. n<q+>
yTs $d]kjTH n+X *jTCksTT. es< eTT| eTs 2.18 $T*jTH Vs sD *+#\ 11e
+< u$+q |+ { eT{\ <s+> V#]qT |+#es |D[ \+> |T+~. \eqsT\
C #jTe#T. rs b+\ y s+>\ eT{\T, jeq+ b<$ T+> sh |uT \ u< , n+<Te\
sh |uT \T es< jT+D, d+sD d++~+q
u $T d u y\T eTT+| q > T s j T b+\qT |< \qT sb+~+, <T \T deTL], neT\T #j *.
s]ksTT. es< y| e|+> (Flood hazard map- us |uT + +< \eqsT\ eT+XU < s+
ping) es < \ d + < s + > { | y V + > 11e |+#es |D[ s.8000 ejT+
*jTCksTT. es< sVD se $w]++~. seT+
u $j> jT+D (Land Us Control) e\q +< 2010 e] 31 es 19 sc\ qT+& +<
dVs+ d+ w due+ *q yTT+ 311 es<
es < y T < H b+\T, rs b+\qT s T sVD |qT\ |<\qT seT+ #jT&+
eTT+#q |&T bD qc, d qc dZ T + ~. es<\ ]+~. n+<T 10 sc\ d++~+q 117 |qT\T
e\ d+u$+# eTsD\ d+K b++ eTT| b+ |Psj sTT. $<+ > n~ es<\ T eq|&T dTesT
q Hu| <s|& +T+~. 12.89 $T*jTq |\ u< *+# $<+> 1.33
$T*jTH Vs es< eTT| q b+\qT |qsT<] +,
n|{ |\T eT yk\qT ]+#Tq d+s+#&+ ]+~. 2010`11 d+es es<
b+\ <Ts\ Z+#+<T y] dTs sVD seT+ +< nk+, ;VsY, >y, >TsY,
b+\ s*+# @sqT #j*. eT osY, s, eTD|PsY, ]k, b+&#],
es< eTT| n~+> q b+\ |<q $TH&T, s K+&, s |<X , |eTu+>\ qT+&
eTs 42 = es< sV se\qT #s &+ ]+~.
n_e~ se\qT nqTeT+#s<T. dT\T,
bsX\\T e+{ eTTKyTq edT\qT dTsyTq 3.3.5 u | n<jTq+
b+\ ]+#*. |D b+\ +\T, j ds |t +&j (Geological
dsdT\T < T> +& b+\ e+{ { \ Survery of India (GSI) eTT+|q >TseTq u$T
#d Xj\qT @sT #j*. s, n+<T |<s\qT n< jTq+ #d, V]yD+
$eq |_wH 114 $|T sVD
(|]yV b++) jTT H\ yX\+, s+, y\T, 2. y<TsT, \T, eTT e+{ jedt |<s\
bs>eT (Permeability), eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed, {q |P]>T&d\T < V| w {q *
u ds|+, \Te\ <s+, s $es\T yTT<q b{ sD\T es<\ *> L*bsTT,
y{| de#s d]++~. n< jTH\ <s+> =TbsTT.
mdt w~ (prohibitive), +\T $~+#<q (Re- 3. q<T\ es< yT< H +& b+\T <Ts\
stricted), V#]\ L&q (Cautionary), es<\T eT]+ |+#TsTT. eTTK+> Hu +BsD
qTe+{ (flood hazard maps) qT d<+ #dT+~ mdt n~+ > q b+\ eTT| + me>
]|q es< d++~ n<jTH\qT +< \ d+|T+, +T+~. es< yT<H u$T $\Te #
\ eqsT\ n_e~ bC <]{\T, |D eT]jTT e> +& + s D +>, |< | \T
>MTD |D[ <]{\T, |sesD eT]jTT nM ]+#&sT.
eT+ XK, eekjT eT+XK yTT<\>Tq$ ueH\| |ue+
|j+#T+{sTT.
es<\ e\ ueH\ *> qw+ $<+>
3.4 us<X+ es< sVD +T+~.
1. n~ |yV y>+ e# { |ue+ e\
us<X+ es< sVD d++~+q =TbsTT. L*be&+ < =T
d+k> |D[ |+#es |D[H s+uyT+~. be&+ e\ y{ |q]sD+ k<+ <T.
]w+> #b\+f 1954 CrjT es< sVD 2. \| e+{ *b{ keT ]+q d]>
se (National Programme of Flood Management) +&b { *bjT |e<+ +~.
$w]+#&+ yTT<+~. >&q 58 d+es\ 3. eTTbe& + e\ qw + \ T> T T +~.
deTd due+, k |]dT\| <s|& $_q eTTbsTTq| { | H~ MT< nH
sc\ |\T s\ es< d+sD sD eT]jTT +&bT+~. nsTT, +{ keT *> qw+
sDs |< T \qT #| & + ]+~. sD #s re+> +T+~. ]|s T # j T & + k< y T
u>+> ksJ ]sjTsT, es< q\T, eTTsT>T{ nsTTq|{, d]> m+&u& | |<T\T
bsT<\ \Te\T ]+#&+ eTj T ysD #s \qT nedseTesTT.
#|{sT. M{ bT es<\qT eTT+<T> n+#H 4. \Vq|&+ : { y>+ e\ +{ |H~
yjT&+, es< eTT| q b+\qT >T]+#&+ (flood < |H~ +< q eT{ =Tbe&+
plain zoning) |& |P|+>, $|T d+d< yTT<\>T sT>TT+~. Be\ \T L*be&+ < re+>
sDs #s\qT d+ #|&+ ]+~. n|{ qT+& <q&+ sT>TT+~.
#|{ q es< sVD #s \ |* +> <X y|+ > 15.81 5. ~\ e\ *> qw+ : #T, $<TY d+u\T
$T*jTH Vs uu> VT<yTq ksTT sD yTT<\>T |< mTq { =T e# edTe \T,
*+#&+ ]+~. qw+ *ksTT.
3.4.1 yk\| es< |ue+ 3.4.2 ue H\ qw+ \T> +& #| e \dq
deTd JesX\ s eT\+. sT +& d+sD #s\T
Jy eTqT>& <T. +{ eTVT *q sT es<\ eTTb+& s~+# n+ |ueo*
s|+ e y~ eT+~ eTqTw\T, |X e\ bD\qT #s\T
rdT y& + m+ $c<s + ? es<\ e\ us< X +
|jT{ 10 \\ |> >T&d\T, |<\ =T 1. q~ &T\T, q~ |\ y\T\T, q~ <DT\T
(gorges) |q ed+#s<T.
bTHsTT. qc eTq+ y]+#>\e?
n+ <Ts\yTq >V\T 2. deTT<rs\T/ q~ &T\ qT+& d+ 250 MTs
<s+ ]+#Ty*.
1. eT{ #dq keT ]+q ueH\T <
eT{ >#T , ssTT, T {q u es\ 3. es< eTT| q b+\ sT # #]
es<\ L*bjT neX+ * +{sTT. \Te +&+& s> y[bjT+<T dsq
$eq |_wH 115 $|T sVD
 &HJ eedqT ]+#Ty*.
4. ueH\ |H~ eT{ es< { eT+ +f
mT ]+#Ty*.
5. >eT+ < yd b++ yTT n~ es<
eT{ +f msTTq y~| ]+#Ty*.
6. H\ eT+ >& +& sT y[b e& M\T>
d\ T\T < \yT| ue H\T ]+#*. \yT
e\js+>, <&+> +&*. b& yesD
deTjT+ U> q H\ #T +# yd, |X
e\T, >=s\T, |+| < @yH edTe \T
\Te #dTe& |j+#Te#T.
eTq+ es<\ sDeTe&yT +&, <Ts\yTq
b+\ s+> ueH\T ]+#&+, ysYw&qT
|\e+> sV+#&+ , es< jT+D y| \ + e&+
L& $|T |]d <]rjT& sDeTeTHsTT.
n+<Te\, dsq yd sVD (habital management),
ysYw& sVD, ueq sD\ es< s<
\ D \qT #=| +# & + <s es < eTT| qT
|X$T+|Cj*q neds+ +~.
3.5 es<\T se& eTT+<T
\<#Te& dTs y T q w\s #sT e&
<>]Z esZ\T \TdTy*. nedsy T +~ y{ rdT
y+<T d<+> +#*. meTs{ + &e\dq$.
1. beTT T eT]jTT &jT]j nedsyTq
n<q| eT+<T\ bT |<eT {
2. edTe\qT { +#& yTq
3. s&j, {]T, n<q| u\T
4. eT+sT, &|& (Xq>||, _dT e+{$),
|, #s, sdH, +&, nZ|f\T
5. <TdT\T, s $\Tyq edTe\qT <#Te&
ysY |P|t u>T\T
6. >=&T>T\T, beTT\ qT+& s+#Te& y<TsT
s\T
7. MTsT >MTD b+ qsTT, MT |]ds\
+f msTTq b+\qT >T]+#* < es<\
deTjT+ |Xe\qT b&Te& msTTq
eT{ ~H qT ]+# T H >eTd T \ qT
bV+#*.
3.6 es< V#]\T eq|&T
1. es< V#]\T, s ys\ d+ s &j eT]jTT
{$ #&*.
$eq |_wH
2. n~sT\T # es< V#]\ d+ y
+&*.
3. & | &, >TsT, y# <H # <TdT\ qT d<+ >
+#Ty*.
4. >MTD b+\ m& +&T, eekjT keT,
|+|&T +Te\qT dTs |<X\ <
ms TTq |<X \ s* +#+<T d<+ > +&*.
3.7 \T U #d|&T
1. <TdT\T, deds eT+<T\T, $\Tyq edTe\T,
e> |\T yTT<\>T y{ ysY |P|t
u>T\ d<+> +#Ty*.
2. MTsT y<\#Tq |<X+ n&dT y\+{s,
$|T sVD +< *jTCj*.
3. |#sY, <TdT\T, + y& >|sD\qT
msTTq eT+#\T < fT| +#*. m\
|]s\qT n+{ +f |q +& #dTy*.
4. $<TYqT |yj*.
5. +{ H, jT yTH, jT{ qT+&
eTT] sT +{ #s +&, {sTT{ u, n
&HJ qT dT d+#T\ eTd +#*.
6. dTs w\sT y eTT+<T +{ + yj *.
7. T *jT+& {, { |yV
ys<T.
3.8 es<\T eq deTjT+
1. eTs>u{q {H >*
2. Vs |<s\qT | +#*. n> qs<T.
3. &jT]j eq# b\T {, >+, =]
yTT<\>T y{ eyT y&*.
4. |\\qT U &T| +#s<T.
5. |]ds b+ H| H s+& dTq+, ;+>
b&sY #*.
6. es< { ys<T. y ye\d ed,
b<\ dsq D rdT, s {
TqT \TdT+ y*. y T +f
me T q ys<T.
7. es< { &dq Vs |<s\qT qs<T.
8. >MTD b+\ sTT { > eTT+<T
eTs> uTy*. { > eTT+<T X~ #d+<T
VCH {uqT |j+#*. $ k
>MTD s> ss e< \_ksTT.
9. beTT\T | C>> +&*. es<\ deTjT+
beTT\T T yjT&+ dV+.
116 $|T sVD
 m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. us <X+ @ H\ es<\T d+u$+# neX+ 7. nk+ ;VsY sc\ @ d+es+ | es<\T
+~? (4) e uqc *+#sTT? (1)
1) @| ` pH 2) yT ` nsY 1) 2004 2) 2005
3) pH ` &d+sY 4) pH ` d|+sY 3) 2006 4) 2003
2. @ d+es+ +&j es<\ e\ 11,316 eT+~ 8. 30,000,023 q+ qw|sq es<\T d+u$+q
eTsD+#sT? (1) d+es+ (4)
1) 1977 2) 1978 1) 1995 2) 1960
3) 1979 4) 1975 3) 1970 4) 1980
3. d es_*{ +& (d.$.) V<su< 9. es<\ V#] de#s+ < <s |kseT
{e\ mesT $&T<\ #XsT? (4) eT+~? (4)
1) +<|<X sw $|T sVD n<]{ 1) +&j s&j 2) <s<sH
2) CrjT $|T sVD n<]{ 3) ys |\T 4) |e
3) +&jTH yesD XK 10. es<\ V#]\T y <s |kseTesTT?(4)
4) +&jT H CrjT deTT< de#s ddT\ +<+ 1) <s<sH 2) +&j s&j
4. +< |<X s# T > es<\ >T] njT b+\T 3) | |q\T 4) |e
1) |HsY & b+\T (2) 11. us yTT+ uu>+ m+ X es<\T
d+u$+# neX+ +~? (2)
2) c, ><e] & b+\T
1. 11% 2. 12%
3) sjT\deT b+\T
3. 13% 4. 14%
4) s k b+\T
12. es<\T y{ e\ \T>TsTT (1)
5. nk+ re+> es<\qT *+# q~ (4)
1. n~ esb+
1) >+> 2) >eT
2. #sTe\ >+&T
3) jTeTTH 4) V|
3. reyTq >\T\T
6. es<\ sVD +< |uT+ qeTH _\TqT
jsT#jTeT @ $TwH d++~? (3)
4. #sTe\ qT+& sT | se+
1) CrjT es<\ $TwH
13. +< |<X s# T > es<\ e\ u<| & b++
1. |HsY udH (4)
2) CrjT $|T\ $TwH
2. c eT]jTT ><e] b++
3) +< \ $TwH
3. s k b+\T
4) +< $<TY $TwH
4. <D k b+\T
6. es<\T d+u$+#{ |<q sD+ (2)
14. +&j @ q~ e\ me> es<\T e#TqT?
1) n~ c> 2) u esb+
1. ><e] 2. >eT (3)
3) >* eT 4) TbqT\T
3. V| 4. y

$eq |_wH 117 $|T sVD

VI.sTe\T, ub\T
eT]jTT s $|T\T
1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
2. +<|<X sTe
3. sTe |XeTq ePV\T
4. ub\T ` s $|T\T
1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
(Drought - Causes and Effect)

sTe n+{sT. (Drought is a Climatic anomaly, char-

1.1 |]#jT+ s#H\T acterized by deficient supply of moisture resulting either
us<X+ m<Ts=+Tq n+ $ksyTq from sub- normal rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution,
higher water need or a combination of all the factors)
$|T\ sTe L& {. us<X+ k>T
j>yTq u$T 70 X |> sTe |uy | d+es+ 3000 $TMTs |> esb+
>Tse+~. u+b\T, #y\T, es<\T e+{ b+< s sc, s+&T eT+ |+\T e&
nkT> d+u$+# | $|T\ d+~+qT d]|& es\T |&q+<Tq sTe |u$ b++>
|\T y+H sTe d~+#sT. m+<Tq>, sTe |{+#&+ ]+~. ds|s ndeTT\ me>
|]dT\T \ ee~ n_e~ #+<TsTT. eTq +f, < sTe n+{sT.
|sesD+ mTe+{ dwyTq D esT\T k<sD esb+ 75% +f e esb+
|+#e. n+<Te\ sTeqT <q+> |& (Slow ]dq d sTe>qT, 50% +f e esb+
onset) $|T> |\TksT. +& d re sTe> us yesD XK
b++ n\ esb+ sD+> {, s++~.
Vs, |X>k eT]jTT b~ reyTq =s us yesD XK |s=q < |s+, yTT+
@s& |]d sTe> s+#e#T(drought is a esb T Bs\| d>T esb+ 10 X+
conditon of acute scarcity of water, food, fodder and em-
+f me> eT]jTT <X+ 20 X |> b++
ployment due to scanty rainfall in an area). sTe e\ nTe+{ sT e |]d T \ >TssTT n|&T <X+ sT e
d+u$+# re |sekq+ |+\T <q&+. |u$yTqT #|&TT+~. esb+ |&be&+,
b++ k<sD |]d T \ _q+> =+ u>s \T |&be&+, ue\T, q<T\T, ]sjTsT,
\+ es |P]> esb+ be&+ < T m+&be&+, eekjT |\e+> +&+ sTe
esb+ e\ k<sD+> de+ yTT+ u<\ sqT dksTT.
>TsjT |]dT\ <]rd d sTe n+{sT. sT e |]\, n+seT (Sub - surface)
(Drought is a is either absesnce or deficiency or rainfall
from its normal pattern in a region for an extended period
T @s&+ e\ >T{, k<sD >Veds\
of time leading to general suffering in the society). ~ nedsyTq { reyTq =s \>& <]rdT+~.
]w u>[ b++ dVd<yTq { ds|s sTe deTjT+ ]d n\ esb+ #sTe\T eT]jTT
| q &e+& eT]jTT b++ { ue\T < u>s { eqsT\qT |P]> +|&
n+~+# | |Tq eT< ]> |sds #s (It is d]b<T. n+<Te\ n{ =s @s&TT+~.
interplay between demand that people place on natural H\ |+\T |s>& nedsyTq eT
supply of water of demand that people place on natural |+#&+ bT s eekjT sb\
supply of water and natural event that provides the water nedsyTq { L& reyTq =s @s&TT+~.
in a given geographical region). yTT\T |s>& nedsyTq eT H\ q+<Te\q
k<sD esb+ +f e esb+, njT |+ | L& re |ue+ |&TT+~. {,
esb |+|D, n~ { neds+ e\q < | y+{ b\+ |qT e eT+~ e\qT $jksT ~,
e\q eT =s @s& nk<sD yes |]d sT<> <]rdT+~.
$eq |_wH 121 $|T sVD
1.2 sTe \D\T 1.3 sTe sD\T
~ <q+> d+u$+# $|T. sTe m|&T b<$ T+> sT e nH~ yesD \D yTq T
yTT<+~. m|&T eTTd+~ ssTT+#&+ w+. esb+ sD+> d+u$+q|{, $_q s+>\|,
|j>syTq { jTT =s <]rd y{ L&jTTq |\T $<\ <Ts\ s\ (Vul-
mTe+{ k<sD s\ < Xw (dry nerability factors) sD+> |ue+ #|T+~.
period) nsTTH sTe> #|e#T. +< T = s \T eqe | s | y T
sTe owd jTT k<sD, |qse +{sTT. sTe nq~ dV $|T nsTTq|{, n~
(recurrenet) \D+. owd = esT\qT Hu, |Xe\qT n~+> yT|&+, n&e\ q]y,
|<]dT+~. sTe n+<T u>+ eyT. eT jT+, |+\ k>T |]\, u>s \qT
sTe nH~ u>[ b++ neb n~+> $j+#&+, Jey$<+ e&+ e+{
(Precipitation) (uwueq+, yTT\ ucsq y{e\ sTe |uy\T n_e~ #+<TTq <X\
(transpiration), >V, b]X$T $j>\T |]dT\qT eT]+ |Ts+> jsT #ksTT.
yTT<\>T y{ <s ]>) { $j> eT< sTe <Ts sDeTjT s\T
+& |L\ d+T\q+ (Drought is negative H\ eTqT |{ +# keTs+ e> +&+
balance between Precipitation and water use
k>T{ edT\T be&+
(through evaporation, transpiration by plants, do-
mestic and industrial uses etc) in a geographical dsq |X>d \ @sT +& |Xe\qT
region) |+#&+
sTe |uy\T < y+& { <q+> |\eyTq { jeq+
]w \ ee~ d+#jTeTesTT. n&e\ q]y
skH, >TsY\ |<q uu>\ dV >& yT<H |Xe\qT n~+> yT|&+
us<X |eT b++ \VqyTq TTT|eH\T,
|q yTq |sesD |]d T \ sD+> s# T > sT eqT sT me> nedse TjT |+\qT k>T #jT &+
m<Ts=+T+~. sT eqT m<Ts=H s eTTKyTq b+\ u>s C\qT n~+> y&Te&+
C_ |eT ]k, +<|<X sjT\deT, eT jT+ (Soil erosion)
\+>D b+\T, #rdt|T&, Cs+&, eT< eTVsh,
+{]jT s, |eTu+>, $TH&T = Hu e~ eT]jTT |DsD
b+\T eksTT. sT deT~> +& |+Cu, VsH, b]X$TsD (Industrialization)
;VsY, s|<X sc\ = b+\ d+ u|+ (Global warming)
dsq es\T sD+> sTe\T @s&sTT.
us<X+ yTT+ 543 \ >qT 191 1.3.1 sTe <]rd |s s\T
\T reyTq sTe eTT|qT * HsTT. s#T> dTBs \+ bT n\ esb+ e\q sTe
sT eqT m<Ts=H b+\ |\T + eT]+ $HXs @s&TT+< eTq+ \TdTH+. nsTTq|{, =
|uy\ >TsjT |e< * +{sT. esTd> b+\ s T e | u y\T s s D \ e\
s+&T d+es\ bT sTe e+<+f, s+&e reeTesTT. n+<T eTTUyTq ~ |sesD+ D + #&+
d+es+ < re + me +T+< ns+. (Enviroment Degradation). |#<q+ e&+ e\
2003 skH n~ b+\T esTd> H\T>e b++| |& esb+ |u$yT, { =sqT
d+es+ L& sTeqT m<Ts=+TqT #|&+~.
sTe b+ | L& = ]w esZ\ |\T |+#TT+~. @ s& |# #T >TZTq b+\
s T \ + f eT]+ < T s \ + * +{s T . es| sT *> q<T, deTT< y[bT+~.
k<sD+> esZ\ |\T eekjT+, |XbwD| sT H\ +bq+<Tq n\ < <]rdT+ ~.
<s|&T >MTD b+ ys < nM n\ esb+ b+< b+\ { n~+> y&+
T\| <s|& ]qT +{sT. e\q \ eqsT\T y>+> D+bsTT.
$eq |_wH 122 $|T sVD
1.4 sTe\T ` s\T
sT e |s+ |sqT>+ > eTT+<T k>TT+~. <
|uy\T ~>Te |s=q $$< s+>\| $d]ksTT.
m. yesD sTe (Meteorological drought)
yesD sT e k<sD esb+ +f e>
T esb+, es\ $T e\ d+u$dT+~. sTe
~ e re *q sT e. B y& yesD+,
+ m+& eT]|+# sE\ <s >T]+#e#T.
_. \ d++<yTq sTe (Hydrological rought)
\ d++<y T q sT e dV d<y T q { |yV\T
< u>s \ eT{\T, \ q { ds|s\T
+#Tbe& <]rdT+~. |<q+> \ eqsT\
eed| |ue+ #|T+~.
d. eekjT sTe (Agricultural drought)
H\ eT ksTT d>T |+ ~>T&T\T
k~+#& d]bq|&T sV sTe d+u$dT+~.
Be\ sTTe\ y e# |+\ ~>T& ,Z |+\
d + +~ + q s L & | & b T +~.
nk<sDyTq eekjT sTe e( famine)
<]rdT+~. ]w b++ dTBs\+ bT Vs
=s @s & + e\q y< T \ , * #e\
sDeTeT+~.
&. ke ` ] sTe (Socio - economic drought)
sTe |q |s=q eT&T sTe\ \d
edTe\T, de\ ds|s eT]jTT &e+&| |ue+
#|T+~. sT, $<TY e+{ = dsT\T < de\
ds| s yesD+| <s|& q|&T sT e Te+{
] edTe\ ds|s T @s&{ <]rdT+~.
1.5 sTeqT =\e&+
k<sD+>, b<$T+> {| <s|&
n+X\ sTe |uy n~+> qesTT.
yTT< sT e es< s |+\qT |u $+ #d, nq+s+
<q+> k>T{ ed >\ |+\ bT+~.
eekjT+ MT< <s|& |\T, s JeHb~ esZ\T
n e> n_e~ #+~q b+\T re+> sT eq
>TsesTT. |Xe\ |sT\T, u$T eekjT
]\T, |P]> eekjT+ MT< <s|& J$+# s T \T,
eTV\T, |\\T, k>T |j+# +Te\T sTe
|uy re+> >TsesTT.
$eq |_wH
1.5.1 sTeqT n+#H yd $<H\T
(Drought Mathematics)
sTeqT >T]#+<T us<X yesD $u>+
( Indian Meteorological Divison (MD) ) ~> T e
b|~q\qT @sT #d+~.
sTe s+u+ (On set of drought): ]w
d+es+ k<sD esb+ +f T
esb+ (Deficit of rain fall) 25 X+ $T+#&+
$TyT q sT e (Moderate drought): T esb+
25 X+ qT+& 50 X eT< +&+.
reyTq sTe (Severe drought) : esb| T
50 X $T+ +&+.
750 $TMTs qT+& 1125 $TMTs d>T
esb+ b+<TTq us<X| $ds+ 35 X+
uu> sTe u] (drought Prone) b++>
|]>DdT+&>, 750 $TMTs +f e esb+
b+<TTq 33 X+ uu> reyTq sTe u]
b++> |s=+THsT.
1.5.2 sTe n+#H +< \ d+|T+
b|~
<X+ sT e |& b+\qT >T]+#+<T +<
\ d+|T+(Central Water Commission (CWC))
b|~qT #|{+~. B |s+ @<H b++
|]o*+q d+es\ 20% d+es\ k<sD
esb+ +f y] esb+ 75% H e>
+f < sT e |]d n+{sT. @<H u (eT+&\+)
< n+ deqyTq jT{ b++ 30% <
n++f me k>Tu$T k>T{ ed q#,
b+ sT eqT m<Ts=H <X #sT qT u$+#&+
sT>TT+~.
+< \ d+|T+ 1875 qT+& 1998 es 124
d+es\ esb n<jTq+ #d+~. B |s+
1877, 1899, 1918 eT&T d+es\ <X+ 60
X |> b++ sTe |uy H+~.
124 d+es\ \+ sTe d+u$+#
d+ue skH >]w+> 25% qT qT>=q&+
]+~. sTy ksh #Y(23%), eT
osY(21%), >TsY(21%)\ n~+> qT
s s D sTT+~. 1987 < X + | \ T b+\T
nk<sDyTq sT e reqT m<Ts=HsTT. B |+\T
123 $|T sVD
re+> <q&+ bT >T{ $|yTq =s
@s&+~.
1.6 sTe <Twuy\T
sT e s dV $|T \ +f _qyTq ~. Be\
sD\ mTe+{ qw+ +&<T. yesD sTe
(meteorological drought) \ d++<yTq sTe (hy-
drological drought) > es deTjT+ < |ue+
n~ X+ H\ eT| <s|& eekjT+| q|& +
bs+ueTeT+~. es<s (rainfed) b+\ +f
k>T{ ed >\ b+\| sTe # \d+>
|ue+ #|T+~. #TT |\ sTe |]dT\T
q|{, Je q<T\ #T +& b+\ k<sD
J$+ =qk>TT+~. >T{ \u eT+<+#&+,
$< T Y +# T be& + , u > s \T
n&T>+&+, Vs =s, s> deTd\T, bD qw+,
|<]+ |s>&+, Jeq |eD\T ~>Cs&+, ke
nX+ e\d \ T |s > & + e+{ y{ s T e
|sekH\T HeT~> ke sD+ L&
|yksTT.
1.6.1 us<X+ sTe |ue+
us<X| yTT+ $ds+ dTesT 68 X+
sT e eTT|qT * +~. +<T 35% u u>+
d+es 750 $T.MT qT+& 1125 $T.MT\
esb b+<TT+~. n+<Te\ b+
sTe eTT| b++ n+{sT. eTs 33%
uu>+ 750 $T.MT\ +f e esb
b+<TT+~. b+ re sTe eTT|
b++> |]>DksT.
X w , ns X w eT+& \ <<| 8`9
d+es\ reyTq, nk<sDyTq sTe\T
d+u$dTHsTT.
= sc sTe +.
<X uu>+ 16% < 1/6 u>+ sTe |&
b++> +{+~.
|jT{ 5 (50 $T*jTq) eT+~ |\T
sTe |uy >TseTHsT.
2001 m$T~ |> sc\T reyTq sTe
|]d m<Ts=HsTT.
2003 skH n~ b+\T esTd>
H\T> d+es+ sTeqT m<Ts=HsTT.
$eq |_wH
|eT skH, >TsY #Y b+\T
Bs* sTe eTT| q b+\T.
1891 qT+& 1981 eT< | ] o*+q 85
d+es\ \+ 14 d+es\T reyTq
sTe d+es\T HsTT. +<T m$T~
1891 qT+& 1920 eT< y T T< { 30
d+es\H HsTT. >, <T|] 30
d+es\ \+(1921`1951) eT<
reyTq sTe d+es+ +~. $T*q <T
|<q sTe d+es\T 1951 qT+& 1981
eT< 25 d+es\ ee~ qy<jsTT.
1972 eT]jTT 1979\ us<X yT<H
d>+ qT+& eT&+ s+&=+T\ b+\T T
esb qy<T #dTHsTT.
1994 yTT+ us<X+ 31 yesD
| $u> >qT 10 $u> 20% qT+& 43%
es T esb+ qy<+~.
1970\T, 80\ sTe, <T]\ e\q n|<
bD+ $|T\T> +&$. eqsT\ deT
sVD, Vs u< #s\ sD+> sTe,
e\ e\q d + u $ +# eTs D \ d + KqT
>DjT+> Z+#&+ ]+~.
1.6.2 sTe @ $<+> |u$+ #dT+~?
sTe sD+>, {, |X>k, Vs
b~ re =s @s&TT+~. ~ |\qT $_q
esZ\ |u$+ #dT+~. n$ @$T{ \TdT+<+.
m. sT\| sTe |ue+: sTe |+ qc,
|X e\T yT|e& e\dq |X >d+, { =s
sDeTeT+~.
_. |< T+u\| |ue+: dsyTq sTe
eekjT ZdT+~. es{ Vs <H\
\u < ds| s q+> +& #dT + ~. n+<Te\
Vs <H\ <s\T eT]+ |jTeTesTT. |< |\T
dsq =qT>\T X eT] u<\T |&sT.
d. eTV\| |ue+: H{ L&, |+
>MTD us<X+ eTV\ |sTw\ deqyTq
< <T. bwVs+, dsq Jeq |]dT\T, $<,
s>+ yTT<\>T y{ y] y{ y] n+<&+ <T.
Vs =s n~+ > +& sT e |]d , k<sD+>
+{ e< es Vs+ rdTH eTV\ #
e Vs+ \_dT+~. n+<Te\ y] bwVs
124 $|T sVD
|+ @s&TT+~. sT e y]| | us |+#TT+~. sTe d+es\T, sTe b++ X+
L* |qT\ d+, >TsT e&+, |X>d+, e+ d+es+ d\sTe re sTe yTT+
#s d+ m+ <s+ ye\d +T+~. n+<Te\ d+u$+q d+u$+q sTe eq
sTe |ue+ =\T n~+> |&~ eTV\|H. uu>+(%) uu>+(%) uu>+
&. m&] b+ |\| |ue+: & |\T 1 1877 30.6 28.9 59.5
eekjT+ +f |X bwD| n~+ > <s|& +{sT.
|X>k, { reyTq =s @s&+, #T 2. 1891 22.4 0.3 22.7
n+]+ be&+ e\q = b+\ |\T dVs+ 3. 1899 44.1 24.3 68.4
d+ ys b+\| <s|&e\d edT+~.
. b~| sTe |ue+: JeHb~ d+ 4. 1901 19.3 10.7 30.0
eekjT L*| <s|&TTq >MTD |\ 5. 1904 17.5 16.9 34.4
eekjT |&be&+ e\ b~ neX\T 6. 1905 25.2 12.0 37.2
ZbsTT. n+<Te\ ysT b~ yT+ s
b+\ e\d ysT. M{ <Tsed e\d\T (dis- 7. 1907 27.9 1.2 29.1
tress migration) n+{sT.
8. 1911 13.0 15.4 28.4
m|t. |\\| |ue+: sTe |& b+\
bwVs =s e\q |\ bwVs |+ @s&, 9. 1913 24.5 0.0 24.5
|\T s\ n+Ty<T\T, s>\ u]q|& #dT+~. 10. 1915 18.8 3.4 22.2
*<+&T\T eT bT |\\qT L& e\d\T rdT=
be&+ e\q #<Te\T, s>+ <+{sTT. &bT 11. 1918 44.3 25.7 70.0
|], u\ ]\ d+K |s>& <]rdT+~. 12. 1920 35.7 2.3 38.0
|sesD deTT\ <q& sD\T 13. 1925 21.1 0.0 21.0
#qT q] yjT&+ 14. 1939 17.8 10.7 28.5
eT jT+ 15. 1941 35.5 0.0 35.5
|]\, u >s \qT n~+ > $j+#&+
16. 1951 35.1 0.0 35.1
Jeq <q&+
17. 1965 38.3 0.0 38.3
u|+
sTe b<$T sD+ T esb+ |dT+ 18. 1966 35.4 0.0 35.4
q \\ b*q|&T esb T re, deTjT+, 19. 1968 21.9 0.0 21.9
|+|D yTT<\>Tq$ sTe ]w+> sDeTesTT.
sTe <]rd dTBs\| k| b& yesD 20. 1972 36.6 3.8 40.4
owd njT(Climate anomaly)> |s=+{sT. \ 21. 1974 27.1 6.9 34.0
eqsT\T m+&bsTT, |+\T $|\ yT, +Te\T #bsTT,
bw Vs b\T, nHs>\T $d + > y|+ sT e 22. 1979 33.0 1.8 34.8
$HXs+> |]D$TdT+~. 23. 1982 29.1 0.0 29.1
eT jT+, u>s \T n&T>+&+, 24. 1985 25.6 16.7 42.3
eT+{ eed\T \Tw+ e&+, +T CT\T
n+]+be&+ e+{ |sesD |uy\T d+ 25. 1987 29.8 17.9 47.7
d + u $ k s TT. s T e\T d + u $ + d + e s\ 26. 2002 19.0 10.0 29.0
d++~+q $es\qT |{ #&e#T.
27. 2009 32.5 13.5 46.0
$eq |_wH 125 $|T sVD
 2. +<|<X sTe
(Drought in Andhra Pradesh)

n~ sTe |& u $ds * q sh d>T y] esb+ +f e. q 8 \qT

us< X + eT&T sc\ +< |<X L& {. es#j \T (rain Shadow) n+{sT. $T>
sh+ B|\ us< X + nsX w (semi arid) b++
+< edT+ ~. sc eT&T b+\T> $u +#sT.
n$ : k +< ( 9 \T), 2. \+>D (10 \T),
3. sjT\deT (4 \T), 2002 d+u$+q |<q
sT e d+<s + > sh+ 23 \ >qT 22 \T
sTT|eH\ \+ k<sD esb+ +f 75 X+
e esb+ b+<sTT.
\ eqsT\| & >&q <Xu\, |+,
e esb+ qy<q d+es\ eT]+ |]+~.
eekjT , Hu, |]XeT\T, |D s+>\
e~ sD+> { &e+& y>+> |sT>T+~. =
b+\ k>T{ |jCH\ d+ u>s \qT
n~+> y&+ e\q u>s \eT{\T >DjT+>
| & b sTT, b& d qT ue\T m+& b e&
sDeTe+~. yT b+ es<s b+\
s T \T, eekjT ]\T, >MTD |\| B |u e+
n~+> +{+~. |D +<\ |< mTq {
ds|s #jT&+ e\ deTd\T L& |sT>TTHsTT.
>&q eT&T <Xu\ u>s \ ue\T 8
\\ qT+& 22 \\ |]>sTT. u>s \ <s
k>T #d |+\ b\ $ds+ L& 10 \\ Vs
qT+& 26 \\ Vs #sT+~. ~ sh+ u>s
\ y& 16% qT+& 43% X |]+~.
nsTTq|{ |{ sh+ |j+#T=q u>s
\ keTs+ sh+ >DjT+> +~. yTT+ MT<
|]o*+q|&T eqsT n_e~ # nded+>
qT s]eTe+~. = b+ u>s \ Z+#yT +&, n&e\T, |jT dTs+>
y&+ 100 X $T++~. |]\ \ jTfs
b+\ u>s .\ n_e~ <X 56% +&>,
|]\ \ jTT b+\ 16% eyT
+~. jTT b++ yTT+ +<|<X u>[
$ds+ 5% eyT +&+ >eTHs+.
yTT+ 23 \ >qT y] d>T esb+
$eq |_wH
b+\ +f m$T~ \T sT e eT]+ |T s+>
|u$eTesTT. \ $es\T :
sjT\deT b++ H\T>T \T: nq+|s+,
sT, &|, s\T.
\ +>D b+ + eT& T \ T: s + > s & ,
eTVuq>sY, qZ+&
k +< : |X+
sh+ sTe d++~+q = eTTU+X\T :
sTe |& \T : sT, &|, nq+|s+,
s\T, eTVuq>sY, yT<, s+>s&, qZ+&
40 d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe. 20
d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe.
10 d+es\ <TksT sTe. >&q <T
d+es\ 3 ksT sTe.
|<qyTq sTe d+es\T (1997, 2001,
2002 2004)
2002` 03 d+es+ n+ |TsyTq sTe
d++~+q d+es+.
|qseeTjT sTe e\ sh &| re+>
|u$eTe+~.
MT \Tk?
<X+ 100 $T*jTH Vs |> sT|j >+>
q u $T (degraded land) +~. < b& ,
|j>+ e&+ <s k>Tu$T| Hu e&
+#&sTT.
{ >T]+ MT \Tk?
dTesT 80 X+ u |]\+ { |&
q|{ n+<T e\+ 1% eyT eTq+
>T{> |j+#T>\+.
u$T| \_+# yTT+ { dTesT 2.7 X+
126 $|T sVD
 >TsT, nsTT n+<T 75.2 X+ <Te|
b+ >&T bsTT +&>, eTs 22.6
X+ u>s \T> +&bsTT+~. $T>~
dsdT\T, q<T\T, yesD+, eT, eT,
yTT \_dT+~. 1% { L& |dT+
\Tw eTT| @s&+~.
u $T @s&q|&T m+ sT +<, |{ n+
sT +~. u $T @ e+ n<q| { b+<&+
< dw+#&+ #jT<T.
u>s \qT |qsT<]+#&+ +f y>+>
eT+{ y&TTHeTT.

+{ e< m+ es| { \ #jTe#T?

sTe |]dT yq{ d+sD m+ neds+. es| { +{ e< \ #jTe#T. nsTT m+
{ \ #jTe#T nq~ +{ || yX\+, b++ ]dq d>T esb+| <s|& +T+~.
+{ e< m es| { \ #jTe# +~ bsT <s+> >D+#e#T.
{ |]eD+ (V) R +{ | | yX\+ (R)I esb |]eD+ (A)I < >TD+ (F)
< >TD+ (F) +{ e< es| { d]+# keTs *jTCdT+~. (~ 100% +f m|&
e%>H +T+~)
<VsD 200 #<s| MTs yX\+ L&q | | q +{ esD 70 d+{MTs esb+
qy<sTT T++ jTT < >TD+ 50% nqT+f, T++ \ #jT>*q { |]eD +~
$<+> qT>=qe#T
V = AxRxF
R 200m I 0.7. I 50% R 70m
2 3

R70,000 s sT
N duT\T >\ T++ = e sE W s sT nedseTeT+< nqT+f, T+u
sE nedseTjT { |]eD+ W qT +~ d+ <s+> qT>=qe#T.
W R N IW
T++ <T>TsT duT\T +&, = e sE 100 s sT nedsyT, sE
T+u 500 s sT d]bT+~. $<+> \ #dq es| { T++ 140 sE\ bT
y&Te#T.

