Study on Soil Improvement of an Expansive Soil

Using Addiction of Lime (CaCl2 + NaOH)

Abstract
Soil becomes a base of the construction which support the foundation.
Expansive Soil (ES) shows volumetric changes in its moisture content change. ES
can swell when its moisture content increases and shrink when it decreases. The
process of ES development is influenced by environmental factors, including
climate difference factors, rainfall, drainage system and ground water fluctuation.
lime stabilization can adopt method stabilization for controlling the detrimental
swellshrink movements of expansive soils during wet and dry seasons. There are Commented [PS1]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
two types of tests to prove the shear strength and the shrinkage of soil after lime http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
mixing , its index properties and mechanical properties. Type of index properties http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001184

testing are atterberg limit test, optimal moisture content test, sieve analysis test,
hydrometer test. While, mechanical properties have two testing methods are
implemented. From several experiments that have been done, by mixing lime
material on the atterberg limit test results, it was found that more lime mixture
will decreases the value of the liquid limit and the plasticity index. However, the
plastic boundary value and the shrinkage limit value will increase with the
addition of lime content.beside that, the higher of lime content it will reduce the
level of swelling.

1. Introduction

Soil becomes a base of the construction which support the foundation.

The resource contruction depends on the condition of the soil. Good stability of
the soil can support a strong building. Soils have various types in the nature, one
of them which have a big problem is expansive soil (ES).
ES shows volumetric changes in its moisture content change. ES can
swell when its moisture content increases and shrink when it decreases. Prior

Celia Nindy Carisa

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Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B
reseach said that ES caused pressure and damage to the upper structure. In the
first of ES process, ES can cause strenght degradation due to alteration in water
content. The amount of shrinkage on the ground is uneven from one point to
another, causing a difference in the height of the ground (differential movement).
The process of ES development is influenced by environmental factors,
including climate difference factors, rainfall, drainage system and ground water
fluctuation. The problems of ES seem to be overlooked during the design and
construction of some of the projects especially in arid and semi-arid region
(Lamara et al.2005). Indonesia has two seasons, the rainy season and the dry
season. One of the causes of expansive soil may fluctuate with high shrinkage. It
is important to study the characteristics of ES to reduce construction failures.
Some of the impacts cause expansive soil behavior are bumpy and cracked roads,
broken floors, cracked walls, even a non-uniform decrease of foundation.
Overcome the demage, Chemical stabilization is one of the alternative
solutions to overcome the undesirable swell-shrink potentials of theES.Among the Commented [PS2]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
chemical stabilization methods for expansivesoils, lime stabilization ismost http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
widely adopted method for controlling the swell-shrink potentialsby chemically http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/304276.pdf
Commented [PS3]: Possible source:
modifying the soil characteristics. (Thyagaraj et al. 2014). lime stabilization can http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
adopt method stabilization for controlling the detrimental swellshrink
Commented [PS4]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
movements of expansive soils during wet and dry seasons. Lime reacts with http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
expansive clays in the presence of water and alters the physicochemical properties
of expansive clays, which, in turn, change the engineering properties of a soil
(Bell 1988).
Research about stabilization of an expansive soil using lime have been use in
several countries. Especially in Asian countries, The abundance of limestone products in
some areas, provides benefits in this study. Several researchers studied the influence of
lime in soil stabilization. (Argaw and Nihar 2016)
In this review, The study aimed to understand the reaction on the addition
of lime and method of testing limestone mixturewith expansive soil. Election of Commented [PS5]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
limestone mixture materials due to the material is easy to obtain and widely http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
available in nature.

Celia Nindy Carisa

141910301091
Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B
 2. Methods
Before the survey are conducted on site survey and sampling of soil and
stabilitator materials. Testing phase, there are two types of tests to prove the shear
strength and the shrinkage of soil after lime mixing , it is index properties and
mechanical properties. Index properties are used to determine the type of
expansive soil and to know measuring the shrink expansion of the expansive soil.
Whereas mechanical properties are used to test the expansive soil expansionary
capacity after mixing the stabilizer material and before mixing. Type of index
properties testing are atterberg limit test, optimal moisture content test, sieve
analysis test, hydrometer test. Mechanical properties have two tests that can be
used it is oedometer swell potential test and unconfined compressive strength test.

2.1 Index Properties

The first test is water content test. This test serves to determine the
optimum moisture content (OMC) in the original soil. After that,sieve analysis
test. This test have function to get specific ganules used for another test,
especially mechanical test. This test is done on the original soil and soil that has
been mixed with lime. Further tests will be carried out by testing the weight of the
soil contents. This test is to find the value of the undisturbed ground weight in a
dry state divided by the volume of the soil, in the case of g / cm3 (g / cc). Next
test is the specific gravity of the soil, and the atterberg limit. The index properties
are performed on the original soil test and after-mixing testing with stabilizer
material.

1.1 Examples of index properties test results

Celia Nindy Carisa

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Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B
2.2 Mechanichal Properties
Mechanichal properties has a lot of testing, from several tests there are 2
tests that can be done that is oedometer test and unconfined compressive streght
test. Before this test is attempted it has to be done for several days so that the
mixing process of soil and lime particles can react optimally and produce stable
soil type and have good soil bearing capacity. For the test method will be
explained in the next paragraph.

