12th STD Tamil Notes of Lesson

1
ghujpjhrdhh; bkl;hpf; nkdpiyg; gs;sp

muf;nfhzk;-3
XII jkpH;
,uh. VGkiy
jkpHhrphpah;
1 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

2
ghujpjhrdhh; bkl;upf; nky; epiyg;gs;sp-muf;nfhzk;

XII: Tamil
thuj;njh;t[ - tpdhj;jhs; mikg;g[
bkhj;j kjpg;bgz; - 75 neuk; 1.30
rupahd tpilia vGJf 5x1=5
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf. 10x1=10
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; vGJf. 5x2=10
g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf 5x2=10
rpW tpdh tpil vGJf (bra;a[s;) 5x2=10
bgUtpdhtpil vGJf (bra;a[s; & ciueil) 5x4=20
beLtpdh tpil vGJf 1x10=10
(bra;a[s;/ ciueil/ Jizg;ghlk;)
thuj;njh;t[ - 1
1. thH;j;J
2. cah;jdpr; brk;bkhHp
3. ghy; tz;zk; gps;is
thuj;njh;t[ - 2
1. bjhif E}y;fs;
2. rkurk;
3. \f;fg;gps;is tPl;L tpUe;J
4. bghiwa[ilik
thuj;njh;t[ - 3
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. ftpij
3. rl;il
4. mwpt[ilik
3
thuj;njh;t[ - 4
1. fk;guhkhazk;
2. thH;f;if
3. ntyp
4. bra;e;ed;wpawpjy;
thuj;njh;t[ - 5
1. njk;ghtzp
2. Mt[e; jkpHUk;
3. kfd;
thuj;njh;t[ - 6
1. ghz;oad; gupR
2. ePjpE}y;fspy; ,yf;fpa eak;
3. fpHpry;
thuj;njh;t[ - 7
1. rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs;
2. kdpjh; thH;f
3. Xh; cy;yhrg; gazk;
thuj;njh;t[ - 8
1. kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;
2. jkpH;ehl;Lf; fiyr;bry;t';fs;
3. xt;bthU fy;yha;

4
tpdhj;jhs; mikg;g[ Kiw & neug; g';fPl;L Kiw

jkpH; Kjy; jhs;
bkhj;j kjpg;bgz;fs; : 100 neuk; : 3 kzp
tpdh nfl;fg;gLk; vGj tH';Fk; vGJk;
vz; tpdh tif tpdhf;fs; ntz;oait kjpg;bgz; neuk;(epkp)
1-6 bra;a[s; - Ie;J thp 6 4 8 12
I. tpilfs;
7-11 bra;a[s; - gj;J thp 5 3 12 20
II. tpilfs;
12-16 bra;a[s; - gj;J thp 5 3 12 20
III. tpilfs;
17-19 bra;a[s; - ,UgJ thp
IV. tpilfs; 3 1 8 17
20-21 bra;a[s; - tpdh
V. tpil 2 1 4 12
22-23 kdg;ghlg; gFjp/
VI. ghtif 2 2 10 15
VII. 24 cWg;gpyf;fzk; 6 2 4 12
VIII. 25 ,yf;fzf; Fwpg; g[ 6 3 6 14
IX. 26 g[zh;r;rp tpjp 6 2 4 10
X. 27 rhd;W je;E tpsf;Fjy; 2 1 4 10
XI. 28 mzp tpsf;fk; 3 1 4 10
XII. 29-32 bghUj;Jjy; 4 4 4 7
33-48 chpa tpilia 16 16 16 15
XIII. njh;e;b jLj;jy;
49-50 nfhol;l ,lk; 2 2 4 6
XIV. epug;g[jy;
bkhj;jk; 67 45 100 180
jkpH; ,uz;lhk; jhs;
bkhj;j kjpg;bgz;fs; : 80 neuk; : 3 kzp
tpdh tpdh tif nfl;fg;gLk; vGj tH';Fk; vGJk;
vz; tpdhf;fs; ntz;oait kjpg;bgz; neuk;(epkp)
1-5 ciueil gj;J thp 5 3 12 18
I. tpilfs;
6-10 ciueil gj;J thp 5 3 12 18
II.
tpilfs;
11-12 ciueil - ,UgJ
III. thp tpilfs; 2 1 6 17
13-14 J.ghlk; - ,U
IV. gf;f';fspy; tpil 4 2 20 48
15 bra;a[s; - Rl;o 1 1 10 36
V.
vGJjy;
16-21 gHbkhHp 6 3 6 6
VI. jkpHhf;fk;
VII. 22 gHbkhHp jkpHhf;fk; 3 1 4 12
23-32 xU kjpg;b gz;
VIII. tpdhf;fs; 10 10 10 25
bkhj;jk; 67 45 80 180

5
khjj;njh;t[ - 1 ghlg;gFjpfs;
bra;a[s; -
1. thH;j;J
2. bjhif E}y;fs;
ciueil
2. rkurk;
Jizg;ghlk;
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. fk;guhkhazk;
3. mwpa[ilik
4. ftpij
5. thH;f;if
6. rl;il
7. ntyp
fhyhz;Lj; njh;t[ ghlg;gFjpfs;
bra;a[s; -
1. thH;j;J
2. bjhif E}y;fs;
3. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
4. fk;guhkhazk;
5. bghiwa[ilik
6. bra;e;ed;wpawpjy;
ciueil
2. rkurk;
3. ftpij

6
4. thH;f;if
Jizg;ghlk;
3. rl;il
4. ntyp
bra;a[s; -
1. njk;ghtzp
2. ghz;oad; gupR
3. tpidj;jpl;gk;
ciueil
1. Mt[e; jkpHUk;
Jizg;ghlk;
1. kfd;
2. fpHpry;
bra;a[s; -
3. tHpg;ghl;Lg;ghly;fs;
ciueil
1. kdpjh; thH;f
Jizg;ghlk;
2. xt;bthU fy;yha
3. kz;
4. gHpf;Fg;gHp.
7
miuahz;Lj; nju;t[ ghlg;gFjpfs;

bra;a[s;
1. thH;j;J
2. bjhif E}y;fs;
3. jpUf;Fws;
4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
5. fk;guhkhazk;
6. njk;ghtzp
7. ghz;oad; gupR
10. tHpghl;Lg; ghly;fs;
ciueil
2. rkurk;
3. ftpij
4. thH;f;if
5. Mt[e; jkpHUk;
7. kdpjh; thH;f
Jizg;ghlk;
3. rl;il
4. ntyp
5. kfd;
6. fpHpry;
8. xt;bthU fy;yha;
9. kz;
10. gHpf;Fg;gHp.

8
bra;a[s; gFjp
1. thH;j;J
(m) ,iw thH;j;J
(M) bkhHp thH;j;J
(,) ehl;L thH;j;J
2. bjhif E}y;fs;
(m) g[wehD}W
(M) mfehD}W
(,) ew;wpid
(<) FWe;bjhif
(c) I';FEW}W
3. jpUf;Fws;
(m) bra;e;ed;wpawpjy;
(M) bghiwa[ilik
(,) mwpt[ilik
(<) tpidj;jpl;lk;
4. bjhlh;epiyr; bra;a[s;
(m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
(M) fk;gukhadk;
(,) njk;ghtzp
(<) ghz;oad; ghpR
(m) ,uhruhr nrhHDyh
(M) jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp
(,) kJiuf; fyk;gfk;
(<) Kf;Tlw; gs;S
(m) khiyf;fhy tUzid
(M) g[j;jfrhiy
(,) fhL
(<) rpf;fdk;

9
(c) kdpj neak;

(C) ntiyfsy;y nts;spfns!
(v) jpf;Fr;rpfs;
7. tHpg;ghl;Lg; ghly;fs;
(m) rptbgUkhd;
(M) jpUkhy;
(,) g[j;jgpuhd;
(<) mUfd;
(c) ,naR bgUkhd;
(C) egpfs; ehafk;
ciueilg; gFjp
2. rkurk;
3. ftpij
4. thH;f;if
5. Mt[e; jkpHUk;
7. kdpjh; thH;f
Jizg;ghlg;gFjp
1. ghy;tz;zk; gps;is
3. rl;il
4. ntyp
5. kfd;
6. fpHpry;
8. xt;bthU fy;yha;
9. kz;

10
10. gHpf;Fg; gHp
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;

gHbkhHpa[k; thH;f;if epfH;t[k;
tpdhj;jhs; mikg;g[ Kiw neug; g';fPl;L Kiw
muR tpdhj;jhs; kw;Wk; tpilfs;
bra;a[s; gFjp
1. thH;j;J
m) ,iwthH;j;J
I. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.
1. fk;guhkhazj;jpw;Ff; fk;gh; ,l;lbgah; -------------- (,uhktjhuk;)
2. tlbkhHpapy; ,uhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpath;----------- (thd;kPfp)
3. xd;nw bad;dpd; vd;Dk; flt[s; thH;j;Jg;ghly; mike;Js;s
E}y; --------- (fk;guhkhazk;)
4. xd;nw bad;dpd; vd;Dk; flt[s; thH;j;Jg;ghly; fk;guhkhazj;jpy;
,lk; bgw;Ws;s fhz;lk; ------------------ (a[j;jfhz;lk;)
5. fk;gh; gpwe;j Ch; -------------------- (jpUtGe;J}h;)
6. fk;gh; thH;e;j fhyk; ----------------- (fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;L)
7. fk;giu Mjhpj;jth; ------------------- (rilag;g ts;sy;)
8. rilag;g ts;sypd; Ch; ---------------- (jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}h;)
9. fy;tpapy; bghpatd; -------------------- (fk;gd;)
10. fk;gd; tPl;L ------------ ftpghLk;. (fl;Lj;jwpa[k;)
11. --------------- vd;Dk; xz;ghtpy; cah; fk;gd;. (tpUj;jk;)
12. fk;gh; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j g[yth;fs; -----------
(g[fnHe;jpg;g[yth; _ xsitahh; _ xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
13. fk;gh; ,aw;wpa ntW E}y;fs; ------------------
(rlnfhgue;jhjp/ VbuGgJ/ rpiybaGgJ/ jpUf;if tHf;fk;/ ruRtjp me;jhjp)
14. ,d;nw bad;dpd; ,d;nwahk;
csbjd; Wiuf;fpd; csnjahk;
ed;nw ek;gp FothH;f;if
ekf;fp'; bfd;ndh gpiHg;gk;kh
1. ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> --------- (fk;guhkhazk;)
2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;> ----------- (fk;gh;)
3. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ahh; ahhplk; TwpaJ> ---(fk;gh; ,iwtdplk; TWfpwhh;)
4. ek;gp vd;w brhy; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> ---(,iwtid)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
11
1. flt[s; thH;j;jhf mike;j ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}Yk;/ fsKk; ahit>