$eq |_wH 127 $|T sVD

 3. sTe ` |XeTq ePV\T
(Drought - Mitigation Strategies)
3.1 |XeTq #s\T :
sTe, nbj\qT < bT +& s
|u y\qT ~+#&+ d+ u$ wY dq< , |Xe Tq
#s\| me <w k]+#e\dq neds+ +T+~.
dq< (Preparedness) $$< |uT ksTT\
eT< de#s |yV, deTqj yTsT>T|]#
d+k> sD dw+#&+ <s sTe |Tq\qT
m<Ts=H \yTq eek> keTs sD <]rdT+ ~.
dsq |XeTq #s\T, \e\ dq<
#jT&+ <s sTe |uy\qT ~+#&yT +&,
= d+<s\ sTe +& |\T |uy\ |P]>
=\+#e#T.
3.1.1 sD |XeTq #s\T
\Te\T, #sTe\T e+{ k+|<jT \
d+sD
sD\qT |qsT<] +#*. >TsY sa\s
(Jhalara), skH uy\T (Baolis) us<X+
\d+sD sD\ = <VsD\T> #|e#T.
, b\ e< \ d+sD sD\qT @sT
#j*. n y| qT+& |eV+# { eT&
b++ \e #jT&+ < |eV+# { H\
+ #jT&+ <s u>s \qT |+#&+ <s
> \ d+sDqT #|e#T.
3.1.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T
sTeqT m<Ts=H+<T |\T s\ sDs
|XeTq ePV\T HsTT. n$ :
1. |\ ne>Vq eT]jTT $< : @~ #jT L&<,
@~ # j ( do's and don'ts ) e T{
ne>Vq +f d>+ deTd |]cseTsTTqf.
dTs y T q >T{ \u , \ d+sD
|ejT |+ |D[\T, es|{ b<T|
#d sD\T e+{ eekjT sTe sVD
ePV\| ne>Vq * +&+ e\q d>+
deTd |]cseTeT+~. {, |\T m\
$eq |_wH
|ks e< e\T, Cq|< \ <s ne>Vq
*+#*.
2. sT e |s yD (Drought Monitoring) : esb|
|]d , ]sjTsT, dsd T \T, q<T\T yTT<\>T
y{ { \u q T s + s + | ] o*+,
de+ |\T s+>\ |dT { neds\
uE ydT y*.
3. { ds| s qT e~ #jT &+ eT]jTT d+s+ #&+ :
, b\ e< es| { d+sD <s, {
ds| s qT e~ #d, { \u qT |+#*. n
b\ qT+& |eV+# { eekjT +\T
e+{ eT& XjT + e# $<+ > #jT &+
< es| { +sY \ T, +sT k>T,
{ | yTT\qT |+#&+ <s es| sT
u $T + #jT &+ e\ s+s eekjT
nedsy T q { \u qT |+#e#T.
4. k>T{ edT \qT $d] +#&+ : k>T{ edT \qT
$d] +#&+ e\q sT e <Ts\ + ~+#&TT+
~. u $T < keTs + <s+> $j+#T
e&+ e\q u $T eT]jTT { >]w+ >
|j+#Te& <V<|&TT+~. <s
< T ]j > + e\ qeTj T nqed s |
&e+&qT =\+#e#T.
5. JeHb~ |D[ : sT e e\ e |u $eTjT
JeHb<T\qT >T]+#*. eekjTs b~
neX\qT |+#&+ , eT{ n&e\ qT+&
\|s T\ dsD , yT\ |+|+ , e&+>+
yTT<\>T s b~ neX\qT yTsT>T|s# & +
#j *..
6. sT e |D[ : |s yD qT, |Xe Tq, |d+<q
#s \qT |+b+~+#&+ <s d+d< , |d+<q
|< T \T, |jT \ |u y yTsT>T|s# & y T sT e |D[
jTT eT* \ +.
7. |D[ : sT e deTd |]cs+ sh, CrjT
@C\ eT< deTse +yT q deTqj |D[
<V<|& T T+~.
128 $|T sVD
 8. |+;e: { ds|s =s e\q |+\T
sTTq s T \ # ;e, deT> |+\ ;e
|< 1985 K|t dqT |yX |{sT . es<\ T,
sT e\T e+{ dV $|T \ sD+> |+qT
sTTq s T \ ] dV s+ n+~+#+<T
|< bs+_+#sT. B us k<sD
;e d+d (d), < nqT+< d+d\ T neT\T
#ksTT. |< + Vs <H\T, qH +\
|+\ e]dT + ~.
3.1.3 Bs* sTe |XeTq #s\T
1. eT{ <] es| { d+sD (Rain water
Harvesting) sD\qT @sT #dTy*.
2. y{sYw& se\qT bV+#*.
3. yTT\qT H&+ <s n&e\ $ds |+#*.
4. sTe |]dT\qT TH e], s |+
e+>&\qT k>T #j*.
5. sTe |]dT |ejT |+\qT k>T
#j*.
6. sTe sVD eT{ keTs sD
|+#*. sT n~+> nedseTjT eekjT+,
|XbwD &T s JeHb~ esZ\qT
|yX|{*.
7. |+\T, $q ;e |<\qT bV+#*.
3.1.4 sTe |]dT #jTL&$
$\Tyq { <T]j>+ < e< #jTs<T.
n&e\T, |jT, e\T yTT<\>T y{
HXq+ #jTs<T.
|Xe\qT me> yT|s<T
{=s q b+ sT me nedse TjT
yTT\qT |+#s<T.
$TXeT |+\ k>TqT bV+#s<T.
+< |uT eekjT eT+XK <s+
eekjT eT]jTT dVs XK 2009 qe+sY sTe
sVD eqTeqT $&T<\ #d+~. {
<]<+, * e+{ |]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T
k+|<jT sT e sVD |< T \ kq+ |y T H &
(famine Codes) sb+~+#\ d++~. sTe
|u y |]w]+#+<T sC+ jTT n keTs\qT
|]>Dq rdTH |D[\| <w +B]++~.
|XeTq #s\T, = k+ |]CH\qT #|&+,
qq $<q|syTq #{ d]> eed\qT
$eq |_wH
sb+~+#&+, sTe |XeTq #s u>+>
yTsT>T<\, b+rjT n_e~ seqT #| & + e+{
y{| <w k]++~.
V <su< CrjT eekjT $ds D sVD
d+d (National Institute of Agriculture and Exension
(MANAGE))qT CrjT dMT sTe |syD
sVD bC (National Project for Integrated Drought
Monitoring & Management) qT bs+_+#& eTTK
u>k$T> >T]+#sT. eekjT dVs XK <s
\ueTjT &{ <T\ CrjT bC qT neT\T
#jT& MANAGE deT]+q |b<q |]o\q
+~. CrjT sTe sVD d+d (National Institute
of Drought Management) qT @sT #j\H |b<q
L& eekjT eT]jTT dV s eT+ XK |]o\q
+~.
sTe |& b+\ seT+ (Drought Prone
Areas Programme (DPAP)), m&] n_e~ seT+
(Desert Development Programme (DDP)) s+&+{
us |uT+ esTd> 1973`74 eT]jTT 1977`78\
qT+& neT\T #k+~. se\qT $TH&T
b>q Ss T , H>| D + b+\ <Ts\ yTq >e
m&sDqT Z+#+<T neT\T #dTHsT,
Bs * b|~ sT e |Xe Tq n+X neT\T
#d+<T eekjT eT+XK CrjT es<s
b+ b~s d+d(National Rainfed Area Authority)
qT @sT #XsT. +<T <X+ yT b+ eT]jTT
es<s eekj eek|s+> <T|]#+<T,
deT+> sV+#+<T $Cq|syTq <\qT
n+<Cd |DT\T +{sT.
+< eekjT eT]jTT dVs eT+XK
sTe sVD d+ = s #s\qT L& #|{+~.
n$:
1. \ d+sD |<T\qT neT\T #jT&+, u>s
\qT eT+> |qsT<]+#&+, k+|<jT
\ d+sD |< T \qT ne\_+#&+ , &|,t d+s Y
k>T{ eed\ e+{ { b<T| #d k+
|]CH\qT |j+#Te&+, { b<T|
#d k>T |<T\qT, Bs* k>T{ eed\
sVD yTT<\>T y{ yTsT>T|s#&+.
2. d+{ dsY d{ |sY &+& n\sY
( Central Research Institute for Dry land
Agricultural (CRIDA)) , +swq |t dsY
|s Y d$T ]& {| (International Crop Research
129 $|T sVD
 for semi- arid Tropics (ICRISAT) ), u s |j+#Te&+.
yesD XK (India Meteorological Department sTe |D[ d++~+q n+X\ sTe
(IMDO)), H w q ]y { d+> (National |]d m<Tse& |uT nedsyTq d\V\T
Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)), +&jTH e&+ bT sTe ysD #s\qT #|f |\T s\
|sY n\s dsY (Indian Council for d+d\ eT< deTqjT jT++> @s]# |
Agricultural Research (ICAR)) e+{ eekjT |DT\ L&q &{ {dtbsY (drought taskforce)
d++~ s+>\ w #dTq d+d\T ]|q +&*.
n<jTH\ qT+& HsTq bs\qT nqTd]+# < bT sTe e\ e# |+ qc\qT
~X> w #jT&+. m<Ts=H+<T sT\ |+ ;e |<\T neT\T
3. <D d+ eTT <q |+\qT k>T #jT&+, #j*. y{| | ne>Vq *+#*.
k< yTq # nqT+< k>T{ eed\ qT neT\T
#d $<H\qT |]X~+#&+, |ejT s>y d~ $jT><
|+\ k>T sh jT++>\ qT+& eTVsh s>y d~ |\T eT c\qT
]|syTq dVs+ $H\qT n+<TuT ku>+> esTHsT. sy d+es\ +<
+#&+. >eT+ |<] d++~+q n c\qT m<Ts=+~.
4. sTe |& b+\ n+<TuT q >eT+ #T +&~ <T. |+ u$T yTT+
| ] \ , u > s \ d e Ts $j > m+&bsTT+~. eekjT+ XSq+. |\ b~ <T.
>]w|s#&+, nq>... k<yTq # eTTK+> us<X+ |sZ+q ke ss sq
yD |+\T, |+& \ &|t, d+sT nHVCs | yq { uTqT b&+ (~
k>T{ $<H\qT neT\T #jT&+ eT*+> sTe |XeTq #s) | +B]+ q
5. |+ |sT>T<\ jTT wyTq <X\T, sTe <e bs+_+#sT. >eTdT\T #&yT\T, #sTe\T
|]dT nedsyTq { neds\ d+ dsq ]+#sT. H\qT s+ #+<T yTT\T H{sT. |* +>
|<X\ ysYw& sD\qT #|&+. : s +&T <Xu\ + e\+ 80 ms\T eyT k>T{
6. sTe sVD d+ us n+] |]X<H ks+ q u$T H&T 1300 ms\ #sT+~.
d+d (Indian Space Reasearch Organisation), sY b~ d+ e\d\T be&+ Z+~. s+&T <Xu\
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR), \+ \d] <jT+ s.225 qT+& s.2250, nq>
sh eekjT $X$<\j\T, s d+d\# 10 sT |]+~. +<T <T\T KsT #jT&+ ,
@sT #jT&q >eT eqsT\ +<\ (Village |uT dVs+ > @MT <T. |\ kVd+ e\H
Resources Centre) de\qT > ] w + > <+ k<yT+~.

m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. sTe d+u$+q|&T me qwbjT~ mesT? 3. sTe yesD ysT<+ e\ \T>TT+~. n~
1) |\\T 2) d\T (2) @eT+f? (4)
3) jTTe\T 4) e<T\T 1) esb+ u> e> +&+
2. sTe |<q+> < e\ @s&TT+~? (2) 2) esb |+|D nded+> +&+
1) me> $] e+ 3) me { eX
2) Bs\+> es\T be+ 4) |e
3) u$T sT ]be+ 4. +<|<X me> sTe\ >TsjT |<X+
4) deTT<| { |ue+ 1. nq+|PsY 2. l+ (1)
3. ~u< 4. +q>sY
$eq |_wH 130 $|T sVD
 4. ub\T ` s $|T\T
(Landslides and other Natural Disasters)

4.1 ub+ < =+&#]jT\T 3. u b nbjT+ (Landslide Risk): u b eTT|

q b++ bD qw+, e\ >j\T
$] |&+ e&+, d < |sesD eed\ ]> qw
|]~ < ] sb\ n+sjT+
=+&y\T\ n s\ V#\H\qT u b\T \>&+ e+{ Vs |sekH\ d+ueqT
n+{sT. \\T, eT\ T, eT+> +|&q |<X \T u b nbjT+ n+{sT. nbjT+ e> + >
< e *dq |<s\T |< sD |]\ bT +&e#T < de|s+> +&e#T.
|<X + qT+& eTs= |<X y>+ > < HeT~>
|&b e&+, C]be&+, |eV+# $<+ > y\TqT @sT 4.3 ub\ sD\T
#d |<s\ m>T&T eT]jTT ~>T&T #\H ub+>
s+#e#T. |\T s\ sD\ e\ ub\T @s&sTT.
u b\T m e> | s b+\H n+<T eTTKyTq$:
d+u$ ksTT. nsTTq|{, sV <sT\T, ue H\ sD 1. u>[ <Ts\ |<s+ (Geological weak mate-
eT{ e\T ]> #, >qT L& ub\T rial): \\T < eT LsT eT]jTT sD+
@s&sTT. u +b\T, es<\ T, n|s $kH\ \Vq L& ub\ sDeTeT+~.
\d L& d+u$ksTT. me d| ]d esb+ 2. eTjT+ (Erosion): # q]y, s& sD+
sD+> @s& u b+ =~ ee~ bT qB |yV e\ |s y\T\ n+#T\T eTjT+ #+~,
n&T+T+~. q~ k] $qyTq|&T b+\T u b\ > T s j T < T s \ +
|yV ~>Teq q yk\ eTT| @s&TT+~. |sT>TT+~.
3. reyTq esb+(Intense rainfall): TbqT
4.2 ub+ s#H\T n\&T\ sD+> =~ ee~ qT+& |\T >+\
1. ub y|+ ( Landslide Hazard) : ]w bT +& re esb+ < # sE\ bT
]d reyTq esb+ e\q u b\T |<m Tq
b++ qw+ *+# u b+ d+u$ +#& @s&sTT. sV ub\T me> |eT
ub y|+ n+{sT. bD qw+ s>&+, qTeT @s&TTHsTT. =+& b+ |<
>j\T e&+, d qw+ s>&+, ke mTq eT+#T s>&+ e\q L& ub\T
eT]jTT ] n+sjT+ \>&+ < |sesD d+u$ksTT. Ve\j <$+# d e+{
D e+{ qc\T sT>TsTT. q<T\T eT |yV+ y+ rdT=# s, ~\
2. ub <Ts\+ ( Landslide Vulnerability) : e\ qBjT ub\T @s&TTHsTT.
y|+# |u$+ &q b++ ]w 4. e\T s|&+ (Human Excavation): =+&
n+X\ (< n+X\ deTV) ]> qw y\T\T/n+#T\ e< e\T s|&+, >qT\
keTs *jTCdT+~. <Ts\ d\T| e+, n&e\ q]y , k>T{ bsT<\, |\T&T
0 (mTe+{ qw+ be&+) qT+& 1 (|P] |<s\qT |\&+, sT e&+ yTT<\>T
qw+) es dksT. <Ts\+ u, sD\ e\ L& ub\T d+u$ksTT.
ke, ] eT]jTT |sesD |]dT\| 5. u+b\T : $_q d eT]jTT ueT
<s|& +T+~. sD\T * q b+ u+b\
$eq |_wH 131 $|T sVD
 |+|q\ e\q ub\T @s&sTT. s
|&be&+, eT Cs&+, q y\T\ qT+&
\\T C]| & + e+{ $ ] u b\T
d + u $ k s TT. re u + b\ d + < s
k|+> |\T#> < T> +& $q
H\\T < \T\T < s+& \T>*|q
ub\T @s&sTT. Te+{ ub\T
me> Ve\j\T, Xq |s b+\T,
|eT qTeT d+u$dTHsTT.
6. n |s $kq+: y>e+yTq eTjT+
sD+> |s bs\ e<T\T> +& n
|s ud+ |sTbT+~. nq+s+ re
esb+ sD+> s#T> Ts< < ~\T
C]bsTT, ub+ @s&TT+~.
4.4 ub\T ` s\T
ysdt &.C. (1978) s+q < |s+
ub\T +~ $<+> +{sTT.
1. |b+(Falls): C]|&+, m>s&+ eT]jTT
<=s&+ <s q y\T\T < Ks\ qT+&
ysT|&q |<s\ nqV #\H\qT |b+
n+{sT.
2. |yV\T(Flows) : ~\ |yV+, ~\ d+b+,
\VsY eT]jTT Ts< |yV+ yTT<\>Tq$.
3. dsD+ < b&+ (Creep): eT{ < \\T
HeT~>, {sT> +< Cs&+, $ e+|
]q # +&\T, e+q +#\T < ]f+>
>& \ T, | & b sTTq d + u \T <
\|ksTT.
4. ~\ |yV+ (Debris flow) : eT{, s, d+BjT
|<s+ e+{$ >*, { *d eTT<> @s&,
y>+> ~>Te |eVksTT. k<sD+>, q
neH[ \ (gullies) L & ~ \ | y V +
@s&TT+~.
5. ~\ d+b+: n y>+ qT+& nk<sD y>+
L&q ~\ |yV+.
6. \VsY: n |s y\T qT+& @s& Ts< |yV+
< ~\ |yV+. k<sD+>, n |s
b\T =TbjT u esb+, n |s
$kq |Tq\ sD+> <$+# w+
d +> eT+#T s> & + < VeTq<\ qT+&
sT b+bs&+, n |s $kH\ e\q
$eq |_wH
C _\+, dsd T \T $q+ e&+ e\q \VsY
@s&TT+~.
7. |+ |yV+(Mudflow) : d+ 50 X+ dT,
+ |P&T eT]jTT Ts< eT{ *q & |<s+
y>+> |eV+#& |+ |yV+ n+{sT.
8. o| T b\T (Slides): | \ T s \ < e s
#\H+{ ub+ n n+{sT. +<T
s+&T |<qyTq ub\T HsTT.
n$: 1. ueTD l|T b\T, 2. d+s
ub\T.
9. L*be&+ (Topple) : s K+&+ eTT+<T
<=s&+ < ] y\T qT+& +< Cs&
L*be&+ n+{sT.
| s \ L & q V e\j T b+\
ub\T n~+> d+u$ksTT. < sTy |eT
qTeT\T, $+< |s \ = u>\ @s&sTT.
us B|\+ |eT qTeT\T, *] b+\
|deD esb\T ub\ eTTK sDeTesTT.
us<X+ |{ es d+u$+q ub\
n+ reyTq ub+ 1998 >dT 11 eT]jTT 17e
B\ sK+& e e< d+u$++~. +<T
380 eT+~ eTs D + # > , >eT+ y T T +
T&|T bsTT+~. eTsD+ q y] {u{ eqd
dses dsdT yTq 60 eT+~ rsj\T L&
HsT.
4.5 +&d& CHwH e|+>
u s < X + u b eTT| b+\qT
+ # \ qT >T]+#+<T +&d& CHwH e|+> nH n<T Hq
|< 1980\ qT+& $jdTHsT.
4.6 VeTb\T(Avalanches)
msTTq Ve\jT b+ VeTb+
|<q y|+> e]+~. Ve\j =
b+ d+es+ b&eH eT+#T sTdT+ ~. nTe+{
b+ kVd &\T +> essTT. eT
osY, Ve#|<X , s K+&\ re VeTb\T
d+u$ dTH sTT. VeTb\ d+<s + > bD, d qc\T
sT>TTHsTT.
4.7 e&>*(Heat Wave)
yd$ \+ c>\T nk<sD+> |],
e&>\T\T MksTT. |]d TTT|eH\T |y+#
132 $|T sVD
pH ed+ es =qk>TT+~. yjTe us<X+
p es L& +T+~. {e\ \+ e&>\T\
e\ d+u$+# eTsD\T >DjT+> |sT>TTHsTT.
2002 @| <X y|+ > nk<sD c>\ T qy<
+<q *+#sTT. 2002 yT 10e Bq $jTy&
dMT|+ >qes+ 49 &^\ d*jTdt c>
qy < + ~. | D s D s D +> | > { c >
XD(Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR)) n+s+
bZ e&+ eTsD\ d+K |s>& <]rk+~. yd$
w c>\ T re+> |sT>TT+&+ yesD
#\&{ nqT>TD+> s|P c>\T >Z&+
<T. B e&>\T\ |ue+ n~+> +{+~.
e&< eTT\ d+K |sT>TT+&+ B L&
|<qyTq | $|T> >T]+#\H &e+& ek+~.
4.8 o\ >\T\T, b>eT+#T
nk<sD n\ c>\ bT s ~
qT+& us |K+&+ b& o>\T\T |y+#&
o\ |eH\T> |s=+{sT. us<X+ s u>+
eTTK+>, |s b+\T, y{ |H q yT<H\T
o\ |eH\ |uy >TsesTT. o\ |eH\T
=ks T eTV sh, s b+\ L &
qy < e T HsTT. | D b+ >* HD
DdT+&+ {e\ \+ o\ |eH\ e\
d+u$+# eTsD\ d+K >DjT+> +{+~. o\
|eH\ e\ d+u$dTq eTsD\ s|<X, ;VsY\T
n>kq+ HsTT.
4.9 |&T >T\T, e&> , dT TbqT
o\+ eTTd, yd$ \+ |y+#|&T
=\T us<X <D u>+ c>\T |]
|&T>TbT\T me> sT>TsTT. <D us<X+
bT , &, C|PsY, nV<u<\ d+
|&T>TbT n~+> +{sTT. <D us<X+
e&>, dT TbqT\T <<| +&e #|e#T.
nsTT, <X+ eT< b++, Xq b++, yjTe
b+ e&> , dT TbqT s# d+u$ dT+ {sTT.
e&> nk+jT n~+ > edT+ {sTT. sT y
sK+&, Cs+&, eTVsh $<s b+ e&>
me> +{sTT. dT TbqT yjTe us<X+,
bkH me> d+u$ ksTT. eTq<X+ skH
<sY m&] n~+> d+u$ksTT. TTT|eH\
eTT+<T deTjT+ dT TbqT d+<T`>+> |]yV
b++ $_q b+ eksTT.

us<X+ d+u$+q = reyTq ub\T

B b++ |T q
1990 nsY \] 36 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. |\T ue H\ |L*, eTwH
H{esY <q~.
1991 p nk+ 300 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. s&T, ue H\T <HsTT.
1992 qe+sY \] s&T, ue H\T < s.50 \\ qw+ y{*+ ~.
1993 p {q>sY 25 eT+~ dJe de~ njsT.
1993 >dT *+b+>, |eTu+> 40 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. re d qw+ ]+~.
1993 >dT Ve, H>+& 500 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. 5 MTs yTs s&T <q>,
200 >V\T ~\eTjsTT.
1993 qe+sY \] 40 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. sbjT\ d qw+ ]+~.
1994 qe] osY CrjT sV <] 1m re+> <+~.
1994 pH esT+<| { =+DY rs+ 20 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. MTsT b&yq | T s&T
< +dyT + ~.
1995 yT C, $TCs+ 25 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
1995 d|+ sY \T, Ve#|<X 22 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
1998 >dT 14 eTsY 69 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
1998 >dT 18 e, [q~ 205 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
2003 >dT s eT* edT \ u qw+ y{*+ ~.
$eq |_wH 133 $|T sVD
 m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. ub\T < e\ \T>TsTT? (4) 3) { bsT<\ d]>Z bjT d
1) esb+ re 4) |e
2) @y\T\T 8. ub\T < e\ sT>TsTT? (4)
3) H\ <]rd nM s\q 1) esb re
4) |e 2) {sT y\T\T
2. b+ ub\T (ud\qeTT\T) eTTK+> 3) n&e\ q]y u
eT]jTT me>, $ks+ > d+u$ +# Hd ] Z |<\ T
bD d qw+ *ksTT (1) 4) |e
1) Ve\jT |s\ dV +&j |s 9. ub\T s>& sD+ (4)
b+\T 1. esb re 2. re @y\T
2) sT +&j |s b+\T 3. H\ nsT>T<\ 4. |e
3) |eT +&j |s b+\T 10. 1980 qT+ +&j ub\ >T] njT
4) <D +&j |s b+\T b+\qT >T]+#& y&TTq |< (1)
3. u b\T (u d\qeTT\T) @s&{ >\ sD+? 1) +&d& CHwH e|+>
1) esb+ re (4) 2) +& &e\|tyT+{ p$T+>
2) mq y\T\T 3) +& ]yTwH p$T+>
3) me> $#<eTT #+~q bs\T 4) +& &CdsY e|+>
4) |$ n 11. +&j u b\T me qT+& n+ me>
4. us<X+ <TeTT TbqT\T (&dt ksY ) @ H\ +& b+\T (1)
me> e#TqT? (2) 1) Ve\j\T
1) e] 2) yT
2) sT qTeT\T (|{)
3) p 4) nsT
3) $+<#\eTT\T
5. ub\T @s&{ sD+ (4)
4) |eT qTeT\T (|{)
1) {sTy\T
2) u+| \D+ 12. +~ sc\ m& re VeT|yVeTT\T
d+u$ksTT? (4)
3) { bsT<\ ks+ e> +&+
4) |e 1) eT eT]jTT osT 2) Ve#|<X
6. ub\T < e\ d+u$ksTT? (4) 3) sK+& 4) |e
1) esb k+< 2) {sTy\T 13. ub+ \>{ >\ sDeTT (4)
3) n&e\qT qs+ 4) |e 1) CXjTeTT esT
7. ub+ s>{ | n+X+ (4) 2) u>s \+ <*
1) {sT y\T 3) ~>+ eT]jTT +|H\T
2) u+| \D+ >\ d+|Tq 4) |$ n

$eq |_wH 134 $|T sVD

VII
. eqe s $|T\T `
ysD ePV\T
1. e|e s $|T\T
 1. eqe s $|T\T
(Manmade Disasters)

1.1 |]#jT+ eZ]+#e#T. n$

1. nDjTT<\T(nuclear weapons)
s\T, s&T < $eq|e<\T eqe s 2. JyjTT<\T(biolgoical weapons)
$|T\T (manmade disasters). ujT+syTq eqes 3. skjTq jTT<\T(chemical weapons)
$|T\ eTT| ksTT s+&e ||+# jTT<+ bH|
yjT&q nDTu+T\ e+{ y{ s|+ d+ 1.2.1 nDjTT<\T
+T+~. jTT<\qT k<sD+> keTV $< +d q $<+d X $ eT]jTT d+q +<
jTT<\T (Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)) #s\ <s b+< sV $k jTT<
n+{sT. $ eT{\qT dJe+> +# ke, nDjTT<+ n+{sT. (A nuclear weapon is a type of
sjT eT]jTT ] eed\+{ |L\TksTT. explosive weapon that derives its destructive forc from
nys+> eekjT+, Vs <+deTeT+~. nuclear reactions of flssion or a combination of fission
eqe s $|T \ T eqe u<\ qT |+#&+ fusion) e keTs+ *q nDT u+T d+ n|<
bT bD qc <]rksTT. <X ] eed, < k+|<jT jTT<\ +f L& m+ Xe++>
keTs\ Bs\| qc \T>CksTT. +T+~. jTT<+ yTT+ q>sH $<+d+
#jT>\ X * +T+~.
1.2 keTV $< +d jTT<\T nDjTT<\ s+&T b<$T sV jTT<\T
(Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) HsTT. yTT<{ sV jTT<\T eT $k X
+< $ #s\ (nuclear fission reactions) <s
bD\, dj |sesD u qc # eyT b+<TsTT. M{ nDTu+T\T, m` u+T\T
jTT<\qT keTV $<+d jTT<\T n+{sT. < |H u+T\T n n+{sT.
(Weapons of Mass Destruciton (WMD)) are weapons s+&e sV nDjTT<\T +< d+q #s\
which bring a huge loss to life property and environment), (nuclear fission reactions) <s |< yTT+ X
nDT, j, skjTq (NBC) jTT<\ bT $&T<\ #ksTT. jT{ <es $ #s\
s&j jTT<\T L& B |]~ eksTT. +f d+q #s\T # me X $&T<\ #ksTT.
keTV $< +d jTT<\T nH |< =\T m|&T n+<Te\ | H u+T\T +f |PH u+T\T ysTTsT
|j +#sH <| $y<+ +~. 1937 dsTTH Xe +yT q $. M{ V &H u+T\T, V#Y ` u+T\T,
>]| <& ]q|&T |< |j+ <sqjTsY u+T\T < |PH u+T\T n+{sT.
+&e# u$+#&T+~. Vswe, H>k q>s\| yC |]X<q\ |s>eTq+ |\T <X\T ns
nDTu+T\ <&, nq+s+ =qkq |#q jTT< X_ + |j+#&q +u+T +f eT]+
\+ |< k+|<jTs jTT<\ y&+ $<+dsyTq, VsyTq nDjTT<\qT #d
sT>T+~. 2003 s| nyT] d+jTT sc\ k+ |]CH d+b~+#THsTT. $<TY
ks<+ $T| sC\ <& d+<s+> keTV d+ |jdTq nH nDT ]js (nuclear reac-
$<+d jTT<\T( Weapons of Mass Destruciton tors) <s VsyTq s&j<]X (nuclear mate-
(WMD)) nH |<+ $d+> y&T e+~.
rial) $&T<\jT eTT| L& +~. nDT keT (nuclear
keTV $< +d jTT<\T eT&T \T> material) #] >T]&, nk+|T X\T, >y<T\T
$eq |_wH 137 $|T sVD