2.3 Oedometer Swell Potential Test

Oedometer tests are designed to simulate the one-dimensional deformation
Commented [PS6]: Possible sources:
and drainage conditions that soils experience in the field. To simulate these https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedometer_test
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedometer_tests
conditions, rigid confining rings are used to prevent lateral displacement of the http://www.oilfieldwiki.com/wiki/Oedometer_test
https://pediaview.com/openpedia/Oedometer_test
soil sample.Porous stones are placed on the top and bottom of the sample to allow http://www.mashpedia.com/Oedometer_tests
http://www.wow.com/wiki/Oedometer_test
drainage in the vertical direction. To better simulate one-dimensional strain, a http://www.revolvy.com/topic/Soil test
Commented [PS7]: Possible sources:
diameter-to-height ratio in the sample of 3:1 or more is used. Because the process https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedometer_test
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedometer_tests
of consolidation involves movement of water out of a soil, it is important to http://www.oilfieldwiki.com/wiki/Oedometer_test
https://pediaview.com/openpedia/Oedometer_test
prevent drying of the soil. (Terzaghi et al. 1996) http://www.mashpedia.com/Oedometer_tests
http://www.wow.com/wiki/Oedometer_test
Following the research prosedure, All of the specimens for oedometer http://www.revolvy.com/topic/Soil test
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swell tests were compacted in oedometer rings of 60-mm diameter and 20-mm http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
height, and 14-mm thick specimens. A total ofexpansive soil passing2 mm was 5533.0000483

thoroughly hand-mixed with concentration of CaCland placed in an air tight Commented [PS9]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
polythene bag for moisture equilibration for 1 h. After this equilibration time, 5533.0000483
NaOH solution of desired concentration was mixed withexpansive soil and Commented [PS10]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
compacted to a dry density using a hand-operated static press. Compacted http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-
5622.0000698
specimens were placed in desiccators for moisture equilibrationfor 24 h.After this https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10706-007-9165-
0.pdf
equilibration time, the compacted soil specimens(w = 25%) were placed between Commented [PS11]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
two oven-dried porous stones with oven-dried filter papers and were set up in the http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0000483
fixed ring oedometer assembly. A nominal seating load of 6.25 kPa was applied, Commented [PS12]: Possible source:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
and thespecimens were inundated with distilled waterfor swell potential
Commented [PS13]: Possible source:
determination. (Thyagaraj et al. 2014) http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-
5622.0000698

Celia Nindy Carisa

141910301091
Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B
 1.2 Example Table of Oedometer Test
2.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
Commented [PS14]: Possible source:
The unconfined compressive strength( )is the load per unit area at https://www.scribd.com/document/313335885/Ce-801-Geotech-
Lab-Manual-by-Shubham
which the cylindrical specimen of a cohesive soilfalls in compression. All UCS
Commented [PS15]: Possible sources:
test specimens were of 38-mm diameter and 76-mm length. A total of expansive https://www.scribd.com/document/313335885/Ce-801-Geotech-
Lab-Manual-by-Shubham
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p71evl7f/THEORY-The-
soil passing 2 mm was mixed with CaCl and placed in an air tight polythene bag maximum-load-that-can-be-transmitted-to-the-sub-soil-by-a-
foundation/
for moisture equilibration for 1 h. After this equilibration time, NaOH was mixed
with expansive soil and placed in desiccators for moisture equilibration for 24 h.
The moisture-equilibrated specimens were statically compacted to a dry density Commented [PS16]: Possible sources:
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000483
using a hand-operated static press. Both series of UCS tests were conducted at a https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10706-007-9165-
0.pdf
strain rate of 0:8%/ minutes (Thyagaraj et al. 2014)

Detail of Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

3. Conclusion
Stabilization of expansive soil using addiction of lime is one of
alternative to soil improvement. Mix the chemicals (lime) must be through the

Celia Nindy Carisa

141910301091
Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B
examination of physical and mechanical properties. Index properties are used to
determine the type of expansive soil and to know how big the shrink expansion of
the expansive soil. Whereas mechanical properties are used to test the expansive
soil expansionary capacity after mixing the stabilizer material and before mixing.
Type of index properties test are atterberg limit test, optimal moisture
content test, sieve analysis test, hydrometer test. To test the soil bearing capacity
and soil shrinkage then used unconfined compressive strenght test and oedometer
test. In this test used two types of chemical fluids, its CaCl2 and NaOH. This fluid
forms limestone crystals that are mixed with expansive soil. it is necessary to have
an incubator to produce an optimal reaction for the use of lime can be useful to
improve soil properties.
From several experiments that have been done, by mixing lime material
on the atterberg limit test results, it was found that more lime mixture will
decreases the value of the liquid limit and the plasticity index. However, the
plastic boundary value and the shrinkage limit value will increase with the
addition of lime content. Beside that, the higher of lime content it will reduce the
level of swelling.

Celia Nindy Carisa

141910301091
Bhs. Inggris Terapan - B