E}y; :
flt[s; thH;j;jhf mike;j ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
fk;guhkhazk;.
fsk;:
flt[s; thH;j;jhf mike;j ,g;ghly; a[j;jfhz;lj;jpy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
2. fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fisf; TWf.

fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fs;
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp
fy;tpapy; bghpatd; fk;gd;
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;
tpUj;jbkd;Dk; xz;ghtpy; cah; fk;gd;.
3. fk;gd; ,aw;wpa ntWE}y;fs; ahit>

fk;gh; ,aw;wpa ntWE}y;fs;
rlnfhgue;jhjp
VnuGgJ
rpiybaGgJ
jpUf;if tHf;fk;
ru!;tjp me;jhjp
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. fk;gh; ed;nw ek;gp FothH;f;if vd tpae;J TWtjd; eaj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
vy;yh kjj;jtUf;Fk; flt[s; xUtnu vd;gjhy; ,iwtd;
xUtdhfnt cs;shd; mt;thwd;wpg; gyh; vd;W brhd;dhy; gyuhft[s;shd;.
xd;nw bad;dpd; xd;nwahk;
gybtd; Wiuf;fpw; gyntahk;
,iwtd; Nhpad; my;yJ epyt[ nghd;W ,Ug;ghdh> vd;why; Fwpg;gpl;l
vg;bghUisg; nghd;Wk; ,uhd; vd;why;
md;nw bad;dpd; md;nwahk;vd;fpwhh; Mrphpah; fk;gh;.

12
,iwtd; fjputidg; nghyg; ngbuhsp bfhz;ltdh/ epytpidg; nghd;W

jz;vd;W ,Ug;gtdh> fhw;wpidg; nghd;W v';Fk; gutp ,Ug;gtdh> vd;why;
Mnk bad;dpd; Mnkahk;vd;fpwhh; fk;gh;.
cyfpy; ,iwtd; xUtd; ,yd; vd;nghUf;F ,iwtd; ,y;yhjtdhf
tps';Ffpwhd;. ,iwtd; cs;shd; vd;Dk; bfhs;if cilnahUf;F ,iwtd;
cs;stdhf tps';Ffpwhd;.
,d;nw bad;dpd; ,d;nw ahk;
csbjd; Wiuf;fpd; csnjahk;
,t;thW khWgl;l jd;ikfis xU';nf bfhz;ltdha; ,iwtd; ,Ue;jhy;
mtided;nw ek;gp FothH;f;ifvd;W fk;gh; tpae;J ghLfpd;whh;.
2. ,iwthH;j;Jg; ghlyhy; mwpayhFk; bra;jpfisf; TWf.
,iwthH;j;Jg; ghlyhy; mwpayhFk; bra;jpfs;
,iwtd; vd;gtd; xUtnd Mthd;. Mtd; vy;yhg; bghUspYk; ePf;fkw
epiwe;Js;shd;. ,iwtd; mUtkha[k; mUcUtkha[k; tps';Ffpd;whd;.
mtd; cybf';Fk; xspUk; ngbuhsp kakhdtd;. jz;bzd;wpUf;Fk; jd;ik
gilj;jtd;. ngbuhsp bfhz;l mtid ,e;j khDlf; fz;fshy; fhz ,ayhJ.
gf;jpbewp xGf;fj;jhy; kl;Lnk mtidf; fhz Koa[k;. mtid ehk; mwpe;J
ca;tjw;F tHp/ mtidr; ruz; miltJ xd;W kl;Lnk MFk;.
xd;nw bad;dpd; xd;nwahFk;
gybtd; Wiu
M) bkhHp thH;j;J
1. bkhHp thH;j;Jg; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ----------(jkpHurp Fwt";rp)
2. jkpHurp Fwt";rp E}y; Mrphpah; -----------(tuje";irag; gps;is)
3. rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; ------------ (96)
4. rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W ----------- (jkpHurp Fwt";rp)
5. jkpHurp Fwt";rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Rthkp kiyapy; nfhtpy; bfhz;Ls;s
---------- Mthh;. (KUfg;bgUkhd;)
6. jkpHurp Fwt";rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytp ----------- (jkpHd;id)
7. jkpHurp jk; njhHpaUld; ------ Kjypad tpisaho kfpH;e;jpUe;jhs;. (ge;J)
8. jkpHurpapd; fhjy; ifTlbkd;W Fwp Twpats; ---------(Fwt";rp)
9. tuj e";irag; gps;isapd; Ch; ---------------(njhuk';fyk;)
10. fue;ijj; jkpH;r; r';fj;jpy; Mrphpah; vd;Dk; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;wth; -- -----
(tuj e";irag; gps;is)

13
11. g[ytnuW vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg; bgw;wth; --------(tuj e";irag; gps;is)

12. fue;ijj; jkpH; r';fj;jpy; ekr;rptha Kjypahh; jiyikapy tuj
e";irag;gps;is ------- ghprspf;fg; bgw;whh;. (j';fj; njhlh)
13. tuj e";irag; gps;isaj; jkpHurp Fwt";rpia vGjf; nfl;Lf;bfhz;lth;
-------- (jkpHnts; ckhknfRtudhh;)
14. tuj e";irag; gps;is jkpHurp Fwt";rpia ---------- jiyikapy;
mu';nfw;wpdhh;. ("hdpahuofs;)
15. jkpHurpf; Fwt";rp mu';nfwpa ,lk; -----------(fue;ijj; jkpH;r;r';fk;)
16. m. tuj e";irag; gps;isapd; fhyk; --------- (1.9.1877 11.7.1956)
17. ez;qkpsikg; gUtj;jp nyKjy;
ehit airj;j bkhHp v';fs;
fz;izj; jpwe;Jy fj;ij tpsf;fpf;
fUj;njh oirj;j bkhHp
m) ,g;ghly; Mrphpah; ahh;> ------------ (tuje";irag; gps;is)

M) ,g;ghlyk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(jkpHurpf; Fwt";rp)
,) ehitairj;j bkhHp vJ> ---------- (jkpH;bkhHp)
<) bkhHpapd; bray;fs; ahit> ---------
(,sikg; gUtj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhfg; ngrr; bra;jJ. mwpt[f; fz;izj; jpwe;J
cyf elg;g[fis mwpar; bra;jJ)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. jkpHurp Fwt";rpapy; ghl;Lilj; jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; ahth;>
jkpHurp Fwt";rpapy; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Rthkp kiyapy; nfhtpy; bfhz;Ls;s
KUfg;bgUkhd; Mthh;.
jkpHurp Fwt";rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytp jkpHurpMths;.
2. jkpHurp Fwt";rp ahh; ntz;LnfhSf;F ,z';f ,aw;wg;gl;lJ>
jkpHurp Fwt";rp jkpHnts; ckhknfRtudhh;. mth;fspd; ntz;LnfhSf;F
,z';f tuje";irag;gps;is mth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. jkpHurp Fwt";rpapd; mu';nfw;wk; gw;wpf; TWf.
jkpHurp Fwt";rpvd;Dk; E}iy tuje irag;gps;is ,aw;wpdhh;.
mth; me;E}iyf; fue;ijj; jkpH;r; r';fj;jpd; bts;sptpHhtpd;
bghGJ jtj;jpU "hdpahuofs; jiyikapy; mu';nfw;wpdhh;.