1945 >dT 9q bH H>k q>s+|
b{eH (Fat Man) nH &HyT *q nDT
u+T |*+~. < |sekq+> @s&q |>=&T>T
yT| |+ #&e#T.
|j+# HTu+T\T (crude bombs) < &
u+T\T (dirty bombs) dw <]rdT+~.
1945 >dT 6q nyT] #+~q mH >
(Enola Gay) nH _`29 u+sY *{ ujYT (Little
Boy) n | \ Te& T T q 8,900 b+& s T y q
nDTu+TqT s+&T y\ n&T>T\ mT qT+& Vswe
q>s+ | Cs$&+~. n Cs$&q D yT $kq+
#+~ <<| 90% q>s H\eT+ #d+~.
$< +k y\ + . 10 #<s | MTs |> q>s+ sD s+>\ nDT Xk, k+ |]CH
|P]> T&|T bsTT, &<e TjTyT+ ~. nDTu+T
e\ #\sq n\\T q>s+ eT] b+\qT
n VQ #XsTT. 66,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>,
69,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT.
>dT 9q eTs= $eq+ b{eH (Fat Man)
nH &HyT *q eTs |< nDTu+TqT H>k
|D + MT< e~*+~. k u>[ |]d T \T Vswe
q>s+ H>k |D+ |P]> T&|T b+&
b&sTT. nsTT q> s + eT&e+ T u > +
~\yTbsTT+~. 39,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 25,000
eT+~ >j\ b\jsT.
$eq |_wH
Vswe| nDTu+T <& ]q deTjT+
nqTuy <& eTT+<T q>s+ qT+& =~sE\ eTT+<
ys |<X y[q u* $e]++~..
kT> H #+|\| @< y#> *qT n|+
yq ]>qT. n~ n<+ qT+& edTq \yTq |sesq +
> +~. sT y |< >sq X+ >eT+ yTT
eD++~. @$T sT>TT+< nseTjT| <Dq
q |s\| +e+yTq >T_ s+>T |< mTq
yT|\T eTTHsTT. eT+> yT|\T |>=&T>T
s + e] X + m]bj sTT.
s>L&<< ]+< }V+#qT. , Vswe
n+{ |< q>s+ n|{|& n\> esTT+<
m|& nqT<T. |Tq u* *<+&T*
<] b>=T+~.
1.2.2 nDT $|T\T(Nuclear Disasters)
nH~ \+ qT+& eqeC dVd<+>
d+u$+# jsD s&j<]X (ionising radia-
tion) |u y qe+~. nsTT 19e X+ e]
1895 d+es+ $V s+fH m s (X- rays)
\qT, jTTsjT+, \eD\ nDT<] qT 1896
V us qT>=q sTy eyT B >T]+
eqe\ ne>Vq \>&+ bs+uyT+~. nq+s+
1939 s H s k j T q Xd y \ T { V H ,
| { k d t e TH \ T nDT $ (nuclear fission)
qT>=HsT. 1942 m |] >|{ <=+s
(graphite pile) dVd< jTTsjT+ & (natural
uranium) <q+ n< sT>TTq >=\TdTT #s
(chain reaction)qT qT>=HsT. n|{ qT+& $<TY
, y<+, |]XeT\T, eekjT+, |]X<q eT]jTT
nqTe]+|CjT&+ >DjT+> |]+~.
nDT ]js sVD < s &j &d s
&ydt (Radiological) Dispersal Device (RDD)) <
+byC &ydt (mprovised Nuclear Device (IND))
$kq+ < nDjTT< |\T&T sD+> nDT<]
|<s+ < nDT <] nk<sD+> $&T<\sTT,
< nDT neds |]d / $|T > |s=+{sT. Be\
|sesD+ VsyTq nDT<]\T (radiations)
< nDT <] |<s\T < s+& \d nkT>
$&T<\esTT.
138 $|T sVD
1.2.3 sD\T
nDT neds |]d (Nuclear emergency) ~>Te
|s=q |]dT @s&e#T. n$:
1. j T T< \ d + < s + > nDj T T< \qT
<X|Ps+> |j+#&+: nDT<&T
|j+# nDjTT<\T nk<sDyTq $<+d
due+ * +{sTT. yTT+ q>sH HXq+
# d+ { X * +{sTT. y C
|]X<q\T eTT+<&T>T yjT&+ |\T <X\T
s+&e ||+#+ jTT<+ bH q>s\|
| j +q nDTu+T\ + f mH s T
Xe+yTq nDjTT<\qT #d k+
|]CH d+]+#THsTT.
2. nDT $<TY bC |e<\T: nDT $<TY
b+ mTe+{ ny+#jT d+|Tq\T
s>+& +&+ d+ eT]jTT nk<sD
|]d T \T q |&T $<TY b+qT dTs + >
eTdyjT& nqTe> nH dTs #s\T
rdT=+{sT. nsTTq|{, @<H u nDT
|e<+ ]q|&T |sesD+ nDT<]/
s&jTwH $&T<\jT neX+ b<T.
nDT<] |ue+ $&T<q nDT<]
|]eD+, >*, ~X, y>+, s yesD
|]dT\T e+{ nH n+X\| <s|&
+T+~.
3. s&j<]X eqsT\ sVD |e<\T:
s&j <] |<s\ syD d+<s+>,
s&j<] |<s\ sVD bsbT,
<c\T, jT+\ y|\ sD+> |e<\T
d+u$ ksTT. s &j <] @ sD+> $&T<H
< |ue+ |Ts+> +T+~. n+<T
sTTH #s_ ]q nDT |e<yT
<VsD. <T ]jsY s|\q $<H\
$HX q s y T q nDT< ] $& T < \ qT
n]\T>TTHsT. nsTTq|{, |s{+>
@C\ jT+D be&+ e+{ sD\
e\q nDT |e<\T ]> neX+ +~.
<VsD eqe |<\T, eed y|\+,
$<V #s, u+|+, TbqT, es<\T,
dTHMT\T yTT<\>T y{e\ ]> |e<\qT
n]&+ k<+.
|dT+ 31 <X\ dTesT 440 nDT $<TY
$eq |_wH
]jsT | #dTHsTT. ||+# $<TY neds\
16% X+ M{ <sH rsT+~. = <X 20
X+ qT+& 70 X+ $<TY neds\T nDT $<TY
<sH rsTTHsTT.
us< X + 17 $<TY ]js T , <T |]X<H
]jsT sVD +&>, sT $<TY ]jsT
sD+ HsTT. s+s+ |sT>TTq +<q
neds\qT rs+<T <]jT+ <] ]jsqT
@sT #jT& |D[\T d<+> HsTT +,
us< X + s &j <] X y< +, |]XeT\T, eekjT
eT]jTT |]X<q\ d++~+q $_q s+>\
|jk+~.
s&j k{|\ nqTesH\T (applications),
s&j<]X k+ |]Cq+ eq >DjTyTq
e~ eqe Jeq+ HD yTsT>T<\ <V<|&+~.
nDT k+ |]CH ePV |jH\
|jdTq @&T |{ nDjTT< <X\ C_
usY L& {> +~.
yde+> #b\+f, nDTX/ s&j k{|t\T
n|wqT ||+#+H nTeT u< ]sTqT *
HsTT. ||+ # y|+ > M{ $wjT + nTe T dTs
$<H\T, |eD\qT nqTd]dTHsT. 1960 qT+&
2005 eT< ||+#+ yTT+ MT< dTesT 140 |<q
s&j<] X d++~+q |e<\T ]qT
$XwD <s \Tk+~. s&j<]X e\ dTesT
150 eTsD\T d+u$+#sTT. ||+# y|+> |
d+es+ u>TZ >qT d+u$dTq 5,000 eTsD\T,
< {yTTu |e<\ e\ sT>TTq 12 \\
eTs D \ b\T +f d + K m+ q~.
|]>Dq rdTqeds+ ~.
nDTb+T k<sD+> sD s+> <<
nqTd]ksTT. n y\ nDT <]qT jT++#&+
d+ VQ s\ u |+<\qT @ssTksT.
nsTTq|{, # n\ d+ue *q =~ d+|T q\T
sT>TH +{sTT. n$ |sesD+ nDT<]q T
$&T<\ #dH +{sTT.
n+<Te\, s &j <] |<s\T $seT&+ e+{
q d+|Tq\ qT+& |< mTq s&j <]qT
|sesD+ $&T<\Cd #s_ e+{ u nDT
|e<\ es n s\ nDT < s&j
neds |]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T neds, d+d<,
|d+<q |D[\T d<+> +{sTT.
139 $|T sVD
1.2.4 nDT s&j neds |]dT\
ysD esZ<s\T
1. 1945 nyT] CbH Vswe, H>k\|
|j+q nDTu+T ujT+syTq $<+k
|\ + eTsbbe&+, nyT] ryT
+&, sTTH #s_ nDT |e<\
$k s y T q | # s + \_ + # & + nDT/
s&j neds |]d bsbT>HH
|Tq\ nqTd+<q+ #dTHsT.
2. esZ<s\ \\ de+ n esZ\
y] u>keTT\qT #d, |D[qT n_e~
#j*. <e\ de+ nDT, s&j
n ed s y T q | ] d T \T d + u $ +#
s~ + # & sTT. ns T < q d + < s \
d + u $ +H eqe s> +, J$ ,
|sesD eTT| Z+#&TT+~.
3. dVd<yTq < eqe jT+D
eqe s s\ e\q nDT s&j
neds |]d T \T @s&qsTT, y{ ]wy T q
eTT+<T C> |D[\T, eek|yT sD,
sDs #s\ <s jT++#*.
4. nDj T T< <& e\q u nDT $| T bs$TT\ \ esT\ <]rd u<
d+u$+#& n y neX+ +~.
n+<Te\ dwyTq sD\ d+, nTe+{
|]d d+~+#&+ d+ H& $Td |
X+| d{ yT +{ |t |s d t (SOP) qT | +>
eZ &yT+T s|+ +#eqT.
5. y{ d++~+ nqTeT+#&q |]$TT\
<{ ]\T < |\| |ue+ #|
mTe+{ s & j < ] | T qH H nDT/
s &j neds |]d > |s=q&TT+~.
Te+{ neds |]dT\qT b+T/ |d*{
<]{ y{ m<Ts=H keTs { +~
$<+> eZ]ksT.
m. nDT ]jsY dV nDT +<q e\jT+ jTT
@<H nDT eek|q < s &j <] eqsT\qT
|j+# @<H eek|q |e<+. #T
#dT |sesD+ |< mTq s&j<]
X $&T<\ #jT&+.
_. njT+ |seDT >=\TdTT #s (nuclear
chain reaction) ], nqV q{q
$k H , >e s & j T w q (bH
$eq |_wH
{eTTs ]q $<+>) <]rd $<+>
nDT +<q e\jT eek|q (nuclear fuel cycle
facility) ]> wyTq |e<+(accident).
d. s&j<] |<s (radopactitve material)
syD #d d+<s+> ]> |e<+.
&. |sesD+ s&j<] |<s $&T<\
#jT& s&j<] |<s >y<T\T
<VT~ sY&& (Radiological Dispersion De-
vice) > |j+#&+
. |< mTq bD qc, |< $ds+ dT\
qc <]rd nDjTT< <& e\q ]> u
nDT $|T. nDT neds |]d (nuclear
+& emergency) _q+> nDT $|T |ue+ k
n~sT\ jT+D $T+ +T+~. n+<Te\
nTe+{ $|T\qT CrjT ksTT m<Tse\d
+T+~.
6. |\T s\ nDT +<q e\jT eek|q\ (vari-
ous nuclear fuel cycle facilities) ddy T , keT,
eqe <c\T e+{ VQ s| n&+\ e\q
nDT neds |]dT\T @s&sTT.
7. <es, |Tq |]eD+, e+{ eed
|eD\ \+|Tq e\ {*{ |]d (criti-
cality situation) (nq>..... deT~ |s#&q
jTTsjT+ < |{jT+ e+{ $#~
| < s \ | s e DT >=\Td T T # s \T
|e<s+> |s>&+.) TT+~.
e dMT|+ q e\ |e<s+.
k] >j\T b\Te&+ bT eTsD+
L& d+u$dT+~. |Tq\T nDT $kH\T
(nuclear explosions) <H $wj >eT+#*.
nTe+{ |e<\ |uy\T n$ ]q
eek|q |]$TeTesTT. +f, < #T
q |]$T b+ eyT $d]ksTT.
nTe+{ | e <\ e\ k< s D | \|
mTe+{ |ue+ +&<T.
8. |dT+ |]dT mH& (Improvised Nuclear
Device) < sY&& (Radiological Dispersion
Device)\qT |j+#&+ <s < nDT
eek|qqT $<+d+ #jT&+ <s nDT >
y<+ (nuclear terrorism) |#] |e<+ +~.
9. $ |<s\ (fissile materials) jT+D
140 $|T sVD
 T~yTq n+srjT |+<\T HsTT.
n+<Te\ $ |<s\T >y<T\ #T y
|e<+ # y. nsTT, s bj
sb\ e\q n+srjT |+<\T
\+|Tq >Ts $ |<s\ nDT >y<T\
#T y |e< d|#eTT.
10. n~ X *q s&j<] |<s\ syD
| j +# + f s TTqs q T $| \T, n
|e<\T, mT qT+& +< |&be&+ e+{
y{ TH $<+> sb+~+#*. y{
syD #d yVH\ y>+| |]$T $~+#*.
n s\ eTT|\ qT+& C> rdTH+<T
| u < <\ <s >T u sD @sT
#jT&*.
11. k k s TT | d +< q ned s e Tj T
s&j<] neds |]dT\T eT]jTT nDT
$|T \ sVD nqTd]+# uyT ` n|t (bot-
tom - up) < < + +&, nDT <& T \
$wjT+ deTse+yTq jT++>+ L&q
{|t &H (top-down) yK] nqTd]+#*.
+<T H#Ts ddt yTHCyT+{ $T{
(NCMC) \ b eV+#*. nTe+{ |]d
d+~+#&+ d+ H& $Td | X+|
d{yT+{ |t |sdt (SOP) qT |+> eZ
&yT+T s|+ +#*.
12. usrjT nDT $<TY b+ |e<\ e\
| ] d T \qT d e Ts e + + > m< T s=H + < T
nedsyTq d+d< |D[\T neds+.
1.2.5 nDT <] nDjTT< <&T\
s+#Te&+
nDjTT< <& < nDT |e<+ ]q|&T
uj
T |&s <T. s &j <] e\q mTe+{ ydq
y& s+>+ { qT +&, $s+>
+&+, s>& + , d u+ \T>&+ e+{$
sT>TsTT. nDT $kq+ s>& eTT+<T
|>=&T>T +{ yT|T+ { | m>d
|\TT+~.
|\T&T ]> y| #&s<T. n #&+ e\q
n+<+ d+u$+#e#T.
|uT + qT+& <T |] de#s+ e# es n
\T|\T, { \ T eTdyd , +{| +&eqT.
$eq |_wH
eT+\ e\ ueH\ qw+ \>e#T. ,
s&j<] <&yTq sD\ #=#T
s<T.
Vs |<s\qT, { | +#*. nDT
$kq+ ]q sTy \_+# {, b\qT,
Vs |<s\qT $j+#L&<T.
+{ qT+& jT y\qTq|&T |uT
d#q\T, de#s b{+#*.
1.3 skjTq $|T\T
(Chemical Disasters)
s k j T q $| T \ T b]X$T | e <\T,
| e < s y T q s k j T H\qT u< sV +>
$j+#&+ < y{ <X | P s+> $< +d+ d+
|j+#&+ e\ d+u$ksTT. $w|P] yjTTe\T
y{ due+ $ksyTq $HX sDeTesTT.
n$ *> y|+, |< |< b+\qT |u$+
#ksTT. skjTq keTV $< +d jTT<\ (WMD)
qT jsT #jT&+ $T> y{ b\T+f #
*. y{ n+<TuT q skjTq |<s\
k<D skjTq |jT\ <s jsT #jTe#T.
nTe+{ skjTq keTV $< +d jTT<\T sT,
s+>T $> +&+ e\ y{ |d>&+ # w+.
eqe C |e< |T+{ 1984 ub $c<+
b]X$T #] mq& #& |qT $|T>
u b yj T T $c< + (Bhopal Gas Tragedy)
*b T +~. 1984 & d+sY 3 \ y s T CeTTq
$w|P ]yT q &< s+>T eTT L&q yjTTe {
eT<|<X ub q jTjTH s& b+T
qT+& jT\T<]+~. 40 qT\ $T< kdH{ (Me-
thyl Isocynate (MIC) yjTTe >& < q q>s
eTT<e $Tyd+~. 2500 eT+~ n|{|&
eTsD+#sT. k+ |]CH, b+ Xs
|r> q b+T |\ qeT\qT, db\qT
\TeH | L *+~. d T es T 3 \ \ eT+~
$w|P]yTq yjTTe e\q re y<q >TsjsT.
XdeedqT <rd $w yjTTe L&q yT|\T
eTTe&+ <q q>s |\T N{ M<T
<]q +& |sT >T\T rXsT. mTe+{ V#]\T
e. mTe+{ eTT+<T C>\T e. XdX y<T\T,
+{#| $T u~T\T dT\ |sT>T\T rdH,
y{ $sT>T&T @$T{ y<T\ eTT+<T> de#s+
q+<Te\ y<+ #jTbjsT.
141 $|T sVD
1.3.1 s#H\T 1.3.2 skjTq $|T\ eT\T
m. b]X$T $|T skjTq |e<\T +~ $<+ > d+u$ +#e#T.
b]X$T jT{ |e<+, s+ < 1. skjTH\ j , s|\ q eek|q bddt
nX sD+> ]> skjTq, j+, k<sD, |swqT, sVD, s*+| d+<s+>
$<TY < s |jT \ y| \ e\ b]X$T b+T 2. j eek | q \T, >&qT , bs T \ T,
y\T|\ $d]+ < bD, d eT]jTT |sesD HXj \T, +<q &b\ \ #jT &+ ]>
qc <]rd $|TqT b]X$T $|T n+{sT. bsbT e\q
(Industrial disasters are disasters caused by chemical, me- 3. s&T, s\T, $eq+, \ esZ\T < ||q
chanical, civil, electrical or other process failures due to <s syD #d deTjT+
accident, negligence or incompetence, in an industrial plant
which may spill over to the areas outside the plant or with 1.3.3 skjTq $|T\ <]rd |sDs
in causing damge to life, property and environment) s\T(Causative Factors)
_. skjTq $|T s k j T q $| T \ T k< s D +>, M{ e \q
b]X$T s|+, \ < syD d+<s + > d+u$ksTT.
{ < n+ $T+q |e< skjTH\ e\ ]> 1. n |e<\T
<Zs+ , n |e<+ < |\T&T < eek|q |\ 2. $kH\T
< y\T|\ |sesD+| re <Twue+ #|&+ 3. $w yjTTe\ $&T<\
bT bD, d, qc\ <]rd dV |Tq\ e\ 4. |e \d @s&+ e\q
]> |e<\qT skjTq $|T\T n+{sT. (Chemi- skjTq $|T\T |<s d (nq>, |Tq, <e
cal disasters are occurrence of emission, fire or explosion
< yjTT d) d++~+q skjTq |jT, |&q
involving one or more hazardous chemicals in the course
c> eT]jTT s >T]+#<q bs$TT\ |jT
of industrial activity (handling), storage or transportation $#H\T, s $w|P] |<s\ q kMT|,
or due to natural events leading to serious effects inside $_q <s\T *q s+&T < n+q me
or outside the installation likely to cause loss or life and |e<syTq skjTH\qT $TXeT+ #jT&+ <s
property including adverse effects on the enviornment). d+u$+# |jTq |#s yTT<\>T y{ e\q
skjTq |e<\T < $|T \ e\q >DjT+> d+u$ksTT.
bD, d qw + s > & + bT | s es D M{ bT VsYysY y|\+, jT+D y|\+
n|]$TyTq qw+ d+u$dT+~. skjTq, b]X$T |< mTq $w |<s\T $seT&+ < @<H $kq+
$|T\T nH $<\T> d+u$dT+{sTT. n$ : e\ L& skjTq $|T\T d+u$ksTT. +,
b+T |\T&T skjTH\qT syD #d deTjT+ skjTH\| |T sD
u\T | #jT&+, $dT*+>\T(Sparks), $|\T
skjTH\T \ #d y{ |e<\T
(Shocks) e\q usTT*+> *& mb+&+> y|sY,
skjTH\qT syD #d deTjT+, y{ mbCH (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
<T]j>+ #d d+<s+ ]> |e<+ (BLEVE)) d+u$+#e#T.
es\ sVD deT+> be&+ skjTq $|T |uy\T b+ d
{{yT+{ b+ |e<\T yesD+, >* ~X, ne|D sT (rate of precipita-
tion), $& T < q s k j T q | < s | ] eD+, <
k+ eed\ y|\+
dMT|+ q Hu, bD+yTq $TXe\T
b+ dTs eed y|\+ #+<&+
@s&{ >\ d+ue, $|T ]q |<X
n |e<+ eT]jTT $<+d+ dMT|+ sT>TTq s b]X$T sb\T
eqe |<\T eTTq>Tq$ *d eT]+ reeTesTT. |e< re,
$eq |_wH 142 $|T sVD
jT+D #s \| skjTq+ m+ |u e+ #|T+<
ns+ #dTy\+f, |<s d (nq> n~ |Tq, <e
< yjTT sb\ @ d q<) ne>Vq
#dTe&+ eTTK+. |Tq s|+ q skjTH\T
|&q+, c> e+{ |]dT\ sD+> q+
#+~H < y{ <s \T d +> e]H $HXs + >
esTsTT. |Tq |<s\T> +f qw+ n\+>
+T+~.
eqe |<\T < j+ y|\T L&
|< mTq <e |<s\T $seT& < usTT*+>
*& mb+&+> y|sY mbH (Boiling Liquid
Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) <]rd ]H
< *& |{*jT+ >dt (LPG) e+{ d+|&q
yjTTe\T(compressed gases) y< \& <]rd,eqe
J$\T eT]jTT |sesD+| re |ue+ #|sTT.
d+|&q yjTTe\ $&T<\ e\ w eT]jTT j
&T\T |], |]ds\ q sD\T, ueH\|
|ue+ #|, qc eT]+ |+#TsTT.
1.3.3 skjTq |e<\ <]rd s\T
eqe <c\ dV skjTq $|T\ <]rd
keTs+ * q skjTq |e<\ nH s\T
sDeTesTT. n$ :
m. |jT eT]jTT dTs eed y|\T
(Process and safety system Failures)
1. k+ <c\T: s|\q b\T, kD+,
V\ y|\+, T| |&+ yTT<\>Tq$
2. eqe |<\T: u< d#q\qT s+
#jT&+, ]w |<T\ qT+& y<=\>&+
yTT<\>Tq$.
3. de#s+ |+#&+ : neds V#] $<H\T
be&+, |e<\qT m<Ts=H |<T\qT
*jTCjTbe&+
4. d+k> y T q <c\T : neds |]d m<Ts=H
| D [ , d e Tqj T + b e& + , | \
d + +< \T |\e+> +& +, $| T \ T
d + u $ +q| & T d s y T d +~+# & ,
d+d< nedsy T q e&, nu dq+ e+{$
be&+.
_. | |<y\T(Natural Calamities)
us |K+&+ dV $|T\ n~+>
$eq |_wH
>Tse +T+~. $|T skjTq $|T\ L&
<]rksTT. 1999 ]k d|sY dH d+<s+>
bd] eT+ q jT+D eed qw+ ]+~.
2001 eq u+|+ sD+> +& se
nf $&T<\sTT+~. $ = <VsD\T
eyT.
d. >y< <&T\T/ $<V #s\T
skjTq $|T\ >TsjT <Ts\+ $<V
#s\T, |e<s skjTH\ eek|q\ MT<, syD
yVH\ MT< <& >y< eT]jTT jTT< sb\
e\ eT]+ d$T[+ neT+~. ~ + eTT+<T
|s=q eqsT\ e< m&H, m|&H d+u$+#e#T.
n+<Te\ skjTq jTT< s\T, keTV $<+d
skjTq jTT<\ sVD | es<Z s \qT C
#j*.
keTV $<+d skjTq jTT<\T
(Chemical weapons of Mass Destruction)
keTV $< +d skjTq jTT<\qT j sT
#jT&+ # *. k<sD skjTH\qT d+ y&
M{ jsT #jTe#T. skjTq jTT<\qT
|j+#&+ y<\&+ nH |< # *q |<.
+<T skjTq s y| #jT & eTT+<T <
\+ MT< < < |H y<\&+ <s *>
y|+|CksT. |< =*k]> yTT<{ ||+#
jTT<+ deTjT+ neT\T #XsT. s <\T ]H
d*+&sqT ] +, yjTTeqT XTdq\ y|
y #dysT. |< # *sTTq< nsTTq|{,
nH s\ qc\T L& HsTT.
|< |< >dT d*+&sqT |< mTq XT
dH \qT <T+ s* +#&+ # w+ L& q
|. d*+&s esTdqT XT dH\ m<TsT>, eTT+<T
esTd +#*. d*+&s yjTTe $d]+#&+, >*
y>+ , < ~X| <s|& +T+~. k] >* yq
eT[, k+ dq+ d me> eTsDksT.
<yTq yjTT yT|\T XTdH\T eTqT eTT
s+#Te& m+>H |j>|&sTT. yjTT
yT|\T e\+ eTT+<T esTd q XT dq+
eyT #=#TbsTT. yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+
|< |]$TyT q |* \qT eyT q|{, skjTq
jTT< $j+#&+ m+ * ~ s|++~.
143 $|T sVD
1.4 b]X$T/skjTq $|T\T nH u |sekH\T +{sTT. eTTK+> |X d+|<,
e, +T CT\T, |sesD+ (>*, H\, sT) | re
|]XeT < < d++~+q sb\ |ue+ |&TT+~. |]XeT qc\T d+u$ksTT.
]q |e<\T < y|\ e\ ], b]X$T skjTq |e<\qT y{e\ d+u$+q eTsD\T,
$<T\, d, <q qw+ y{\Cd |Tq\qT >jT|&q y] d+K, d < |sesD ]q
b]X$T $|T \ T n+{sT (Industrial disasters include qw+ <s+> n~ u |e<e? $|? nq~
events that occur due to mishaps or failures in industry or ssTTksT. u skjTq |e< |sesD (sD)
related activities and also the disasters that affect the in- #+ 1986 +< C #jT&q eqTbsY, ksC
dustrial functions, property and productivity). skjTq n+& +bsY |t VCsdt $T (Manufacture, stor-
$|T\T eT]jTT b]X$T $|T\qT <={ age and import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC))
|ejT |<\T> y&TT+{sT. , n$ < +<q\T ` 1989 s+#>, $|TqT $|T
{ | ] +< eksTT. skjTq $|T (chemical sVD #+ 2005 s+#sT.
disaster) | y|\T < eqe s y|\T
1.4.2 <X+ ]q u skjT |e<\T
s+&+{ e\q d+u$+#e#T. nsTTq|{, ||+#
y|+> skjTq $j>+, b]X$TD e~ eT< |<X 1984 ]q ub $wyjTTe
$|T nq+s+ <X+ |\T skjTq $|T\T #T
#+<TTq <c, eTT+<dT $|T ysD #s \T, skjTq
(b]X$T) $|T ~+| +#<q n+X+> #dTHsTT. 2003 +<|<X #eTTsT u$
e]+~. <X y|+> |< d+K q, eT< sV n |e<+. 1997 $XK|+ e< V+<kH
|]XeT\ bT 1949 |> |<q |e<u]yTq |{*jT+ s=swH *$Tf& (HPCL) e< $] yT|T+
b]X$T jTT qT n+#H yXsT. M{ &T $kq+, 1990 eTVsh+ H><H e< >\
= |]XeT\T Xsy>+ |T=dH HsTT. +&jTH |{$T s=swH *$Tf& (IPCL) >dt
sY +| |\T&T e+{$ ]>sTT. 2002 qT+&
1.4.1 |ue+ 2006 eT< m+mV#Y jT 20 |> |< |<
b]X$T/ skjTq |e<+ d+u$+#&+ # skjTq |e<\T d+u$+#sTT.
y>+> +T+~. |e<+ d+u$+#& k] 1.4.3 |XeTq #s\T
$Tc\ qT+& >+\ ee~ |e#T. n~ d+u$+#
due+| <s|& mTe+{ V#] +&H skjTq |e<\ e\ ]> nbjT+ d\yT
kT>q s>e#T. skjTH\ $&T<\ eqe nsTTq|{, skjTq T\qT m $j+#*,
|<+, k+ |+ < u+|+, <yq\T, y{ m \ #j*? neds deTjT+ m
es<\T e+{ u>[ #s\ sD+> L& s>e#T. |d+~+#*? nH n+X\qT \TdTe&+ <s
b]X$T/ skjTq |e<+ s>& eTT+<T >j\ eTT|qT Z+#e#T.
mTe+{ V#] +&<T. {, <e\ d+u$+# = nbjT ~+| #s\T:
qw+ # n~+> +T+~. bD, d, JeHb~ 1. VCsY e|+>(Hazard Mapping): $w|P]
eT]jTT |sesD |< mTq qw+ sT>TT+~. $$< skjTH\T < |e<syTq |<s\qT \Te
sb +& |e<s |<s\ e\ eTsD\T, reyTq #d |<X\ C_\qT, e|\qT jsT #d,
>j\T, Bs \ s> deTd\T d+u$ ksTT. ue H\T, n+< ] * d | < ] +#*. $w | P ]
, s dT\ qw+ y{\TT+~. b]X$T skjTH\T < |e<s |<s\qT \Te #d
b+\ dMT|+ +& b+\ D eTT| |<X\ dMT|+ eddTq |\ y{e\
@s&TT+~. |]XeT | #dTq ysT, |]XeT e# eTT| >T]+, |e<+ ] *> |u y\
#TT |\ b+\ ysT D |uy >TsesT. >T]+ *jTCj*. |e< due+ _q+>
|]XeT\ qT+& >* $&T<\ #jT&q $w|P]yTq +&e#T. n |e<+, $kq+, $seT&+,
yj T T y T | T + @s & + y T T< \ > T s b\
yjTTe\ e\q sT\T |+\qT qwbsT. d+u$ +#e#T. neds deTj | +#TH
skjTq $|T\ e\ bD qw+ s>& &T, esZ e| #|+#*.
$eq |_wH 144 $|T sVD
 2. u $j> |D[: q deTs+ n~+> +Te\T, { eqsT\T $w |u y >Ts q |&T
+& yd b+\qT b]X$T |<X\ mTe+{ $sT>T&T\T(j+{&{) $j+#
<s+> +& #&*. b]X$T b+ \TdTy*.
eT]jTT yd b+ eT< |s Y CH (^Hu ) 3. |e<s skjTH\ |uy >Tsq y]
@sT #j*. |sesD mTe+{ V mTe+{ n+~+# MT b+ yT&
\>+& es\qT sV+#+<T eT nkdjT wH ne>Vq +<? <? qT>=H*.
|D[qT nqTd]+#*. |]XeT @sT eTT+< 4. |]XeT qT+& d]+q de#s+ <s+>
es\qT s*+# dTs |<T\qT sb+~+#T skjTq $|T d+u$+q|&T #jTe\dq$,
y*. |D[ |jT u>+> es\qT #jTL& y{ #sT jsT #j*.
s*+# d\qT L& >T]+#*.
3. eT{ dq< : |e<s y T q eek|q \ | 1.5 j $|T\T
eT{ C>s +&*. |]d @ $<+ >
m<Ts=H *d +&*. |e<+ ]q |+ (Biological Disasters)
rdTe\dq |d+<q #s \ >T]+ eT{ 2001 nsY 22q yw+>H &d <sT b
*jTCj*. eT{ duT\T |]XeT \Tw <>T\T + k eTsD+#sT. ~ n|{
k s TT\qT | s y d T + &*. e & ||+#y|+> re d+#\q+ dw++~. JyjTT<\
b\T|+#Ty*. |j>+| #s <]rd+~. JyjTT<\ (Biological
4. s nbjT ~+| #s\T weapons) qT jsT #jT&+ # *. mTe+{
n s< eT]jTT V#] eT]jTT eed\qT H|D+ L&q |j> eed\T (delivery systems)
yTsT>T|s#*. +&H |j +#e#T. e+<\, y\eT+~ >jT|]#
eT+\qT s~ + # , \Tc T H < #+| keTs+ * +{sTT. y{ |<y
keTs\qT yTsT>T|s#Ty*. nDTu+T(poor man's nuclear bomb) n+{sT. b\|
<>T\T, |]XeT dMT|+ +& |\
|sT>T eT+<T\qT | #d q q $eH\ qT+&,
neds dV jT #s \T, |e<+ d+u$ d < e+{| |syT(Perfume)qT #\TH q |syT
qT+& |+#TH |D[qT n_e~ #j*. yTs es <HH JyjTT<\qT |j+#&
|j+#Te#T. D |uy\T \T>Cd skjTq,
|]XeT <>T\ &+{ skH f+>
k+|<jT eT]jTT nDjTT<\ _q+> JyjTT<
n+~y*. s\T eT |u y \d+> bs+_ksTT. n+<T
b+ yjTT |yV ($+& u) &j>yTqT >+\ qT+& sE\ es |e#T. JyjTT<\T
sV+#*. \T>Cd T\qT b<$T <X >T]+#eTT. |>T,
$w |P] |<s\ \ keTs |]$T+ k b e+{ y>+> k s\qT >T]+#&+
#j* C|+ ], re |ue+ #|sTT. es y<T\T,
|]XeT\ ;e +&*. s> d+~ dV n+<] ksTT.
1.4. 4 skjTq $|T \ qT n&T e&+, dq<+ 1.5.1 #]
e&+ k+$T y<T\T(infection) y| #+<&
1. MT >e < q>s dMT|+ q nqTyq |< T J$dTq |\ deTV+ Vsy T q
| ] X e T\qT q T>=, y{ $j +# Jes |y+#&+ |*+> |< mTq j
skjTH\ @<H |e<syTq~ q<y $|T \ T d+u$ ksTT. (Biological disasters of natural ori-
gin are largely the result of the entry of a virulent organ-
>V+#*.
ism into a congregation of susceptible people living in a
2. b]X$T |e<\qT m<Tse& nedsy T q manner sutied to the spread of the infection). d<;C\
neds |D[ q<y qT>=, |\T, (Spore)qT >* y<\&+ e\q +<, @sk
$eq |_wH 145 $|T sVD
(aerosols) sD+> kb (small pox), q\T\T, @ss#Te&+ e\q q eqe d+|TsD m\|&
>esT, m\T\ sD+> f|dt, |>T y<T\T |< d+K y<T\T <$+#& <]rd+~. {e\
d+u$ ksTT. k<sD eTVe] (epdemic) b+ \+ es L& jTT<\ +f y<T\ e\ eTsD+#
|]$TyT, n& n+]+ bT+~. nTe+{ y<T\T y] d+K # me> +&~.
$k]+> y|+, es <X d]V<T\qT d+ <{ H~ qT+& d~sT\T k+$T y<T\qT
$d]+q |Tq\T nH+ HsTT. XT _s+ |y|& jTT< mT>&>
|sesD s\T dVjT]> q|&T nqTd ] d e#s T . X T e\| n+Ty< T \qT
j $|T \ T d+u$ ksTT. <VsD, m\T\ eT]+#\ <e b]+#&+ bT, #sD
d+K |s>& nqTyq |]dT\T +f |>T, u &Y #s\T L& #|fysT. e*q+, <Tsdq, [q
(Black Death) e+{ y<T\T y|ksTT. |sDs | < s \ , y< T \T/ n+Ty< T \ eT< q
s\T ds q b]X< ks\T |D b+\ nqT+< <s+> #dT nqTd]+#ysT. 20e
|y +q|&T \s y~ eTVe] s|+ <\TdT+ ~. X + es X T e _s\ # + ~q ue\T,
n< $<+> yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+ sTy Hu ]CsjTsT, s { eqsT e*H\qT, s\qT
b++ qT+& eTs= b+ *be&+ e\q kwt +Te\ e+k yjT&+ <s \Tw+ #dysT.
H | P s TT+C (spanish influenza) y s d t y > + > eT<jTT> dH~|T\T >+<T\T &+ e\
$d]+#& <]rd+~. e# Tu |>(bubonic plague) y~ ePV
n~ eTs D \qT \ T> C d d \ ne~ $\TeqT >T]+#sT. n+<Te\ y~ #bsTTq y]
*qTe+{ n+Ty<T\T Hu d+KqT Z+#&+ eT<V \qT eTT&+ q \ $ds ysT. nTe+{
<s deC\ rs V \T>Ck sTT. D eTsD\T s+&T |Tq\T #] qy<jsTT. { 1346 H{
\T>CjT, Bs ne~ *q n+Ty<T\T |< mTq b (kaffa), s+&e~ 1422 ]q sdH |Tq.
s> y| sDyT Hu jTT < keTs s+&T |Tq u &Y (Black death) y~
|u$+ #dq|&T beTTKqT d+]+#T+{sTT. |j+, XTe\qT dsHXq+ #XsT. u&Y
eT ] j , j T e+{ n+T s>\T n+< T sD+> sb Hu eT&=+T\ qT+& d>+ eT+~
<VsD\T> #|e#T. Bs \+ n$ eT]+ eTsD+ #sT. s nyT] 1754`1767\ eT< ]q
ujT+syTq eTVeTsT\T> essTT(more visible |+#Y eT]jTT +&jTH jTT<\ JyjTT<\ (Bio-
florid epidemics). logical weapons)qT |j +qT &yT+T HsTT.
eqe sb\ $dsD, |{ es y{ s>s\ d+esq+, yq j k+
dJe yesD+ q d++<+ = s>s |]Cq+ n_e~ e&+ 20e X+ JyjTT<\
Je\T(novel pathogens) <$ +#& <V<|& T T+~. $j>+ eT]+ XdjT+> e]+~. yTT<{ ||+#
b(Nipah), V+&(Hendra), mu (Ebola ), essYZ jTT<+ s, |Xd+|<qT, Vs \Tw+
(Marburg), k |esY (Lassa fever) ysdt\ y| < #d+<T < y<T \qT d+$T+|C d+<T nedsy T q
<VsD\T> #|e#T. u]jqT $j+#+<T jysY|sY (biowar
V#Y$ $wj |]o*d ysdt +b+J qT+& fare) se sb+~++~.
=\T eqe | y d T + ~. ~ e\+ s | \s, sc MT< |>T y~
#<TsTeT<TsT>H ]+~. nsTT, ysdt m|&sTT C$ <&T\(bioattacks) b\&qT s|D\THsTT.
+ |s + > ] qT+& eTs=] k&+ bs+_++< yTT<{ ||+ # jTT<+ sT y nH <X\T JyjTT<\
||+#y|+> $d]+q n+Ty~ (pandemic)> j #|{sTT.
e]+~. #] n|< eTVe] (epidemic)> s+&e ||+# jTT< deTjT+ sT|\T |<
ne]++~. mTq |]X<H w L& #XsTT. ud\H +<ddt
|< mTq Hu b++ qT+& eTs= (Bacillus anthracis), uT*qyT {H (Botulinum toxin),
b+ s*be&+, ke eed\T |L\&+, bdd Ts+dH(Fracisella tularensis), Td
| s sTT d e TV \T (alien group) d + +< \T dsTTdt(Brucella suis) yTT<\>T eqe y~s\T.
$eq |_wH 146 $|T sVD
```
~
```
200
s d ut dt(Rice Blast), s dy T sdt (Rye stem Rust) yTT<\>T eTs s jTT< eed\ +f L& JyjTT<\T
|+\ k y<T\ s\qT JyjTT<\T> n_e~ >y T |& (kilogram of payload) eT]+
#XsT. deTse++> |#ksTT. + e+{ j
s +&e ||+ # jT<+ nq+s+ |# qjTT< (Cold s\ sb+~+q jTT<\ <s >y<
war) \+ reyTq JyjTT< n_e~ se\T =qk+#e\dq neds+ |dT+ <T. m+<T+f,
=qk>sTT. nyT] bsY &{ q jTTmdt + d<;C\qT |]eD+ VAeTH dsTTH (hu-
yT& dsY d{ |sY H|jTdt &dCdt (US man strain) + f 100 s T q$> $u +,
Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases }|]T dT\Te> |\TH #jTe#T. jTT<
(USAMRIID)), bsH
&H _{ wt +| , k$jT{ s|+ <*q +qT |j+# $<q+ L&
jTjTH j||s { j |uT < s+H dTeTT> +&e\dq neds+ <T. eJ k$jT{
|]X<q\T ]>sTT. 1969, 1970 n|{ nyT] kw*dT ]|_ (USSR) ds$dt e< q JyjTT<
n<&T H <X\ nyT] se\T s<T jT{ qT+& + ud* |e<eXT $&T<\
#jT&q|{, sD |]X<q\T e+ =qk>TH e&+, 1984 &dt kHd ddt $&T<\ e&+
HsTT. k$jT{ se\T 1920\ bs+uyT, eTq u> *dq d+|T q\T. nyT] es f& d+{sY
k$jT{ jTjTH $qeTjT es =qk>sTT. ]q 9/11 <&T\ nq+s+ + d<; C\qT bd
|dT+ 11 qT+& 17 <X\ JyjTT<\| w <s |+|, j >y< b\&sT.
bT >y< bV+ L& \_k+~. |dT+ +{$ 22 |Tq\T s>>, <T>TsT eTsD+#sT.
q q +<\T d+ Je >y< (bioterrorist) dTTq, n|eT s> d+sD de\T n+~+#,
keTs\qT d+b~+#T+THsTT. Twt, b]& #+~q k+$T y<T\ y<
|DT\T yTT<{k]> B qT>=HsT.
1.5.2 j >y<+( bioterrorism) 1.5.3 j $|T\ |ue+
j $|T yde yTq {e\ d+|T \T
s | d T H sTT. j > y < (bioterrorism) ud\dt +ddt (Bacillus anthracis) e+{ u
d++~+q n+X\qT |]>Dq rdTe&+| edTq \D\qT * q HH b<C (y~ s+ )
$_q y<q\ \+ #*+~. n+<Te\ bs j ud\dt >_J(Bacillus globigii) |j >+ #d, j
>y<(civilian bioterrorism) m<Ts=e& nedsy T q >y< <&T\ |uy n+#H yXsT. B |s+
ePV |D[\ n_e~ , neT\TqT @ e+ C|+ qjsY du y eed| + <& ] d+
#jTC\eTT. 10 y\ eT+~ |\T eTsDks >D+#sT. ||+#
s> d+d (WHO) n< jTq+ |s+ 5,00,000 eT+~
j >y< @C+T ]| <&T\T s+&T |\| 50 \ +qT |jd 95 y\ eT+~
s\T> +{sTT. +, uT*qyT <&T\T es eTsDks, 1,25,000 eT+~ nX\T>
=*<X re |ue+ #|q|{, skjTq <&T\ esTdT+< *+~. s |j>\T L& n< $<yTq
e~]>H ~rjT |u e+ +&<T . nsTTq|{, d+& $|T |*\qT #sTT.
|u e+ +& y~ s\qT |j +q|&T |]d
d+w+> +T+~. < >ZT> d+d<qT, MT \Tk?
s#sDqT sb+~+#*. |< q>s+ 100 >eTT\ +qT $&T<\
e ejT+ #jT& dT\Te> #d, <e\ 30 \\ eT+~ |> #bsT.
+&+ e\q >y< >|\qT JyjTT<\T *> skjTq, C$ $|T\ qT+& b&Te&+
]ksTT. #<s| MTsT |]~ q |\| skjTq+ $&T<q |&T yTT<{ \D \T: >
<& #jT& nedsyTq k+|<jT jTT<\ +& +, eTT | {\T, eT+& +,
j 2,000 &\sT ejTyT, nDjTT<\ 800 ms&+, $s+> +&+, s>&+, d
&\sT, HsY >dt jTT<\ 600 &\s KseT+~. u+ \>&+ sT>TT+~. |fq < >sT
n< JyjTT<\ e\+ &\sT eyT ` r| L&q ydq\T edT+f, >* @<
ejTeTeT+~. yjTT qT >T]+#*.
$eq |_wH 147 $|T sVD
 >dt J d+<s+> ujT+ |sT>T\T rjT&+ # deyXy T , j o\+> +&{ >T+|> e]ksT .
Vs+. n< |<X+ |X++> +&, eTTK+ =d ]q d+<s\ d+|Tq bZq
MT< & > T & +# T < <s Xd y] #q eT]jTT #s bT d+> ]>
rdTy*. m+<T+f me yjTTe\T { nVT #s dCrjT (homogeneity)+T+~.
sT>TsTT. sD\T
n~ X+ |e<s yjTTe\T >* +f =d d+|Tq\T k<sD+> |\T s\
*> +&, | >d bT+{sTT. n+<Te\ H\| ke ` k+d |<sq\ d+<s+> #T
|sT+&+ eT+~. #dT+{sTT. =d d+|Tq\qT n$ ]q rsT,
1.6 |e< $|T\T y{ |ue+ <s+> |\T s\T> eZ]+#e#T.
1. $H< se\T
us<X+ |< d+K s\T, s&T |e<\T
sT>TTHsTT. | sp q q |e< |\T 2. mdsT, #*+# *u\T
>jT|&TTHsT. s & =Te&+, |{\T |&+ 3. Vs |+|D
e+{ |< |< s |e<\ sD+> |< d+K 4. |<sq\T
bD qw + s > & y T +&, | \ Tes T 5. | $|T\T
n+>$\seTHsT. $$< s\ $|T\ d+ue+|
]q |\T s\ n<jTH\ |s+ us<X+ n 6. eT|syTq |Tq\T
|e<\T |< d+K sT>TTqT *+~. TbqT\T 7. eT|syTq y&T\T/ s d+<s\ ]> n
< es<\T e+{ dV $|T\T +f n |e<\ |e<\T
e\ *> qc n~+ > +TqT L& n< jTH\ 8. <&T\T
y\&sTT+~.
9. \T
1.6.1 =d(( Stampede) 10. yesD|syTq d+|Tq\T
|\ >T+| d sB e\q }|] &
eT]jTT ]H=sT =e&+ e\q nH eT+~ 1.6.2 s&T |e<\T
>j\T b\T e&+, eTsD\T d+u$+#&+ s>& s& T | e <\ e\ < X < L &
=d(stampede)> |s=+{sT. b<$T+> d+w Zb+~. $ n<XyTq eTVe] e+{$. ||+#
due+ *q HH$<e TTq (heterogeneous) |\T s> d+d (WHO) $&T<\ #dq > ddt ]bsY

s&T |e< m+| #jT& 5 sc\ y{(%)

sh+ 2005 2006 2007 2008
5 sc\ y{ 54.4 55.4 55.4 55.4
1. eTVsh 16.5 16.4 15.4 15.6
2. $TH&T 12.3 12 12.3 12.5
3. s 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.5
4. eT<|<X 8 8.3 8.8 9.0
5. +<|<X 8.5 9.5 9.2 8.8
<X+ yTT+ y{sT yVH
<T sc\ y{ 43.3 43.6
Source : Transport Research wing, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, GOl

$eq |_wH 148 $|T sVD

H s& d| (Global status Report on Road saftey) 2009 25`65 d+es\T 51.9
|s+ ||+ # y|+ > | d+es+ s&T |e< 65 d+es\ |q 10.4
12 \ \ eT+~ eTs D d T + & > , 5 eT+~ s&T |e<\ eZsD
>jT|&T THsT. 90 X |> eTsD\T n\ eT]jTT 2011 d+es+ ]q yTT+ s&T |e<
eT< sV <jT <X d+u$dTHsTT. ||+#
y|+> qy<q yVH 48% yVH\T eyT 30.1% CrjT sV<sT\ (National Highways) MT<,
<X +Tq|{, s&T |e< d+u$+# s>Z, yTT+ eTT 37.1% eT+~ CrjT sV<sT\
eTs D \T 90 X | > +& + > e THs + . MT< ]q |e< eTsD+#sT. CrjT, sh
us< X + s&T u < deTd re+> +~. 2008 sV<sT\T n~ y> nqTe> +&+ s&T
d+es+H 4.8 \\ |e<\T s>> 1.2 \\ |e<\T, y{ e\ d+u$ +# eTsD\T d + me>H
eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 5.2 \\ eT+~ >jT|&sT. M] +THsTT.
#eT+~ n+> $\TsT> essT. s&T |e< 1.6.3 s\T |e<\T
u~T n~ X+ eT+~ jTTe\T e&+ eT]+
$c<s+. $|T sVD #+ (Disaster Management Act)
2005 q s#q+ <s+> s eT+ XK s
s&T |e<\T, >j\T, eTsD\T, y{sT $|TqT $<+> s++~. s $|T nq>....
yVH\T s&T H{esY edTq esT\T re due+ * s \ |]~ < s sb
us< X + 3.34 $T*jTH MTs s&H{ esY y\T|\ | < eqe s sD\ e\ ]
||+#+H s+&e n|< s&T H{esY *q <X+> nH bD\T be& < |< d+K |\T re+>
|d~>++~. 1970 qT+& 2008 eT< y{sT >jT|&{ eT]jTT/ < {| re n+sjT+
yVH\ d+K dTesT 64 sT |]+~. s&T H{esY \>&, |< mTq s |uT/ |uTs eT]jTT
eT&T sT $d]++~. B bT s&T |e<\ |yT d+d\ dVjT+ d+ <]rd reyTq s\T
d+K H\T+\T |s>> , M{e\ >j\ b\jT y] |e<eTT
d+K 7 sT V++~. s&T |e<\ e\ eTsD+# usrjT s\ $|T sVD| $<q
y] d+K 8 s |> |s&>+ >eTHs+. s|\q H& &bsTyT+T: usrjT s\
+< s&T syD sV<sT\ eT+ XK d++~+q $|T sVD |D[qT s usT
$&T<\ #dq y~ |s+ 2011 4.97 \\ s&T dTs $u>+ (safety Department) sb+~dT+~.
|e<\T ]>sTT. nq> | $Tc s&T @<H ny+ |T qqT s $|T > |{ + # n~s
|e<+ sT>T+~. 1,42,485 eTsD+#sT. B qs yTHsY, ndd+{ qs yTHsY, y]<s
|s+ <X+ s&T |e<\ sD+> | 3.7 n+<TuT q|&T dmdtz\ d s usT
$Tc\ sT #bTHsT. 1999`2000 s&T nqTeT++~.
|e<\ sD+> us<X &| 3% qw+ ]+~.
s&T |e< bD+yTq |e<\T w 1.6.4 $eq |e<\T
2001 qT+& ds+> |sT>T ek+~. d>Tq 100 $eq |e<\T n$ ]> rsT, |]eD {
s&T |e< eTsD+# y] d+K 2001 20 eT+~ H\T>T s\T> eZ]+#e#T n$ :
<, 2008 H{ n~ 24.7 |]+~. 1. X+ s+&T $eH\T &=Te&+ (mid -
s&T |e< u~T\T air collisions).

+< s&T syD sV<sT\ eT+ XK 2. d+> u$T| ~be&+ (forced landings)
y~ |s+ 2011 ejTdT\ y> s&T |e< 3. k+ b\ sD+> L*be&+(Crash due
u~T\ $es\T.. to technical snags).

ejTdT |e< u~T % 4. <w> #s d]> b e&+ (poor visibility) e\q

0`14 d+es\T 7.4 $eH\T |s b+ L*be&+.
15`24 d+es\T 30.3 $eq |e<\T @ deTjT+HH, m&H
$eq |_wH 149 $|T sVD
d+u$ +#e#T. nsTT $eHXj \ 30 qT+& 40 &d+sY 27q d+u$++~. |qT\T *|ydq +H
MTs #TT |]~H me s>& neX+ e]+> |<X+ qT+& |< mTq sT HT= se&+
+~. n~ X+ $eq |e<\T |< q $eqXj \ 375 eT+~ > ]\T bD\T jsT.
qT+& jT\T <sT Tq|&T < +&+> neTq|& |e<+ ;VsY sa]j b++ >\ #k
]qT nqTuy \T y\& d T H sTT. $eq |e<\T *jT ]+~. &ss{ qs |t yTH d|
n&e\T, =+& b+\T, deTT<\T yTT<\>T dT<s (DGMS) > $|T\T, qc\T, y{ |uy\qT +~
b+\ d + d+u$ +# neX+ L& +~. $<+> eZ]++~.
sD\T : $eq |e<\T eTTK+> |\ T, z|H dt >qT d&b
msTTsY {| +{\s eqe | <\ e\q, |j D+
eT< k+ b\ yTT<\>T y{ sD+> u>s >qT | |, d&b
d+u$ dT+ {sTT. nsT<T> >y< sb\ e\ L& >qT\ |\sT L*be&+
$eq |e<\T s>e #T. msTTsY udt
1.6.5 > $|T\T(Mine Disasters) KC rdT &T (rope haulage) $|\+
>qT\ #+ (Minies Act) 1965 $|TqT 10 < e&+
n++ f me bD\T e& sDyTq |e< $<TY ds|s |+ e\ ]> |e<+
(ny+ |Tq) #s> s++~. 10 eT+~ +f >qT eT+\T
e bD qw+ d+u$+# |e<\qT #+ |<q \ |jT+
|e<+> eZ]++~. | d+es+ >qT ]> >qT $kH\T
|e< y~ eT+~ eTsDdTHsT. |+, u>TZ
s |*, >j\T e&+
>qT\ e+, ]q \\ e| >qT me bD
qw+ sT>T+~. us< X + n|< > $|T 1975 1901 qT+& 2010 eT< 334 |<q >
|e<\T s>>, 3,672 eT+~ eTsD+#sT.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. keTV $<+dq #d jTT<\T (Weapons of 5. +u+T @ d+ MT< <s|& +~? (2)
Mass Destruction) e\ *>~ (4) 1. nDT d+q 2. nDT$
1) bDqw+ 2) dqw+ 3. | s+& 4. |$ @M e
3) yesD qw+ 4) |$ n 6. V&H u+T @ d+ MT< <s|& +~?
2. ub < skjT yjTTe $|T ]+~? (1)
1) +&jTH sTT &b (3) 1. nDT d+q 2. nDT $
2) m|t.d.. 3. | s+& 4. |$ @M e
3) jTjTH s& b 7. H>k MT< +u+TqT s+&k] ydq B
4) Hs $T b (1)
3. +~ y eqe |s| |e<+ @~? 1) 06`08`1945 2) 09`08`1945
(4) 3) 06`08`1943 4) 09`08`1943
1. u+|+ 2. dTHMT 8. Vswe MT< yTT<{k] +u+T ydq B
3. es< 4. |$ @M e 1) 06`08`1945 (2)
4. +~ y eqe s $|T (4) 2) 09`08`1945
1) es< 2) u+|+ 3) 06`08`1943
3) sTe 4) u+T |\T&T 4) 09`08`1943
$eq |_wH 150 $|T sVD
VIII . $|T |XeTq ePV\T/
#s\T
1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[
2. $|T sVD ` d+k> @sT
3. k, sh ksTT d+d\ b
4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[
5. $|T deTj |ejT eTwH eed\T
6. new H|D\T
 1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[
(Community Planning for Disaster Management)

1.1 |]#jT+ dTTq eT{ duT\T \ b bw+#&yT

+&, J$\qT b& $\Ty q d T \ T>
us<X| <D rs+ 2004 &d+sY 26q u |]>D+#&sT. nbj ~+#&+ L&
dTHMT & >Ts+~. n+ sT|<\T, n&T>T eT{\T \ b bwksTT. M] ne>Vq, b
esZ \ y s q eT s T \T re+> qw b j s T . +& $|T sVD |D[ |]|Ps+ C\<T.
$TH&T q >eTyTq k$Tjs|sTT |uT+ ]w |<X+ y|\qT
e+ s+ #&+~. k$Tjs |sTT >e <>sZ > deTse++> |X$T+|Cd #s\T #|& k
q >e >e +f <T sT eT+~ eT{ #T\T \|e\d +T+~.
eTsD+#sT. k$Tjs |sTT nH bD\qT us |uT + $|T d+<q d++~+ $_q
b&+ m k<yT+~? <D\ eT{ keTs\qT ]+#\ \+>
$TH&T |uT+ sd$T n_e~ sT+T+~. |\T s y|\qT deTse++>
seT+ (jTTmH&| ) dV s+ k$Tjs|sTT m< T s=H ys D , | X e Tq eT]j T T d q q<
$|T nbjT sVD se #|{+~. |<eT nedsy T q $|T sVD |D[\qT n_e~ #j \
, X<q eT]jTT sD #s \T, =* V#] yTT<\>T eT{\qT sT+~.
y{ D e&+ <s k eT{ |\
keTs |+#&yT seT+ |<q \+. 1.2 $|T sVD eT{jT
>e d + +~ + q | \ $| T d q < ,
|d+<q |D[ jsT #dTe&+ k >T+&jT
b\HjT++>+, |uTs d+d\T dVs+ $|T sVD k eT{jT >T+&jT
n+~+#sTT. B $|TqT m<Ts=e&+ k e+{~. m+<T+f....
eT{ djT+ bw+ k~++~. <s &
|\T d\ ee~H deTse++> d+~+, $\Tyq 1. yTT<{ |d+<&T (|dt sk+&sY): $|T
eT |\ bD\qT b&T>*>sT. b++ d+u$+# |<X+ eT{jT {, =*>
d+u$+#, mTe+{ y|H, eT{ |D[ d+~+#~ L& eT{jT.
beTTKqT, neds ~ *jTCdT+~. $|T 2. >]w de#s eqsT : b++ $|T
d+u$+q|&T, $|T d+u$+q D nq+s+ d+u$ +q|&T b++ ed+#ysT $TqV
b+ bsT>Tq q ysT < eT{ | =*> eTses n& d++~+q nTeT <
|d+~ksT. |u$ |\T k n~sT\T < deT>yTq C de#s esT.
@<H |uTs d+d (mHJz)\ qT+& @<H dVs+ 3. $|T\qT m<Ts=H k jT++>\T : n~
s eTT+<T k<sD+> k eT{ | =*
| d +< \T ( s k+& s T ) nes T . $| T X+ $|T\T |qseeTeT+{sTT. {,
d+u$+#& =~ >+\ eTT+<T, =~ >+\ sTy s\& n_e~ #dT+ edTq $|T\qT
ee~ J$\qT b&{, >j\T >\+& m< T s=H k+| < j T < y T q j T ++>\T
#&{ m+ wyTq, $\Tyq deTjT+ neT+~. . m\|& +{sTT. ~ k yesD+
$|T d+u$ +q d y\T|\ qT+& e# dV s+ n+ D+ d+~+# jT++>+ neT+~.
#sT e& =+ deTjT|&T T+~. Te+{ |]d T B k+ |]Cq+ eT]+ n_e~ |s# *.
$eq |_wH 153 $|T sVD
 4. d |jq+ djT+ dVjT+ : $|T\ e+{ 3. bsX\\qT sB> +& sV<sT\T, T
d + < s y \ T| * d V s + | n~ + > b+\T, s {\T, dT\T yTT<\>T y{
<s|&+& eT{ DyT d+~+#&+ <s+> +& $<+> #&+
dV \D+. 4. bsX \ sD, sD s dTs
b&+.
1.3 bs X \, +{ e < u < 1.3.2 bsX\ d+u$+# eqe s
d\T $|T\T
2001 qe] 26q > T sY d + u $ +q 1. y] y\ d + < s + > n | e <\T,
u+|+ 971 eT+~ $<sT\T, 31 eT+~ =d\T
b<jTT\T eTsD+ #sT. \VqyTq & \ sD+> 2. $Vsj ]> |e<\T
1884 bsX\ ueH\T |L*bjsTT. uTC 3. bsX\ esD ]> n |e<\T
|D+ sTq M~ qT+& >D+ y&T
bZq& e]+> #dT+ yTq 300 eT+~ 4. >y< <&
$<sT\T M~ sTy| q ueH\T L*, y]| 5. &|+>
|& + eTsD+ #sT. u $T +|+#&+ bs+_+#>H,6. <X |Ps+> ]> V+k <&
u+T |*qT ujT|& # eT+~ |\\T bsX\ 7. $w|P] Vs+
ueH |sT>T\T rdqT ys\T e#sTT.
8. |jD\ d+<s+> ]> |e<\T
2008 yT 12q #H d+u$+q u+|+
L& 900 eT+~ |> V d\T $<sT\ T #bjsT. dTsyTq bsX\ yesD+ +&\+f,
s+&T |Tq\T sD+>, sDs+> L& bsX\, +{ d++~+q $|T sVD |D[
dTsyTq bsX\\T +&e\dq neds >TsT +&*. <e\q $|T d+<s+> d+u$+# qw+
#dTHsTT. b<jTT\T, $<sT\T eT+ |+&~+#&TT+~.
e & sV+#&+ bT bsX\ $|T sVD bsX\ $|T sVD |D[ +&e\dq
|D[ d+ d<+> +f nH $\Tyq bD\qT eX n+X\T
b&e#T. 1. bsX \ jeH, b<jTT\ ne>Vq
bsX \ $<sT\ T <Ts\ |_+_+# eTs= *+#&+, eXqT *jTCjT&+: bsX\
d+|Tq 2004 p 16q $TH&T sY w $|T sVD |D[qT d<+ #d eTT+<T
d ]+~. bsX\ d+u$+q n |b, ydt |b, bsX\ jeq+,
|e<+ 93 eT+~ $<sT\T dJe <VqeTjsT. | ] b\H d +~, b< j T T\T, $<]
Ms+ 11 d+es\ ejTdT | ys. HjT\ ne>VH seT+ @sT #d
| d + | T q\T bs X \ sV \T, |D[ beTTKqT n+<] *d #j*.
2. $|T sVD $T{ @sT : $T{ duT\T
b<jTT\T, $<sT\ bsX \ dTs yesD+
* +&+| = bs\T HsT THsTT. n~ X+ bsX \ d++~+q |D[ esZ s X +
$|T\T eTT+<T>H V#]+ se. {, dTsyTq eV+#&+, |D[qT n_e~ #jT&+ |P]
|]ds\qT @sT #dTe&+ eTq | ] u< * +{sT. bsX \ eT+ | +&
b +T+~. e& sV+# u< L& M]<. $T{
1.3.1 +{ e<, bsX \ e< #| e \dq = |b HjT+ eV+#*. b<jTT\T
$<] /$<] Hj T \T, * < + & T \T
eT* sb\T b<jTT\ nkdjTwH |<T\T, mHJz\T,
1. _q s\ y|\| bsX\, +{ e< d$ &|H, es{ f&sY nkdjTwH, mHdd,
ne>Vq *+#&+ mHmdtmdt, kT >&T, HVA jTTe+<
2. bsX\ $|T sVD |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ d+|Tq yTT<\>T y\+{sT duT\T> +&*.
$eq |_wH 154 $|T sVD
 3. y| >T]+, n+#H yjT&+: bsX\\T
$|T >TsjT neX+ +<, bsX\\
jeq+ bT n+<] *jTCjT &+ #
eTTK+. bsX\\| |ue+ #| sD
y|\T (\VqyTq +T sD\T)
| t u s T \ T, \T\T, bs X \ {| \ T,
us\ q skjTH\T yTT<\>Tq$ q
|<X\T e+{ sDs y|\qT >T]+,
n+#H yj*.
<VsD : e&<s b++ u+| eTT|
q |<X+ +T+~. {, n& bsX\\T
es<\T, TbqT, u+b\ e+{ y|\qT
m<Tse& nedsy T q dq< q T * +&*.
dV y|\ bT n |e<+ < s&T
|e<\T e+{ eqe s y| \ eTT|qT
L& * +{sTT. u es\T, *b{
|+|q\ ueH\T L*q |Tq\T nH
HsTT. n+<Te\ bsX \\ sD u <q T L&
|]o*+#*q neds+ +~. bsX\ ueH\
u<qT n+#H yd+<T ds +sT <
d$ +sT dVjT+ rdTy*.
4. eqe eqsT\, u eqsT\ C_: $|T
|d+<q eqe, u eqsT\T # eTTK
b bwksTT. bsX\ n+<TuT q
eqsT\qT >T]+, C_ sb+~+#*. |<eT
D b+~qysT, X<q eT]jTT s
#s \T d+~, ne| d+~ yTT<\>T eqe
eqs T \ C_qT d < + > +# T y*.
b< j T T\T, u< H s d +~, d j T s T
$<sT\ | n+X\ D y*. #q\T,
, eT+\qT s |]s\T, d#sT, |<eT
u, eTwH eed yTT<\>T u
eqsT\qT bsX \ n+<TuT +#*. @<H
neds |]d q|&T d+|~+#&
dT\T, b<$T s> +<\T/ \T/
&dq\T, bdT dwH e+{ y{ C_ qT
d<+> +#Ty*.
5. e|+>: q |\\T, s d+~ neds
|]dT\ |+#Te&, n+<TuT
q eqsT\qT >T]+#& e|+> dsT
m+>H <V<|&TT+~. $_q neds\
>ZT> H\T>T _qyTq e|\T HsTT.
$eq |_wH
m. kw e|: ~ bsX\ u dsb
$e]dT+~. e|
1. bsX\ q |, sYdd, |+\T *q
s> ><T\T
2. bsX\ d+~ >~
3. bsX \ | , $Td, j\J, +dH
yTT<\>T |j>X\\T
4. bsX\ +{qT, bsX\ eTTKyTq
|<X+
5. bsX \ esD+ q d \T, Vs+>
|<X\T yTT<\>T y{ ddT+~.
_. eqsT\ e| : $|T d+<s + *> >T]+#
$<+ > n s\ eqe, u eqsT\ C_qT
+<T b+<T|sTksT.
d. <Ts\ e| : bsX\ ueq+ q <Ts\
|<X\qT #|T+~.
1. | s > > ~ d + +~ + q e|
n+<T |\\T, y] $es\qT ($<],
$<s T \ T, n+> y \ + * q ys T ,
\VqT\T,yTT<\>TysT) >T]+#*.
2. bsX\ \VqyTq sD\T * q
s> ><T\T, |j>X\\T, +{qT
yTT<\>T y{ ddT+~.
3. bsX\ yTsTTH d#YusT q |<X,
4. bsX\ T |<X\qT >T]dT+~.
&. bsX \ dTs |<X eT]jTT U #d es+Z
jTT #sT
1. dTsyTq |<X\qT >T]dT+~
2. |\\ T, d+~ XjT + b+<& nedsy T q
dTs |<X\qT *jTCdT+~.
3. U #d esZ| #sT yTT+ ueH,
u e q+ { \ T, \ T| \T, V s + >
|<X \T yTT<\>T y{ dw+ > #|dT + ~..
4. n |e<+/ u+b\T d+u$+q|&T
|+#Te& nqT>TD+> jT y
<] dw+> #|dT+~.
5. bsX \ q jT y esZ\qT uD|
>TsT\ dw+> #|dT+~.
6. d<+ #dq e|\qT bsX\ eTTKyTq
|<X\ |<]+#&+.
155 $|T sVD
 7. jT y esZ\ @<H <q|&T 1.5 ysD, |XeTq ePV\T
|ejT esZ\qT L& d+#*.
1.4 $| T s V D +<\ 1.5.1 |XeTq+ (Mitigation)s#q+ :
$|T < reyTq $|T jTT |u y w+
@sT, D #jT& #|f mTe+{ #sHH |XeTq+ n+{sT.
$|T sVD +<\ +~ y{ @sT (Mitigation as we know refers to 'Any measure taken to
minimize the impact of a disaster or potential disaster)
#j*.
|XeTq #s\qT $|T eTT+<T, $|T d+<s+>
1. ne>VH \q +<+ (Awareness Genera tion < $|T sTy L& #|e#T. nsTT, reyTq
Team) $|T\T d+u$+#+& #|f #s\ |XeTq #s\T
2. V#]\T, de#s #syd +<+ (Warn- nH |< |jksT.
ing and Information Dissemination Team)
1.5.2 |XeTq #s\ b<q
3. |<eT +<+ (First Aid Team)
4. X<q eT]jTT sD #s\ +<+ (Search dTs y T q eT{\qT @sT #jT &+ eT]jTT
Rescue Team)
bD, d qc\qT ~+#&+ <s |XeTq #s\T
|\ yT\T #ksTT. & = |XeTq #s\T
1.4.1 | T++ e< +&e\dq $|T e&sTT. n$:
T qq+> ]dTq < ]|sT #jT&TTq
| T++ +{ e< $|T d|jYT TqT ueH\ ]q ueq sD +<q\qT neT\T
+#Ty*. T $|T deTjT+ T+u #jT&+, es<\qT TH @sT #jT&+,
dVjT|&TT+~. <VsD TbqT < u+|+ u +b\qT T H |eD\qT neT\T #jT &+,
eq|&T $<TY ds| s *bsTT, >TsT \Tw+ |qT>\T\qT TH $<+> |{w |s#&+.
e#T. \yTq <TsT>\T\T < es<\T eq|&T >V\qT |e<syTq b+\ <s+>
=HbT +{ e~* <s+> +&e\d edT+~. ]+#Te&+
Te+{ d e Tj me] ys T y] MT< H \yTq >\\T < u |+|q\qT TH
<s|&e\d +T+~. n|&T $|T T m+>H $<+> |uT ueH\ s{|{+> #sTT+#&+
d V j T | & T T +~. $| T T q T mq& |\T s\ y|\ eTT| q b+\
|j+#Te\dq neds+ sbe#T. nsTTq|{ |\ eT{ w\sT ]+#&+
m\|& d<+> +#Te&+ eT+~.
$|T T +&e\dq$. 1.5.3 |XeTq #s\ e\ |jH\T
b& <TdT\T 1. d, bD qc\qT ~+#&+ <s eT{\T
& |& edTe\T, >TsT dTs+> +& #ksTT.
eTTKyTq &yT+T 2. $|T\ qT+& e\T, eT{\T y>+>
u\T, {]T, {dsY s&j \TH #ksTT.
|<eT u 3. |uT+, eT{\| $|T\ ] |uy
ZksTT.
T |&q y], y~>dT\ nedsyTq
eT+<T\T $|T |XeTq #s\qT q<T\ q\
sD+, |dT + q ue H\qT |+ #jT &+ e+{
wyTq ueT\T, edTe\T
sD #s\T eT]jTT $|T sVD D, u
<T|{, ~+&T $j> eTB]+#&+, |C $< yTT<\>T
T+ duT \ b{\T, |+|&T +Te b{\T sDs #s\T> eZ]+#e#T.

$eq |_wH 156 $|T sVD

1.5.4 n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <X+ Bs* |ue+ #|sTT. n+<Te\ y{ $|T
sd$T k<sD nd+; 1990e <Xu sVD dMT+ #j *. +< |uT + q n_e~
n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <X+(International ePV+ |XeTq+(mitigation), ysD (prevention)
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction)> 1989 &d+sY
\qT eX n+X\T(essential components)> #|{+~.
22q |{++~. < nqT>TD+> 10e |+#es |D[ $|T
sVD| |+> n<j {sTT+#sT.
u+b\T, dTHMT\T, es<\T, ub\T, n_e~ |jT |XeTH #=|+#b n_e~
n|s $kH\T, sT e\T, $T&\ <+&T\ <&T\T, s+s+ =qk><H ydy 10e |+#es |D[
s dV $|T\ e\ ]> bD, d qc\qT, H= #|+~.
ke, ] n+sj\qT Z+#&yT B |<q
<X+. \ k~+#+<T Cy sd$T 1.5.6 12e |+#es |D[ $|T eTT|
|<q s\jT+ | df]jT{qT @sT ~+|
#jT&+ ]+~. y| |& b+\+{q eTT+<dT
n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <Xu V#]\ eed\(early warning systems)qT
|sd ]+#T 1994 yT 23 qT+& 27 es bH @sT #jT& =* b<q y\ 12e
jVe q>s+ ]q ||+ # dV $|T ~+| |+#es |D[ s++~.
d<dT ]+~. d<dT ||+# <X\ bD\T, dT\qT b&{+ d+ nedsyTq
d+<X+~. <H jVe d+<X+ (Yokohama #s\ n~ b<q y\ |s=+~.
message) n+{sT. $|T |XeTq ePV\ <&yTq +<Td+ $|T nbjT ~+|, eT{\qT
esT se\dq neds d+<X+ H= #|+~. n|eT+ #jT &+ d+ Xd, k+ |]CH
$|T ysD, |XeTq+, d+d<, dVjT+ (disaster d~j>+ #dTe\dq neds+ +< H=
prevention, mitigation, prepared-ness and relief) nH #|+~.
H\T>T n+X\qT s+s n_e~ $<H\qT neT\T <Ts\ + *q eT{\ $|T V#]\qT
#jT&+ <s =qk+#\ H= #|+~. +>, d\+ #sy d+<T |u ee+yT q
H\T>T n+X\T |sesD |]sD, s+s eTwH eed\qT @sT #j\ 12e
n_e~ *| n+sZ+> <={ n+ <>Zs |+#es |D[ dw+ #d+~.
d++<+ * +{sTT. n+<Te\ ||+#<X\T u+b\T, es<\T, sTe, dTH$T, dqT,
H\T>T n+X\qT eT n_e~ |D[\ #], ]#T\T, skjTq, nDT, C$ $|T\
eT{, | b+, b+, CrjT, n+srjT d + +~ + q $| T nbj T ~+|
ksTT deTse++> neT\jT #s\T #|{\ jT++>\qT @sT #j\ |b~+#&+
je d+<X+ s ++~. <Ts\ ~+| (vul- ]+~. +<T nedsyTq qMsD k+
nerability reduction) \\T, <X\ k<q $|T
|]CH\qT, y{ nqTe]\qT #|{\ L&
|d+<q (disaster response) +f $|T ysD, d+#&+ ]+~.
|XeTq, d+d<\T m+ eTyTq$. n |<q |<\ $|T nbjT ~+|qT
+B]+#e\dq eTTKyTq n+X+> #j\
|]eD re *q u+b\ $wjT+ dw+ #d+~.
usY nyT], bHqT b*d, & +f s+&T
n_e~ se\T, $<H\ s|\ q $|T
<X bD qw+ # d\+> qT dwe TeT+~. nbjT ~+|qT <w +#Ty\ |s=+~.
nyT], bH\ d+d< (Preparedness) eT+> {, se\qT sb+~+# deTjT+
+&yT B sD+. |<\ e\ $|T nbjT ~+|| mTe+{
1.5.5 $|T eTT| ~+|qT n_e~ ePV+ | u e+ +T+~, $| T \
u>+ #jT&+ |XeTH( mitigation) @ $<+> |<
#se#T nH n+X\qT |]>Dq rdTy\
ysD eT]jTT |Xe Tq #s \T u < $wjT + 12e |+#es |D[ dw+ #d+~.
$eq |_wH 157 $|T sVD
 <X+ y| |& b+\ <Ts\
+Z #+<T $|T nbjT ~+|(Disaster risk
reduction)qT n |<q |<\T, |+,
d s w | < \( flagship schemes )
#=|+#e\dq neds+ +~. <VsD
|+ u+| |& b+\ bsX\
ueH\ u< usk *+#&+.
12e | + # e s | D [ \+ keTs
sD( Capacity building ) n_ e ~
d + +~ + q eTTKy T q n+X + >
|b~+#&+ ]+~.
eT{ ne>Vq, keTs sD CrjT,
sh, eT]jTT >eT ksTT\+{q
#|{\ 12e |D[ s++~. +<T
u>+> $<, |]X<q, |\ ne>Vq
*+#&+, d+k> jT++> |+
#jT&+, n_e~ #jT&+ yTT<\>T y{
b<q ee\d +T+~.
1.6 $|T\ ysD, |XeTH
#|{q #s\T
ysD eT]jTT |XeTq #s\qT |yX|&+
<s |\Ts\ $|T\ <s *> $<+d+, bD
qw+ eTT|\qT XX b|~q ~+#e#T. |Xe Tq
(Mitigation) #s\qT k<sD+>, sD eT]jTT
sDjT s s\b\T> $u +#e#T. $|T \ qT
~+# < y{ |u y\qT | +# @ u sDyTH
sD |XeTq+ (structural mitigation) +<
edT+ ~. +]+> #s \T, y| \qT T H $<+ >
#|{q sD sD\T, eT* edT\T yTT<\>Tq$
sD |XeTq #s\ +< eksTT. $|T\
eTT| d++~+q |uy\qT ~+# $<H\T,
ne>Vq, $CH_e~, |\ <, de#s \q,
#sD #s\T, |<T\T yTT<\>Tq$ sDs
|XeTq #s\T> |s=q&sTT. us |uT+
$|T\ e\ *> eTT|qT Z+#& |\T |XeTq
#s\qT #|{+~. #s\qT d++~ eT+XK\T
neT\T #ksTT. y{ = ~>Teq |s=q&+ ]+~.
u e q+ L \& neX + +<? < ?
\TdTe& < >&\T, H\, \T|\T, ds TTsY
dT, {\qT dT+> |]o*+#*.
|H<T\T |>T #j? <? F #j*.
$eq |_wH
|H~ |>T e&+ < <+dyTqsTT,
ueq+ yk | s<T.
n |e<yTH ]>j? <? n L&
|]o*+#*. eTq >dT q T, =T bsTTq
$<TY ds T, d>+ eTTq =\TeTT\T, $<TY
keT yTT<\>Tq$ +&e#T.
eT+& due+ *q < |\T&T |<s\T
|yV+ =Te +&e#T. +<Te\H
es < \ s T y d V +> n | e <\T
sT>TT+{sTT.
>dT \qT F #dTy*. >dT ydq <
VdTeTH X+ edTq sTT, { s , +{
ys+<] y+H jT |+b*. k<yT,
y\T|* yTsTTH y\TqT |j+, >dTqT
*|yd, y+H | +{ qT+& >dT +|
bqT #j*. @<H sD+ #HH >dT
qsTT, < |DT\ # z|H #sTT+#*.
$<TY eed @yTH <q<y |]o*+#*.
|se\T < q < $&bsTTq s+T
r>\T q|&H < *q ydq edTH yTsTTH
|PC u e< < ds { us Y e< $<TTqT
|yj *. |PC u #sT e& { qT+
y* ed, m\wjTHqT |\y*. m\
keT ] |j+#& eTT+<T> y{
F #d, nsu{*.
eTTsT>TsT, >TsT qT <Hj? <?
F #dTy*. eTTsT>T{ qT <qT
nqTeqyTTqsTT, {sTTqT y&+
|yd, |+sTqT |*|+#*.
eT+{ qT <+f, >T{ ds|s XK
bqT #j*. {| qT+& { y&s<T.
<q ysT VsT < dT LT\qT
]+ { y&*. M+{ <s sT
jT y+ es yTsTTH y\TqT {y j *.
d T HMT e\ eq { bT u e H
$w | P ] y T q beTT\T, s + T e\T
e#jTy |]o*+#*. #qT s ~*+
#&*.
b&u]q >&\T, ||&T |&bjT |e<+
+<y |]o*+#*.
& q ue q+ ]be& { \ T, \T|\T ]
+#*.
158 $|T sVD
 2. $|T sVD` d+k> @sT
(Disaster Management - Institutionalized Plans)

2.1 us<X+ $|T sVD $|T\qT k>T{ bsT<\, jTT n_e~ (com-
mand Area Development ), es < j T + D + <
|]DeTeT+ |k$+#ysT. <X es $|T sVD eed\T
]|t &bsTyT+ +< | #d$.
us<X+ $|T sVD, @<H d+|Tq
]q|&T |d+~+# ksTT (activity - based reac- 2.1.3 us<X+ d+k> @s nesD
tive setup) qT+& $|T eTT+< < <]rd sD\qT sd$T k<sD du 1990e <Xu
qT>=, y{ y]+# d+k> sD(Proactive In- n+srjT $|T dV $|T\ ~+| <X+ (In-
stitutionalized structure) ksTT, @ bMD |]~ qT+& ternational Decade for Natural Disaster Redictopm'
VQeTTK keTs ksTT(from single faculty domain to a (IDNDR))> |{++~. 1990\ nq+s+ +<
multi-stakeholder setup), |qsyd <] <<+ eekjT eT+ XK +< $|T sVD dqT
qT+& eTT|qT ~+# VQeTTK j deT> <<+ @sT #jT&+ XX eT]jTT eek>yTq
ksTT m~+~. 1900, 1905, 1907 eT]jTT 1947 @sT bs+uyT+~. sY u+|+ (1993), eb
eq esTd <T]\T (famines), 1937 d+u$+q ub+ (1994), ]k d|sY dH (1999), uTC
;VsY ` Hb u+|+ yTT<\>T y{ H|<+ u+|+ (2001) e+{ esTd $|T\ H|<+ n|{
us<X| $|T sVD eek> sD+ _{w eekjT eT+XK s<] C.d. |+Y #sY|sH>
\+ bs + u y T + ~. > & q X \+ $|T\ sVD| deT> $<H sb+~+#+<T
nTq~s $T{ (high Powerd committee) @sT
u s < X + $| T s V D L s T , d u e+,
$<q|s+> >DjTyTq esT\ >Ts+~. #XsT. ] dVjT+ <s |qsyd #s\T #|f
2.1.1 _{w |]b\q, k+ nq+s <<+ qT+& $|T sVDqT deT>+> #|{\H
<<+ ~X> $<q+ |P] esT e+~. n+<T
\+ $|T sVD nqT>TD> $|T sVD $u> 2002 +< +
_{w |]b\q $|T\ e\ e# neds eT+ XK |]~ essT. us<X+ $|T
|]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T |qsyd $u>\ (relief sVD n~seT sD+ (hierarchical struc-
department)qT @sT #dysT. nTe+{ d+|Tq ture) @s&+~.
]q|&T |d+~+# <<+ @sT #d
$u>\T $|T nq+s |]dT\ eyT dVjT 2.2 $|T sVD eed, sD+
#s\T #|f$. $|T sVD $<q+ L& ]|t
&\qT sb+~+#&+, | Vs |<+ e+{ y{ $|T sVD $u> +< +eT+XK
#| & + bT |qsyd <<+ , sb\ L& CsTT+{ d ($|T sVD) H+ eVksT.
+&~. k++ nq+s+, k++ nq+s+ jTq eTT>TZsT &sssT, n+&sY d\T, dH
$|T\ sVD u< | sh+ +& ]|t |dsT, f |dsY, djTsY mH$T Hd>sY
$Twqs +&bsTT+~. MsT d+ ]|t $TwqsY q\+{ eT]jTT s dVjT d+~ +{sT.
+< $<T\T sV+#ysT. ysT b $|T |u$ sD+ HjT XD d]V<T sVD (Border
b+\ |qsyd keT, q><T |+|D #jT&+ Management) d, yT d , +XK dV jT
es |]$TeTjT~. | |+#es |D[ es< eT+, + eT+ +{sT.
$eq |_wH 159 $|T sVD
2.3 $|T sVD #+(Disaster #{ eTT+<Tq @sTqT, #+ eq sTy
sD+q +<, sh eT]jTT k ksTT
Management Framework) eek>r]+#&q sD\T (institutionalized struc-
tures) HsTT. eqT> sD eed | ksTT
us< X + $|T sVD |qsyd se\ q | eed sb\T, sj\ ~>Te ksTT
ksTT qT+& =* V#] eed\T (early warning sys- eed esZsXq #dT+~. s+&e~, ~ VQ
tems), eTT+<T> >T]+#&+ (forecasting), |\T yesD u>keTT\ eed (multi-stakeholder setup). nq>
d++~ y|\ d++~+q eed\ |syD +<T |\T d++~ eT+XK\T, |uT XK\T,
k s TT | ] DeT+ # + ~+~. # + | ] ~ H b\H d+d\T b\T|+#T+{sTT.
eTT+#T=dTq y|\ >T]+ V#]\T, n|eT
<X\T, Cys\ s|+ de#s+ n+~+#+<T 2.4 $|T sVD #+ 2005
eed @s&+~. $_q eT+ XK\T, $u>\
|<T \qT u>keTT\qT #d nTH~s +< ( Disaster Management Act, 2005)
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. eT+XK\ =+{ $|T sVD #+ 2005 <X y|+> 2005
]wyTq $|T\ d+ H& n<]{\T> |{+#&+ &d+sY 23 qT+& neT e+~. n+ eTT+<T B
]+~. $|T sVD| @sT #dq nTq~s sdu 2005 qe+sY 28q, du 2005 &d+sY 12q
$T{ y~ deT]++~. $|T\ d+ | y~+#sTT. 2006 qe] 9q sh| y<eTT< yXsT.
eek>yTq sD, $|T sVDqT d+k>+ #+ deTse+yTq $|T sVD, <
#d+<T ds q #{ #j \ y~ db sdT #d+ ~. d++~+q < <e\ j<+> ]q |Tq\
B eT+XK\ eT< VQ ksTT d++<\T, sVD q #s\qT *jTCdT+~. $|T sVD
$|T sVD #+ ne]+#sTT. neT\T $<q+ s|\q |syD nedsyTq
2.3.1 |dT+ <X+ $|T sVD sD+ eek> jT++>\qT @sT #dT + ~. $|T ysD
us<X+ $|T sVD d+k> sD+ eT]jTT < |ue ~+|q, @<H $|T |]d
d+~ <X +~. |Ps| eed\T =qk>&+ bT q|&T |uT+ $$< $u>\T #|e\dq
qq eed\T, #+ neT\T |]DeT eT <X #s\ usk dT+~. #+ 11 n<j\T, 79
HsTT. $<+> |dT+ s+&T eed\T dqT HsTT.
HjT #|e#T. +<+ CrjT $|T sVD 2.4.1 #+ |s+ @sfq d+d\T
b~s d+d (National Disaster Management Author-
ity) @sT #jT&>, sc\ sh $|T sVD
$|T sVD #+ 2005 +< CrjT, sh,
b~s d+d (SDMA) \T, ksTT n<]{\T ksTT |\T d+d\T @s&sTT. y{ $es\T
eT+> s| <\TdTHsTT. B &T, =* @sT 1. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d(National
u>+> q CrjT d+u sVD $T{ (National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
Crisis Management Committee) L& =qk>T+~. _q 2. sh $|T sVD b~s d+d (State Disas-
s\ $|T \ >T]+#&q H& eT+XK\T yTT+ ter Management Authority (SDMA))
MT< $|T sVD H& eT+XK> q + 3. $|T sVD b~s d+d(District Di-
eT+XK esZsXq+ | #ksTT. Be\ $|T saster Management Authority(DDMA))
sVD #+ |]~ q u<T \+<s $_q ksTT 4. CrjT $|T sVD d+d(National Institute of
|sds+ deyX+ e& M\T \T>TT+~. Disaster Management (NIDM))
|dT+ d+~ <X +&, |]DeT eT+ 5. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(National Disaster
#+<TTq $|T sVD d+k> sD+ s+&T Response Force (NDRF))
$_q \D\T HsTT. n+<T yTT<{~, d+k>
sD+ eqT>T+> +&+, +<, sh, #+ |s+ CrjT |D[ nqT>TD+>
eT]jTT k ksTT | #jT&+, $|T sVD d + +~ eT+ XK\T, $u >\T e T k+
$eq |_wH 160 $|T sVD
|D[\qT sb+~+#Te\d +T+~. #+
$|T |d+<q CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ (Na-
tional Disaster Mitigation Fund), sh eT]jTT \
ksTT nTe+{ <T\ @sT M\T *dT+~.
n++& $|T sVD k d+d\ ]w
u<\T {sTTdT+~.
73,74e sC+> desD |D ,>MTD ksTT
|]b\q eTTKyTq n+>\T> k djT+ |]b\H
d+d\T ne]+#sTT. B $|T sVD k
d+d\ b \+> e]+~. {, $|T sVD
# + 2005 $| T s V D k d + d \ T
s]+#e\dq ]wyTq u<\qT dw+> |s=+~.
#|syTq ` d+k> #+ ( Legal - Institu-
tional Frame work): s+>+ ~+q |d+<q
jT++> |s y+ #+<T us< X deK eed
nqT>TD+>, +~ qT+& |, | qT+& ~>Te $|T
sVD #+ 2005 +<q\ |s+ <X y|+>
#| s y T q d+k> #{ n_e~ #jT &+ ]+~.
2.4.2 CrjT ksTT $|T sVD d+d\T
1. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d
( National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+dqT =\T
2005 yT 30q |<qeT+ n<q @sT #XsT.
$|T sVD #+ 2005 neT eq sTy
#+ dH 3(1) |s+ mH&m +mqT 2006 d|+ sY
27q |< qeT+ n< >, eTs =$T~ eT+~ duT \
+#q+> @sT #jT&+ ]+~. duT sT
ydt #sH> u<\T s]ksT.
mH&m+m n~s |]~
$| T \ qT Z + # & # | e \d q # s
$wjT+ $$< eT+XK\T, +<, sh |uT
$u>\T nqTd]+#e\dq $|T sVD $<H\T,
es<Z s d\qT sb+~+# n~s mH&m +m
$eq |_wH
*+#sT. $|T \ sVD j sh b~s d+d\ T
sh |D[\ s|\q $wjT+ nqTd]+#e\dq
esZ<s\qT L& mH&m+m sb+~+#*.
mH&m+m u<\T
m. $|T sVD $<H\qT sb+~+#+
_. CrjT |D[qT y~+#&+
d. CrjT |D[ nqT>TD+> +< |uT
eT+ XK\T < $u>\T d<+ #dq
|D[qT y~+#&+
&. sh |D[ s|\q j sc\ b~s
d + d \ T nqTd ] +# e \d q es Z < s \qT
sb+~+#&+
. eT n_e~ |D[\T, bC \ $|T s<
#s\T < y{ |uy\ |XeTq #s\qT
dMT+ #jT & $$< +< |uT eT+
XK\T, $u>\T nqTd]+#e\dq es<Z s \qT
sb+~+#&+
m|t. $|T sVD $<q+, |D[\ s|\q
eT]jTT neT\TqT deTqjT |s#&+
. |XeTq #s\ nedsyTq <T\ \q
dbsdT #jT&+
V#Y. u $|T\T d+u$+q <X\ +< |uT+
s+q |s+ dVs+ n+~+#&+
. nedseT u$+q |+ $|T eTT| <
$|TqT m<Ts=H+<T nedsyTq s< <
|XeTq < d+d<, keTs sD s
#s\T #|&+
C. CrjT $|T sVD d+d (National Institute
of Disaster Management ) | # j T &
nedsyTq $X\ $<H\T, esZ<s\qT
sb+~+#&+
mH&m+m LsT
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (mH&m +m)
|<qeT+# H$TH{ #jT&q =$T~ eT+~
duT\T +&, s<], <T>TsT d+jTT
s<sT\T (y] ] d\V<sT) +{sT. 10
eT+~ CsTT+T n&CsT eT]jTT &ssT, 14 eT+~
\ ndd+ { n& sT, n+&sY d\T, ndd+ { |H jT
n& sY, &{ |d s Y bT dV jT d+~ +{sT.
d+~ jeT d++~+q +<q\qT L&
sb+~+#sT. $|T sVD #+ dH 7(1)
161 $|T sVD
|s+ 12 eT+~ duT\ 2007 d\V $T{ d<dT\T, |Hk\T , d$THsT sV+#&+, s\T,
L& @sT #XsT. |]X<H |\T, |d\ |#TsDqT #|&+ yTT<\>T
2. CrjT ssV $T{ $<T\qT $|T sVD #+ d+d n|++~.
( National Executive Committee (NEC)) sVD sD+ ( Management Structure):
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (mH&m +) 2007 |
e] 23q @sT #dq d+d +< +
$<T\ sVD dV]+#+<T $|T sVD eT+ n<> +{sT. +< |uT+ $$<
#+ dH (8) +< CrjT ssV $T{ eT+ XK\T, $u>\ s<sT\T CrjT ksTT
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. B +< +XK s<] yC, |]X<q eT]jTT k+ d+d\ n~|T\
m n|dj #sY|sH> eeV]ksT. eekjT+, L&q 42 eT+~ duT\ qs u& d+d *
nDTX, sD, >T{ ds|s, |sesD+ n&e\T, +T+~. $|T sVD #+ dH 42(4)
|HH (ejT+) , s>+, $<TY, >MTD_e~, dH +< q\qT nqTd]+ +< |uT+ 2007 yT 3q
14 eT+~ >e]+> u& @sT #d+~. mH&m+
f\J, n+] XU, f*eTwH , |D _e~, mL {y &s s Y H + eVksT . jTq u<H
{ eqsT\T yTT<\>T y{| b\H jT+D *q d+~, s d+~ dV]ksT.
+< |uT eT+ XK\T < $u>\ s<sT\T
duT\T> +{sT. N|t |t +{>f& &|H, N|t |t mH&m+ |#TsD\T
k|t $T{ L& +<T duT\T> +{sT. ed qdtsY: f&+>(Tidings)