14
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. tuje";irag; gps;is gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
tuje";irg; gps;isiag; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[iu
bgah; - m. tuje";irag; gps;is
gpwe;j Ch; - njhuk';fyk;
fhyk; - 1877 1956
bgw;nwhh; - mg;ghrhkpg; gps;is/ tujhap
mwpe;j bkhHpfs; - jkpH;/ bjY F/ tlbkhHp
bgw;w rpg;g[fs; - fue;ijj; jkpH; r';fk; tH';fpa Mrphpah; vd;Dk;
rpwg;g[g; gl;lk;. fw;nwhuhy; tH';fg;gl;l g[ytnuW
vd;Dk; gl;lk;. fue;ijj; jkpH;r; r';fj;jpy; ekr;rptha
Kjypahh; jiyikapy jug;gl;l j';fj;njhlh ghpR
E}w;Fwpg;g[ - jkpHntd; ckhknfRtudhh; nfl;Lf; bfhz;ljw;F
,z';f ,th; jkpHurp Fwt";rpia ,aw;wpdhh;.
E}y; mu';nfw;wk; - fue;ijj; jkpH;r;r';f bts;sp tpHhtpd;nghJ
"hdpahuofs; jiyikapy; ,e;E}iy mu';nfw;wpdhh;.
2. tuj";irag; gps;is vf;fhuz';fshy; jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtk; vd;W

TWfpd;whh;>
ekJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyha; ehitg; ngRtjw;F mirtpj;j bkhHp
jkpHhFk;. ekJ cs;sj;jpd; mwpahik ,Uisg; nghf;f mwpthfpa fz;zpidj;
jpwe;J cyf eilKiwfisj; bjsptha;f; fhl;oa bkhHp jkpH; bkhHpna*
,j;jifa mwpt[f; fz;fis ek; fUj;JfnshL bghUe;jr; bra;j ,dpa bkhHp
jkpHhFk;.
ez;qk; kpsikg; gUtj;jpny Kjy;
ehit airj;jbkhHp v';fs;
fUj;njhL oirj;j bkhHp
j';fs; rpe;jidfis kw;wth;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;Ff; fUtpaha; ehd; vd;W
Kw;gl;L te;j jpUj;jkhd brk;bkhHp jkpHhFk;. cyfpd; gpw bkhHpfisf;
fw;gjw;Fk; mth;fSf;F cjtp g[hpe;J tz;ik bghUe;jpaJ jkpH;bkhHpna*
mjdhy; ek; jkpHd;idia thH;f thH;f* vdg; nghw;wpj; jpUtoia
thH;j;Jnthk; vd tuje";irag;gps;is jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jfpwhh;.
,) ehl;L thH;j;J

15

1. ehl;L thH;j;Jg;ghly; Mrphpah; ----- (ehkf;fy; ftp"h; bt. ,uhkyp';fdhh;)
2. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ghly;fs; vd;Dk; bjhFg;gpy; ml';fpa jiyg;g[fs;
(bja;tj; jpUkyh;/ jkpH;j;njd; kyh;/ fhe;jp kyh;/ njrpa kyh;/ rKjha kyh;/
bghpnahh; g[fH; kyh;/ jpUehs; kyh;/ ,ir kyh;/ mwpt[iu kyh;/ gy;Rit kyh;)
3. ,e;jpa ehoJ vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghly; vd;Dila ehL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;--
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ. (njrpa kyhpy;)
4. bt. ,uhkyp';fdhhpd; Ch; ---------- (nkhfD}h;)
5. ,uhkyp';fdhh; bt';fl;uhkd; vd;ghh;f;Fk; mk;kzpak;khSf;Fk; ---------
kfdhfj; njhd;wpdhh;. (vl;lhtJ)
6. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ----------------(bt. ,uhkyp';fdhh;)
7. ehkf;fy; ftp"h;f;F eLtzuR ----- tpUjspj;Jg; nghw;wpaJ. (gjk;g{#d;)
8. ehkf;fy; ftp"iu cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ghly; --------------
(fj;jpapd;wp uj;jpkpd;wp a[j;j bkhd;W tUFJ)
9. ehkf;fy; ftp"hpd; fhyk; ------------ (19.10.1888 24.08.1972)
10. muritf; ftp"uhft[k;/ jkpHfr; rl;l nkyit cWg;gpduhft[k; gzpahw;wpath;
------------- (bt. ,uhkyp';fdhh;)
11. te;jth; nghdth; ahiua[k; ek;gp

thod fhy';fs; Xod jk;gp
,e;jj; jpdk; Kjy; ,e;jpa ehL
vd;Dila ehbld;w vz;zj;ijf; TL
m) vj;jifa vz;zj;ijf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;>
M) ,g;ghly; thpfs; ahiu nehf;fpf; TWtjhf cs;sJ>
,) ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;>
<) ,g;ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
tpil: m) ,e;jpa ehL vd;Dila ehL vd;w vz;zj;ijf; bfhs;sntz;Lk;.

M) jk;gpia nehf;fpf; TWtjhf cs;sJ.
,) ehkf;fy; ftp"h; bt. ,uhkyp';fdhh;
<) ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ghly;fs;.
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. ehkf;fy; ftp"iu khepy murk;/ eLtzuRk; vt;thW bgUikg;gLj;jpd>
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; bgw;w bgUikfs;:

16
ehkf;fy; ftp"hpd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwg; nghw;Wk; tifapy; khepy muR mtiu

muritf; ftp"uhft[k;/ gpd;dh; jkpHfr; rl;lnkyit cWg;gpduhft[k; epakpj;Jr;
rpwg;gpj;jJ.
eLtzuR mth;f;Fg; gj;kg{#d; tpUjspj;Jg; bgUikg;gLj;jpaJ.
2. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; rpiw bry;yf;fhuzk; vd;d>

mz;zy; fhe;jpaofspd; Mizg;go jkpHfj;jpy; eilbgw;w cg;g[r; rj;jpahf;fpufg;
nghuhl;lj;jpy; ehkf;fy; ftp"h; g';F bgw;whh;.
mjdhy; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapy; ehkf;fy; ftp"h; rpiw bry;y neh;e;jJ.
3. ehnlhWk; vjidg; ghLjy; ntz;Lk;>
,e;jpah; xt;bthUtUk; ehs;njhWk; ,J ,e;jpa ehL. ,J vdf;nf chpikahd
ehlhFk; vd;W nghw;wpg; ghLjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa ehoJ vd;Dil ehnl
vd;W jpde; jpdk; ePaijg; ghL
4. ehk; J}';fpf; fple;jjhy; epfH;e;jbjd;d>
ehk; J}';fpf; fple;jjhy; epfH;e;jit
,e;jpa ehl;ow;F chpikapy;yhj me;epah; gyh; te;J ek;ik moikg;gLj;jp
Mz;ldh;. ,J ehk; J}';fpf; fple;jjhy; Vw;gl;l epfH;thFk;.
5. ehk; thoajw;Ff; fhuzk; vz;z>

,e;jpah;fshfpa ehk; thoajw;Ff; fhuzk;
ek; ehl;ow;F thzpfk; bra;a te;Jnghdth;fs; ek; thH;t[ brHpf;f cjt[th;
vd;W ek;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jnj/ ehk; thoajw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
6. ,j;jpdk; Kjy; ehk; vt;btz;zj;ijf; bfhs;sy; ntz:Lk;>
,j;jpdk; Kjy; ehk; bfhs;s ntz;oa vz;zk;
,e;jpa ehL v';fSf;F chpikahd ehL vd;w vz;zj;ij ,e;jpah;
xt;bthUtUk; kdjpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,e;jj; jpdKjy; ,e;jpa ehL
vd;Dila ehnld;w vz;zj;ijf; TL
III.bgUtpdh :
1. ,e;jpah; midtUk; vt;btz;zj;ijf; iff;bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;>

17
,J ,e;jpa ehL. ,e;ehL v';fSf;nf chpikahd ehL vd;W ehs;njhWk;

,e;jpah;fs; nghw;wpg; ghl ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ehl;il chpik bfhz;lhl Koahj me;epah; ,';F te;J Ms ,e;jpah;
bghWg;gw;W thH;e;jpUe;j fhy';fs; fHpe;jd.
brhe;jkpy; yhjth; te;jth; Ms
J}';fpf; fple;jJ nghdJ khs
ek; thH;t[ kyu cjt khl;lhh;fsh vd ,e;jpah; te;jtiua[k; nghdtiua[k;
ek;gp thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j fhy';fs; kiwe;jd. vdnt ,d;WKjy; ,e;jpah;
midtUk; ,e;jpah vkf;nf chpikahd ehL vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;W ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ,uhkyp';fdhh; ghLfpd;whh;.
te;jth; nghdth; ahiua[k; ek;gp

thod fhy';fs; Xod jk;gp
,e;jj; jpdk; Kjy; ,e;jpa ehL
vd;Dil ehbld;w vz;zj;ijf; TL
IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1. thHj;Jtk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik vjph;fhy tpidKw;W
2. jpUe;JbkhHp - tpidj;bjhif
3. te;jth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
4. thHpa thHpa - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
5. jpde;jpdk; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
6. mothHj;Jtk; - (moia thH;j;Jtk;) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik bjhif
7. ahiua[k; - Kw;Wk;ik
8. thHpa - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
9. mirj;j/ ,irj;j - bgabur;r';fs;
10. cyfk; - ,lthFbgah;
11. nghdth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
12. ,y;yhjth; - vjph;kiw tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1. mirj;j - mir + j; + j; + m
mir - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
2. jpwe;J - jpw + j;(e;) + j; + c

18
jpw - gFjp
j; - re;jp ;e; MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. cjtpa - cjt[ + ,(d;) + a; + m
cjt[ - gFjp
,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy d; g[zh;e;Jbfl;lJ
a; - clk;gLbka; re;jp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
4. thHpa - thH; + ,a
thH; - gFjp
,a - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
5. thH;j;Jtk; - thH;j;J + t; + mk;
thH;j;J - gFjp
t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
mk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
VI. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

1. fUj;njhoirj;J fUj;njhL + ,irj;J
caph;fs; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go Kjypy; caph; (,)
te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;wpYs;s cfuk; (L + l; + c) bka;tpl;L Xoajhy;
fUj;njhl; + ,irj;J vd MdJ. gpd; cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ
,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s bka;a[k; (l;) tUbkhHp
Kjypy; cs;s capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (l; + , + o)fUj;njhoirj;Jvd MdJ.
2. ehbdd;W ehd; + vd;W

cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;wpy;
cs;s bka;a[k; (d;)tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J
(d;+v+bd)ehbdd;WMdJ.
3. jpde;jpdk; - jpdk; + jpdk;

td;ikf;F ,dkhfj; jphpgt[k; MFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
ty;ydpk; (jp) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s kfuk;bka; e;fukha;j; jphpe;J
jpde;+ jpdk; -jpde;jpdk;vdg; g[zh;e;jJ.
th
18 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12 std Tamil Notes of lesson
19
4. xd;nw + vd;dpd; - xd;nwbtd;dpd;

VKd; ,t;tpUika[k; caph;thpd; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;wpy; V
vd;Dk; capUf;F Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; v vd;Dk; caph; te;jikahy;/
,t;tpU capiua[k; clk;gLj;j t fu bka;te;J xd;nw + t; + vd;dpd;
xd;nwt; + vd;dpd; vd MdJ gpd; cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v)
g[zh;e;J (t; + v bt)xd;nwbtd;dpd;vd MdJ.
5. xd;nw + vd;dpd; - xd;nwbad;dpd;

VKd; ,t; tpUika[k; caph;thpd; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;wpy; V
vd;Dk; capUf;F Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; v vd;Dk; caph; te;jikahy;/
,t;tpU capiua[k; clk;gLj;j a fubka; te;J xd;nw + a; + vd;dpd; -
xd;nwa; + vd;dpd; vd;whdJ. gpd; cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v)
g[zh;e;J (a; + v + ba)xd;nwbad;dpd;vd MdJ.
2. bjhif E}y;fs;
m) g[wehD}W
1. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; ---------- (r';f fhyk;)
2. r';f fhyj;jpy; njhd;wp E}y;fis ----- vd;gh;.(r';f ,yf;fpa';fs;)
3. r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; -------- vl;Lj;bjhifa[k;/(gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;)
4. gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;/ vl;Lj;bjhifa[k; ------ E}y;fs;.(nkw;fzf;F)
5. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; -------(ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/ I';FW E}W/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J/
ghpghly;/ fypj;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ g[wehD}W)
6. gjpw;Wg; gj;Jk; g[wehD}Wk; ------- gw;wp E}y;fs;(g[wg;bghUs;)
7. mfg; g[wg;ghly;fisf; bfhz;l E}y; --------(ghpghly;)
8. vl;Lj; bjhifapy; mfg;bghUs; gw;wpa E}y;fs; --------(Ie;J)
9. r';f fhyg; ghly;fs; gyt[k; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fzkhfpa ------- ,yf;fpa';fsha;j;
jpfH;fpd;wd. (bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F)
10. Fwpg;g[g;bghUs; cj;jp vd miHf;fg;gLgit ----(cs;Siw ctkk;/ ,iwr;rp)
11. btspg;gilahfj; bjhpa[k; bghUnshL gpwpbjhU bghUs; g[yg;gLkhW mikg;gJ --
------- cj;jpahFk;. (cs;Siw)
12. cs;Siw ctkj;jpy; ctkpf;fg;gLk; bghUs; ------- xHpe;j fUg;bghUshf
,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. (bja;tk;)

20
13. Tw te;j bghUs; btspg;glhJ kiwthf ,Uf;f mjid czh;j;j ntbwhU

bghUs; btspg;gilahf epw;FkhW mikf;Fk;; ,yf;fpa cj;jpna ------ MFk;.
(,iwr;rp)
14. g[wehD}w;wpd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoath; (ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;)

15. g[wehD}w;wpd;fz; mike;Js;s jpizfs; ------ (11)
16. g[wehD}w;wpd;fz; mike;Js;s Jiwfs; ------------ (65)
17. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jth; ----($p.a[.nghg;)
18 jkpHhpd; cahpa thH;tpay; rpe;jidf; fUt{ykhff; bfhz;L tps';Fk; E}y; --
(g[wehD}W)
19. gy;rhd;wPnu vdj; bjhl';Fk; g[wg;ghly; Mrphpah; ----(ehpbt+cj; jiyahh;)
20. ehpbt+cj; jiyahuhy; ghlg;gl;nlhd; ---------
(nrukhd; fUt{nuwpa xs;thl; nfhg;bgU"; nruypUk;bghiw)
21. g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L vd tH';fg;bgWtJ --------(g[wehD}W)
22. Jwtpauhfpa bka;a[zh;e;njhh; fz;l bghUs; ,Jbtd mjd; ,ay;igczh;j;Jk;
Jiw --------(bghUz; bkhHpf;fh";rp)
23. ey;yJ bra;j yhw;wP uhapDk;
my;yJ bra;j nyhk;g[kp dJjhd;
vy;yhU Ktg;g jd;wpa[k;
ey;yhw;Wg; g?c bewpa[kh uJnt
1. ,g;ghlyhrphpah; ahh;> -------- (ehpbt+cj; jiyahh;)
2. ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> ---------- (g[wehD}W)
3. ey;yhw;Wg; gLj;Jk; bewp vJ> --------
(ed;ik bra;ahtpoYk; jPik bra;tijj; jtph;g;gnj)
4. vjid Xk;g[jy; ntz;Lk;> -------(my;yit bra;jiyj; jtph;j;jy; ntz;Lk;)
24. bghUj;Jf
1. fad;Ks; - kPd;Ks;
2. jpiuft[s; - fU';fpa fd;dk;
3. fzpr;rp - kGtha[jk;
4. ey;yhW - ed;bdwp
25. g[wj;jpizfSs; Twg;glhj bra;jpfisa[k; mtw;wpw;Fg; bghJthd bra;jpfisa[k;
TWtJ ------------- (bghJtpay; jpiz)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit>
vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs;
mfk; g[wk; mfk; + g[wk;
21
1. ew;wpiz 2. FWe;bjhif 3. I';FEW}W 4. fypj;bjhif

5. mfehD}W 6. gjpw;Wg;gj;J 7. g[wehD}W 8. ghpghly;
2. g[wehD}w;wpy; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; ahit>
gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpH; kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiw/ cah;e;j ehfhPfk;/ murpay;/
nghh;j;jpwk;/ rKjhag; gz;ghL/ gHf;ftHf;f';fs; Kjypad.
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ thH;e;j nguurh;/ rpw;wurh;/ gilj;jiyth;/
tPuh;fs; ts;syfs;/ g[utyh;fs; Mfpath;fspd; tPuk;/ bfhilj;jpwd;/ bgUik
Mfpatw;iwa[k; g[wehD}w;wpd; \yk; mwpayhk;.
3. bghJtpay; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; ,Wjpahfj; bjhy;fhg;gpadhh; TWk; g[wj;jpizfSs;
Twg;glhj bra;jpfisa[k; mj;jpizfSf;Fk; bghJthd bra;jpfisa[k; TWtJ
bghJtpay; jpizahFk;.
4. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh";rp vd;Dk; Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
Jwtpauhfpa bka;a[zh;e;njhh; fz;l bghUs; ,Jbtd mjd; ,ay;ig
czh;j;jpaJ bghUz;bkhHpf; fh";rpvd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
5. gadpd; \g;gpw; rhd;nwhhpd; KJikj; njhw;wj;ijf; TWf.
taJ Kjph;e;j bghpnahnu* kPdpd; Ks;isg; nghd;W jiyikaph; btSj;jpUf;Fk;
clypYk; fd;dj;jpYk; njhy; RU';fpaUf;Fk;/ ,t;thW gadpw; \g;gpw;
rhd;nwhh;fspd;/ KJikj; njhw;wk; ,Ug;gjhf ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; TWfpwhh;.
6. gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahh; vg;bghGJ ,u';Fth;>
Th;ikahd kGthfpa Ma[jk; bfhz;l kpf;f typika[ila vkd; ghrf;fapw;why;
caph;fisf; ftu tUk; nghJ gadpy;yhj KJika[ilnahh; ,u';Fth;.
fzpr;rf; Th;k;gilf; fLe;jpw byhUtd;
gpzf;F'; fhiy ,u';Ftph;
7. gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahhplk; ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; ntz;Ltd ahit>

gy;rhd;wPnu eP';fs; ey;tpid bra;a ,ayhjtuhapDk; jPtpid bra;jiyahtJ
iftpL';fs; vd;W gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahhplk; ehpbt+cj;jiyahh;
ntz;Lfpwhh;.
ey;yJ bra;j yhw;wP uhapDk;
my;yJ bra;j nyhk;g[kpd;
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahiu tpspj;Jf; TWtdw;iw
vGJf.
KJika[ila rhd;nwhnu:
22
kPdpd; Ks;isg; nghy; btz;ikahd eiukapiua[k;/ njhy; RU';fpa

fd;d';fisa[k; cila gad; ,y;yhj KJikahd rhd;nwhnu* ePtPh;/ Th;ikahd
kG Majj;ij Ve;jpa typik tha;e;j vkd; jd; ghrf; fapw;why; cd; capiuf;
ftu tUk; nghJ kdk; tUe;JtPh;.
gadpd; \g;gpw; gy;rhd; wPnu

fzpr;rpf; Th;k;gil fLe;jpw byhUtd;
gpzpf;F'; fhiy ,u';FtPh; khnjh
mg;nghJ eP';fs; tUe;jpg; gadpy;iy. capUld; thGk; nghnj jPtpid
bra;ahky; ey;yJ bra;a[';fs; mJnt vy;nyhUk; tpUk;g[tJk; mJnt
kWikapy; ck;ik ey;tHpf;Fr; nrh;f;Fk; rpwe;j tHpa[khFk;.
ey;yJ bra;j yhw;wP uhapdk;
2. ,lk; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
ey;yJ bra;j yhw;wp uhapDk;
my;yJ bra;jy; nyhk;g[kp dJjhd;
,lk;:
,t;tofs; g[wehD}w;wpYs;s bghUz;bkhHpf; fh";rpj;Jiw mikag;
ghoa ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; ghlypy; ,g;ghlyofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.
tpsf;fk; :
gadpy;yhj \g;g[ila KJika[ilatnu* kPd; Ks;isg; nghy eiu Kjph;e;J/
njhy; RU';fp KJik va;jpa[k; gadpy;iy. epiyapy;yhj clk;g[ epiyj;J
cs;snghnj epiyahdtw;iwj; njof; bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;. vkd; jk; capiuf;
ftu tUk; nghJ tUj;jpg; gadpy;iy. eP';fs; vy;nyhUf;Fk; ey;tpid bra;a
,ayhjtuhapDk; jPtpid bra;jiyf; iftpL';fs;. ,J jhd; vy;nyhUk;
tpUk;g[tjhFk; vd;Wk;/ c';fis kWikf;FF miHj;Jr; bry;Yk; rpwe;j
mwtHpa[khfk; vd;W ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhh;;.