q $<T\qT deTse++> sV+#& <y] |: &CdsY n+& &e\|tyT+{(Disaster

and Development)
nedsyTq |+ mHd { < n++f me
du $T{\qT @sT #dTe#T. mHd sVD 4. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+
$|T sVD CrjT ssV $T{ (bdsT, ( National Disaster Response Force (NDRF))
nyqT\T) +<q\T, 2006qT C #XsT. $|T mH&sYm|t @sT, < b: $|T\T <
sVD #+ dH 10 |s+ $|T sVD, $|T \ e+{ |]d T \qT m<Ts=e& nedsy T q |
CrjT |D[ s|\q, CrjT $<q neT\T <\qT sb+~+#&+ d+ d]V<T u< <+
|syD yTT<\>T y{ deTqjT eT]jTT deTqjT (Border security Force (BSF)), +& {u H uss Y bdT
d+d> eeV]+# u<qT mHd n|+#sT. (Indo- Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)), +< b]X$T
3. CrjT $|T sVD d+d u< <+ (Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)),
+< ]sT bdT < (Central Reserve Police Force
( National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)) (CRPF)) \T = < qT+& s+&T u{*jTqqT ysT
H|< + : n+srjT CrjT $|T ~+| <Xu #d, y{ m$T~ beD u{*jTqT> esT
(International decade for Natural Disaster Reduction #jT&+ <s $|T sVD #+ 2005 dH
(IDNDR) ) | s d ]+# T 1995 +& j T H 44 +< CrjT $|T |d+<q <(National Di-
d { |s Y |_ n&dw H (IIPA) CrjT $|T saster Response Force (NDRF)) 2006 @sT
sVD +< (National Centre for Disaster Manage- #jT&+ ]+~. |dT+ +<T 10 u{*jTqT
ment) @sT #XsT. 2003 nsY 16q +< HsTT. dXd deT (SSB) qT+& s+&T u{*jTqqT
CrjT $|T sVD d+d (National Institute of Di- mH&sYm|t C&+#+<T +< _H{ y<+
saster Management (NIDM)) > essT. $|T sVD
*|+~.
#+ 2005 +< |dT+ ~ #<yTq d+d (statu- mH&sYm|t #+~q 19 u{*jTqT (=
tory organisation) <qT b+~+~. ~ q&
u{ *j TH dTesT 1000 eT+~ +{sT) $$< s\
dV, eqe s, dV+ $|T\| | D
+T+~. $|T sVD #+ @&e n<jT+ dH b+~q 144 +<\qT * +{sTT.
42 d+d nd+UyTq u<\qT n|++~.
D qeTH\qT n_e~ |s#&+, $|T sVD skjTn+< T 72 +<\qT | y|\ bT
q, j, s&j<], nDT (CBRN)
|]X<q\T, &yT+fwqqT #|&+, sV+#&+, y|\qT m<Ts=e&+ d+ <+#sT. |
$|T sVDqT bV+, d+k>+ #jT&+ d+ mH&sYm|t u{*jTH 1149 eT+~ +{sT. y]
$eq |_wH 162 $|T sVD
=< 45 eT+~ 18 +<\T> @sT #ksT . |]XeT\qT |]>Dq rdT, nq+s+ nH
<X+ $_q b+\ <Ts\ #] <s+> sT\qT |yX|&+ ]+~.
| u{*jTqqT <X+ yssT b+\ @sT 6. CrjT $|T sVD $<q+
#XsT n$: ( National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM))
1. u{+&(|+Cu) CrjT $|T sVD $<H +< |uT+
2. >sY HsTT&(s|<X) 2009 nsY 22q y~++~. $|T ysD,
3. >TyV{(nk+) |XeTq+, d+d<, |d+<q\ <s deT>yTq,
4. e&<s(>TsY) bjy, VQ $|T <<+, k+ |]Cq+
#< ePV n_e~ #jT&+ <s dTsyTq,
5. |D(eTVsh) $|T\qT BT> m<Ts=H us<X k~+#&yT
6. (|eT u+>) \+> $<q+ sb+~+#&+~. eek>yTq
7. ns=D+(#H` $TH&T) eT]jTT #| s y T q @sT, ] @sT, $|T ysD,
8. eTT+&*(uTeHXsY` ]k) |XeTq+, d+d<, k+ ` #|syTq $<q+,
9. b{ (;VsY) |d+<q, |qsyd+, |q]sD+, |qsT<s D , keTs
n_e~, $Cq sVD, |]X<q eT]jTT n_e~
10. $jTy&(+<|<X) yTT<\>T y{ dV $|T sVD d++~+q
$ , eTVsh H>|PsY e< CrjT n <D\qT $<q+ deT>+> |]o*++~.
$|T sVD D d+d(National Disaster Manage- m& #s \T nedsy , j s+>\+{| $<q+
ment Training Institute )qT @sT # j \ <w k]+, nTe+{ #s\qT esZ+ |f
|b~+#&+ ]+~. d+k> jT++> |b~++~. $|T |u y\
4. Hwq d$ &|H C, H>|PsY Hq |\ dV jT+ n+<Cj T &+, |qsyd #s \qT
( National Civil Defence College (NCDC)) sb+~+#&+ $+>T\T, eTV\T, |\\T, s
nD>]q esZ\ dV de+ n esZ\ deTd\qT
+< |uT+ neds |qsyd d+d (Emer- $<q+ |]w]++~. deq+, d$T[ + n+X
gency Relief Organisation) dVjT]> +&+<T d + |]>Dq rdT+~. eT{, eT{ <]
us<X+ yTTyTT<{ $|T sVD D d+dqTd+d\T, |+#sTTr sC d+d\T, k d+d\T, bs
1957 H>|PsY e< +< neds |qsyd D de+ yTT u>keTT\qT #jT&+ <s $|T
d+d( Central Emergency Relief Traning Institute (CERTI)) s V D j T T n < D\ bs < s ,
|] @sT #XsT. @<H dV $|T < eqe yT<H rdTse&+ \+> s+#T+~.
s $|T d++~+q|&T $|T |qsyd 7. CrjT $|T sVD |D[
se\T sV+#e\dq s yq n~sT\ d+d
<THq eT]jTT | D #~. B |sTqT 1968 ( National Plan on Disaster Management)
@| 1q Hwq d$ &|H J (National Civil CrjT $|T sVD |D[ s|\q
Defence College)> essT. d+k> jT++> @sT #jT &+ ]+~. CrjT
$|T sVD |D[ eT&T u>\T +{sTT.
5. Hwq |sY ddt J, H>|PsY 1. CrjT |d+<q |D[(National Response
( National Fire Service College (NFSC) Plan)
<X+ ne| d+d\ sVD @s| 2. CrjT |XeTq |D[(National Mitigation
rdTse&+, n |e<\qT m<Ts=q&+ ne| Plan)
XK n~sT\ D e&+ d+ Hwq |sY ddT 3. CrjT keTs sD |D[(National Capac-
J 1956 +< + eeVs\ XK du]H{ ity Building Plan)
eek | q > @sT # X s T . mH m | t m dt d q
sb\qT e\+ sT bs+_++~. CrjT $|T sVD |D[ j +
<X+ jTT neds\T, |s>TTq b]X$TsD, eeV s\ eT+XK d]V<T sVD s<]
$eq |_wH 163 $|T sVD
n<q |d*fwH $T{, 1. CrjT |d+<q
|D[ $T{, 2. CrjT |XeTq |D[ $T{,
3. CrjT keTs sD |D[ $T{ nH eT&T
| $T{\qT @sT #XsT.
8. CrjT $|T |XeTq ~
( National Disaster Mitigation Fund)
$|T sVD #+ 2005 dH 47 CrjT
$|T |XeTq ~ (National Disaster Mitigation Fund)
@sT M\T *++~. B d++~+ #+
+<q\T ~>Te $<+> HsTT.
m. +< |uT + n~] > { H{| wH <s
|+> |XeTq #s\ d+ <+#&q
bC\ CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ @sT
#jTe#T.
_. CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ CrjT $|T
sVD b~s d+d (National Disaster Man-
agement Authority) neT\T #j*.
CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ (NDMF) @sT
d++~+q $~ $<H\| +< + eeVs\
eT+XK m|{| &T |D[ d+|T +, mH&m +m\
#]dT+~. mH&m+m|t >T]+ 13e ] d+|T+
| +> |k$++~. 13e ] d+|T + q y~
mH&m+m|t d++~+ = dbsdT\T #d+~.
|XeTq eT]jTT |q]sD sb\qT ] d+|T+
<T \ <s neT\jT |< \ <s+> +#*. <
<T\T> +<, sc\ n_e~ |D[\ <T\ qT+&
y{ KsT #j* n |s=+~.
] d+|\T |<q+> TbqT(dH), sTe,
u+|+, ]#T, es<\T, e&> yq\T nH
sT | |<y\qT C_ >T]+#sTT.
sTy +< |uT+ dTHMT L& C_
# ] +~. 12e ] d + | T + u
V eTb\T, +u e w ( cloud burst),
<&T\qT L& C_ #]+~.
yTTyT T<{ k]> 6e ] d+|T + dV $|T \
e\q *> qc eT e# syq s&T\
qT+& KsT #d+<T nqTeT++~.
sTy 9e ] d+|T+ | sh+ Calamity
Relief Fund (CRF) @sT # d T
nqTeT++~.
n+ re *q |<y\T q|&T
sc\qT <TH+<T CrjT |<e dVjT
$eq |_wH
~(National Fund for Calamity Relief (NFCR))
@sT #j\ 10e ] d+|T+ dbsdT
#d+~. ~ sVD +< eekjT eT+
n<q CrjT |<e dVjT $T{(National
Calamity Relief Committee) @sT #j\
d++~.
11e ] d+|T+ CrjT |<e neds
~(National Calamity Contingency Fund(NCCF))
s. 500 sdt ~ @sT #j\
dbsdT #d+~.
12e ] d+|T+ mHddm|tqT jT<<+>
=qk+#\ d++~.
13e ] d+|T+ CrjT |<e neds
~(mHddm|t) kq+ CrjT $|T dVjT
~ ( National Disaster Relief Fund(NDRF))
@sT #j\, ~ 2010 @| 1 qT+&
neT sy\ <++~. n> sh ksTT
|<e dVjT ~(dsYm|t) kq+ sh $|T
dVjT ~(SDRF) @sT #j\ ]+~.
2.4.3 sh ksTT d+d\T
1. sh $|T sVD b~s d+d
( State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) )
$|T sVD #+, 2005 n sc\T, +<
b* b+\ sh $|T sVD b~s d+d
(SDMA)\T, $| T s V D b~ s d + d
(DDMA)\ @sT <++~. >TsY, &eTH
&jT\T $TqV $|T sVD #+ 2005 +< sh
$|T sVD b~s d+d(SDMA)\qT @sT
#XsTT. >TsY sh+ k++> sb+~+#Tq
>TsY sh $|T sVD #+ 2003 +<
b\T, mdt&m+mqT @sT #dT>, &eTH &jT $|T
sVD #+ 2005neT seTT+< mdt&m+mqT
sb+~++~.
2. sh ssV $T{
( State Executive Committee(SEC))
$|T sVD #+ dH 20 |s+ |
sh+ sh ssV $T{ (mdtd) @sT
H + < T #dTy*. B sh |uT |<q s<] (Cheif
Secretary) n< eVksT. jTq bT eTs
q\T>TsT s |uT XK\ s<sT\T duT\T>
+{sT. $T{ CrjT $<q+, CrjT |D[, sh
164 $|T sVD
|D[ neT\TqT deTqjT |s# & + , |s y+ #&+ e+{ +{sT. ]q b+\ &d |t n{qeTdt
u<\T s]dT+~. &d N|t mL{y yT+sY #sY|sH> +{sT.
3. sh $|T |d+<q ~(State Disaster Response @<H |]wY q# < #s |Y s H
Fund (SDRF)): &&m +m #s |Y s H> eeV]ksT . $|T sVD
$|T sVD #+ 2005 dH 48(1) sh b~s d+d <]{ dz, d|]f+&+{ |t
$|T |d+<q ~ @sT M\T*dT+~. B bdT (mdt|), |<q y<~], sh |uT+
|s+ | sh+ eT d++~+q |d+<q jT$T+q eTs <sT ksTT n~sT\T duT\T>
~ @sT #dTy*. B sVD +< >V +{sT. $|T sVD |D[, deTqjT+, neT\T
eT+ XK esZ<sd\qT C #dT+~. sh b~s d+d u< eVdT+~. esZ<s
$|T |d+<q ~ +< ] d+|T+ dbsdT\ d\ d+q $<+> $|T sVD #s\T
yTs <T\T {sTTksT. j sh |uT\T >&q #|& T T+~. u < |eD\qT |{w + > neT\T #jT &+
10 d+es\ dVjT #s\ #dq ejT+, dV d+ @ b++HH sD\qT |]o*+#
$|T\ <Ts\+, j sc\ ] d yTT<\>T n~s+ b~s d+d +T+~. ksTT
n+X\qT |]>Dq rdT 5 d+es\ |qsyd #s \qT #| & + , $|T |d+~+#&+ e+{
] d+|T+ <T\qT dbsdT #dT+~. n~s\qT L& n~ * +T+~.
|dT+ 13e ] d+|T+ dbsdT\ yTs 2. yT{b*{H q>s\ d+k> #+
2010`15 eT< <T d+es\ +< |uT+ Hu 25 \\ |& q |< |< q>s\
n sc\ $|T |d+<q ~ s. 33,580.93 s +&e |]b\H d+dsD\ d+|T + db sdT \T d+q
T {sTT++~. +<T s.25,847.93 T +< $<+> d+u sVD (Crisis Management) yTjTsY
|uT y{ >, s. 7,733.00 T sc\ y{. | u< eVksT. jTq eTT| s=swH
+< |<X sh $|T |d+<q ~ 2010`15 $TwqsY, bdT $TwqsY dV]ksT. B |uT+
yTT+ s. 2,811.64 T {sTT+#&+ n+^]++~.
]+~. 3. b~s d+d eT]jTT $T{ eqTeT
2010`15 eT< d+es\ y> +<|<X sD+
sh $|T |d+<q ~ {sTT+|\T eed <X+ deTd $|T sVD w
d+es+ <T\T(s. ) nedsyTq $<q eT]jTT esZ<s\ s|\q
2010`11 508.84 CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (National Disas-
2011`12 534.28 ter Management Authority) b~s d+d> +T+~.