1. fad;Ks; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
23
2. jpiuft[s; - tpidj;bjhif
3. Th;k;gil - gz;g[j;bjhif
4. g?ck; - ,irepiwasbgil (my;yJ) bra;a[spirasbgil
5. fLe;jpwy; - gz;g[j;bjhif
6. Mw;wPh; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik vjph;kiw tpidKw;W
7. Xk;g[kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W

1. ,u';Ftph; - ,u';F + t; + ,h;
,u';F- gFjp
,h; - Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. Mw;wPh; - Mw;W + (M) +<h;
Mw;W - gFjp
M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy g[zh;e;Jbfl;lJ
<h; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
3. Xk;g[kpd; - Xk;g[ + kpd;
Xk;g[ - gFjp
kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;WtpFjp
VI. gphpj;J g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

1. fad;Ks; - fay; + Ks;
ysntw;Wikapy; bkypnktpd; izt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
kfu bky;ypdk; te;jjhy; epiy bkhHp <w;W y fuk; d fukha; jphpe;J
fad; + Ks; -fad;Ks;vd;whdJ.
2. Th;k;gil - Th;ik + gil
<W nghjy; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L Th; + gil
vd;whdJ ,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (g
g; + m) ,dkhd bky;ypdk; (k;) kpFe;J Th; + k; + gil
Th;k;gilvd;whdJ.
3.fLe;jpwy; - fLik + jpwy;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L
fL + jpwy; vd;whdJ gpd;/ ,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; j

24
fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd efu bky;ypdk; njhd;wp fL + e; + jpwy; -

fLe;jpwy;vd;whdJ.
M. mfehD}W
1. mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; mo tiuaiw -- (13 mo Kjy; 31 mo tiu)
2. mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jth; -------- Mthh;. (cUj;jpu rd;kh;)
3. mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; ------ Mthd; (cf;fpug;bgUtGjp)
4. mfehD}W E}Yf;F tH';fg;gLk; ntWbgah; ---------- (beLe;bjhif)
5. mfehD}W ------ gFjpfshf cs;sJ. (\d;W)
6. mfehD}W fspw;wpahid epiuapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if---- (120)
7. kzpkpil gtsj;jpYs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ------------(180)
8. epj;jpyf; nfhitapYs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if --------(100)
9. mfehD}w;Wg; ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir ---------(1/3/5/7/9)
10. mfehD}w;W Fwp";rpj; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir -----(2/8/12/18)
11. mfehD}w;W Ky;iyj; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir ------ (4/14/24)
12. mfehD}w;W kUjj; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir --------(6/16/26)

13. mfehD}w;W bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir -------(10/20/30)
14. mfehD}w;wpy; ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; --------(200)
15. mfehD}w;wpy; Fwp";rpj; jpizg; ghly;fs; ------- (80)
16. mfehD}w;wpy; Ky;iyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; ----------(40)
17. mfehD}w;wpy; kUjj; jpizg; ghly;fs; -----------(40)
18. mfehD}w;wpy; bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fs; --------(40)
19. girgL vdj; bjhl';Fk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s gFjp -- ----
(kzpkpilg; gtsk;)
20. girgL gr;ir vdj; bjhl';Fk; bra;a[s; ---------(jiytd; Tw;W)
21. girgL gr;ir vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghlyhrphpah; -------(kJiu kd;dh;)
22. gy;ypjH; kiHf;fz; ey;yfk; rptg;g
mUe;Ja Uilats; mtbtsd tpUk;gpg;
ghzd; te;jdd; J}nj ; ePa[k;
g[y;yhh; g[utp ty;tpiue;J g{l;o
beLe;njh; Ch;kjp tyt
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> (mfehD}W)
2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;> (kJiu ks;sdhh;)
3. J}J te;jtd; ahh;> (ghzd;)
4. ,t;thpfs; ahh; nehf;fpf; TWtjhf te;Js;sJ>
25
(tpid Kw;wpa jiykfd; njh;g;ghfw;Ff; TwpaJ)
23. bghUj;Jf
jpiz epyk; rpWbghGJ bgUk;bghGJ
kiya[k;/ kiy rhh;e;j
Fwp";rp ,lKk; ahkk; Tjph;/ Kd;gdp
ghiy RuKk; Ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk; ez;gfy; ntdpy;/ gpd;gdp
Ky;iy fhLk;/ fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk; Khiy fhh;
fhh;/ Tjph;/ Kd;gdp/
kUjk; taYk;/ tay; rhh;e;j Itfiw gpd;gdp/ ,sntdpy;/
,lKk; KJntdpy;
fhh;/ Tjph;/ Kd;gdp/
bea;jy; flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk; vw;ghL gpd;gdp/ ,sntdpy;/
KJntdpy;
24. fhyk; - jp';fs;

fhh; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
Tjph; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif
Kd;gdp - khh;fHp/ ij
gpd;gdp - khrp/ g';Fdp
,sntdpy; - rpj;jiu/ itfhrp
KJntdpy; - Mdp/ Mo
25.
jpiz chpg;bghUs;
Fwp";rp g[zh;jYk; g[zh;jy; epkpj;jKk;
ghiy gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;
Ky;iy ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;
kUjk; ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
bea;jy; ,u';fYk; ,u';fs; epkpj;jKk;
26.
jpiz bja;tk;
Fwp";rp KUfd;
ghiy Jh;f;if
Ky;iy jpUkhy;
kUjk; ,e;jpud;
bea;jy; tUzd;
27.
jpiz kf;fs;

26
Fwp";rp btw;gd;/ Fwth;

ghiy Vapw;wpah;/ kwth;
Ky;iy Mah;/ ehld;
kUjk; cHth;/ Cud;
bea;jy; gujth;/ nrh;g;gd;
28.
jpiz bjhHpy; Ch; ePh;
Fwp";rp njbdLj;jy; rpWFo fid ePh;
ghiy Niwahly; FWk;g[ ePh;tw;wpa fpzW
Ky;iy Mepiu nka;j;jy; Nrhp fhd;ahW
kUjk; bey;yhpjy; \J}h; bgha;if/ MW
bea;jy; kPd;gpoj;jy; gl;odk; cth;f;fHp
29.
jpiz gwit tpy';F g{
Fwp";rp fpsp/ kapy; g[yp/ fuo Fwp";rp
ghiy fGF/ gUe;J bre;eha; ghjphp
Ky;iy fhdf;nfhHp Kay;/ khd; Ky;iy
kUjk; ehiu/ md;dk; vUik/ePh;eha; Jhkiu
bea;jy; ePh;f;fhf;if Rwh jhiH
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. mfehD}W vj;jid gFjpfshf cs;sJ> vGJf.
mfehD}W \d;W gFjpfisf; bfhz;lJ
bkhj;jk; 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
fspw;wpahid epiu - 120 ghly;fs;
kzpkpilg;gtsk ; - 180 ghly;fs;
epj;jpyf; nfhit - 100 ghly;fs;
2. mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiw
ghiyjpizg; ghly;fs; - 1/ 3 vd xw;iwg;gil vz;fshf tUgit.
Fwp";rpj;jpizg; ghly;fs; - 2/ 8 tUgit
Ky;iyj;jpizg; ghly;fs; - 4/ 14 vd tUgit
kUjj;jpizg; ghly;fs; - 6/ 16 vd tUgit
bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fs; - 10/ 20 vd tUgit
3. btsthypd; njhw;wj;ijf; TWf.

27
btsthypd; fUikahd rpwFfs; <uk; bghUe;jpa njhypidf; bfhz;lJ.

vz;bzapny njha;j;jJ nghyf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
girgL gr;ir bea;njha;j;jd;d
4. kzkfspd; Te;jiyg; nghy kze;jJ vJ>
kzkfspd; Te;jiyg; nghy; Ky;iy epykhdJ Ky;iyg; g{f;fs; rphpj;jJ nghy;
kyh;e;jjhy; kzk; tPrpj; jpfH;e;jJ.
Kiftha; jpwe;j eiftha;; Ky;iy
fokfs; fJg;gpd; ehwpf; bfhokpir*
III.bgUtpdh :
1. tpidnkw;brd;w jiytdplk; J}Jte;j ghzd; bjhptpj;j bra;jp ahJ>
fUikahd rpwFfisf; bfhz;l btsthy; jhd; gfypy; j';fpapUe;j kuj;ij
jdpj;jpUf;f tpl;L/ gH';fis eho khiy neuj;jpy; brd;W tpLk;. Ky;iy
kyh;fs; bfhoapd; kPJ njhd;wpa mUk;g[fs; rphpg;gJ nghy kzk; tPrp
bfhz;oUgg;gJ Ky;iy epyk;/ mJ kzkfspd; Te;j;y; ;nghy; cs;sJ.
me;neuj;jpy; tz;Lf; Tl;lk; jk;ik tpl;L mfyhky; kyh;fs; jLj;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
Kiftha; jpwe;;j eiftha; Ky;iy
fokfs; fJg;gpd; ehwpf; bfhokpir
mj;jifa fhh;fhyk; te;j gpd;g[k; jk;kplk; tUtjha;f; Twpr; brd;w jiytd;

jpUk;gp tutpy;iy. mth; ,';F te;jhYk; tuhJ m';nfna ,Ue;jhYk; mtUf;F
,d;gkha; mika[k; nghYk;. Mth; thH;f* vd;W brhy;ypf; fz;fz; rptf;FkhW
mGJ mGJ Mw;wKoahj bfhLe;Jah; cilats; Mdhs; jiytp/ vd;gnj
tpidnkw; brd;w jiytdplk; J}J te;j ghzd; bjhptpj;j bra;jpahFk;.
thpDk; thuh uhapDk; Mz;lth;f;F
,dpJbfhy; thHp njhHp............
IV. beLtpdhf;fs; :
1. tpidKw;wpa jiytd; njh;g;ghfw;Fr; brhy;ypatw;iw tpsf;fp vGJf.
njh;g;ghfnd* <uk; bghUe;jpa njhiy vz;bzapny njha;j;jJ nghy fUikahd
rpwFfisf; bfhz;l btsthy; kpf cah;e;j fpisfisa[ila Kjph;e;j kuk;
jdpika[w;wpl khiyapy; gH';fis ehor; brd;WtpLk;.
girgL gr;ir bea;njha;j; jd;d

28
nra[ah; rpida khr;rpiwg; gwit

Ky;iy kyh;fs; bfhoapd; nky; mUk;g[fs; tphpe;J xsp bghUe;jpa kzkfspd;
Te;jiyg; nghy kzk; tPrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. me;neuj;jpy; tz;Lf; Tl;lk;
ntw;wplk; bry;yhJ jk;ik tpl;L mfyhjthW kyh;fs; jLj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
mj;jifa fhh;fhyk; te;j gpd;g[k; jk;kplk; tUtjha;f; Twpr; brd;w jiyth;
jpUk;gp tutpy;iy. m';nf mtUf;F ,d;gkha; mika[k; nghYk; mth; thH;f*
thpDk; thuh uhapDk; Mz;lth;f;F
,dpJbfhy; thHp njhHp[
gy ,jH;fisa[ila jhkiu kyh; nghd;w jdJ fz;fspd; mfbky;yhk;

rptf;FkhW mGJ mGJ Mw;Wtjw;F mhpa Jd;gKilats; Mdhs; jiytp*
vd;W Twpf;bfhz;L ghzDk; jk;kplk; J}jhf te;jhd;. ehk; tPL jpUk;gpr; bry;y
ntz;oaijj; J}jha;f; Twpdhd;. njh;g;ghfnd* ehk; vz;zp te;j braYk;
,dpjhf Koe;Jtpl;lJ. ePa[k; g[y;iy nka;f;fpd;w Fjpiufisg; g{l;oa
njhpida[k; tpiue;J brYj;Jthahf* vd;W tpidKw;wpa jiytd; njh;g;ghfdplk;
Twpdhd;.
2. mfehD}w;Wg; ghlYs; mike;Js;s ctik ea';fisg; g[yg;gLj;Jf.

ctikazp gad;WtUk; mofs;:
girgL gr;ir bea;njha;j; jd;d
nra[ah; rpida khr;rpiwg; gwit
girgL gr;ir bea;njha;e;jJ - ctik
khr;rpiwg; gwit - ctnkak;
md;d - ctk cUg[
ghlypd; bghUs;:
<uk; bghUe;jpa njhiy vz;bzapny njha;j;J vLj;jJ nghy btsthypd; rpwF
fUepwk; bghUe;jpajha;g; gsgsg;g[ld; ,Uf;Fk;.
fokfs; fJg;g[ - ctik
eiftha; Ky;iy - ctnkak;
29
,d; - ctik cUg[

ghlypd; bghUs;:
Ky;iy kyh;fs; bjhfoapd; nky; mUk;g[fs; tphpe;J/ xspbghUe;jp kzkfspd;
Te;jiyg; nghy kzk; tPrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; me;euj;jpy; tz;Lf; Tl;lk;
ntw;wplk; bry;yhJ jk;ik tpl;L mfyhjthW kyh;fs; jLj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
3. ,l";Rl;o tpsf;F. beLe;njh; Ch;kjp tyt

bra;a[s; :
mfehD}W - kzpkpilg; gtsk;
jpiz - Ky;iyj;jpiz
Jiw - tpidKw;wpa jiykfd; njh;g;ghfw;Fr;brhy;ypaJ
ghly; bghjpt[ - kJiu ks;sdhh; ,aw;wpa girgLgr;irvd;Dk;
ghlypy; tUk; mofs;
tUkplk; - tPL jpUk;g epidj;j jiytd; njh;g;ghfdplk; brhd;d
,lk;
bghUs; :
njh;g;ghfnd bgUUe;njhpid tpiuthfr; brYj;Jthahf
tpsf;fk; :
jiytp jdf;fhf tUe;jpf; fhj;jpUf;Fk; epiyia ghzd; \yk; mwpe;jhd;
jiytd; clnd njh;g;ghfdplk; njh;ghgfnd FjpiufSf;F kpFe;j g[y;ypid
Cl;o/ bgUe;njhpidr; brYj;Jthahf vd;W jiytd; Twpdhd;.
V. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1. cah;rpid - tpidj;bjhif
2. rpiwg;gwit - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif
3. gfYiw - VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
4. KJkuk; - gz;g[j;bjhif
5. fokfs; - chpr; brhw;bwhlh;
6. mUe;Jah; - gz;g[j;bjhif
7. beLe;njh; - gz;g[j;bjhif
8. ty;tpiue;J - xU bghUl; gd;bkhHp
9. jz;gjk; - gz;g[j;bjhif
10. ey;yfk; - gz;g[j;bjhif
11. g[y;yhh; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
12. Ch;kjp - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W

30
VI. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1. jpwe;j - jp + j;(e;) + j; + m
jpw - gjp
j; - re;jp e; MdJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
2. thHp - thH; + ,
thH; - gFjp
, - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
3. te;jdd; - th (t) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
th - gFjp t vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp e; vdj; jphpe;jJ tpfhuk;
md; - rhhpia
md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. g{l;o - g{l;L + ,
g{l;o - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
VII. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rptpjp jUf.

1. gfYiw - gfy; + ciw
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;wtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (y;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (y; + c Y)
gfYiwvd;whdJ.
2. KJkuk; - KJik + kuk;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L KJ + kuk;
KJkuk;vd;whdJ.
3. tz;odk; - tz;L + ,dk;
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ,
te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W c fuk; (L l; + c) bfl;L tz;l; + ,dk;
vd;whdJ gpd; cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk tpjpg;go
epiybkhHp <w;W bka;a[k; (l;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (l; + , +
o) tz;odk;vd;whdJ.
4. Mz;lth;f;F Mz;L + mth;f;F

31
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;

, te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (l; + c L) bfl;L Mz;l; +
mth;f;F vd MdJ gpd;/ cly;nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk;
tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W bka;a[k; (l;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J
(l; + m + l) Mz;lth;f;Fvd;whdJ.
5. mUe;Jah; - mUik + Jah;
<W nghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L
mU + Jah; vd;whdJ gpd; ,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy;
jfuj;jpw;F (j; + c J) ,dkhfp e fuk; kpFe;J mUe; + Jah;/
mUe;Jah;vd;whdJ.
,) ew;wpiz
1. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; Kjyhtjhf mikag; bgw;wJ ---- (ew;wpiz)
2. ew;wpiz E}ypy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ----- (400)
3. ew;wpiz ehD}W ------ ghf;fspd; bjhFg;ghFk;. (mfty;)
4. ew;wpizg; ghf;fspd; motiuaiw ---------- (9 mo Kjy; 12 mo tiu)
5. ew;wpiz flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoath; ----
(ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;)
6. ew;wpiz E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; -------
(gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp)
7. ,wt[g[wj; jd;d vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghliy ,aw;wpath; -------(ef;fz;izahh;)
8. ef;fz;izahh; --------- ghw;g[yth;. (bgz;)
9. bgU';nfhHp eha;fd; kfs; ------(ef;fz;izahh;)

10. ciwa{h; tPiu ntz;khd; btspad; jpj;jd; vd;Dk;nrhH kd;ddpd; kfd; ----
(nghuitf; nfhg;bgUew; fps;sp)
11. je;ijbahL gifj;Jf; bfhz;L ehoHe;J tWikapy; g[y;yhprpf; TGz;L

tUe;jpatd; ----------(nfhg;bgUew;fps;sp)
12. M\h; ky;yidg; nghhpy; btd;wtd; -----(nfhg;bgUew;fpss;sp)
13. nfhg;bgUew;fps;spapd; tPuk; fz;L mtid kzf;f tpUk;gpath; --------
(ef;fz;izahh;)
14. bghUj;Jf
,wt[ - ,whkPd;
Rwt[ - RwhkPd;
fspW - Mz;ahid
32
ciH - bgz; khd;

15. bea;jy; epyj; jiytd; ------------(nrh;g;gd;)
16. jiytpia tpiutpy kze;J bfhs;SkhW jiytidj; njhHp tw;g[Wj;jpf;
TWtJ ----------(tiut[ flhaJ)
17. ,dkzp beLe;njh; ghf dpaf;fr;
bryP,a nrwp ahapd; ,tns
tUit ahfpa rpd;dhs;
thHh shjy;ew; fwpe;jid brd;nk
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; bgw;w E}y; vJ>(ew;wpiz)
2. ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;>(ef;fz;izahh;)
3. ,g;ghly; ahh; Tw;whf mike;Js;sJ>(njhHp Tw;W)
4. ,g;ghly; vj;Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ>
(,J g[zh;e;J eP';fpa jiytidj; njhHp tiut[ flhaJ)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. tiut[ flhjy; vd;why; vd;d>
jiytpapd; kPJ fsbthGf;fk; bfhz;L mof;fo re;jpj;Jtpl;Lr; brd;whd;
jiytd; mf;fsbthGf;fj;jpid tpLj;J/ tpiue;J kzk; bra;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;W jiytidj; njhHp ntz;of; bfhs;Sjny tiut[
flhjy; vdg;gLk;.
2. jhiH ,iyapd; njhw;wj;ijf; TWf.