2012`13 560.99 sh b~s d+d\T j sc |uT XK\T,

eT |]~ \ esZ<s\qT C #ksTT.
2013`14 589.04 n< $<+> b~s d+d\T bs |]b\q, |uT
2014`15 618.49 $u>\T, eTTb*{\T e+{ k d+d\T, bdT
yTT+ 2811.64 $u>+ yTT<\>T y{ sX+ eVksTT. j
2.4.4 ksTT d+d\T b~s d+d\T sb+~+q $<H\ neT\T sh
ssV $T{ u< eVdT+~.
````````````````````````````````````````
1. $|T sVD b~s d+d
( District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) MT \Tk?
u~T Xs c {, ~\ +< q e\
sh+ | $|T sVD # qT>=q& H b s & yTs\T <V<|& sTT.
b~s d+d (&&m +)qT @sT #j \ $|T sVD ~\ qT+& e# dq Xu\qT < keT
#+ dH 25 sk+~. yTd{/ sY/ |>\ e.
&|P{ $TwqsY n<]{ #sY|sH> eeV]ksT. es < | u $ b+\ q u~ T \qT
mqT&q k d+d |~ sT #sY|sH> qT>=q& j s&sq T |j ksT .
$eq |_wH 165 $|T sVD
 3. k sh ksTT d+d\ b
(Role of Local and State level Institutions in DM)

3.1 |]#jT+ 3.2.1 CrjT ksTT

$|T\ d+<s+ ~>Teq |s=q s\
$|T deTjT+ deC d+d<+ #jT&+ <s+> +< |uT+ d+~dT+~. n$:
|\T |uT, |uTs d+d\T \ b bwksTT. 1. $|T re
+>sT\ T, bs s <+ , mHmdtmdt y\+{sT , HVA 2. dVjT #s\ |]~
jTTe +< d+|TH L& d+u deTjT+ |<q 3. sh |uT+ #|f dVjT #s\qT y>e++
b bwksTT. #d+<T ] eqsT\T, s d dVjT+
d+ +< dVs+ nedsyTq|&T.
3.2 $|T\qT m sVksT? sTe $TqV n s\ dV y|\ $|T
~>Te e&q b#sY <X+ $$< ksTT s V D sb\qT +<+ deTqjT|]# H&
$|T\ sVD >T]+ dwyTq ne>Vq *dT+~. eT+ XK> + eeV s\ eT+ XK
deK |uT eed *q us<X+ +<, sh eeV]dT+~. sTe d++~+q $|T sVD
|uT\T ]wyTq b\T * +{sTT. {, #s \qT +< eekjT eT+XK |]~ eekjT
<X+ CrjT, sh, , du &d ksTT $|T\ eT]jTT dVs XK #|&TT+~. eqe s $|T\
sVD dMT b\H jT++>+ +~. dV d+<s+ $|T sVD u<
q T y{
\T |]~ e#
$|T\T d+u$+q|&T dVjT, sD, |qsyd j eT+ XK\ n|+#&+ ]+~.
#s\T #|e\dq b<$T u< d++~ sh e.d $| T $|H&
eT+
XK
/|
|uT\| +T+~. +< |uT+ ] dVjT+, 1. dV $|T\T + eeVs\T
# \
d dV jT+ n+~+#&+ <s sh |uT |jT \ (sTe $TqV) (>V eT+XK)
&Tq+~dT+~. 2. s Te eekj
T
3. $eq |e<\T bs $eqjq
4.eT \s |e<\T eTs \ \T
5. skjTq $|T\T > \ +
V eT+ XK
6.>eT j $|>eT T\T $| >V eT+
XK
7. nDT $|T\T >V eT+ XK
8. eTVe] y<T\T s> T+ d+ e T+
3.2.2 sh ksTT
dV $|T\qT m<Tse\dq eX u<
sh |uT\<. +< |uT b u, ] eqsT\
|s+> dVs+ n+~+#& eyT |]$T+. sh
eTTKeT+ < sh |uT |<q s<] sh ksTT
$T{ H+ eVksT. sh+ ]> n dVjT
#s\ $T{ u< eVdT+~. dV $|T\
$eq |_wH 166 $|T sVD
H|< + ]> dV jT, |qsyd #s \ ]|t MTwqsY |]b\H esZ dV jT+ n+~+#&+
H#sY> +{sT. |\T sc\ syqXK s<] $|T sVD +<\ duT \ D qT deTqjT+
dV jT #s \ |s wq H# > eeV]ksT . sc\ #jT &+
e< +& ]|t eqTe (relief manual) qT sh dV jT e& sV+#&+
#s \ &(State Relief Code)> |\TksT . $|T |]d T \
sVD sh +{+C |D[ esZ s X q + #dT + ~. 3.2.5 >eTksTT
3.2.3 ksTT >eT $|T sVD |D[ s|\ q ds +#Y
H + >eT $|T sVD $T{ u< eVdT+ ~.
n |uT |D[\T, sb\ neT\T $|T sVD +<\ D n+~+#+<T $$<
b\H jT++>+ +< _+<Te> +T+~. d+d\ deTqjT+ #dT + ~.
ksTT n |uT XK\| deTqjT eT]jTT |s yD
n~s\qT * +& yTd{ / s /Y &|P { 3.3. |uT, |uTs d+d\T
MTwqsY $|T sVD eT]jTT dVjT #s\
d++~+q sEy sb\ u< eVksT. |uT+ f $|T sV u< yTT
73 eT]jTT 74 sC+> desD\T |+#sTTrsC yjT<q d+> n+<s n+^]+#<. CrjT, sh,
d+d\qT djT+b\H d+d\T (Institutions of self - eT]jTT k ksTT +& $|T sVD $T{\
government) > >T]+#sTT. eTT+<dT V#] eed, bT <X+ $$< ksTT b\T|+#TH |\T d+d\ T
dV jT |+|D, u~T \ & *+#&+ , y< dV s+ HsTT. bdT, bs$T\ <\T, +>sT\T,
n+~+#&+ yTT<\>T y{ <s $|T \ qT m<Tse&+ ne| <\T, Hwq &{ sY (NCC), jTTeq
k d + d \ T d e Ts e + y T q k< H \T( effective d+| \T, s d$T @C\T, n+srjT, CrjT
instruments)> | #ksTT. y\+ +<\T, |uT , |y T s+>\ |]XeT\T,
sY/yTd{ H+ s>XK, MT&j yTT<\>T d+d\T d+ |\TksTT $|T
k>T{ bsT<\ XK, |Xd+esXK, { ds|s sVD \b bwksTT.
b]X< XK, bdT, ne| XK\ n~sT\T, = d+d\ $<T \qT ~>Teq e&+ ]+~.
CrjT, n+srjT d#+ < d+d\ |<T \T yTT<\>T 1. s d$T $|T sVD +<+ (UNDISASTER
y] ksTT sj\T rdTH n~s+ *q MANAGEMENT TEAM (UNDMT))- us<X $u>+
$|T sVD $T{ ne| de\T, bdT,
y<T\T yTT<\>T $|T sVD +<\ dVjT+ n s\ n+srjT $|T |d+<q
rdT+T+~. sd$T k<sD nd+; jTTmH |dt |sY
]HwH |t VAeTf]jTH m|sY (UN office for Co-
3.2.4 eT+&\ ksTT Ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA))qT
u (eT+&\) ksTT ]> n s\ $|T u<Ts*> |{++~. us<X+ $|T d+d<,
sVD sb\ u &e\|tyT +{ |d s /Y \ |XeTq |jT\T, $|T eTT| sVD| |uT
&e\|tyT +{ |d s Y H& n~]> eeV]ksT . u / keTs\qT |+b+~+# n+X\qT neT\T #d |\T
\/eT+&\ ksTT $|T sVD $T{ H& sd$T n+X\ UNDMT b< + eVdT+ ~.
n~] H + eVksT . $T{ k+|T d+ e TXK, jTTmH&m+{ sd$T #+~q m|tmz, mz,
s>XK, >MTD { ds| s b]X< XK, bdT jTTmH&|, jTTmHm|t, &Tm|t d eT]jTT &TV#Y
ne| de\ XK\ n~sT\T, jTTeq d+| \T, z\ qT+& b< + * +T+~. $| T
eT{ <] d+| \T, |uT s d+d\ T, |eTTK d+u$ +q|&T e \d | #ksTT. sd$T
djTsY d{ qT, |C|<T \T yTT<\T>T ysT duT \T> eed <s $|T d+u$+# ||+#+ n <X\
+{sT. <X ksTT ds, |ueo\, @ue+ L&q
u /eT+&\ $|T sVD $T{ $<T \T :` $| T s V DqT n+~+# & + , ned s y T q | & T
$|T sVD |D[ s|\ q u /eT+&\ d+~+#&yT jTTmH&m+{ b<$T <X+.
$eq |_wH 167 $|T sVD
2. usrjT d <\T:
$|T |d+<q d <\T \ b
bwksTT. |]d bs |]b\H eed #sTT <{q|&T
= | n+X\ eyT d <\T C+
#dT+{sTT. <TssyTq |]dT d+ | #jT>\
keTs +, |d+<q #s \ y>+ , eqsT\T, y{ n+~+#
keTs+ d <\T $|T\T d+u$+q|&T
eTwqT, X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T, s>, y<
ks\T, syD, $<TY, Vs bs ds|s\T, |_
esT , +]+> e+{ neds dVjT $<T
#] b bw+#sTT.
3. Hwq &{ sY
(NATION CADET CORPS (NCC))
Hwq &{ sYqT 1948 ~>Te |s=q
\\ @sT #XsT n$:
jTTe\qT |j q bsT\T> r]~<&
y] o\+, <s+, d<s+, eTD,
HjT+, <<+, kVd d],
& d ] , ks dy d < + \qT
|+b+~+#&+
d+|T {y T q , dT T q , j o\Tsq jTTe
L&q eqe eqsT\qT dw+#&+
d <\ bT J$+ n s+>\
HjT |+b+~#&+, y] C de
n+<TuT +#&+.
4. bs sD <+ (CIVIL DEFENCE)
XT <X\T <& #dq|&T |\ bD\qT
+#&+, dT\ *> qc Z+#&+, b]X$T
*b+& =qk> #jT &+ \ +> bss D
<+ | #dT+~. 1962 eT]jTT 1965\ us<X+
m<Ts=q s +&T jTT<\T = >TDbs\T HssTT. B+
neds D sb\ <<+ e]+~. n|{
es dV $|T \ qT m<Tse&+|H +B]+# ysT.
s+&T jTT<\ nq+s+ XT <X\ <& nq+s+
bD\qT, dT\qT s+#*q eXqT >T]+#&+
]+~. u s | u T n ed s d V j T d + d
(Emergency Relief Organization) jTT D $u>+>
1957 @| 29q H>|P sY Hwq d$ &|H J
d+ meTs ]|t f+> d{ (Central
Emergency Relief Training Institute (CERTI)) |]
@sT #XsT. +<T dVjT de\T n+~+#
HjT XD n~sT\ <T HqyTq | D |t >ess# sV+#& ]wsT de+ e+{~.
$eq |_wH
n+~ksT. |dT+ <X y|+> 5,00,000 eT+~ bs
sD e\+{sT HsT.
5. Hwq ddT dyT
(NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME (NSS))
$<sT\qT <X de u>keTT\qT #j\H
] k++ eq|{ qT+& |sT>TH +~.
yTT<{ $< $TwH (1950) d#+< b|~q
$<sT\ CrjT dqqT |yX|{\ dbsdT #d+~.
+< $< eT+XK 1969`70 CrjT dy
|<(National service Scheme) |yX|{+~. B
H<+ NOT ME BUT YOU (HH <T MTsT L&).
e d+ e T+ T< yTT+ > de d+ e T+| <s|&
+T+< H<+ *jTCdT+~. mHmdtmdt V+
]k DsY ds<y\jT+ s<#+ <s+>
sb+~+#&+~. ~ jTTe jTT jo\
(dynamism), |>o\ << V+> \TdT+~.
mHmdtmdt y\+{sT> qy<T #sTT+#Tq $<]
mHmdtmdt eqTe |s+ esTd> s+& \+
d+ 240 >+\T (nq> d+es 120 >+\T)
|j qsy T q ke XeT b\T |+#Ty*. |
mHmdtmdt y\+{sT e< esY& +T+~. < <s
y\+{sT |rsTqT eT~+| #ksT. nTe+{
y\+{sT J\ qT+& mHmdtmdt ddT d]|{qT
n+<TH ns b+<TsT. J | mHmdtmdt
jT{ dMT|+ >e < eTT]y&qT <
rdT=, y{ deT>_e~ w #j*. +<Td+
< rdTq >eT+ < eTT]y& |
se\T sV+#*.
6. HVA jTTe +<\T (NYKS)
us< X k+ sy\qT |sd ]+#T
1972 HVA jTTe +<\qT $w]+#sT. $<sT\T
>MTD jTTeqT C sD sb
u>keTT\qT #jT &+, y] k+ e , H| D\qT
|+b+~+#TH neX+ *+#&eTH \+ Hwq
m& usT dbsdT yTs HVA jTTe +<\qT
@sT #XsT. HVA jTTe +< duT\T y\+{sT>
d+u deTj\ deC &Tq+~+#*. HVA
jTTe+<\T |dT+ +< jTTeq & eT+
XK +< | #k+~. HVA jTTe +<+ nH~ +<
jTTeq eeVs\T &\ eT+ H+ usY
168 $|T sVD
7. yT>sT (HOME GUARD)
|C+<q\qT, eT \qT jT++#&+
bdT\ dV]+#+<T yT>sTqT d#+<
<+ > yTTyT T<{k ] 1946 &d+sY @sT #XsT.
nq+s+ d#+< bs <+ nH ueqqT nH sc\T
d]+#sTT. 1962 #H usY | jTT< ~q|&T
sc\T, +< b* b+ n|{ q y\+
<\qT s|+ rdTsy\ +<+ d++~.
$<+> +>sT <Xy|+> @s&+~.
+>sT\ $<T\T:
n+ s Z u < q T b& + bd T \
nqT+<+> de\T n+~+#&+
|qT>\T\T, n |e<\T, TbqT, u
eTVe] y<T\T yTT<\>T mTe+{ neds
|]dHH eT{ dVjT+ #jT&+
eds de sVD dVjT|&+
eT keTsk bV+#&+, \Vq esZ\qT
d+s+#&+ b\H eed dV]+#&+
ke, ], d+eT sb bZq&+,
bs sD <+ $<T\qT s]+#&+
3.4 $|T sVD $<
$|T sVD deTsyTq < n+<TuT
+& #d eT+> u>+> $|T sVD >T]+
bsX\ qT+& k+ $< eT]jTT q $< es
|\T sT\qT |yX|&+ ]+~. $|T sVD
d++~+q n <D\qT $<sT\ *jTCd
<X+ sT\qT sb+~+#&+ ]+~. +&jTH
d{ |t f\J (Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) e+{ <X+ |eTTK $< d+d\T, Hwq
d{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{(National Institute
of Disaster Management (NIDM)) \T | \ T | u T
$u>\ #+~q $_q ksTT n~sT\ D
n+~+#&+ <s <X H|D+ *q eqe
eqsT\qT n+~dTHsTT.
n\ us k+ $< eT+&* (All India
Council of Technical Education (AICTE)) +]+>
$|T sVD sT\qT |yX|{+~. ]fsY sT,
nsH b+>, yT& sT\ L& $|T sVD
n+X |yX |& |jT + sT>T+~. +&jT H
n&dwH dddt(Indian Administrative services
+b\T, (IAS)), +&jTH bdT ddT (Indian Police services
(IPS)), +&jTH bsdT dddt (Indian Forest services
(IFS)) yTT<\>T n\ us ddT\ b+&wH sT\
$|T sVDqT u>+> #jT&+ ]+~.
2011`12 $< d+es+ qT+& +<|<X
8,9,10 s> T \ bT +&jT { yTT<{ d+es+
sT d+ $|T sVDqT bs |D[ #s&+
]+~. d _ mdt ( Central Board of Secondary
Education) 2003`04 $< d+es+ qT+& esTd>
8, 9, 10 s>T $|T sVDqT d\dt> #]+~.
2005`06 $< d + e s + qT+& 11e s >
kwj\J, C>| du\ $|T sVDqT
u< H +X + > | y X |{ + ~. +~s>+B z|H
jTe]{ bT |D, eT<dT, +<|d yTT<\>T
$X$<\j\T L& $|T sVD| sT\qT
|yX|{sTT.

n+srjT $|T sVD d+d\T ` s\j\T

1. jH msTT& +swq cal Organization (WMO)) ` Cy, ds+&
` CVHsYZ (<D|) 7. +sY>esyT+ bH H yT{ #+C
2. n\sYH{ ` \+&H ` Cy
3. djTH &CdsY ]&H d+sY ` u, bH 8. kY djTH &CdsY H&H{esY ` &
4. +swq |&swH |t s&dt n+& s& 9. +swq dTHMT qswH d+sY ({d)
d+{ kd{dt ` Cy, ds+& ` H\T\T, nyT]
5. +swq kJ |s Y &Cds Y ]&H (mdt& sY) 10. |d| dTHMT y]+> d+sY (BH n+srjT
` Cy, ds+& dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT)
6. n+srjT yesD d+d (World Meteorologi- ` y ;#Y, VysTT, nyT]
$eq |_wH 169 $|T sVD
 $|T sVD, |XeTq #s\T #|f eT+XK\T
$|T $|T sVD #|f eT+XK H& eT+XK
1. u+b\T >V eT+ XK (yT $Td) msYdHdt eT+ XK
2. es<\T >V eT+ XK (yT $Td) \ eqsT\ eT+XK
3. sTe, e&>, >T <&T\T eekjT dVs eT+ XK eekjT, dVs eT+ XK
4. ub+ >V eT+ XK >qT\ eT+ XK
5. VeT d+b+ >V eT+ XK sD eT+ XK
6. ]#T |sesD nM eT+XK |sesD nM eT+ XK
7. nDT $|T >V eT+ XU/ nDTX nDTX $u>+
8. b]X$T/ skjTq $|T\T |sesD nM eT+XK |sesD nM eT+ XK
9. j $|T\T s>, T+ d+eT eT+XU s>, T+ d+eT eT+
XK
10. s |e<\T s eT+XK s eT+XK
11. s&T |e<\T s&T syD, CrjT sV<sT\T, s&T syD, CrjT sV<sT\T
Hjq eT+XK\T Hjq eT+XK\T
12. $eq |e<\T bs $eqjq XK bs $eqjq eT+XK
13. TbqT/{s&\T/ V]qT >V eT+XK us yesD XK\T
14. dTHMT >V eT+XK msYdHdt eT+ XK

CrjT $|T eTT| ~+| y~(NATIONAL b>yT |sY mHVHyT+{ |t meTs

PLATFORM FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION) skH(PEER):
$|T eTT| ~+| d+ | #dTq |uT seT+ +< d+ +&dj T dL]{
d+~ bT bsyT+{]jTqT, yTjTsT, MT&j, bsY(CISF), +&`{u H uss Y bdt(ITBP)\ #+~q
\ D ksT. ysT V<su< dmdtm|t
n+srjT d+d\T, |uTs d+d\T, k d+d\ D +< y T q Crj T b]X$T u <
|<T\T, yC, $< d+d\T, ss{ ybs n&MT(National Industrial Security Academy (NISA)),
d+d\ T yTT<\>T y{ y~ MT< rdT=# \ + VsH uqT q {_| b<$T D
+< |uT+ 2013 |e] 26q CrjT $|T eTT| +<+(Basic Training Centre (BTC) D dTHsT.
~+| y~(National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduc- s+&T +<\qT CrjT ksTT X<q eT]jTT
tion (NPDRR))qT @sT #d+~. yTTyTT<{ deyX+ sD(search and rescue) D +<\T> >T]+#&+
q& CrjT $|T sVD d+d(mH&m+) ]+~. B bT |sY seT+ +< V <su<
mHmdtm, uqT _{d, eT<|<X f|PsY
|<qeT+ eTHVHd+> bs+_+#sT. $|T eTT| _&sY\ _mdtm|t, dsY|m|t d+~ L& D
~+| d+ u$wY sb+~+#TH CrjT d T H s T . e T+> Crj T $| T | d +< q
s#sD |D[\ ePV sX, s& <+ (NDRF) q $T*q bs$T\ <\ d+~
e|tqT n+~+#&yT y~ |<q \+. L& d+d f+> eqTHsT.

$eq |_wH 170 $|T sVD

 4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[
(Planning for the people, by the people)

4.1 eT{ b+> 4.2 D |C |D[ beTTK

(Importance of Peoples' Contingency plan)
eT{ |D[ nH~ n<THq |D[
|jT. |D[ |jT eqe, b<] eqsT\qT +{C |D[ n<T HqyTq , yC s| s y T q
> T ] + , d e Ts e + y T q | d +< q eed q T < +|PsY <] qeTH\T +&qeds+ <T.
sb+~dT+ ~. |jT \T, se\T, bC \ neT\T| |D[qT < |jTqT $e]+# b &j>eTT\
sj \T #jT &+ b++ ed+# k |\qT | <T. k+ |]Cq+ < n<THq $XwD\T
jo\+> bZH eT>+ #dT+~. y{ |\ u>keT+ $T[+ #dq|&T eyT
V#] < $|T d+<s+> bD qw+, |j>s+> +{sTT. |\T s\ y|\
JeHb~, d qc y]+#+<T sT>TbsT>T ysT, nedsyTq D |C |D[ s|\q eT*
eT{ < |C deTV+ nqTd]+#& de#s+, eTT| n+#H, $ L&q $XwD
n+^]+q sb\ C_ (a community plan is d]bsTT.
a list of activites a neighborhood, community or a group |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ e |]$TyTq
of people agree to follow to prevent loss of life, livelihoods n+X+ <T. nqTue+, de#s+, $ksyTq H|D\
and property in case of warning or a disaster) qT eT{ \sTT |D[ + >DjT+> |sT>TT+~.
|D[ n+{sT. $|T V#] n+~q y+H < n+<Te\ Mq+ eT+~ me eT+~ u>keTT\qT
$|T q|&T @$T #j | s ne>Vq #j*.
* +& $<+ > eT{ | s #jT e\dq D |D[\T sT>TbsT>T (Neighborhood),
| |D[ eTT+<T>H >T]dT+~. >eT+, u, , sh, CrjT ksTT jsT
4.1.1 eT{ |D[ nedsyTq$ #jT&sTT. +<T |uT, |uTs d+d\T
n+{ eT>+ #ksT. D |D[ | +<+
k< yTq mTe+{ w y T q |T q d++~+#H (People centric)> jsT #jT&TT+~. n+<T B
|D[ sb+~+#e#T. eT{ |D[ n+<T D |C |D[> |\TksT.
$T& +& sb\T (operations) < |jT\
|]~, nqT d+|Tq ]q|&T |u$eTjT |ueo\yTq D |D[ (Contingency Plan)
HuqT { esT +T+~. n~ X+ eqe u>keT |jT <s $_q esZ\T, n s+>\
sb\qT |u$+ #d dV $|T\T < #+~q |\qT eT>+ #d jsT #jT&TT+~.
b]X$T $|T \ >T]+q |D[ n~+ > +{sTT. eT{ jo\ duT\T |D[qT n_e~
$|T\ >TsjT d++~ eT{\ <Ts\ #jT&+ eTTKb bwksT. $|T deTjT+
~+#&+, $|T\qT m<Ts=H keTs |+ deTse+yTq deTqjT+ +&+<T M\T> ~>Te
#jT&yT eT{ |D[ b<$T \+. eT{ ksTT jsT #dq |D[ | ksTT jsT #dq
<] $|T sVD |D[ s|\q |jT y{ nqT>TD+> +& $<+> #&*. $\DyTq
$|T sVD |\ u>ke eX D |D[ (typical contingency Plan) $|T d+d<
n+X+> |]>Dk sT . d+d< <X H eT{ eT>+ d++~+ mesT, m&, m|&T, @$T{, m+<T (WHO,
#jT &+ e\q neds\ deTjT+ eT{\T eT]+ WHERE, WHEN, WHAT and WHY) nH | X \
deTqjT+ eeV]ksTT. de<q+ # $<+> +&*.
$eq |_wH 171 $|T sVD
4.2.1 D |D[ y{ +&*?
eqe sb\qT, neds\qT |u $+ #d
dV $|T
eTVe] y<T\T &+ < reyTq s>
deTd
b]X$T |e<\T
d+~ eTT|, d+~ U #sTT+#&+,
esD| <& yTT<\>Tq$
bs deC |u$+ #d n+sZ \+
&+
Vs, s eds edTe \ d =s
@s&+
4.2.2 D |D[qT m+<T j sT #j *?
|\T y] q eTT|, y] <Ts\\T,
keTs\ >T]+ |P] ne>Vq * +{sT.
ysT eddTq |<X+| dwyTq ne>Vq
bT $| T d + u $ +q| & T <
m<Tse&+ eT q \T, \Vq\
>T]+ L& |P] ne>Vq * +{sT.
$|T\ ys yTT<{ sk+&sT
ys u~T\T
y] |D[\T mTe+{ |]dHH m<Ts=H
$<+> n+ |ueo\+> +{sTT.
D |D[ bT |\TesT e\ T, +<\T,
d+d\T sb+~+q ssVD |D[\qT d+
neT\T #j*. #sD d+<s+> HsTq bs\
|D[qT eT]+ yTsT>T|s#Ty*.
4.2.3 D |D[qT m jsT #ksT?
y{ * +T+~?
D |D[ |jT de+ n esZ\
|\T eTT b\T|+#Te& eT+ neX+>H
+&, y~> L& |j>|&TT+~.
|D[ | s @< $<+> b\T|+#T=+{sT.
] n_bj\T $T> y] n_bj\ _q+>
q| { , n$ | D [ s | \ q | j T
| j q]>H +{sTT. n+< ] n_ bj \T
|+#&, d+<V e ], T< n+
yd$yTq |D[ sb+~+#&TT+~. |D[qT
bs+_+#& e < =+<sT e\ deTV+
D |D[ dsTqT yTT<\T|e#T. n_e~
$eq |_wH
|D[ | e beTTK y*. u>[ y|,
y|+, y|+ d+u$+q |<X+ qT+& b++
+& <s+, b++ y| >Ts q re, <Ts\
n+X\T, |jT\T yTT<\>T y{| <s|& |]d
esT +T+~. n+<Te\ D |C |D[
s|\q yTq $<qeT+ ]w+> @B
+&<T.
$\D
yTq eT{ D |D[ ~>Te |s=q
b<$T #s\qT * +T+~. n$:
1. =* ne>Vq eT]jTT keTsd sD+
2. >eT $|T sVD $T{ @sT
3. eT{ $es\qT d+|]+#&+
4. > $|T\ dMT, $XwD
5. $|T\ +&sY
6. e|+>
7. $|T sVD +<\ m+|
8. $|T sVD +<\ D
9. ]Vs/ e &
1. keTsd sD+ eT]jTT =* ne>Vq
(Rapport Building and Initial Awareness)
djTsY d{qT, >eT+ djT+ dVjT
+<\T, jTY T\T, mqT&q |C |<T\T
eT< keTsk @ss#&+ eT{ D |D[
(Comunity Contingency Plan) j yTT<{ n&T>T.
y] |sD *+, |D[ |jT ysT
eT>eTjT #jT&yT B |<H<X+. k<sD+>
eT{ ksTT |D[\ j >eT ksTT
$<T\T sVdTq |uT d+~, mq |C
|<T \T, d#+ < d+d\ T dV jT+ n+~ksTT. {e\
\+ d+u$+q $|TqT <e\ ]q qc\T,
eTT|qT #]+#& =* b<q y*. #s
bsT\+<s bZH $<+(Participatory Process)>
+&*. eT{ >TsT+#T<>Z $|T |TH~ {e\
\+ s>qsTT, b+ dMT|+ q
b+\ ]q $|T\| #]+#Ty*. $|TqT
m<Tse&+ >+ q k nqTuy \qT #s
@ e+ $d]+#s<T. de#s d]+#& ~
m+ neds+ . <T |] #s > |]d T \qT $Xw + # <X
nse +yT q |jT B eT]+ eTT+<T rdTsy*.
~>Te |s=q |\T s\ $<H\ <s+> ne>Vq
*+# |< T \ <s eT{ u>ke d]+#&+
172 $|T sVD
m+ eTTK+. |\ ne>Vq *+# esZ\T : |+\T, eT\ $es\T
Vs+> du\T 4. > $|T\ dMT eT]jTT $XwD
k+d sb\T $|T\qT y{ e <s+> b<q
M~ H{\T eT+ neTs&+, qc\qT n+#H yjT&+ #j*.
<X/ XeD se\T >eT+ eje<T\ dVjT+ $es\qT
bdsT n+{+#&+
dMT]+#*. |\T s\ $|T\ d+<s+> y{*q
qc\qT, y{e\ HsTq >TDbs\qT >eTdT\T
ne>VH |#s+ e\ |\ |D[qT
sb+~+#*q neds >T]+# #dT+~. $Xw+#Ty*. M{+{ eT~+| <s+> eT{
duT\ #s\qT n|+#*.
2. >eT $|T sVD $T{ @sT
5. $|T\ +&sY (seasonality Calendar for
(Formation of a Village disaster management
Disasters)
committee (VDMC))
$$< | y | \ d + +~ + q
| >eT+q >eT $|T sVD $T{ >qTuy\qT $Xw+# deTjT+ $|T d+u$+q
(Village Disaster management Committee (VDMC))
\+ <s+> j eT{\T sTTe\ y
@sT #j*. < $|T d+d< sb\qT +&sYqT jsT #j*.
s+_+#+<T u<Ts\T> #j*. >eT $|T
sVD $T{ k |C |<T\T, n&T>T 6. e|+> dsT
ksTT |#d |uT <>T\T, mHz\T, d;z\T, (Mapping Exercise)
jTTeq T\T, k eTV d$TT\ duT \T +&*. >eT ksTT $|T sVD |D[qT jsT
djTsY d{qT L& $T{ u>+> +&*. $|T #d sb\ d++~+ n+ eTTKyTq y{
sVD |D[ j eT{ dMT]+# u< qT >e d++~+q eTT|, <Ts\\T, keTs\
$&m+d HjT&T rdTy*. e|qT jsT #jT&+ L& {. ~ n&T>T
3. eT{ $es\qT d+|]+#&+ ksTT de#s dsD <V<|& n+ dT\Tyq,
(Outlining the profile of the community) ejT |u$ (Cost effective) k<q+ e+{~. B
+<T +~ y{ d++~+q de#s dsD u>keT >MTD eT~+| (Participatory Rural Appraisal
+T+~. (PRA)) ds T <s j sT #jT e#T. e|+> ds T
Hu |D[ |jT dyTq (Pictorial) <s
k eqsT\T ( H|D+ *q eqeX, s>
n+~dT+~.
ss\ T, eJ d \T yTT<\>T eqe eqsT\T, *+> , \, s u < \+{ _ q +>
|&e\T, qssT yTT<\>TqTe+{ b<] eT{ n+<] eT>+ #dT + ~. k+> \_+#
eqsT\T n+{ $es\T) s, b&sT yTT<\>T y{ |j + $_q n+X\T,
b+ + > V \ sD d s [ (sY d d , dN\ d++~+q e|\T ^d $<+ > >eTdT\ qT,
|+{\T, |P]>T&d\T yTT<\>T y{ $es\T) eT{ duT\qT bV+#*.
$eq |_wH 173 $|T sVD
7. $|T sVD +<\ m+| 8. $|T sVD +<\ D
(Selection of Disaster Management Teams (DMTs)) $|T d+<s+ eT n|+#&q ]w
|]d $Xw + , eqsT\ d++~+q e|qT n+X\qT deTse ++> sV+#+<T m+| #jT &q
jsT #dq sTy mTe+{ d+u+ |]d $|T sVD duT\T, ]wyTq H|D\ dTT
m<Tse&H nedsyTq |d+<q se +&*. D nedsyTq $|T sVD $T{\T
sV+#+<T >eT+/ysT/ q>s\ qT+& $|T 1. |<eT +<+
sVD +<\T/ {dTbsT\qT @sT #j*. 2. sD eT]jTT U #sTT+# +<+
$|T sVD +<\ m+| 3. sT eT]jTT b]X<+
$|T sVD +<\ d#+<+> eTT+<T 4. {e *+>
e#, #TsTq d, |sTw\qT duT\T> m+#Ty*. 9. ]Vs/ e &
$|T sVD +<\T/ {dTbsT y< T \T, qsT\T,
ne| d+~, eJ d d+~, bdT\T, | $|T |]d d++~+q &/ ]Vs
>, k{/ mHdd / mHmdtmdt H|< + q jTTe\T, sV+#&+ m+ eTTK+. $|T d+d< |D[
bs sD < d+~, eTV d$T duT\T e+{ e & dMT u>+. n~ eT{ n|eT+ >
nqTue Eq , H| D+ *q y] L& u>keTT\qT +#TT+~. & nH$ b<$T+> |D[ |s+
#j*. 400 qT+& 500 T+u\T *q sV+# esTd #s \ eT]jTT y{ eTT+<T>H |\
jT{ 25 eT+~ duT\T q $|T sVD $T{/ *jTCd, &MT ds T > sVksT . M{ |\TesT
{dTbsT +&+ eT+. b++/ eT{ k<q #d, eT{ $|T |]d m<Ts=H+<T
|<<sTTqsTT, < nqT>TD+> +<\ d+KqT d<+> +T+~. e&qT k<sD+> yde $|T
|+#e#T. $|Tq eTT+<T/ $|T deTjT+ |]d <w |T #ksT. TbqT < es<\T
s]+#e\dq u<\qT m+| #dq {dTbsT\ e# b+\ &qT d+es s+&TksT
{sTT+#&+, s]+#&+ m+ neds+. sV+#*. &qT TbqT, es<\T e# dq
$|T sVD +< +&e\dq $_q eTT+<T, s+&e < sT H\\ sTy sV+#*.
sq {dTbsT\T: $|T sVD D |C |D[\T e\+
1. eTT+<dT V#] +<+ (Early Warning Team). \ |]$T+ L&<T. |D[ {dTbsT
2. |<eT +<+ duT\, b++ ed+# T+u\T/ e\
u<\qT >TsT #d +&*. \+ >&#=B
3. sD #s\T, U #sTT+# +<+ (Rescue and b+ + | \ T es T \T, n_ e ~ | q T\T #T
Evacuation Team)
#dT+{sTT. {, | sT H\\ < d+
4. w\ s Y s V D +< + , d V j T # s \ d+es k] C de#s+ |D[qT C
+<+(Relief Team) |s#&+ m+ neds+. eT{ # jsT #jT&
5. sT, b]X< +<+, s\qT =\+# e]+> |D[ b++ n_e~ \+> +&*.
+<+ n++& eT{ jsT #dq |D[
6. {e *+> (Trauma Counseling) +<+, b+ d++~+q u/ n_e~ |D[\
7. qc eT~+| #d (Damage Assessment) +<+. nqT>TD+> +&+ L& m+ eTTK+.

$eq |_wH 174 $|T sVD

 5. |ejT eTwH eed\T
(Alternative Communication Systems during Disasters)

5.1 |]#jT+ 5.1.1 $|T |]dT f* eTwH

@< H u $| T < n ed s | ] d
@s & q | & T e T w H d + +< \ | P ] >
n+sjT+ \T>TT+~. {, $|T < neds
d e Tj u~ T q | \ > T d V
n+~+#+<T |uT <]{\ eT< $$< ksTT
|P]> |#d eTwH d++<\T +&+ m+
neds+. |< mTq dV $|T\T/ neds |]dT\T
@s&q|&T |ejT eTwH eed\
nedsy T q |\T s\ b<$ T f*eTwH ks\T
HsTT. y{ bT X{{ <] eTwH
eed\ bT neds eTwH eed\T L&
n+<TuT HsTT.
f* eTwH d++<\T eTq J$+
\ u>+> essTT. eTwH n+ b#Ts+
b+~q~ |_ ysY f*bH. B |_ d#Y f*bH
H{esY (Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN))
n n+{sT. ~ eTq+ e{& e\qT, b\qT,
&{qT |dsD #jT&+ eT]jTT d]+#&+ <s n
|uT, |yT s\j\T, bdTdwqT, ne|
+<\T, dT\T, n~ X+ , ybs d+d\ qT
nqTd+<q+ #d b<$T H{esT. {e\ \+
yTTu (d\\sY) bq e+{ ysYdt bq y&+ L&
u> $dyT+~.
k<sD+>, deT+> |#d |mdt{mdt eed
< nqTd+<q+ #jT&q bq deTjT+
5% +f me bqT | #jT+& sb+~+#&
+T+~. nsTT, d+u deTjT+ | s, |
] e{& |jTdT+{sT. n+<Te\ {|
# n~+> +&, H{esY d+_+bT+~.
$eq |_wH
H{esY n+sjT+ \>& sD+
u+|+, #y+ (TbqT), es<\T, ub+
(landslide) e+{ u dV $|T\T d+u$+q|&T
<Ts< we XT ys ,Y ys Y d t (yTTu ) f*bqT e+{ s >T\sY
s + f* eTwH edT \T re+> <, | #jT +&
bsTT. T, d\T\sY {H$TwH esT <q&+
< f*bH m+C\T eT]jTT d\T\sY {H$TwH
esT | #jT& nedsyTq $<TY ds|s
n+sjT+ \>&+ sD+> sT>TT+~.
bdT\T, bs n~sT\ ysYdt s&j eTwH
H{esY L& <q {H$TwH es sD+> |
#jT+& bT+~. Te+{ neds |]dT
eTwH {| k<sD keTs $T+bsTT,
H{esY sB (Congestion) <]rdT+~. es H{esY
|P]> $|\eTeT+~.
5.1.2 |ejT eTwH eed\T
nedse?
@< H u $| T < n ed s | ] d
q|&T u~Tq |\ dVjT+ #d+<T
b+\ $$< ksTT |<q n~sT\,
e\+{s eTwH *+\T m+H nedse TesTT.
X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T, dVjT #s\T, |
d+<q #s\ >T]+ sh |uT n~sT\T, k
b\H eed, d#+< d+d\T, u~Tq |\
*jTCjT& |ejT eTwH *+\T
Te+{ |]d T | +& nedse TesTT. $|T \
s D +> re+> | u $ y T q = b+\T
||+#+ s b+\ |P]> d++<\T
sTT. nTe+{ |]dT $|T |u$ |\
neds neds\ >T]+ u< *q |uT
n~sT\, d#+< d+d\, dMT|+ q s
b+\ |\ mTe+{ de#s+ +&<T. ~
eT]+ bD qc , | X d + | < , d qc
<]rjTe#T.
175 $|T sVD
5.2 meTs eTwH |<T\T =~b{ $<TY ks\T +f #\T. neds |]d T
$j T e+ + > | # d T + ~. ny T # sY s & j
( Modes for Emergency Communication) us< X + dH n\yT (creative hobby)>
5.2.1 s&j eTwH b#Ts+ b+~+~. |dT+ us<X+ dTesT
15,000 eT+~ dqT&T nyT#sY s&j |ssT
k<sD f*bH eT]jTT yTTu bH H{esY (Hams) HsT. s&j eTwq >T]+ me
n+sjT+ *q < nTe+{ de\T $|T HsTe& nyT#sY s&j sT>T esZ+. <
|u$ b++ qT+& dMT|+ q < dT<s >T]+ me> HsTe&yT +& neds
b+\ y q Ty + H d e #s + n+~+# & deTjT+ dVjT|&{ L& |j>|&TT+~.
|ejT eTwH esZ\qT @sT #dTe&+ dqT& nyT#sY s&j |ssqT nyT#sT <
m+ neds+ . $|T sVD #s \T #| & b+ VyT (Amateurs or Hams) n+{sT. neds |]d
|]$TeTe ysYdt s&j eTwH H{esYqT |uT \T nyT#s qT+& meTs eTwH dbsTq T
@sT #jT&+ B yTTyTT<{ dwyTq m+| ksTT. n>, yT#sT L& meTs skqT
>\<T. mTe+{ ysYdt eTwH *+ nsTTH yTHs eT< \yTq eTwqT @sT #d+<T
ueT (terrestrial) < X{{ eed\ qT |j +#TH d#+<+> eTT+<T eksT. 1999 ]k d|sY
s&j s+>\ (radio waves) | <s|&*+<. dqT, 2001 H{ >TsY u+|+ d+<s+ ysT
s & j s + > + @+{ H ( antenna) <s d#+<+> de\T n+~+#sT. <X+ nyT#sY
y| + | C j T & $< T < j T k+ s + > + s&j b#Ts+ *+#&+, dTTq dqT&T
(electromagenetic wave). s&j s+>\T $_qyTq nyT#s < n_e~ #d w u>+> qswH
eT\ (frequencies) qT * +{sTT. s &j ]desYqT f\J $u>+ <X+ |\T b+\ nyT#sY
]wyTq e +> #jT&+ <s < s&j dwqqT @sT #d, d *q nyT#sY
d++~+q ]wy T q d> qT n+<Te#T. u $|T \ dwH |ss nedsyTq D #+<T <X
e+{ neds |]dT # $T& ysYdt dT (y y| se ls+ #T{+~.
{\T) n+ nqTyq$> |]>D+#&sTT.
5.2.3 X{{ <] eTwq eed\T
5.2.2 nyT#sY (VyT) s&j ( Satellite Based Communications Systems)
( Amateur (Ham) Radio)
|qT $|T\T/ neds |]dT\ d+<s\ e T w H eed \ qT u $T| +&
eTs s eTwH eed\ T | #jT q|&T nyT#sY $j><sT\ <+q|{, = |]s\T
s&j\T $jTe++> | #kjT |\T nqTuy\T n+]+ nq> X{| +& eed\qT X{{
*jTCdTHsTT. VyT s&j> L& |\Te& <] eTwH eed\T n+{sT. _q sq
nyT#sY s&j n+f n<= |yTq s&j n X{T yesD \qT rjT&+, u$T|
ns+ <T. ~ n+srjT f*eTwH jTjTH s U+X\T, n+X\ <s+> ds q kH\qT qT>=q&+
( International Telecommunications union (ITU) ) e+{ $_q s\ $<T\qT s]dT+{sTT. nsTT,
s+q $<+> = ]wyTq eT\ neT\jT eTwH X{T n+]+ s&j |ks
| +< q \ < s + > | # d T + ~. B +<\T> +{sTT. y{ yTX{ (COMSAT) n
us< X + eTwq eT+XK ys Y d t b+> L& |\TksT. X{{ f*bH f]qqT X{bH
]HwH $+> jT+dT+~. eT\qT (SATPHONE) n n+{sT.
| ] X< q , $< eT]j T T e > | j H\ eTwH X{{ jTT n+ eTTKyTq
$j+#TH+<T eyT +<q \T nqTeTksTT. \D + {Hb+&sY (transponder). e (frequency)
nyT#sY nH |<+ s&j eTwHqT yDCs e< d+uwDqT d]+q s&j, sTy <
|jH\ |j+#& *jTCdT+~. $|]+ (amplifies) eTs= e MT< u$T
nyT#sY s&j sVDqT H\| +& eT* |q'|dsD #dT+~.
edT \ neds+ <T . u\T < qss kjT+ k< s D +> X{ { e+< \ , y \
$eq |_wH 176 $|T sVD
{Hb+&sqT * +T+~. &{, f*$H, yTC, (IRNSS) 1A ) $|T sVD m+>H &&qT+~.
= f * b H {H $Tw q T e T w H X{ neds |]d T , ]d |s wq |j >|& + <T
{Hb+&s <s d]+#&, ] |ks+ (re broad- X{{ eed <s <Xy|+> VH
casted) #jT&sTT. q+sYqT @sT #jTe#T. s&T |e<\ u~T\qT
f* eTwH, f*$H |ks\T, yesD+ < T H + < T n ed s | d +< q
eT]jTT $|T V#]\ d+ +&jT H Hwq X{{ eed( emergency response system)qT @sT
(India National satellite) dV us n+] eed\ T, #jTe#T.
eqsT\ |syD eT]jTT sVD d+ usrjT
]y{d+> X{{ (Indian Remote sensing satellite 5.3 u s | u T b< $ T
(IRS)) | #dTHsTT.
eTwH X{ T n+]+ +&, u $T|
eTwH H{esT\T
d+u$ +# dV $|T \ >T]e. # q, bs T, mHd (NIC) : f*eTwH s+>+ Hwq
* q keT X{{ @+fH\qT @sT #dT e&+ Hbs{ d+sY (National Informatics Centre (NIC)
<s ||+# y| eTwqT @ss#Te#T. us |uT+ b<$T dH n+& f\J d+d>
n+<Te\ X{{ <] eTwH eed\ T n+ eeV]dT+~. ~ NICNET> |\Te& <Xy|
<s|&<>Z$> #|e#T. de#s eT]jTT eTwH f\J (ICT) H{esY
$|T sVD X{{ bH nH X{{ <s | #dT+~.
eTwH eedqT n+ $ks+> $jksT. _mdtmHm (BSNL): us |uT f*bH
X{ { b q X{ { f * b H m + C > |swq $u>+ 2000 nsY 1q usY d+#sY >yT
eeV]dT+~. bqT n+ $XdjT ysTTdt *$Tf& (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)) nH
&{ eTwHqT *+#&yT +&, # s=swH> e]+~. H&T _mdtmHm |<qyTq
$T&bjT $<+ > +&, m& H s* +#& M\T> eTwH +|> +&+ bT us<X+
+{sTT. n|< |uT s+> d+d> m~+~. 5000 |D\
35 $T*jTq |> f*bH Hq 45 $T*jTq
us |uT + VQ $|T \ eTT| q \T/ | > q q T * +~. f * + de\ HD q T
sc\ $|T / neds |]d T \ sV\ bs T yTsT>T|s#&+, f*+ H{esYqT $d]+#&+, n
X{{ bqqT n+~k+~. <s |<q eTwH >e\ = f*+ de\qT |yX|&+, q
qT $|\yTq|&T k, sh ksTT b\H eed\ $j><sT\ $Xk |+b+~+ #&+ B
eT< dsq eTwH +&+<T @sT #k+~. u<\ =.