jhiH ,iyapd; njhw;wk; :
,why; kPdpd; nkw;g[wj;jpidg; nghd;w RuRug;g[g; bghUe;jpa
bghpamog;ghfj;ija[ilaJ jhiH kuk;.
Rwh kPdpd; bfhk;gpidg; nghd;w Kl;fisf; bfhz;lJ jhiH,iyahFk;.
3. jhiH mUk;g[f;Fr; Twg;gl;l ctikiar; Rl;Lf.
jhiH mk;g[f;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik bghpa Mz; ahidapd; je;jk; nghy; jhiH
mUk;g[ cs;sJ vd;W ef;fz;izahh; jhiH mUk;gpw;F ctik Twpa[s;shh;.
bgU';fspw;W kUg;gpd; md;d mUk;g[
4. nrh;g;gDf;Fj; njhHp mwpt[Wj;jpa bra;jp ahJ>

nrh;g;gnd* jiytpiag; gphpe;J cd; CUf;Fr; bry;Yk; eP tpiue;J te;J
jiytpia kzk; ngr tUk; bra;jp gutpdhy; ,dpajhfk;. mt;thW bra;ahky;
ehs; flj;jpdhy; jiytp ,we;J tpLths; vd;gnj nrh;g;gDf;Fj; njhHp
mwpt[Wj;jpa bra;jpahFk;.
tUit ahfpa rpd;dhs;
th
33
thHh shjy; ew;fwpe;jid brd;nk
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. jiytpiar; re;jpj;Jr; bry;Yk; jiytdplk; njhHp tiut[ flhathw;iw
tpsf;Ff.
jiytpiar; re;jpj;Jr; bry;Yk; jiytdplk; njhHp tiut[ flhaJ
,why; kPdpd; nkw;g[wj;ijg; nghd;w RuRug;g[ bghUe;jpa bghpa mog;ghfj;ij
cilaJ jhiH ,iy/ RwhkPdpd; Kfj;jpYs;s ePz;l bfhk;g[ nghd;w Kl;fisf;
bfhz;lJ jhiH ,iyahFk;. mjdplj;nj bghpa ahidapd; je;jk; nghd;W
tps';Fk; jhiH mUk;g[ Kjph;e;J ,Uf;fk;. tpHh eilbgWk; ,lj;ijg; nghy
v';Fk; kzj;ijg; gug;gpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Cund.
bgU';fspw;W kUg;g[ md;d mUk;g[
ed;kh DiHapd; ntWglj; njhd;wp
tpHt[f;fs';f fkGk;
typa ePiua[ilaJkhd flw;gug;gpw;Fj; jiytnd* eP cd; CUf;Fr; bry;y
,Uf;fpwha;/ Mdhy; eP kPz;Lk; tUtha; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;l me;jr; rpyehs;
mst[k; cd; jiytp cd; gphpt[j; Jaiu Mw;whJ caph; thH khl;lhs;
vd;gjida[k; ed;F mwpe;J bfhz;L bry;thahf.
tUit ahfpa rpd;dhs;
thHh shjy; ew;fwpe;jid brd;nk
2. mUk;g[ Kjph;t[ ed;khDiHapd; ntWglj; njhd;wp tpHt[f;fsk; fkGk;

,jd;fz; mike;j cs;Siwiar; Rl;Lf.
mUk;g[ Kjph;t[ ed;khDiHapd; ntWglj; njhd;wp tpHt[f;fsk; fkGk; :
,t;tofz; bea;jy; epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; gw;wpf; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhiHapd;
g{tUk;g[ Kjph;e;J ey;y bgz;khd; jiy rha;j;J epw;gJ nghy ntwha;j; njhd;wp
tpHh eilbgWk; ,lk; nghy kze;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
cs;Siw ctkk;:
njhHp jiytDila epyj;jpid tUzpj;Jf; TWk; Tw;wpypUe;J jiytp
jiytd; kPJ bfhz;l fhjypy; bghpJk; Kjph;e;J jd; Rw;wj;jhplkpUe;J
ntWgl;Lj; jiytDld; ,y;ywk; elj;Jk; brt;tpapidg; bgw;Wtpl;lhs; vd;Dk;
xU fUj;J ciwe;jpUg;gij mwpayhk;. ,`J cs;Siw ctkk; MFk;.
cs;Siw ctkhtJ :
bja;tk; xHpe;j Vida fUg;bghUl;fis btspg;gilaha; ntW bghUs;
njhd;wf; Twp/ mj;bjhlh; jhk; fUjpa bghUSf;F ctik nghy mika/
th
34
mjpypUe;J jhk; fUjpaij El;gkhfg; g[yg;glr; bra;jyhk; vd;gij ,g;ghly;

thpfs; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;JfpwJ.
3. ,l";Rl;o tpsf;F. thHh shjy; ew;fwpe;jid brd;nk
,lk;:
ew;wpizapy; ef;fz;izahh; ghlypy; g[zh;e;J eP';fpa jiytdplk; njhHp eP cd;
CUf;Fr; bry;y ,Uf;fpwha; eP kPz;Lk; tUtha; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ehs;
mst[k; gphpt[j;Jah; bghwhJ jiytp thHh shjy; ew;fwpe;jid brd;nk
vd;fpwhs;.
bghUs; :
eP kPz;Lk; tUtjhfr;; brhy;yp bry;Yk; fhy mst[ Tlj; jiytp gphpt[j;JanuhL
thHkhl;lhs; vd;gjid mwpe;J bfhz;L bry;f.
tpsf;fk; :
xj;j md;g[ila jiytd; jiytpah; xUtiu xUth; CHpd; typapdhy; fz;L
fhjy; bfhz;ldh;. gpd;g[ gyehs; Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; ,lj;jpy; gpwh; mwpahjthW
re;jpj;Jf; fsbthGf;fk; g{z;ldh;. ,t;thW fsbthGf;fj;ij tpl;L jiytpia
tpiue;J kzk; bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;WnjhHp tpUk;gpdhs;. xUehs;
jiytd; jiytpiar; re;jpj;J tpl;L/ jd; CUf;Fr; bry;y tpUk;g[k; epiyapy;
jhiH mUk;g[ Kjph;e;J rha;e;J tpl;ljhapd; kzk; v';Fk; gut[k;/ midtUk;
mJ Fwpj;Jg; ngRth;. mJnghy c';fsJ fsbthGf;fk; v';Fk; gutp myh;
J}w;Wk; bgz;fspd; thapy; gl;Lg; gyh; ngRk; ngr;rhapw;W. Mjyhy; g[yhy; ehWk;
flw;fiug; gh';fpid tpHhf;fs; eilbgw;w ,lk; nghy; jhiH mUk;gpd; kzk;
khw;wpaJ. .mJnghyj; jiytpiag; gw;wpa gHpg; ngr;R kpFe;j ,t;t{hpy; eP
jiytpia kzk; ngrtUk; bra;jp gutpdhy; ,dpajhfk;. mt;thW bra;ahky;
ehs; flj;jpdhy; jiytp ,we;J tpLths; vd;W nrh;g;gdf;Fj; njhHp
mwpt[Wj;jpdhs;.
1. fspw;WkUg;g[ - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
2. Ks;spiy - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
3. bgU';fspW - gz;g[j;bjhif
4. beLe;njh; - gz;g[j;bjhif
5. bryP,a - brhy;ypirasbgil
6. ,wt[g;g[wk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
7. Rwt[f;nfhL - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
8. ed;khd; - gz;g[j;bjhif
9. nrh;g;g - mz;ik tpsp
1. njhd;wp - njhd;W + ,
njhd;W - gFjp
th
35
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
2. ,af;f - ,af;f + m
,af;F - gFjp
m - mfu<w;W tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. tUit - th(tU) t; + I
th - gFjp (tU vdj;jphpe;jJ tpfuk;)
t; - vjph;fhy; ,ilepiy
I - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. thHhs; - thH; + (M) + Ms;
thH; - gFjp
M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy (g[zh;e;J bfl;lJ)
Ms; - bgz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
5. mwpe;jid - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + md; + I
mwp - gFjp
j; - ,we;jhfy ,ilepiy
md; - rhhpia
I - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
1. bgU';fspW - bgUik + fspW
<Wnghjy; vd;dk; tpjpg;go ik tpFjp bfl;L bgU + fspW vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; f fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd ';/ fuk;
kpFe;J (bgU + '; + fspW) #bgU';fspWvd;whdJ.
2. Ks;spiy - Ks; + ,iy

jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy;
caph; (,) te;jjhy; eiybkhHp <w;W xd;W (s;) ,ul;oj;J (s;s) Ks;s; + ,iy
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;go (s; + , +
sp)Ks;spiyvd;whdJ.
3. khDiH - khd; + ciH
cly;nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (d; + c D)
khDiHvd;whdJ.