s&j eTwqT eT]jTT X{{ <]
eTwH eed\T n+ $XdjTyTqy , 5.4 $|T sVD` ke
$ks+ > $j+#&TTHsTT. +&j s &j , yudT
<s<sH, |dt dt |t +&j (Press Trust of India)
L& de#s d]+, |ks+ #jT&+ \ $|T sVD >>T, |dtT, {sY e+{
b bwdTHsTT. ke yudT L& eT e+Tb bwdTHsTT.
$|T sVD &&qTq sYmHmdtmdt`1m 2011 e] bH d+u$+q dTHMT nq+s+
>>T dsY +H >>T |_ n\sY nH HH
us n+] |]X<H d+d(k) 2013 p ddTqT bs+_++~. 2013 d|+sY {sY
1q $jTe++> |j+q us<X yTTyTT<{ ke yu d{ neds |]d T , $|T q
H$> wH X{{ nsTTq +&jT H q H$> wH X{{ y] <TH+<T, deC n|eT+ #d+<T n\sY
ddyT`1m(Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ddyTqT |yX|{+~.

$eq |_wH 177 $|T sVD

 6. new H|D\T
6.1 |]#jT+
1999 eq ]k d|sY dqT $|T
sVD d++~+ nH >TDbs\T H]+~. ]kqT
#y+ q|&T |eT ]k b++ n|{ sT e
>T|{ +~. d|sY dqT nsY 29q >+ 270
qT+& 300 MTs yjTTy>+ bsB|t rs+ e<
rs +~. d|sY dqT, < eTT+<T nsY
17`18 B\ eq eTs TbqT s+& \d 19
$T*jTq |> |\| |ue+ #|+~. n+<T 35
\\ eT+~ |\\T HsT. 14 128 u\|
TbqT |u e+ |&+ ~. |< mTq X<q , dV jT #s \T
#|& eqe eqsT\T u> nedseTjsTT.
s\qT <V q+ #jT &+, |qsyd #s \T #| & +
mHdd, d$, &|H \ b bw+#sTT.
6.2 X<q , dV jT #s \ H| D\T
(Search and Rescue Skills)
$|T m|&T, m& d+u$+H < yTT<
d+~+, dVjT #s\T k ksTT sT>TbsT>T
ysT, e\H yTT<\esTT. H|D *q eqe
eqsT\T +& u~T\qT $|T qT+& s+#&+
k\ ujT+syTq n+X+. $|T\T < neds
|]dT\T k<sD J$ n+sjT+ *ksTT.
y|\T d+u$+#+& n&TeTT. , d+d<
(Preparedness) J$, eTsD eT< n&T>&>
\TdT+~.
n~ < T s \ + (highly vulnerable) * q
b+\ eddTq |\T s+s+ e# $|T\qT
eT #Ts+, d+ Cq+, d+ H| D\T, eT{
eqsT\ dVjT+ m<Ts=+THsT. Xu\T> |
|b T J$+#>\T>TTHsT.
$|T nq+s |]d (post disaster scenario)
X<q, s #s\T (Search and Rescue) m\|&
\ b bwksTT. X<q, s #s\ +<+ \+,
$eq |_wH
(Survival Skills)
keTs+, |ueX*+| <s|& me bD\T
b&&sTT.
6.2.1 X<q, s #s\ s#q+
(Defining search and Rescue)
m& bD eTT| +T+<, n& n+
nqqTL\ |]dT d+ bD\qT b&+<T
VsjT |+> D b+~q e < e\
deTV+ sV+# k+ #sqT X<q eT]jTT
s #s\T> s+#e#T (Search and rescue is a
technical activity rendered an individual or a group of
specially trained personnel , who rescue and attend to the
casualties under adverse conditions, where life is at
threat).
X<q , s #s \T eT{ kV dV s+,
{yT <<+ sV+|&sTT. X<q, s
sb\qT s+&T $<\T> #|&sT.
1. eT{jT k s #s\ +<+> |
#jT&+ (Community as Local Rescuers): @<H
$|T d+u$+q DyT dsq u< #s\
eT{ >T s #s\T #|&TT+~.
2. e T{ y \ T| * eqs T \ <s (Outside
community Resources): |]d >+;s+> +&,
k s #s \ duT \ q H| D\T, keT
q|&T eT{ y\T|\ qT+& |
dVs+ nedseTeT+~.
6.2.2 X<q, s #s\ +<+ |<q \\T
L*q ueH\ ~\ < #y TbqT
n\& bsTTq y] b&+
bsTTq y] |<eT n+~+,
y< d+ |+|+#&+.
L*bjT $<+> q < |e<+ q
ueH\qT *+> b&{ nedsyTq
D #s\T rdTe&+
178 $|T sVD
 #bsTTq y] eT<V\qT ]e #d y{ |]d eT~+| #dq sTy, ~>Teq |s=q
|+|+ yjT&+ = ]w n+X\ <s+> ]d {yT sD #s\T
eT{ |\qT s+#& k eqsT\qT #|& nedsyTq dsq |D[qT d<+ #dTH
m |j+#Ty\H <| D , d +T+~.
|<]+#&+ <s ne>Vq *+#&+ m. eqe X
6.2.3 X<q s #s\ +<+ LsT _. keT
d. $<q+
(Team Composition)
CsTTr, uy<>+ * e|s+> sT>T m. eqeX: s #s\T #|f duT\T (Rescuers)
H| D+ *, eT+ Xs <sT& +, |<s H keTs +, n+<TuT q H|D *q eqeX
neds |]dT | #jT& d+d<+> +& d, |j+#Te#T. nedsyT k eT{
|sTw y\+ ]d +< @sT #jT e#T.18 dVjT L& rdTe#T.
d+es\ |& ejTdT, k uw #~$, _. keT : u~T\qT s+#+<T , #q\T,
sjT>*q d $< q d |sTw y\+{sT X<q, y<T sT s\T, d# sT, |&e \T yTT<\>Tq$ +
s #s\ +<+ u>+> +&e#T. eJ d neds+. = d+<s\ keT \u+
d+~ b<q y*. be#T. { sD #s\T #|f duT\T
us, qT, T\T e+{ k+> \u eTjT
6.2.4 X<q,s #s\ +<+ duT <T\T eqsT\qT |j+#Ty*.
(Duties of Rescuer) d. $<q+ : u~T\qT s+#+<T |jTTyTq
yTT<{> b+ eT~+| #j*. <s |\T s $<H\T +{sTT. {, |e<
deTse+yTq s #s\T n+~+#& deTj due+, >j\ due+, |e< @ d
b<T| #dT e#T. qw |]~, qw+ ]q b++ jTT qT>=q&+ ]+~ nq n+X\| <s|& ds q
<<+, qw+ $es\T, + @<H qw+ d+u$+# $<H s]+#Ty*.
neX+ +<? nq de#s d]+#&+ m+ X< +<+ duT(Rescuer) e< +&e\dq$
eTTK+. b++ eddTq k HjT\T <
|\T |q |s=q de#s |P]> e>\T>TsT. 1. V{
de#s d]+# |&T eT&T \ d\qT 2. {]T
b{+#*. n$ : 3. >yT T
1. |]o*+#T(Look): |Tq\qT u+> M+, 4. |t CT
rD+> F #j*. 5. $
2. $qT(Listen) : eT{, |uT ]sT\T, | X< +<+ e< +&e\dq$
<H\T yTT<\>T n eqsT\ qT+& de#s 1. &T
>V+, $H*.
2. #q
3. >V +#T(Feel): ydy >V +, |e<\ jTT
re, < |d+~+#+<T eTq q k+ 3. |(Pully)
keTs n+#H ydTy*. 4. q q ]+# keT
6.2.5 |D[ 5. usY
6. dT
s #s\T (Rescue) #|&+ nH~ >]w
|d+<q #s d+ duT\ eT< deTqjT+, |D[ 7. d#sY
nedsyTq keTV |jT+ (Rescue is a team 6.2.6 eTT+<T C> #s\T
effort that needs coordination and planning amongst the $|T e\q <+dyTq ueq+ qT+& e
members for an optimum response opertation). s+, b& eTT+<T = eTT+<T C> #s\T
$eq |_wH 179 $|T sVD
rdTe\dq neds+ +T+~. nedsyT eT Xd n+~+, s+ s+&
ueq+ |y+#& eTT+<T T{*.
u e q sD, L *bsTTq u >\qT #jTL&$
|]o*+#*. $djT+ #+<s<T
>&\ @<H dbsT nedsy #&*. dsq de#s+ +& sD #s\T #|s<T.
\V q+> +& sD\ e\ d + u $ +# ~\ qT+& \|qT $#DsV+> jT
|e<\ qT+& C>> +&*. >T+s<T. n >&+ e\ eT]+ $<+d+
<q ueq+ |y+q sTy s>e#T.
e D |e<+ +f $TqV >jT|&q
V{qT <]+#*. e nC>> s*+#s<T.
+> | #j *. m|& +]> y L &<T . eT]+> >j\T njT $<+> < nqqTL\
@yH Xu\T edTHj $H* |]dT\ >TsjT $<+> eeV]+#s<T.
|\Td +&*. +> nedsy T | ~\T < |L*q
<q >&\qT, _>TdTbsTTq \T|\qT sD\ MT< T> ys<T.
&+ < ~*+#&+ #jTs<T. $<TY ysqT s<T.
>&\ qT+& jT|&q r>\+{ s+T u< #s\qT \+|T+#s<T.
|eVdTq ysT>H |]>D+#*.
<q ueq+ d+#]dTq|&T
6.3 |<eT
mTe+{ | y*+#s<T. mHd |& j
_{ |<e T qT |e<+
>&\ <>Zs> +&*.
]q DyT < Z+#& +&, eT]+ V
s > +& rd T H # s (measures to be taken
| <* C>> +&*. immediately after an accident not with an idea to cure but
L*bsTTq u>\ qT+& < jT >s<T. in order to prevent further harm being done)> |s=+~.
6.2.7 X<q, sD |swq d+<s+> |<eT >jT+ *q < kT> T |&q
u~T eT]+ <TH y<+ n+<& eTT+<T
#jT<q$ |e<+ ]q # \_+# eqe, b<] eqsT\qT
|X++> +&*. |j+#T =* d+sD n+~dT+~.
s #s\ eTT+<T rD eT~+| #j*. |<eT +& eT&T |<q \\T
<q n+dT k< yTq yTs >&\ <>sZ > 1. J$ s+#&+(To preserve life)
+&*. 2. u~T |]d eT]+ ~>Cs +& s~+#&+
~\qT =\+# eTT+<T >]w u< #s\T (To prevent the Victim's condition from worsening)
rdTy*. 3. dd #L], ] \Te& bV+#&+
| < e T n+~+, >j \qT | ] o*+ (To promote recovery)
deT+> Xd rdTH $<+> #j*. @<H #jT& eTT+<T D+ +#+&.
|w+TqT <T|{ < {s*H yTT<\>T y{ n ed s deTjT+ MTsT #dTq~ dsq #s n
| +, eT] >j\T +& b&*. u$+q |+ n> #jT+&. |+ Vs>
>j T | & q y] s * +# | & T | < T H q eeV]+#+&. dV]+#eT sT\qT s& @
edTe\qT # C>> |j+#*. e+ d++#+&.
<TdT\qT e<T\T #d, |w+TqT +< |sT+&u{, 6.3.1 |<eT \\T
y#> +& $<+> #j*. 1. Xs+ jTT eTTK $<T\T =qk> #jT&+,
$eq |_wH 180 $|T sVD
 |e< u~TD |]o*+, \TH #jT&+
u~T&T d+~+# d H&
& \ Td T H + < T \qT
~|, |* #&*.
qT {sT> +#* yq
e+#*

\qT yq e+ |{*
\T |
b* # #+||
b< H\| H +&
$<+> +#* #j*

#r <* +< <

#&* u~TD MT \qT |T=
y|q +&*
|y*

\qT yq
y* +#*

u~T&T Xd
rdTH #j*

dd #Ls&+, b<$T J$ <s| 2. eT] >j\T +& < s>+ eT]+

m_d(yjTT esZ+)(Airway), Xd (Breathing), D+#+& b&+.
s |dsD(Circulation)\ m\|& =* 3. u~T |qsTJe+ e&+, k< yTq + s>
b<q y*jT. \TH $<+> #jT&+.
yjTT esZ+(Airway)H L&q >* 6.3.2 s#sD |D[
Xs+ |y+# $<+> s#T +&*. u~T bD eTT| *> |]dT\T @yTH
Xd (Breathing) H }|]T\ >T+& Hj? eT]jTT D |<e T @yTH nedse ?
s |yV+ *d $<+> s>*. n eT~+| #dTe&+ |<eT n+~+# y]
>T+& HqT ydT s |d]+|Cj*. s#sD |D[ \ b bwdT+~. |<eT
$eq |_wH 181 $|T sVD
eTT+<T |]o*+#*q$..... |<eT { +&e\dq$
'DRABC' <~
D nq> |e<+ (DANGER) n+# f| ( n<d y f| )
MT, sT\, u~T\ @<H |e<+ |t u+&J
+<y >eT+#*. ds &d+ >
R nq> |d+<q (RESPONSE) j+>T\sY u+&C
<sMTsY
u~T&T d V H&?
s
u~T&T n#q+> H&? n |]o*+#*. >y
A nq> yjTTH+ (AIRWAY) dT
yjTTH+ Xu+> +<? H=| ysD e\T
yjTTH+ s# T +<? <? |]o*+#*. j+{d&
B nq> Xd (BREATHING) zsYmdt bT
# m>d|&TT+<? <? 6.3.3 eT]\&+ < d V e&+
u~T Xd MT #+|\ >T\TT+<? <? yT<&T ]> #s\ @<H ++ \>&+
|]o*+#*. =~ d| d V e& y T eT] \ & + . d V
C nq> s|dsD(CIRCULATION) e& nH s D \T +{sTT. n+< T
k<sDyTq$, eT]\&+, \ >jT+ e&+,
u~T H& n+<TT+<? <? n|ks d y&+, k $w |j>+ s>&+,
J$+ qT dwyTq d++ n+<TT+<? &ju{dt, H =s sD+> |]dT\T.
<? |]o*+#*. MTsT eT]*q e #dq |+...

dV sTTq e |<eT

sTdTH&? \ yq e+, #T\qT

<T\TTH&? < Xs \+D+ +&
\TdTH+<T * #&* #j*.

u~T d qy<T #dTy*

>jyTH Hj |]o*+#*.
dV |be& sD\T
|]o*+#*.

$eq |_wH 182 $|T sVD

 #jT e\dq$:
e +< |&b+& |Ty*.
e sTdTH&? <T\TTH&? n
\TdTH+<T * #&*.
>j\T +f |]o*+#*. d V | be&
sD\qT |]o*+#*.
\qT yq e+, #T \qT Xs \+D+
+& #j*.
qT 8 qT+& 12 n+>T\ | b*. Be\
yT<&T s |yV+ |sT>TT+~.
_>TT <TdT\T +f, y{ e<T\T #j*.
jT #\> +f, u~T Xs+> y#>
+& #j*.
u~T d ]sT #j*.
#jTL&$
|w+T q&, >& @MT eL&<T.
eT]*q e |P]> d V e# es |
ejTs<T.
b++ y#> +f, u~T #T H
>T$TL&< jTs<T.
MTsT |e<+ +& u~TD
eT+ qT+& C>> jT
rj*
6.3.4 *q >j\T
b& w+ &+ e\q #s *> qwyT
\&+, |, n \\T, { $], y& <y\T, y&
V\T, $<TY < skjTH\T y{e\HH *q
>j\T e#T.
*q >j\ re eT&T s\T> +T+~
1. yTT<{ &^ (|]u>+): e\+ #s| | bsqT
eyT sTT. #s+ msu], b&>
+T+~. *q >jT+ H=|> +T+~. *q
u>+ e#T. *q >j n~ X+
yTT<{ &^H +{sTT.
2. s+&e &^ (b+ ` eT+<+): #s| uVbs,
|* bs s+& <+{sTT. *q u>+
msu], u\T e, sd ], #s+ &>
+T+~. Te+{ >j\T u> H=|> +&,
*q u>+ TT+~.
3. eT&e &^ (|P]> re+) : +&s\T, meTT\T,
s |\\T, H&T\ dV #s+ s+&T
bs\qT $<+d+ #ksTT. >j\T ><TeT
s + > T | k s TT. =ks T | \ q
DC\T ]bsTT \> |ksTT.
*q >j\ |<eT
*q >jT+ e< 10
$Tc\T #\s#*

y| se& eTT+<
q>\T, _>Tq edTe\qT
=\+#*
eT+\T ]bjT
u~TD <T|{ #T{yj*

*q u> |P]> |
\qT +~ +#* +#* *q b+ q\T
ek\T +& s
*q ek\T < #H
| | +#*

$eq |_wH 183 $|T sVD

*q >jq|&T #jTe\dq$
s ke+ ]q|&T #jTe\dq |<eT
*q u> y+H #\{ { eTT+#* <
#\ { eTT+q ek\ T&y*.
s+ s # >{> e |{*
&+ < u\T @s&{ eTT+< q>\T,
s _>Tq <TdT\qT =\+#*.
*q u> b&, ds ek\ | +#*.
q\T < u#T +& yT ek\ |s<T.
eT+ qsTT, y+H jT ,
ed+ |, <=]+#*. < DyT <T|{ >jTyTq u> | m
|yj*. |Ty*
#jTL&$:
>j nk<sD { |&q+ +< +#s<T.
*q u > n T bsTTq ek
=\+#s<T.
*q b++ yq, qH, eT+#T e+{$ b& #T{ eTT&yj*
|PjTs<T.
6.3.5 eT+#T<(Frost-bite)
c>\T dTH &^\ +f e> q|&T
X s D C\T | T u $ +# & + e\ eT+# T <
>T\TT+~. #s+ \u], yTq+ |sTbsTTqT
|dT+~. >{> qT +T+~. #s+ +<
q DC\T yT> +{sTT. $T] |{, sTy qT | +, dbsT>
H=| n|dT+~. @<H |{*
\qT +<
eT+#T< q|&T #jT e\dq$
+& #j*
eT+#T< q yqT, #e\qT y# #T\
| +#*.
eT+#T< q b+, <| }|] }<&+
<s < < Xs+ y# u>
+#&+ <s < 40 &^\ d+{>& y&
q { eTT+#&+ <s y#<H *+#*. 6.3.6 s ke+(Bleeding)
eT+#T< q b+ | +#*. >j\T, ^dTbe&+, s+<\T e&+ e\
#jTL&$ ske sT>TT+~. re ske+ e\q bD d+
q dT d sT<&+ e\ DC eT]+
eTT| y{\TT+~. sky n&Ty\+f...
qw+ sT>TT+~. HsT> |{*.
eT+#T< q b+ eTs eT+#T sT<& + u~T D +< |sT +&u{
< *q u> >T+&
e\q + _>TdT bjT |e<+ +~. HsT> +f mT +#*. bsY nsTTqT u$d,
y& jTL&<T . n+<Te\ b++ s> C>> +&*.
ysY njT |e<+ +~. =~ $Tc\ ske+ ]q sTy s+
|w+TqT q&ejTL&<T. eT+<+> esTT+~. BH >&+ ({+>) n+{sT.
u\T @yTH ed y{ |>\jTL&<T. {+> e\q ske+ HeT~dT+~. u+&C yjT&+
$eq |_wH 184 $|T sVD
e\q ske+ *bsTT, >j <TeTT, k<T. n+>T\ |q _>Tq s\sY u+&J yj*.
u+&CqT sE d+ ksH es*. nedsyT T ydq b+ dT Xu+> &>*.
f{qdt +H rdTy*. u+&J y\T <s $<+> e<T\T> +#*.
V#]: XdH, XdqT, s |ds D
qT F #j *.
@<H nejTe+ qT+& s ke+ *bqsTT, beTT T ydq e< s H{ |*, $T
s+ e# <>Zs # >{> n~$T |{*. y j *. n # d q s T y H{
>jT+ @<H >T#T +f, >j @<
|*+#*.
y| n~$T|{, u+&C yjT& eTT+<T
|w+TqT y+H d s*+#*.
< #T yT{ b&qT +#*.
k<yT >E\T =&Ty*. |X++> +&y*.
u~T&T d V sTTqsTT, &sYm_d beTT T ydq u> <\+& +&
nqTd]+#+&. C>> +&*.
6.3.6 $<T<|+(Electrocution) 6.3.8 $s>&+ uD&+
C>> |j+#T=qb $<T# # nd| + s+ @<H u> |u $+ #d
|e<syTq~. $<T# |e<+ d+u$+q|&T, >j $s>& + n+{sT. | < |s \ |u e+
$<TY |yV *|< u~TD L&<T. $<TY e\q ~ sT>TT+~.
c e\ #s +|H +& Xs+ L& *q >j\T $s>& d++~+q k<sD >TsT\T
nesTT. Xd rd T e& + , V < j T d +< q \D\T :
*bT+~.
~*q|&T >jT+ *q |<X + e<, <#T
$<TY c *q e #jT & eTT+<T
$<TY |yV *|yj*. u~TD $<TY s<+ H=| \>&+
kjT+ n& qT+& jT rj*. &sYm_d |< <\&+ w+ e&+ < k<+ be&+
neT\T #j*. c *q u> XuyTq ed+ $]q u>+ y\+ @s&+
| +#*. nedsyT DyT d |+b*.
c >\&+
>TsT+ #T+& : V yJ q b++ u~T D
|jT+ #jTs<T. <e\ |<eT #d y] |<eT
bD eTT| y{\TT+~. |e<, |d+<q, Xd, s |dsDqT

6.3.7 beTT T |]o*+#*.

mTe+{ bsH H <\ +& #jT & eTT+<T
n~ X+ beTT\T V #jTy +{sTT.
eTq ujT+ sD+>H k<sD+> beTT\T eTq| <& reyTq sky jT++#*.
#dT+{sTT. beTT\T k<sD+> uV+>\|H T $]q |<X <qT> dsq b&+> #j*.
yksTT. me> qT T yksTT. T ydq|&T $]q |<X\qT <\+& #j*.
n~ $w ds| T>H u$+#*. beTT T ydq meTT\T >jT+ #=#TbjT $<+> \+
b++ |sY yTT_C w H u+&J #j *.
|j+#s<T.
#jTe\dq$
|w+TqT d s* +# eTT+<T ds q b&+>
T >Ts q n+> >T+& q mT +f e
mT +& #j*. y*.
H=| Z+, y| s+& >jT+ *q
T ydq u> qT+& 15`30 dq es s
sy*. b++| dT >& sT<*.
@<H n+>+| T ydqsTT, >j s+&T c >\+& #j*.

$eq |_wH 185 $|T sVD

6.3.9 $w |j>+
@<H |<s+ Xs+ |y+#&+ e\q
>j\T, T < eTsD <]rjT& $w
|j >+> |]>Dk sT . n+sVZ D $c\T $w|P ]yT q e&+ sT>TT+~.
|<s\qT q&+ < >&+ e\q H{ <s Xs+
|y ksTT. b]X$T yjTTe\T, b>qT |\&+ e\q
HV $w|<s\T }|]T\ <s Xs+
ysTT. |sT>T eT+<T\T, HXqT\qT #|&T
#s+ <s $w|<s\T Xs+ ysTT.
#jTe\dq$
u~T |e<+, |d+<q, yjTTH+, Xd,
s|dsD (&sYm_d)qT |]o*+#*.
$w |uy Z+#+<T b\T < eT+sT
+#*.
eTTKyTq V\qT |sy+#*. c s+&
s~+#*.
y+ s+>TqT, |]eD |]o*dT+&*.
u~T&T *> >* |\Te& nqT>TD+>
H{ @yTH |<s\T +f =\+#*.
|w+TqT ]e bwqT +, y<
dVs+ d+ y #&*.
#jTL&$
\e++> y+T\T #sTT+#s<T.
6.3.10 e&<
e&< # d\yTq V#] d+u$dT+~.
Xs #\]# eed $|\yTq|&T Xs c>
y > + > |s T > T T +~. Be\q n ed s | ] d
@s&TT+~.
e&< \D\T:
Xs c> # me> +&, y&>, b&>
+T+~. #s + msusTT+~. #eT\T |& + +&<T .
H&d +<q (|s T) # me> +T+~. qTs|\T
TsTT. njeTjT+> +T+~. =ksT dV
e&< *q|&T #jTe\dq$ :
<TdT\T =\+#&+/ e<T\T #jT&+ < >*
$ds&+ <s Xs c> >Z #j*.
yT&, d+\T, > eT+#T>&\T +#*.
|w+T >>*q+ <e|<s\qT +#*.
y&> +& |<X\ <s+> +#*.
zs V&wH k\wH (zsYmdt):
& V & w H (X s + \eD\T, s T
sTTq| & T ) ]q| & T zsY m dt <eD+
bD|<sTT <V<|& T T+~. >dT { { &T
| (sT { #T n+ |> +&+<T d]|&
| yd #\T), fT dH #s yd, zsYmdt
<eD+ jseT+~. Xs+ $<TY $Xw
d+T b&, Xs V&{ #jT&
dVjT|&TT+~.
dV s+ 6.3.11 T
]q|&T s;dt s+& s~+#&+,
HH k+& #jT&+ d+ |<eT #ksT.
>jTyTq #T qT+& Xuy T q ed+ ,
< |t |j+, Xu+ #j*.
# s<T.
dT, { >j Xu+> &>*.
b&, d] C #dq ed+ >j | +#*.
y< dV jT+ n+~+#* < k< yTq + s>
d |+b*.

H>|PsY n+srjT ksTT du<X\ $|T |d+<q <\ d+~ L&

D ksT . +< CrjT $|T sVD b~s
$|T sVD D +<+ d+d(Natural Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
eTVsh H>|P sY CrjT $|T |d+<q @sT #dT+< d+d ydt #sY|sH eT] X<sYs&
<+ (NDRF) d+ n+srjT ksTT $|T sVD *bsT. +<+ @sT eTVsh |uT+ 100
D +< @sT #jTqTHsT. B ksY ms\ d {sTT++~.

$eq |_wH 186 $|T sVD

 m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T
1. $|T sVD| +~ y @~ D se\qT 9. us<X+ $|T qw ysD yTT<{ CrjT
sVdT+ ~? (4) y~ jTT e+ (1)
1) Hwq d{ |t bsdT yTHCyT+{ 1) n_e~ |<q $|T qw ysD : qweTT
2) Hwq d{ |t q{wH qT+& s> \T=qT
3) Hwq d{ |t ss &e\|tyT+{ 2) sTrs+ $|T\ ysD
4) Hwq bdt n&$T 3) +&j $|T\ d+ue+ eT]jTT ysD
2. bsX\ $|T sVD |D[ n+s>\T 4) n_e~ |<q $|T qw reqT Z+#T :
1) |e<+ >T]+| eT]jTT n+#H (4) CrjT <wD eX
2) n<|\qT eT]jTT bsX\ jeH 10. d es_*{ +& (d.$.) V<su<
#q+ #jT&+ {e\ mesT $&T<\ #XsT? (4)
3) |{\qT jsT #jT&+ 1) +<|<X sw $|T sVD n<]{
4) |$ n 2) CrjT $|T sVD n<]{
3. u X~\+ @ esT\ e\ \T>TqT? (2) 3) +&jTH yesD XK
1) es\T 2) c> 4) +&jT H CrjT deTT< de#s ddT\ +<+
3) >* ~X 4) eT 11. CrjT $|T sVD n<]{ b<&T (4)
4. CrjT $|T sVD $<qeTTq eT+esZ+ 1) d. sq]+V
nqTeT q d+es+ (1) 2) mH. s|TTMs s&
1) 2009 2) 2008 3) mH. sDYesY s&
3) 2007 4) 2010 4) myT. X<sY s&
5. ||+# $|T sVD deyX+ 2005 m& 12. CrjT $|T sVD #+ < @ss+~?
]+~? (2) 1) CrjT $|T sVD n<]{ (4)
1) eTwj 2) bH 2) $|T sVD CrjT d+d
3) +&Hwj 4) <sTT+& 3) CrjT $|T skH bsY n<]{
6. d{ &Cds Y s dtbH |+ &T 2011`12 +< |<X 4) |e
m+ {sTT+#sT? (2) 13. $|T sVD {+ +&e\dq~? (4)
1) ` 508.84 T 2) ` 534.28 T 1) nHwD eT]jTT sD {+
3) ` 560.99 T 4) ` 589.04 T 2) |<eT {+
7. +&j $|T sVD #+ @ d+es+ 3) ne>Vq |+|<\ {+
#jT&+~? (2)
4) |e
1) 2004 2) 2005
14. $|T sVD #+ +< @s&q jT++>eTT\T
3) 2006 4) 2007
1) CrjT $|T sVD n<]{ (4)
8. CrjT $|T sVD d+d (Hwq d{ |t
&CdsY yTHCyT+{) q #T (1) 2) sw $|T sVD n<]{
1) q& 2) V<su< 3) $|T sVD n<]{
3) $XK|+ 4) =H 4) |e
$eq |_wH 187 $|T sVD
 15. 1990 <Xu @ d+d n+srjT | $|T 22. $|T e\q qw+ *q b+\ @ syTq
Z+| <X+> |{++~? (1) nek|q ks\qT *|+#*? (4)
1) sd$T k<sD du 1) sV<sT\T eT]jTT e+q\ |q]sD+
2) @djTH n_e~ u+& 2) * yk\ ksTT |+#&+
3) ||+# u+ 3) ] k|+q b+\ ks\T *Z+#+
4) UNESCO 4) |$ n
16. sd$T $|T sVD {yT (UNDMT) m& 23. +&j $|T sVD\ d+d d+k> esT\T
$|T\ e\ *> deTd\qT rs{ u< d+#T q n~s $T{ @ d+es+
eVdT+~? (4) @sT #jT&+ ]+~? (4)
1) dj 1) 1996 2) 1997
2) | 3) 1998 4) 1999
3) s nyT] 24. CrjT $|T sVD #+ 2005 *+#Tq~
4) ||+#eT+{ n <X\ 1) &CdsY skH |+& k|+#&+ (4)
17. $|T sVD {yT +&e\dq~ (4) 2) &CdsY $T{>wH |+& k|+#&+
1) ne>VqqT |+b+~+# {yT 3) mH . .& . my T . eT]j T T mH . & . sY . m| t . \qT
k|+#&+
2) |<eT {yT
4) |$ n
3) nHwD eT]jTT sD {yT
25. $|T sVD {yT\T * +&~ (4)
4) |e
1) nHwD eT]jTT sD {yT
18. <X+ $|T sVD se\qT deTqjT+
#d +< eT+ XK (3) 2) |<eT {yT
1) >MTD_e~ XK 3) ne>VqqT *+# {yT
2) sD XK 4) |e
3) <ojT eeVs\ XK 26. CrjT $|T ysD ~q+ (2)
1) nsT 28 2) nsT 29
4) |ks\ XK
3) nsT 30 4) nsT 31
19. yTT<{ $|T sVD eTVduqT @ d+es+
bs+_+#sT? (1) 27. +~ y $|T sVD D se
\qT sVdTq d+d @~? (1)
1) 29`11`2006 2) 26`10`2005
1) CrjT bdt n&MT
3) 29`11`2004 4) 29`10`2007
2) nM |]X<q d+d
20. +&j sT e\ e\ *> $|T \ T n eeVs\
d+u+~ +< eT+ XK (2) 3) CrjT bw Vs d+d
1) >V eT+ XK 4) CrjT nXeTq n&$T
2) eekjT eT+ XK 28. Hu, n_e~ eT]jTT $|T sVD\ MT< H\T>T
sE\ n+srjT d$THsYqT |e] 2012
3) >MTD n_e~ eT+ XK sV+q $X$<\jT+ (1)
4) ] eT+ XK 1) |s $X$<\jTeTT
21. d{ ddt yTHCyT+{ $T{ n<&T (1) 2) $TCs+ $X$<\jTeTT
1) eTTK s<] 2) eTTKeT+ 3) >V $X$<\jTeTT
3) ] s<] 4) ] eT+ 4) H>+& $X$<\jTeTT
$eq |_wH 188 $|T sVD
 29. Hwq b{bsY H &CdsY ]dt ]&H df]jT{ 36. $|T sVD sb\qT dyT|]# +&j
q d\+ (1) +< |uT eT+ XK (1)
1) q& 2) =H 1) >VeT+ XK
3) nV<u< 4) $XK|D+ 2) |sesD eT+ XK
30. 2012 qe] fV V& &e\|tyT+{ s=swH
3) ybs eT]jTT yD eT+ XK
n~sT\ $|T sVD b<$T n+X\ MT<
D se sV+q~ mesT? (3) 4) Vs eT+ XK
1) Hwq Hd{ |t ss &e\|tyT+{ 37. es<\ sVD +< |uT+ qeTH _\TqT
2) Hwq &CdsY yTHCyT+{ n<]{ jsT#jTeT @ $TwH d++~?
3) +&jTH Hd{ |t |_ n&dwH 1) CrjT es<\ $TwH (3)
4) Hwq d$ &|H C 2) CrjT $|T\ $TwH
31. @ n\ us ddt duT\ b<$T D $|T 3) +< \ $TwH
sVD u>+> #s&+~? (4) 4) +< $<TY $TwH
1) +&jTH n&d{y ddt
38. $|T\qT Z+#T eT]jTT |qsyd s
2) +&jTH bdt ddt e\ eT{ u>keT+ e\q *> eTTK
3) +&jTH bsdt ddt u\T (4)
4) |e 1) <s\ Z+| 2) keTs
32. +~ y +&j eTTKyTq $|T @~?
3) *| +&+ 4) |e
1) 1977 TbqT (+<|<X) (4)
39. $|T sVD |kseTT jTT eTTKyTq neds\T
2) 2004 dTHMT ($TH&T eT]jTT s)
(4)
3) 2005 u+|eTT (osY)
1) |]d >T]+q |P] Cq+
4) |e
33. +&j +<eTT CrjT $|T sVD d+d 2) dw
n<&T mesT? (2) 3) d+|
1) ]eT+ 4) |e
2) |<qeT+ 40. CrjT $|T |d+<q ~ B ||\eTT (3)
3) de#s eT]jTT |ksXK eT+ 1) 11e ] $TwH 2) 12e ] $TwH
4) >MTD n_e~ eT+ 3) 13e ] $TwH 4) | y{ @B <T
34. CrjT $|T sVD d+d +~ y B j sT 41. @ sEq yTT<{ +&jTH $|T sVD +>dt
#dT+~ (1)
bs+_+#&+~? (3)
1) Hwq b\d H &CdsY yTHCyT+{
1) 26`10`2006 2) 29`8`2006
2) Hwq b\d H H#Ts VCsY
3) 29`11`2006 4) 29`10`2006
3) Hwq b\d H &CdsY $T{>wH
4) Hwq b\d H &CdsY n+& VCsY 42. CrjT $|T sVD d+d |#T]+# <y] |
35. $|T sVD {+ *d (#]) +&e\dq~. |sT (1)
1) ne>Vq d+#T T (4) 1) &CdsY eT]jTT &e\|tyT+{
2) |<eT T 2) &CdsY +&j
3) nHwD eT]jTT sD T 3) &CdsY $T{>wH
4) |e 4) +&jTH &CdsY
$eq |_wH 189 $|T sVD
 43. $|T sVD #+, 2005 +< @ss#&q 50. T+ $|T ysD { +&e\dq$ (4)
jT++>\T/sD\T (4) 1) eT Vs|<s\T, >TsT
1) CrjT $|T sVD n~s d+d 2) s> eT+<T\T
2) sw $|T sVD n~s d+d 3) y& <TdT\T
3) $|T sVD n~s d+d 4) |e
4) |e 51. 21e X u | y T T< { < X + + ~ y
+&j $|T d+u$++~. (4)
44. n | y|\ d++~+q $|T sVD
1) uC u+|+, 2001
sb\qT deTqjT+ #jT{ +&j
+<+ q +< d+d (1) 2) +&jTH zwH dTH$T, 2004
3) es<\T, 2008
1) >V eT++
4) |e
2) k+|T HjT+, k~s eT++
52. +&j +<+ $|T\ d++~+q n
3) Xd, k+ q eT++ $wj\ d++~+q +< eT++? (4)
4) |sesD, nM eT++ 1) de#s, |ks eT+eTT
45. sd$T $|T sVD {yT @ K+&+ 2) eqe eqsT\ n_e~ eT+eTT
deTd\qT rs u< * +~? (4) 3) >MTD n_e~ eT+eTT
1) | 2) dj 4) >V eT+eTT
3) d*j 4) n K+& 53. $|T sVD| CrjT $<H +< eT+esZ+
46. $|T sVD {yT +&e\dq$ (4) @ sEq y~++~? (1)
1) ne>Vq \q {yT 1) 22.10.2009 2) 22.10.2008
3) 22.10.2010 4) 22.10.2007
2) |<eT {yT
54. $|T sVD #+ @ sEq sb+~+#&+~?
3) nHwD, b&>\ {yT
1) 11.12.2005 2) 23.12.2006 (3)
4) |e 3) 23.12.2005 4) 11.11.2005
47. $|T sVD d+~ B D b+<* (4) 55. +~ y |< |e<+ (+&j) (2)
1) b<$T 1) 1977 (+<|<X TbqT)
2) |]Xu 2) 1987 (15 sc sTe |]d)
3) uj+<q| d\V 3) 2008 (s ;VsY q~ es<\T)
4) |e 4) |e
48. $|T d++ >TZ<\ seT+ L&q qq 56. 2009 s+&e us $|T sVD du ]q
seT+ eekjT eT+ XK eTTK seT+. #T (4)
n~ @~? (4) 1) V<su< 2) lq>sY
1) sJy ydt jq 3) *{ 4) q&
2) CrjT >T{ $TwH 57. n+srjT $|T\ |d+<q +~ y <
sd$T CyT< #d+~? (3)
3) swjT >eT d& jq
1) sd$T Office for Co-ordination of Hu-
4) swjT w $d jq manitarian Affairs
49. $|T V#] de#s m n+~ksT? (4) 2) UNESCO
1) XyD 2) <s<sH 3) sd$T Office of Mitigation of Disasters
3) yTTu bqT\T 4) |e 4) sd$T $|T sVD {yT
$eq |_wH 190 $|T sVD
 58. @ $< u<q +&j |t f 67. |ks |>V+ eTTKyTq \D+ (3)
m&TwH, $|T sVD| s\qT bs+_++~? 1) n+||sY 2) {H$TsY
1) +]+> 2) yTHCyT+{ (1) 3) {H V+&sY 4) ]desY
3) ]fsY 4) +|PsY +]+> 68. +&j +<+ @ eT+ XK | $|T
59. Hwq d{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{ q#T sVD sb\qT (sTe $TqV) dyTK
1) q& 2) \ (1) |sTdT+~? (1)
3) 4) =H 1) >V eeVs\ eT+ XK
60. @ sw |uT+ sd$T n_e~ seT+ 2) $<T# eT+ XK
dVs+ &CdsY ]dt yTHCyT+{ b>+ 3) eekjT eT+ XK
bs+_++~? (4)
4) eqe n_e~ eT+ XK
1) ]k 2) $TH&T
3) >TsY 4) s 69. $|T eTT+<T ]> deTjT+, s s b\T
$|T sVD +{sTT. n$ @$? (4)
61. +~ y &CdsY yTHCyT+{ {+ @~?
1) |q]sD+, |q]yd+
1) nysYHdt CqswH {+ (4)
2) ysD/|XeTq+
2) |dt msTT& {+
3) dsY n+& sd {+ 3) neds |d+<q
4) |e 4) |e
62. +< |uT+ $|T sVD H& @ 70. $|T sVD sb\qT d+|T{ |s#{
+< |uT+ +< d+d (1)
1) >MTD n_e~ eT+XK (2)
2) >V eT+ XK 1) >V eT+ XK
3) eekjT eT+ XK 2) >MTD_e~ eT+ XK
4) |ks\ eT+ XK 3) |ks\ eT+ XK
63. neTTsY s&j (Amateur Radio) eTs |sT 4) |D eeVs\ eT+ XK
1) dTHMT s&j 2) $|T s&j (4) 71. +< |uT CrjT $|T sVD $u>+
3) b{ s&j 4) V+ s&j nedsy T q |&T $|T \ e\ qw+ y{*q b+\
@$T |+|T+~? (4)
64. T+ $|T ke |d]> +&e\d+~
1) |>V f*bH ks+ >\ d+|T{ ke
1) |<eT |f 2) eT+<T\T (4)
3) >TsT 4) |e 2) qw+ y{*q |\ eT+<T\T n+~+#+
65. $|T sVD T < D b+<*? (4) 3) dVjT se\ neT\T
1) b<$T 4) |e
2) |]Xu 72. + ~ y $| T d + d < eT]j T T d +< q
3) +<q, ujT+ *Z+q y] d\V se d++<+ q$ (4)
4) |e 1) us yesD d++< XK
66. $|T sVD uw, DRABC n+f (1) 2) us n+] |]X<q d+d
1) Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, 3) +< \ MTwH
Circulation 4) |e
2) Danger, Reflection, Airway, Bed, Cold 73. $|T |D[ |<q \D\T (4)
3) Danger, Reference, Airway, Break, Cold 1) \ X~ 2) ds
4) Danger, Response, Air, Blood, Certification 3) keTs+ 4) |e
$eq |_wH 191 $|T sVD
 ABBREVIATIONS
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre DDP Desert Development Programme
ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Centre DDWS Digital Disaster Warning System
AERB Atomic Energy Regulatory Board DM Disaster Management
AICTE All India Council for Technical DMC Disaster Management Community
Education DMD Disaster Management Department
AMCDRR Asian Ministerial Conference on DMI Disaster Management Institute
Disaster Risk Reduction
DMS Disaster Management Support
AMR-APARD AMR-Andhra Pradesh Academy of
Rural Development DMSAR Airborne SAR for Disaster Management
ASAR Advance Search & Rescue DMT Disaster Management Team
BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme
BIDR Border Security Force Institute of DRDE Defence Research & Development
Disaster Response Establishment
BIS Bureau of Indian Standard DRDO Defence Research & Development
Organization
BMPTC Building Material & Technology
Promotion Council DRM Disaster Risk Management
BRGF Backward Regions Grant Fund DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
BSF Border Security Force EM-DAT Emergency Database
BTC Basic Training Centre ERRP Earthquake Risk Reduction and
Recovery Preparedness
CADRE Community Action for Disaster
Response EWS Early Warning System
CBRN Chemical, Biological Radiological and FAO Food and Agriculture organisation
Nuclear FMP Flood Management Planning
CDM Centre for Disaster Management GAW Global Atmosphere Watch Stations
CERTI Central Emergency Relief Training GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk
Institute Reduction
CISF Central Industrial Security Force GIDM Gujarat Institute of Disaster
CMG Crisis Management Group Management
CMIP Crisis Management Plan GIS Geographic Information Systems
CRED Centre for Research on the GLIDE Global Unique Disaster Identifier
Epidemiology of Disasters Number
CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dry Land GSI Geological Survey of India
Agriculture HOPE Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies
CRPF Central Reserve Police Force ICRISAT International Crop Research for Semi-
CSSR Collapsed Structure Search & Rescue arid Tropics
CTC Central Training College ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Project
CWC Central Water Commission
IDMC India Disaster Management Congress
CWDS Cyclone Warning Dissemination System
IDNDR International Decade for Natural
DDMA District Disaster Management Authority Disaster Reduction

$eq |_wH 192 $|T sVD

IMD Indian Meteorological Department NPP Nuclear Power Plan
INCOIS Indian National Centre for Oceanic NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee
Information System Scheme
INSARAG International Search and Rescue NSS National Service Scheme
advisory Group
OASTC Ocean and Atmospheric Science &
ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Technology Cells
Reduction
OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster
ITBP Indo-Tibetan Border Police
Assistance
MIC Methyl Iso Cynate
PEER Programme for Enhancement of
MPC Mitigation Plan Committee Emergency Response
MSK Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik RDD Radiological Dispersal Device
NARL National Atmospheric Research RNBC Radiological, Nuclear, Biological &
Laboratory Chemical disasters
NBC National Building Code of India
RSMC Regional Specialized Meteorological
NCC National Cadet Corps Centre
NCCF National Calamity Contingency Fund SASE Snow and Avalanche Study
NCDC National Civil Defence College Establishment
NCMC Natural Crisis Management Committee SCMG State Crisis Management Group
NCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation SCZMC SAARC Coastal Zone Management
Project Centre
NDEM National Database for Emergency SDMA State Disaster Management Authority
Management
SDMC SAARC Disaster Management Centre
NDMA National Disaster Management
Authority SDRF State Disaster Response Force

NDMF National Disaster Mitigation Fund SDRF State Disaster Response Fund

NDRF National Disaster Response Fund SEC State Executive Committee

NDRF National Disaster Response Force SFAC Standing Fire Advisory Council
NEC National Executive Committee SMRC SAARC Metrological Research Centre
NEOC National Emergency Operation Centre TDPSI TOT in Disaster psycho-social
NERMP National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Intervention
Project TEWS Tsunami Early Warning System
NFRMP National Flood Risk Mitigation Project TRP Tsunami Reconstruction Programme
NFSC National Fire Service College UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and
NIDM National Institute of Disaster Coordination
Management UNISDR United Nations for International
NIOT National Institute of Ocean Technology Strategy for Disaster Reduction
NISA National Industrial Security Academy URR Urban Risk Reduction
NITSRDR National Institute for Training in Search, USAR Urban Search & Rescue
Rescue and Disaster Response
VPN Virtual Private Network
NLRMP National Landslide Risk Mitigation
WFP World Food Programme
Project
NPDM National Policy on Disaster WHO World Health Organisation
Management WMO World Metrological Organisation

$eq |_wH 193 $|T sVD

 bdT |X\T
1. +~ y{ #y+ se& neX+ 8. +~ y{ eqe s y|+
|<X+ 1. u+|+ 2. dTH$T
1. #H 2. eT+>SsT 3. es<\T 4. @B <T
3. neTdsY 4. |P] 9. $| T ( Disaster) nH | < + @ u w qT+&
2. +~ y{ dsq y+ @~? $s$+#qT?
1. o\+ >\T\T u $T qT+& eTVdeTT<\ 1. ns_ 2. |+#Y 3. {H 4. ^
y| M#TqT 10. +~ y{ | y|+ @~?
2. y d $ \+ >\T\T u $T| qT+& 1. sTe 2. jTT<+ 3. >y<+4. |e
eTVdeTT<\ y| M#TqT
3. re n~ |&q eed @s& n~ y>yTq 11. de+ jTT eT* sD eT]jTT
>\T\ L&q #y+ q #T qT k<sD |rsT n+sjT+ *+# d
sT>TqT < re < T s < c $| T n+{s T ( The
occurance of a sudden or a major misfortune
4. us< X rs s K b++ #y\ <Ts\+ which disrupts the basic fabric and normal func-
* <T tioning of a society(or community) is known as
3. n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T eT]jTT yjTT |&q disaster). s#H q~ mesT?
ed+ < sDeT>TqT? 1. sd$T
1. { $] 2. #y\T 2. ||+# u+
3. yT|\T 4. @B <T 3. CrjT $|T b~s d+d
4. TbqT V#]qT m >+\ eTT+<T C 4. |e
#jTT<TsT? 12. $s|s(tectonic) $|T <VsD @~?
1. 6 >+\ eTT+<T 2. 12 >+\ eTT+<T 1. VeT d+y\T 2. #y\T
3. 24 >+\ eTT+<T 4. 48 >+\ eTT+<T 3. u+b\T 4. es<\T
5. deTT<+ +< e# u+b @eT+<TsT? 13. eT{ $|T >TsjT dT <
1. #y+ 2. dTH$T |Tq\ |d+~+# keTs re+>
3. +uew 4. |&T>TbT |u$+ #d u, ke ] eT]jTT/<
6. u+| X |]eD+ e+ #d d\TqT sjT s\# Ls& b\+ q <
@eT+<TsT? |sekq |]dT\ deTV @eT+{sT?
1. yH>| 2. usMTsY 1. dTH$T 2. <Ts\+
3. ]sY d\T 4. dk>|t 3. $|T 4. y|+
7. u+| s+>\qT qy<T #d |]s 14. +~ y{ H\T>T s\ $|T \ T(sT e, es<\ T,
@eT+<TsT? #y+, u+|+) m<Ts=H sh+ @~?
1. dk>|t 2. ]sY d\T 1. s|<X 2. |eT u+>
3. usMTsT 4. <sk{ 3. +<|<X 4. &c
$eq |_wH 194 $|T sVD
 15. 68 X+ s k>T $ds+ <Ts\ * 25. ub $c<+ $&T<q yjTTe
+~? 1. b{wjT+ k<jdH{
1. u+b\T 2. sTe 2. k&jT+ k<jdH{
3. es<\T 4. dTH$T 3. < kdH{
16. ]sY d\TqT d+es+ n_e~ |]#sT? 4. $T< kdH{
1. 1940 2. 1930 3. 1934 4. 1945 26. #s_ nDT $|T d+u$+q d+es+
17. ]sY d\T| >]w |]$T 1. 1984 2. 1985 3. 1986 4. 1987
1. 9 2. 8 27. +<|<X rs sK b&e
3. 100 4. mTe+{ |]$T<T 1. 900 .MT 2. 1200 .MT
18. u+b\T < e\q d+u$+#TqT? 3. 972 .MT 4. 279 .MT
1. n|s $kq+ 28. k +<b++ \ d+K
2. u+X #\q+ 1. 8 \T 2. 4 \T
3. \d |&q+ 3. 10 \T 4. 9 \T
4. |e 29. k +<b++ n|<
19. dTH$T nH |<+ @ uw qT+& <$+#qT? 1. $XK|D+ 2. sT><e]
1. |dt 2. #dt 3. |eT><e] 4. >T+sT
3. |+#Y 4. ^ 30. +<|<X rs b+ yT<q+ m& qT+&
20. rs + | d T H$T > ] w m T # s T e& bs+ueT>TqT?
@eT+{sT? 1. |eT qTeT\T 2. +>U+
1. c*+> 2. sH n|t 3. sT qTeT\T 4. qs< q~
3. m& yy 4. |sesq+ 31. #y\ H\
21. V+< eTVdeTT< dTH$T q~ 1. >dT 2. d|+sY 3. nsY 4. qe+sY
1. 2004 &d+sY 24 2. 2006 &d+sY 24 32. sTe m|&T d+u$dT+~?
3. 2006 &d+sY 26 4. 2004 &d+sY 26 1. esb+ n~+> q|&T
22. s T e eTT| b+ s e (& | m | ) 2. d>T esb+ q|&T
bs+_+q~? 3. es\+ s \dyTq|&T
1. 1972 2. 1973 3. 1974 4. 1976 4. |+\T |s>& q+ es\T q|&T
23. dTHMT d+u$+# @ deTT<+
33. es<\T B e\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. eT<<s deTT<+ 2. #H deTT<+
1. n~ esb+
3. ms deTT<+ 4. +>U+
2. #sTe\T b+bs&+
24. sTeqT s | y|\ ysT #d <
| \D+ @~? 3. y>+ L&q >\T\T
1. sT e bD eT]jTT d qc sDeTeT+~ 4. \Te\T b+ |eV+#+
2. sTe dVyTq eT]jTT ke sD\qT 34. +<|<X + es<\ >TsjT b++
* +T+~ 1. |H &
3. sTe |<X+ eT d+u$dT+~ 2. sh+ T b++
4. ]wyTq s+u+, eTT+| +& <q+> 3. + q>s\T
edT+~ 4. c, ><e] &\T
$eq |_wH 195 $|T sVD
 35. |+> u+b\ d++~+q Xd+ 46. $|T \ d++~+ +~ y{ yde + ~?
1. j| 2. C>| 1. $|T <X |]$T+ e#T <
3. j\J 4. dk>| n+srjT+ e#T
36. u+|+ $&T<\ #jTTq~ 2. $|T dVd<yTq < eqe s
s\ d+u$+#e#T
1. d+<q\T
3. $| T m\ | & MT& j $d + >
2. +|H\T |#seT>TqT
3. d+<q\T +|H\T 4. $|T eTT+<T>H *d, eT+> bs+ue T>TqT
4. +|H\T eT+\T 47. +~ y{ $|T < $TqV n+{
37. H_ nqTq~ u+|+ jTT <]rjTTqT?
1. n+#T 2. eT\+ 3. ~\+ 4. d+<q 1. |sesD qw+ *+#TqT
38. u+b\qT m s\T> eZ]+#e#T? 2. |\qT kq u+X+ #+~+#TqT
1. 2 s\T 3. 3 s\T 3. |\ k+ u$T $<+dyTTqsTqT
4. 4 s\T 4. 5 s\T 4. \TH <X |\ <w ]+#TqT
39. u+| |]eD =\e& |j+#Tq~ 48. ke ss\T @ d+u sVD w
1. ]sY d\T 2. |sTTH d\T H|D+ * +<TsT?
3. V&MTsY 4. usMTsY 1. {s& < es<\T
40. us<X+ s#T> u+| eTT| q sh+ 2. |\\| V+d, >V V+d, Hs\T
1. ;VsY 2. nk+ 3. VjT+, e< <y\ ud\T
e&+ e+{ y{| db<\J
3. yT|\jT 4. eTVsh 4. sT |e<\T, bD+yTq y<T\T
41. 1993 eTVsh @ b+ u+|+ 5. |e
qT?
49. sd$T n+#H\ |s+ 1992 qT+&
1. sT 2. |D 2000 eT< ||+#y|+> d+es d>Tq
3. H>|PsY 4. eTT+u m $|T\T d+u$+#qT?
42. u+b\ qy<T +< yTT<{> #sTH 1. 100 2. 300 3. 500 4. 800
s+>\T 50. sCm(Rezaetal) |s+ 20e X+
1. S s+>\T 2. P s+>\T d+u$+q 25 n|< $<+d |Tq m+
3. L s+>\T 4. @B <T eT+~ bD\T jTqT?
43. dTHMT nq> 1. <<| 1 $T*jTH
1. reyTq u+|+ 2. <<| 10 $T*jTqT
2. eTV ys+>+ 3. <<| 100 $T*jTqT
3. n q u+|+ 4. <<| 200 $T*jTqT
4. n eT ys+>+ 51. |]dT\ qT+& b&, bD V +& #d,
>jT|&q y] #d u< me]~?
44. u +| H_ HsT > u |]\+| +& _+<Te 1. yTT<{ |d+<\T(|dt sk+&sY)
1. b bsTT+{ 2. u+| n~+<+ 2. eqd y< |DT\T
3. u+| +<+ 4. @B <T 3. d+u sVD | H| D+ q ke
45. us<X+ sTe |& \T ss\T
1. 42 2. 52 3. 62 4. 72 4. bsT\+<]B
$eq |_wH 196 $|T sVD
 52. $|T sVD 9 n+X\T HsTT. nsTT +~ 57. ub $c<+ $&T<q $w yjTTe\T m+
y{ { $TqV $T>e n+<T HsTT. eT+~ bD\qT V]+#qT?
y{ _qyTq { @~? 1. 2800 2. 3598 3. 2500 4. 3000
1. s> deTd\T, s*+|&q e\T e+{ 58. ub skjTq yjTT $|T @ +|
~rjT ke deTd\qT n+#H yjT&+ d+u$+#qT?
2. +<Te\qT b>=Tq y], >jT|&q 1. +&jTH sTT >dt &b
y] z<s&+
3. e+<T\qT jT++, dsq de#s 2. |]sY s=swH |t +&j
n+~+#&+ 3. jTjTH s& b
4. sD *+#&+, \{\qT s~+#&+, 4. Hs $T b
dT\qT, e\qT b&+ 59. +< d+q #s <s |< yTT+ X
53. $|T d+k> dq< q T, |d+<qqT >T]+ $&T<\ #d nDjTT<+
*| $|T sVD d<++ @~? 1. nDT u+T 2. $ u+T
1. Vub ~jT |t qswH |t ksdt 3. V&H u+T 4. @B <T
2. byT k*+> {dt y& 60. ub @ sh+ +~?
3. dsY ` |+q ~jT 1. skH 2. s|<X
4. ~jT |t {e{C bsdt 3. eT<|<X 4. &c
54. eqe d V s n+~+# s j 61. $w |<s\T < |e<s |<s\qT \
s]+#Tq~ +q |<X\ C_\T < e|\ j @
1. ke HjT d<+\T |jT u>eTT?
2. &j+{ +> 1. nbjT ~+| 2. U #sTT+#&+
3. f* +> 3. y| e|+> 4. neds |]d
4. ke ` sjT s\T 62. +< $ #s <s q $<+d
5. |e b+< $k jTT<+
55. $|T d+u$+q |<X\ dsT\T, de\qT 1. JyjTT<+
s*+# |]d ~ @~?
2. skjTq jTT<+
1. nk<sD yesD |]dT\T, y&, #*, &
yTT<\>Tq$ 3. keTV $<+d jTT<+
2. ed+#&, | #jT & M\T >T+|\ 4. nDjTT<+
L&q, ]dq |]dT\T 63. ub >dt $c<+ d+u$+q d+es+
3. u< eTT| * +&+ 1. 1984 2. 1985 3. 1983 4. 1980
4. $~ sVD dwyTq $uq * +&+ 64. ny T ] d q + 1945 @j T q> s \|
56. $|T sVD MT&j +~ y{ { nDTu+TqT Cs $&dqT?
$TqV n b\qT bwdT+~? 1. { {y
1. $|T ys\qT n+~+#&+ <s |\ 2. ;+> c+|T
kqTu L&>&+ 3. qjsY dt @+C*dt
2. dVjT #s\qT n+~+#&+ m<TsjT
n&+\qT =\+#&+ 4. Vswe H>k
3. sTqT >T]+#&+ 65. +< sD+> @ q>s+ b <>T\T
4. $|T\ sDyTq y{ < |d+<q eTsD+#qT?
y | d + +~ + +< q T y | & 1. qjsY 2. yw+>H &.d
|jT+#&+ 3. _._.d 4. dt @+C*dt
$eq |_wH 197 $|T sVD
 66. +~ y{ |<y nDTu+T> |sZ+q~ 74. us<X+ s&T |e<\ X+
1. V&H u+T 2. nDT u+T 1. 40% 2. 22.80%
3. JyjTT<\T 4. @M <T 3. 52.20% 4. 15%
67. +< $ #s <s q $<+d X b+< 75. $eq+ n | e < + q| & T
$k jTT<+ |jD\qT |sT+&eT #|& sD+
1. JyjTT<+ 1. y] mes H+& +&{
2. skjTq jTT<+ 2. y] d +< < +&eTq&
3. keTV $<+d jTT<+ 3. b> | yT+~ {
4. nDjTT<+ 4. >E {\ <s+> +&\ #|&
68. $ u+T\qT L& |\TksT? 76. us yesD XK < u< eV+#TqT?
1. HT u+T\T 1. #y\qT |d>&+
2. V&H u+T\T 2. bsT\qT $|T dq<+ #jT&+
3. nDT u+T\T 3. TbqT V#]\T
4. k+|<jT u+T\T 4. 1 eT]jTT 3
69. keTV $<+d jTT<\ d++~+ 77. us |K+&+ ||+#+ n+ reyTq
mH_d nH $y<d< |< =*k]> m|&T #y $|T eTT| * +&{ sD+
|j+#sT? 1. msTTq |s\T +&+
1. 1937 qT+& 1954 eT< 2. Xe+yTq sTT |eH\T
2. 1937 qT+& 1945 eT< 3. eTVdeTT< d+ds + e T * +&+
3. 1927 qT+& 1945 eT< 4. u |]eD+ sT +&+
4. 1945 qT+& 1946 eT< 78. dqT |<+ ddt nH ^ uw qT+&
70. Vswe q>s+| nDTu+T Cs$&q B <$++~. nsTT ddt n+f ns+
1. 1947 >dT 6 2. 1945 >dT 6 1. dqT 2. beTT yT*\T
3. 1942 >dT 15 4. 1948 >dT 16 3. esTs+ 4. ~>Te
71. +< d+q+ <s |< yTT+ X $&T<\ 79. |d| eTVdeTT<+ dqqT @eT+<TsT?
#d nDjTT<+ 1. {s&\T 2. $ $\T
1. nDT u+T 2. $ u+T 3. V]qT 4. f|PqT
3. V&H u+T 4. |yM <T 80. u>s \+
72. n~ X+ s&T |e<\T @jT ejTdT\ eT< 1. eTT]> +&+ e\q $j> | s<T
y] sT>TTHsTT? 2. ysYw& eTs= |sT
1. 15 ` 44 d+es\T 3. u |] # T +&TqT
2. 12 ` 15 d+es\T 4. |sY eTs= |sT
3. 30 ` 45 d+es\T 81. sTe |<q sD+
4. 45 d+es\ |& 1. H\ sT bs&+
73. n+ b&yq s _& @ q~| +~? 2. dTBs\+ bT es\T be&+
1. c 2. kH 3. { $] sT n~+> +&+
3. ]V+& 4. V| 4. n~ \+ y[be&+
$eq |_wH 198 $|T sVD
 82. { =s sD+ 90. nk+ re es<\ sDeTjT q~
1. reyTq n~ c> 1. >+> 2. >eT
2. y>e+yTq |DsD 3. V| 4. jTeTTH
3. Hu e~ 91. y{ dMT|+ +& b+\T me es<
4. 2 3 eTT|qT * +{sTT?
83. u +|+ e\ ]> qc $<+ > ~+#e#T? 1. |s\T 2. rs b+\T
1. ueH\qT +T ]+#&+ <s 3. q<T\T 4. 2 3
2. eTyTq dq<\ <s 92. $| T s V D d + +~ + q $< H\T,
3. u+X\qT =\+#&+ <s |D[\T eT]jTT esZ<s\qT sb+~+#
nTq d+d nsTTq mH&m+m, M{ y{
4. |\ | | X< rdTe&+ <s d \+, d e Ts e + y T q d +< q
84. u+|+ nqTq~ m d+u$+#TqT? sb+~+#TqT?
1. |s bs+ Cs&+ e\q 1. n+srjT $|T sVD ~+| <X+
2. u$T d+> +|+#&+ e\q 2. $|T
3. u$T +>&+ e\q 3. ybs =qk+| |D[
4. u$T |\ bs $kq+ #+<&+ e\q 4. dV y|+
85. $s|s |\\T <| <T\TqT? 93. CrjT $|T sVD #+ , 2005, dV eT]jTT
1. u+| n~+<+ 2. u bys+ eqe s $|T\ |+> |d+~+#
3. u|\+ 4. Xj\T <X+ d+ @ | skH bsT @sTqT
86. u+| |]eD+ nqTq~ < =\T#TqT? |b~+#qT?
1. < |+|q\T 2. < $<+k 1. us
3. < |]eD 4. < ee~ 2. ;VsY
87. +~ y{ dsq |q @~? 3. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(mH&sYm|t)
1. us<X+ 59% u$T u+| eTT|qT 4. 2008 us es<\T
* +&qT 94. n $|T \ | d+~+#+<T < < s+
dTTq 8 u{*jTqqT @sT #XsT?
2. 8.5% #y\ >Ts>TqT
1. ;VsY
3. 5% H\ es< eTT| b+ +&qT
2. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(mH&sYm|t)
4. |e
3. us es< eTT| |d+<q <+
88. u +|+ eq|&T ms TTq ue q+ q|&T
#jTe\dq~ 4. @B <T
1. jT |sT>* 95. ...... $se+ m\|& $|y |jT
n>TqT?
2. \| #T\T n&T|T b&Ty*
1. sVD 2. d+k> n<jTH\T
3. |* >& <s+> s>*
3. d+d 4. d+d n_e~
4. 2 3
96. |<qeT+ #sH> @sT #jT&q CrjT
89. us<X+ es<\ |uy >TsjT b++ $|T sVD b~s d+d(mH&m+m) duT\T
1. 30 $T*jTH VsT +< dV jT eT+ VA< * +{sT. nsTT,
2. 40 $T*jTH VsT ydt #sH @ VA< * +&TqT?
3. 45 $T*jTH VsT 1. sh| 2. _H{
4. 50 $T*jTH VsT 3. eT+ XK 4. eT+
$eq |_wH 199 $|T sVD
 97. md u+& d<++? 105. k<sD u+X\ y+& +& >< u+b\
1. \\T eTT&T |&{ $e]+#TqT eT+&\+ @ $\D \D+ * +&TqT?
2. u+| s+>\ rsTqT $e]+#TqT 1. n|dsD |\ V<T\T
3. u+b\ $sy $e]+#TqT 2. n_dsD |\ V<T\T
4. |yM <T 3. sb+s |\ V<T\T
98. u$T| u+| s+>\T <$+# _+<Te 4. |yM <T
1. u+| n~+<+
106. u+| n+s+ nqTq~
2. b ksY
3. ]ZH 1. re u+b\ eT< ee~
4. H_ 2. Bs \+ bT u + b\T d + u $ +#
99. P s+>\T j u+X+ jTT u>+
1. s |]s+>\T 3. u+|+ nsT<T> d+u$+# $s| s
2. d+|&q edT s+>\T |\ +<+
3. q |]s+>\T 4. u+|+# se&q u n><+
4. $s|D edT s+>\T 107. +~ y{ dTH$T \D+
100. u+b >T]+#+<T +&e\dq d 1. # dTBs s+> <s+
u+| dwqT 2. # y>e+yTq #\q+
1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 4. 1 3. eTVdeTT<+ neT s+>&\q |]$T
101. ] s Y d\TqT < s ] +# & + d + 4. |e
|j+#<sT?
1. u+b\ re 108. y>e+yTq u+| s+>\T
2. u+b\ |]eD+ 1. P` s+>\T 2. S` s+>\T
3. u+b\ e\ *> $<+d+ 3. \y s+>\T 4. s s+>\T
4. u+b\ e\ *q eTsD\T 109. u+| dwHqT yTT<{> #sTH s+>\T
102. u |t CqT y{ d++<+ * +&TqT? 1. P` s+>\T 2. S ` s+>\T
1. eT< eTVdeTT< \T 3. y s+>\T 4. s s+>\T
2. |sq |sXD 110. u+| dwH e< >T]+# yTT<{ u+| #\q+
3. eTT+| eT+&\T 1. m\|& d+|&H+
4. |e 2. m\|& y|q due+ * +&TqT
103. n|ds D |\ V<T\ e< n~ X+ u +b\T
3. u+| dwH qT+& u+| |<X +&
1. >< H_ * +&TqT k|qT { esTT+&TqT
2. eT< H_ * +&TqT
4. u+| $XwD B ns+ <T
3. n>< H_ * +&TqT
4. |e 111. u+| yTT<{ #\H\ $XwD B |jTT+
104. n_dsD V<T\ e< n~ X+ u+b\T 1. u+| |<X ssD
1. >< H_ * +&TqT 2. u+| |]eD ssD
2. eT< H_ * +&TqT 3. u+b sDeTjT u+X| sV
3. n>< H_ * +&TqT ssD
4. |e 4. u+| T ssD
$eq |_wH 200 $|T sVD
112. dk>|t ]sT\ $XwD M{ de#s 120. es< e\ *> qc jT++#+<T nqTd]+#
n+~+#<T? |<T\T
1. u+| |]eD+ 1. yTT+ eT{\qT es< eTT| yT< H\
2. u+| |<X+ s*+#&+
3. u+|+ e\ eTsD+q y] d+K 2. |yV\ y+& q\T ]+#&+
4. u+| T 3. |yV\ y+& s\T, es< >&\T
]+#&+
113. reyTq u+| y|+ *q nyT] sh+ 4. |e
1. *b]j 2. fHd 121. T eT+ nq>
3. ns+kdt 4. |e 1. qB \Te T d++~+q eT+
114. u+|+ d+u$+q deTjT+ { d+|+ 2. ]sjTsY k<sD mT
#+~q H\ <Mueq+ #+< |jT
3. es< sT n~>$T+# eT+
1. <Mueq+ 2. dT }_ 4. |yV\T dTbe& M\T <+f
3. >\HCwH 4. @B <T ~>Te ksTT
115. +~ y{ re u+b\ e\ *> ~rjT 122. u$T +& { |yV eTjT+ *
|ue+ qT <s\T qT>=q&q s >V+
1. dTHMT\T 2. n |e<\T 1. X&T 2. T<T&T
3. ub\T 4. |e 3. >TsT&T 4. n+>s&T
116. eTq <X+ u+| re me> q b++ 123. dTHMT deTjT+ n|< s+>+
1. Ve\jT 2. sT rs+ 1. yTT<{ s+>+ 2. eT&e s+>+
3. Xq+ 4. |eT rs+ 3. 5e s+>+ 4. y{ @<H e#T
117. s#q+ |s+ es< nq>... 124. dTHMT n+{ $<+d X\T < qT+&
1. |yV \Te keTs $T+ n<q| sT e#TqT?
|eV+# \ ee~ 1. nk<sD mT
2. |yV+ { $&T<\ #d y>+ |]> \ 2. n+#H yjTbe&+/|d>be&+
ee~ 3. o\ \+
3. |yV+ q es< yT<H $T+# 4. y>+ eT]jTT dTBs s+><s+
\ ee~ 125. eTVdeTT<+ |q dTHMT >+ ...... yT y>+
4. |yM <T ...... $Tc\ ee~ es |jD+#TqT?
118. |D b+\ s# T > es<\ T d+u$ +#& 1. 50 20 2. 5060
sD+ 3. 485 20 4. 485 60
1. n~+> +& *u |]$TT\T H\ 126. n|< dTHMT dw+# |Tq
#=#Tbe&+ 1. u+|+
2. n~+> +& *u\T |yV\ y> 2. {|* ub\T
|]$T+ #jT&+ 3. V]qT
3. eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed\T \Te es| 4. b\T, #T\ |uy\T
{ |yV y> |+#&+ 127. X e + y T q d T HMT # s # T > B#
4. |e dw+#&TqT?
119. <X+ d es< $|T q T m<Ts=+Tq b++ 1. n |s\T 2. {|* ub\T
1. 8% 2. 12% 3. 14% 4. 16% 3. u+b\T 4. b |uy\T
$eq |_wH 201 $|T sVD
128. d > Tq 5,500 MTs T q | d | 134. 1970\ n~ y] eTsD\T < e\q
eTVdeTT<+ dqT....... MTs y>+ d+u$+#qT?
|jD+# n>< deTT< dTHMT\ +<+> 1. es<\T
q~?
2. u+b\T
1. 2 2. 23 3. 230 4. 2300
3. weT+&\ #y\T
129. dTHMT\T ........ e\q <$+# reyTq dV
y|\T 4. sTe
1. }s n+s+ + q|&T deTT<+ +< }s 135. n~ d+K n |s\T m& H\=
n+s++ L&q u+X #\q+ +&qT?
2. }s n+s+ deTjT+ u $T| ]> u+ X 1. |d| yTK\ |]~
<*\T 2. eT< n{+{ sK
3. u$T, #+<T eT< >TsTsD X e\q 3. sT |
njT s+>\T 4. | $Bs<](]|t y)
4. V]qT 136. j o\ es< e #+(|& |P|+ >) m|&T n+
5. eT n+s+ + q|&T u $T| ]> u+ X |ueo\+> +&TqT?
<*\T
1. dTBs V#]
130. mTe+{ |]d T dTHMT n~ $< +d X
* +T+~? 2. d es<\ b+
1. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ rs+ e< d\+> 3. n~ XXyTq~ nsTTq#
+q sFjT rssK u>+ e< 4. es< yT<q b+
2. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ rs+ e< re+> 137. nqT+< Vs se\T
+q sFjT rssK u>+ e< 1. reyTq bwVs+ u<|&TTq y]
3. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ eT]jTT z&se <+q$
rs+ e< d\+> +q sFjT rssK 2. d\ bwVs |+ u<|&TTq y]
u>+ e< <+q$
4. | |]dT\+{ $<+d due+ * 3. $X\yTq b++ k<sD Vs swq
+&TqT |+|D s#T> |j+#T
131. VeTd+b\T, u+b\T, nTe+{ s
|Tq\ e\q dsdT d+u$+# dTH$T e+{ 4. u ksTT <T] dVjT #s # d\
|TqqT @eT+<TsT? $\Te * +&TqT
1. d#Y 2. kwt 138. we T+&\ #y\T s# T > M{ *+#TqT?
3. ys+>+ 4. es< 1. n~ d+K |\qT >j\ bjTTqT
132. s+>\ jTT ........ yTT< |yTq#, 2. ys+> es<\T
dTHMT |Tq s>eTq+ bs+ueT>TqT? 3. n~ u esb+
1. |d+<q\T 2. n>u>+ 4. eekjT usTsD
3. &y| 4. m&eTy| 139. XD ueTT\ m&sD yTT< sT>Tq~
133. u +|+ q b+ nTe T $<o dV jT+ 1. |Xe\qT yT|&+ e\q yTT\ k+<
1. q><T |\#&+
2. Vs+, <T|T, <TdT\T 2. reyTq sTe
3. y< dVs+ 3. Vs |+\ k>T |s>&+
4. dVjT +<\T, s e\+{sT 4. m+&k H\ { |yV+
$eq |_wH 202 $|T sVD
140. dTHMT\T @ X qT? 146. k+ |]Cq+ H&T y|\qT >T]+,
1. s $|T\ +f >=| X b++| < |uy n+#H yjT>\<T. B
2. u<X(landscape) y>+> n|eT+ #d e\q |jq+...
3. | | + # + eTV d e TT<\ L & q 1. U #jTT esZ\qT sb+~+#Te#T
ueTT\qT eyT |u$+ #d 2. |uT dVjT+, |syD +<\ @sT
4. |e <V<|&TqT
141. sE n&e\T n+]+be& |< qyTq 3. $|TqT y]+#e#T < < |uy
eqe |s| #s ~+#e#T
1. +<q+ 4. $|T\T d+u$+q y+H |d+~+#e#T
2. + j \| >TEqT y&+ 147. eTT+<dT $|T |D[ B k<+ #jTTqT?
3. ndeq u $j>+ 1. ys D k< + # d V j
4. eekjT+ |uee++> neT\T #jT&+
142. dV y|+ nqTq~ 2. dV y|\qT m<Tse&+ djT+
1. es<, u+|+ < nTe+{ nqVyTq keTs+
| |Tq 3. $|T |sekH\qT eTT+<T>H n&Te#T
2. eTsD\, $<+k sDeTjT nk<sD 4. |e
| <s+ 148. |ueo\yTq y| sVD |<q+> B|
3. dV yesD+ q |\ u<, d <s|&TqT?
n+sjT+ < eTT| *+# |Tq 1. y\+{sT
4. |uT @C\T \ + #dT q |\ eTT| 2. |uT d+d\T
*+# @<H | |<e+ 3. neds |d+<q
143. bH { q>s+ ed+# |\T s> T y 4. eTT+<dT $|T sVD |D[
ydT\ +f u+b\ e <Ts\+ * 149. | $|T _qyTq sD+ * q|{, ne
+{sT. m+<T#qq>? + ~ n+X\ }V +# < > Z d e Td \
1. ysT u +| yT|T \ # <s+> edksT sDeT>TqT?
2. bH e u+b\T d+u$+#TqT 1. |sesD eT]jTT s>
3. bH jo\ n|s\qT e> * 2. b\q eT]jTT sVD |syTq
+&TqT
3. ke eT]jTT ]
4. bH nTe T ue q +<q \T, u +| D
* +&qT 4. |e
144. $|TqT < |s+ sksT? 150. K+&#\q d<+ <s+
1. < eqe |sekH\T 1. $s|s |\\T
2. < jTT sD+ 2. u|\+ ]eTjT &
3. < e\ d+u$+# eTsD\T 3. |&T u<es> q u$T| H\
4. < re 4. K+&+sZ u<esX\ eT< n|dsD
145. ||+ #y|+ > eqy[ me> uj T |&TTq $Bs\T(&es+{ ]|t)
$|T 151. =s& s+ q &T < <VsD?
1. u+|+ 2. u|+ 1. P s+>+ 2. L s+>+
3. sTe 4. jTT<\T 3. S s+>+ 4. $s|s |\\T
$eq |_wH 203 $|T sVD
152. u + | + # # j T & q s +& T y s s T 158. u+| deTjT+ \VqyTq ueH\T L\&+
n|\T e\q ]> n~ bD qw+...
1. P eT]jTT S s+>\ eT< $_q |jD 1. T\ {q ueH\ |<T
s e\q @s&TqT 2. = ueH\ |+#e#T
2. $<+d n|+ eT]jTT |s|\T> 3. = y{ bT |{ q ue H\ n~
|\Te&TqT ejT+ bD qc |+#e#T
3. n~ eTsDsT L&q reyTq u+b 4. b eT]jTT = ueH\ d\ ejT+
b<$T sDeT>TqT L&q esT\ bD qc |+#e#T
4. u+| H_ |<X d 159. u+|+ sTy neds y< de\ neds+
153. re nqTq~ m+ ee~ es +&TqT?
1. ]sY d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+ 1. 48 >+\T 2. <T sE\T
d+<s+> eqe nqTu 3. 72 >+\T 4. s+&T ys\T
2. yTs d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+ 160. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d mesT
d+<s+> $&T<q X n< eVksT?
3. yTs d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+ 1. |<qeT+ 2. >V eT+
d+<s+> eqe nqTu 3. sh| 4. |sh|
4. ]sY d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+ 161. u + | + s T y b+ + j T T
d+<s+> $&T<q X |q]sD m\|&...
154. u + | + d + < s + > n ~ eTs D \ 1. $<o dVjT+ nedseT>TqT
sDeT>Tq~
2. n+#H\ +f me ee~ |TqT
1. es<\T 2. ub\T
3. k+$T y<T\ e\q HeT~+#TqT
3. n |e<+ 4. ueH\T L*be&+
155. u+|+ eq|&T sY ud+> +& 4. e\+{sT, |uT dVs+ nedseT>TqT
]+q ueH\ >&\T 162. dTHMT\ u] qT+& bD qc y]+#&
1. $bwt m| *+#TqT eT |<
2. jT |&beqT 1. dsq |]eD+, b&e eqe ]
deTT<| >&\T
3. |\ |&beqT
2. dTHMT V#] eed u>keTT\T e&+
4. ds+> +&TqT
3. es<\T se& eTT+< d\+ |\qT
156. u+| <Ts\+ n~+> q b++ U #sTT+#&+
+{
1. *q \| keT ]+#eqT 4. neds y< dVs $d seT+
2. |yT sTTHbsYyT+{ +& u keT 163. n~ dTHMT\T & d+u$+#TqT?
]+#eqT 1. u+| eT+&\T
3. |{wyTq |H~ +& u keT 2. |d| eTVdeTT<+
]+#eqT 3. V+< eTVdeTT<+
4. \VqyTq ||, \VqyTq >&\ 4. +&Hwj rssK
]+#eqT 164. dTHMT\T m+ y>+ |jD+#TqT?
157. d\* u+| eTT+<dT d e\q 1. >+ 1,000 MTs |>
1. qq Hyk\ d+ u+| sV 2. H\qT dMT+# =~ y>+ |sT>TqT
|<X\qT m+#TH #jTTqT 3. |\qT V#]+#& e\dq+ ee~
2. |d+<q keTs\T yTsT>eqT #TqT
3. |\ dTs $< nTqT 4. kq u+ X+ #+~q { |]eD| }s T
4. |e<s |]XeT\T eTdyjT&TqT nqTeqTb+ +&TqT
$eq |_wH 204 $|T sVD
165. k dTHMT qT+& nTeT sD esZ+
1. deTT<| >& < ~
2. VysTT n+srjT dTHMT V#]
+<+
3. b+rjT V#] eed
4. rssK y+& H{q |H e\T
166. $|T\qT m<Tse& e\dq$
1. V#]\ eed
2. d]|&q <T\T
3. deTse+yTq |uT jT++>+
4. |e
167. es< qw+ n+#H b<$T =\
1. $&T<q { |]eD+
2. k<sD nes<\ $T+ sT |eV+q
mT
3. ] qw+
4. eTsD\ d+K
168. 1974 +><X d+u$+q es<\ e\
1. 4,50,000 eT+~ { eTT eTsD+#sT
2. re Vs =s @s&qT
3. q<T |< mTq |P& @s&q~ eT]jTT
n&e\T q+#sTT
4. Vs =sq T rs+<T q|Hs m>TeTT\qT
|+#&+ ]+~
169. $|T \ T d+u$ +q|&T \<#TH+<T >qT
XX b|~q sD\T #|{q sh+
1. >TsY 2. &c
3. +<|<X 4. $TH&T
170. d es<\T B e\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. q\T $|\+ e&+ < +uew
2. qBrs uu>+, n& |]dT\T
3. weT+&\ #y\ e\q ]d esb+
4. d]|&T |]yV b++ be&+
171. es< V#]\ $XdjT eT]jTT ee~
1. qeT&+ w+
2. ~>Te |yV| <s+ |]> =\~ >TZqT
3. ~>Te |yV| <s+ |]> =\~ |sT>TqT
4. +&X{ f\J dVjT+ n+#H yjT&+
* 4. <&T\ e\q |+ <+d+ e&+
$eq |_wH
172. >MTD b+\ rey T q es B
sDeT>TqT?
1. beTTT u~ T \ d + K > D j T +>
|sT>T
2. q>s\ >V\ =s
3. sT d+_+qsTT d\ qc
4. b]X$T <X| ] eed| d\
|uy
173. ]dt e|+> < d+#TqT?
1. es<\T d+u$+q|&T u~T\ d+KqT
2. es<\T d+u$+q|&T d qw re
3. 100 d+es\ es<yT<q |]~
4. e&q |]eD+ es<\ d+<s + > {
|& b+\ $es\qT
174. sTe e\q c\T |s>& ||+#y|
b|~ *q sD+
1. ||+# Hu |sT>T<\
2. ||+#y|+> esb+ >Z&+
3. s T e | ] d T \ <V < | & eqe
sb\ |sT>T<\
4. { |{\ eT{\ >TZ<\
175. ke < ] $| T ~+| s V D
se @ d+d dVjT+ sVdTHsT?
1. jTTmH&| 2. m+m|t
3. ||+#u+ 4. jTTd|t
176. Hu y~ |sT>T<\ B d+#TqT?
1. |\eyTq b]X< |]d
2. sTe e\q e\d\ sD+> |
|]d
3. {=s e\q d+u$+# b<$T |*
4. sTe ~rjT |*yTq bwVs b
177. Bs* sTe ke eT]jTT Jeq |<T\|
mTe+{ esT\ sDeT>TqT?
1. * 2. u |sesD
3. XX 4. d\
178. <T]+ Be\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. ]|swH e+{ <T k+ |]Cq+
be&+ e\q
2. }V+# sD\ e\q
3. sTe e\q
205 $|T sVD
179. <T] u~T\ k<sD Vs swq |+|D 184. sTe |& b++ |qsedsD #s\T
$<q+ 1. dV+> d+u$+# sTe y{ |jq+
1. ||+ #y|+ > k<sD+> |jT neT d\+
+&TqT 2. y{ |< mTq #|{qsTT |ue+
2. sd $ T s b+~+q < X \qT #|>\e
nqTd]+#TqT 3. |ue ~+| sb\qT b* +&TqT
3. |< mTq \ eT]jTT |+|D H{esT\T 4. sTeqT |X$T+|CjTT neds+
nedseT>TqT 185. dTHMT
4. |<X+, k s\qT { esTT+&TqT 1. y s+>+
180. e re *q sTe 2. { +< d+u$+# u+|+ sD+>
k<sD+> deTT<| s+> XDT\T
1. \ d++<yTq sTe
3. mH |*+
2. yesD sTe
4. |yM <T
3. eekjT sTe
186. dTHMT nH |< ns+
4. ke ` ] sTe 1. deTT<| s+>+
181. u $j> |D[ esZ<s\ @sT 2. se s+>+(harbour wave)
1. |Cy<+| <s|&TqT 3. deTT< |+|q
2. neT\T #jT&+ +f @sT #jT&+ * 4. >< s+>+
3. |uT bV\| <s|&TqT 187. dTHMT m|&T d+u$+#TqT?
4. e\+ d+#ss eT{\ eyT 1. |>\T < s, d+es+ m|&H
neds+ 2. o\+
182. sTe deTjT+ eTTKyTq~ 3. yd$ \+
1. |\T +{ Mq+ dMT|+ dVj 4. e\+ |>{|P eyT
b+<&+ 188. 60 dqT < n++f me ee~ >\
2. |\T eT qT M&, { eqsT\ e< u+|+ d+u$+q|&T < e \&{
e\d be&+ M\Tq+ \yTq u +|+ d+u$ +q|&T e
3. eqe\ d]|&Tq+ Vs ds|s\ d+ @$T #jTT<Te?
|Xe\ d+KqT Z+#&+ 1. &|t, esY, VA
4. deTd jTT reqT |\ *jTCd 2. |+|q bs+uyTq DyT n& qT+& U
se neT\T #jT&+ #jTT<TqT
183. neds sTe dVjT #s\qT DyT 3. | s+&
bs+_+#&+ m+ eTTK+. m+<Tq>... 4. @B <T
1. y<T\T |#]\+& y]+#& 189. u +|+ e\q dTHMT s+ >+ <$ +q# e
@$T #jTT<Te?
2. bwVs b eT]jTT m&sDqT
s~+#& 1. +{ y<TqT
2. DyT msTTq |<X #sT=+<TqT
3. <&T\T, nX+ +& y]+#&
3. ;#Y y[ dTHMT |uy\qT |]o*+TqT
4. b++ qT+& e\d\qT y]+#&
4. @B <T
$eq |_wH 206 $|T sVD
190. u bys+ jTT uV u>+ 3. ke ndeq\T
1. u|\+ 2. @dHdjTsY 4. |e
3. yVA 4. *<djTsY 197. 2011 &d+sY yw TbqT d+u$+q <X+
191. | \ $s | s \qT q T>=q& + | s 1. eTwj 2. e]wdt
njTk++ m+<Te\q eTTKyTq~? 3. ee\T 4. |*|H
1. |s ] sqT =\e& nqTeT+#TqT 198. l + b | +, y T [j T | {
2. s <Te |<X e]+#TqT eT+&\qT sT e |u $yT q $> >T]d $|T
3. deTT< u\ y| e]+#TqT sVD XK $TwqsY 2012 qe] 17q s T \T
4. |yM <T C #XsT. nsTT sh+ sTe eT+&\
d+K
192. us<X uu>+ m+ X+ u$T
u+b\T d+u$+# neX+ +~? 1. 878 2. 892 3. 876 4. 864
1. 40.6% 2. 48.8% 199. 2011 &d+sY 28q +>U+ d+u$+q
TbqT |sT
3. 58.6% 4. 62.7%
1. |PH 2. <H 3. \ 4. |jT
193. ^, {H uw &CdsY nq>
200. 2011 &d+sY 4q <q >eTe n |s+
1. |e<+ 2. $<+d+ m& +~?
3. <Tw q+ 4. #&T d+|Tq 1. $jT+ 2. +&Hwj
194. dTHMT $|T\ C_ m|&T #ssT? 3. 4.
1. 2001 2. 2002 3. 2003 4. 2004 201. |*|H 2012 |e] 6q d+u$+q u
195. $| T s V D| 1999 @sT # d q u+|+ bsX\ $<sT\ bT 44 eT+~
nTq~s $T{ $|T\qT m s\T> eTsD+#sT. ]sY d\T| B re m+>
>T]++~? qy<+~?
1. 21 2. 25 3. 31 4. 36 1. 6.7 2. 6.6 3. 7.2 4. 8.2
196. us<X+ n~+ > $|T \ T d+u$ +#& 202. 2012 @| 7q ||+#+H n+ msTTq
sD+ jTT< + djH >djTsY e< d+u$+q
1. u>[ yesD |]dT\T | $|T
2. ] <Ts\+ 1. VeTd+b+ 2. u+|+
3. ub+ 4. dTHMT

$eq |_wH 207 $|T sVD

 ANSWERS
1.4 2.1 3.2 4.4 5.2 6.4 7.2 8.4 9.2 10.1
11.1 12.3 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.3 17.4 18.4 19.1 20.2
21.4 22.3 23.1 24.4 25.4 26.3 27.3 28.4 29.2 30.3
31.3 32.4 33.1 34.4 35.4 36.3 37.2 38.2 39.1 40.2
41.1 42.2 43.2 44.2 45.4 46.3 47.4 48.5 49.3 50.4
51.1 52.2 53.3 54.5 55.4 56.2 57.2 58.3 59.3 60.3
61.3 62.4 63.1 64.4 65.2 66.3 67.4 68.3 69.2 70.2
71.3 72.1 73.2 74.2 75.3 76.4 77.3 78.2 79.4 80.4
81.2 82.4 83.2 84.2 85.2 86.1 87.4 88.4 89.2 90.3
91.4 92.2 93.3 94.2 95.4 96.2 97.3 98.4 99.2 100.3
101.2 102.3 103.1 104.3 105.1 106.2 107.4 108.1 109.1 110.3
111.3 112.3 113.4 114.1 115.4 116.1 117.1 118.4 119.1 120.4
121.4 122.4 123.4 124.4 125.4 126.4 127.3 128.3 129.1 130.3
131.1 132.4 133.1 134.2 135.1 136.1 137.2 138.3 139.1 140.4
141.4 142.3 143.4 144.1 145.2 146.3 147.4 148.4 149.4 150.3
151.2 152.1 153.3 154.4 155.2 156.2 157.4 158.4 159.3 160.1
161.2 162.3 163.2 164.1 165.3 166.4 167.2 168.2 169.3 170.1
171.3 172.2 173.4 174.3 175.1 176.4 177.3 178.3 179.4 180.2
181.2 182.1 183.2 184.3 185.2 186.2 187.1 188.3 189.2 190.2
191.3 192.3 193.3 194.4 195.3 196.4 197.4 198.1 199.2 200.2
201.2 202.1

$eq |_wH 208 $|T sVD