36
4. rpd;dhs; - rpy + ehs;

gy rpy vDk; ,it jk;Kd; gpwthpd; mfuk; tpfw;gkhfYk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
rpy vd;Dk; epiybkhHp Kd; gpw brhy;yhfpa ehs; te;J g[zh;e;jjhy;
epiybkhHp <w;W mfuk; (y; + m y) Vfpr; rpy + ehs; vd;whdJ.
ys bkypnktpd; dzt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; bky;ypdk; (e; +
M eh) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W yfuk; d fukhfp rpd; + ehs; -
rpd;dhs;vd;whdJ.
dyKd; wdt[k; MFk; jef;fs; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go dfu bka; Kd;
te;jefuk; dfukhfprpd;dhs;vd;whdJ.
<) FWe;bjhif
1. FWe;bjhifg; ghly;fspd; mo tiuaiw ----- (4mo Kjy; 8mo tiu)
2. FWe;bjhifg; ghly;fs; ------- ghf;fshy; Mfpa E}y;. (Mrphpag;gh)
3. FWe;bjhif E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoath; ----------
(ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;)
4. FWe;bjhif E}ypy; --------- ghly;fs; cs;sd. (ehD}w;wpuz;L)
5. ahUkpy;iy vdj; bjhl';fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ------ (fgpyh;)
6. Fwp";rpj; jpizg; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; ---------- (fgpyh;)
7. fgpyh; ghz;o ehl;oYs;s ---- gpwe;jhh;. (jpUthjt{hpy;)
8. fgpyhpd; caph;j;njhHd; ---------------- (ghhp)
9. fgpyUld; el;g[ g{z;lth; ------- (guzh; _ ,ilf;fhlh;_ xsitahh;)
10. ghhpapd; mitf;fsg; g[yth; --------------- (fgpyh;)
11. fgpyhpd; ghl;Lj; jpwDf;F ------- vd;Dk; bjhlh; rhd;whFk;. (fgpyuJ ghl;L)
12. fgpyiug; nghw;wpath;fs;
bghUj;Jf
tha;bkhHpf; fgpyd; - ef;fPuh;
ey;ypirf; fgpyd; - bgU';Fd;W}h;f; fpHhh;
btWj;j nfs;tp tps';F g[fH;f; fgpyd; - bghUe;jpy; ,s';fPudhh;
g[ydGf;fw;w me;jdhsd;/ bgha;ah - khnwhf;fj;J eg;griyahh;
- ehtpw; fgpyd;
13. ahU kpy;iyj; jhnd fs;td;
jhdJ bgha;g;gpd; ahbdtd; bra;nfh
jpidj;jh sd;d rpWgR'; fhy
xGFep uhuy; ghh;f;Fk;
FUF Kz;Ljhd; kze;j "hd;nw
1/ ,g;ghlyhrphpah; ahh;> (fgpyh;)
2. ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> (FWe;bjhif)
37
3. fs;td; vd;w brhy; ahiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ> (jiytid)

4. ,g;ghly; ahh; ahhplk; TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ>
(jiykfs; njhHpf;F TWtjhf)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. fgpyh; ahh; ahhplk; el;g[ g{z;oUe;jhh;>
Fwp";rpiag; ghoa fgpyh; vd;W ghuhl;lg;bgw;wth; fgpyh;.
,th;
guzh;
,ilf;fhlh;
xsitahh; vDk; filr;r';fg; g[yth;fsplk; el;g[ g{z;oUe;jhh;.
2. jhdJ bgha;g;gpd;mJ vd;gJ vjid>
mJ vd;gJ fst[ kzj;jpd;nghJ jiytd; jiytpaplk; Twpa NSiuahFk;.
ehd; cd;idg; gphpnad;. gphpapd; Mw;nwd;. tpiutpy; cd;id kze;J
bfhs;ntd; vd;W jiytd; Twpa NSiu vd;gnj mJthFk;.
3. jiytidj; jiytp Vd; fs;td;vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whs;>
gpwh; mwpahjthW jd; eyj;jpidj; jiytd; fth;e;J brd;whd; Mjyhy;
jiytp mtidf; fs;td; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;.
4. jiytd; jiytpia kze;j nghJ rhd;wha; ,Ue;jJ vJ> mJ gad;glhjthW
MdJ ah';'dk;>
jiytd; jiytpia kze;j bghGJ rhd;wha; ,Ue;jJ ehiu kl;Lnk*
me;ehiuahy; tha; jpwe;J rhl;rp brhy;y KoahJ. nkYk; mJ jd;
,iuapidj; njLtjpnyna kdk; brYj;jpapUe;jJ. Mjyhy; jiytd;
NSiuiaf; nfl;Lk; ,uhJ Mjyhy; mJ rhd;W Twg; gad;glhJ.
III. bgUtpdh :
1. jiytd; tiut[ ePl;oj;jtplj;j jiykfs; njhHpf;Fr; brhy;ypaij tpsf;Ff.
jiytd; jiytpia Cuwpa jpUkzk; bra;J bfhs;shky; fhyk; jhH;j;Jtijf;
fz;L tUe;jpa jiytp jd; njhHpaplk; gpd;tUkhW Twpdhs;. jiyth;
vd;id kze;j neuj;jpy; ntWahUk; ,y;iy/ Mdhy; vd; eyj;ijf; fth;e;j
fs;tuhfpa jiyth; kl;Lnk ,Ue;jhh;. cd;idg; gphpapd; Mw;nwd;tpiutpy;
cd;id kzg;ngd;vd;W jiyth; Twpa NSiuiag; bgha;ahf;Fk;go
elg;ghuhapd; ehd; vd;d bra;ntd;>
ahUkpy;iyj; jhnd fs;td;
jhdJ bgha;a;gpd; ahbdtd; bra;nfh
eh';fs; fst[ kze;j nuej;jpy; FUFxd;W kl;Lnk ,Ue;jJ. mJ rhd;W
TWk; jFjp cilajd;W. nkYk; mJ jd; ,iuiaj; njof; bfhz;oUe;jjhy;

38
jiytdpd;/ NSiuiaf; nfl;LkpuhJ Mfnt ,dp ehd; vd;d

bra;ag;nghfpnwd;> vd;W jiytp njhHpaplk; Twpdhs;.
xGFeP uhuy; ghh;f;Fk;

FUF Kz;Ljhd; kze;j "hd;nw
2. ,lk; Rl;o tpsf;Ff. FUF Kz;L jhd; kze;j "hd;nw

,lk; :
FWe;bjhifapy; fgpyh; ghoa Fwp";rpj; jpizapy; jiytp/jd;idf; fstpy;
kze;j jiytd; Cuwpa kzk; Kof;fhJ fhyk; jhH;j;JtJ fz;L tUe;jpj; jd;
njhHpaplk; TwpanghJ FUF Kz;L jhd; kze;j "hd;nw* vd;W Twpdhs;.
tpsf;fk; :
jiytd; vd;idf; fstpy; kze;jnghJ rhd;wha; ,Ue;jJ FUF kl;Lnk.
mf;FUfhy; tha;jpwe;J rhl;rp brhy;y KoahJ. nkYk; mJ jd; ,iuahfpa
Muy; kPidj;njof; bfhz;oUe;jJ Mjyhy; FUF rhl;rp brhy;yg;gad;glhJ
vd;W njhHpf;Fj; jiytp brhy;tjhf mike;Js;sJ.
1. ahUk; - Kw;Wk;ik
2. gR';fhy - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. xGFePh; - tpidj;bjhif
4. FUFk; - ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik
5. jhnd - Vfhuk; gphpepiy
6. bra;nfh - X fhuk; mirepiy
7. "hd;nw - V fhuk; mirepiy
1. kze;j - kz + j;(e;) + j; + m
kz - gFjp
j; - rhe;jp (e; MdJtpfhuk;)
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
m - bgaur;r tpFjp
1. ahUkpy;iy ahUk; + ,y;iy

39
cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (k;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (k; + , + kp)
ahUkpy;iyvd;whapw;W.
2. ahbdtd; - ahd; + vtd;
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J (d; + v vd)
ahbdtd;vd;whapw;W.
3. FUFKz;L FUFk; + cz;L
bka;a[k; (k;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (k; + cd K)
FUFKz;Lvd;whapw;W.
c) I';FWE}W
I';FW E}W (Ie;J + FWik + EW)
1. I';FWE}W ghly;fspd; motiuaiw ----- (\d;wo Kjy; Mwo tiu)
2. I';FWE}W E}iyj; bjhFj;jth; ------- (g[yj;Jiw Kw;wpa TlY}h;f; fpHhh;)
3. I';FWE}W E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; -----------
(ahidf;fl;nra; khe;ju";r nruy; ,Uk;bghiw)
4. I';FWE}W E}ypYs;s ghf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ------- (500)
5. I';FWE}w;wpy; xt;bthU jpizapYk; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ---- MFk;.
(E}W)
6. kWtpy; vdj; bjhl';Fk; I';FW E}w;Wg; ghly; ghiyj; jpizapy; ----jiyg;gpd;
fPH; mike;Js;sJ. (kWjut[g; gj;J)
7. kWtpy; vdj; bjhl';Fk; I';FWE}w;Wg; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ------
(Xjyhe;ijahh;)
8. Xjyhe;ijahhpd; Ch; ------------ (XjY}h;)
9. Xjyhe;ijahhpd; ,aw;bgah; ------------- (Me;ijahh;)
10. Me;ij vd;gJ --------- vd;gjd; k+cbkhHpahFk;. (Mjd; je;ij)
11. jhd; ntz;oait epiwntwpdhy; ,d;dJ gilg;ngd; vd;W flt[siunah/
gpwtw;iwnah ntz;of; nfhly; ------- ciuj;jy; vd;gh;. (guha;f;fld;)
12. cld;nghf;F epfH;j;jpa jiytDk; jiytpa[k; kPz;Lk; tUjw;fz; epfGk;
Tw;iwg; ghLbghUshff; bfhz;l gj;Jg;ghly;fspd; bjhFjp ------- vd;gjhFk;.
(kWjut[g; gj;J)
40
13. bghUj;Jf
jpiz - ghonahh;
kUjj; jpizg; ghly;fs; - Xuk;nghfpahh;
bea;jy; jpizg; ghly;fs; - mk;\tdhh;
Fwp";rpj; jpizg; ghly;fs; - fgpyh;
ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; - Xjyhe;ijahh;
Ky;iyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; - ngadhh;
14. brhy; - bghUs;

kW - Fw;wk;
J}tp - rpwF
Xjp - Te;jy;
gr;Nd; - grpaCd;
ty;rp - czt[
tpwy; - typik
bghyk; - bghd;
fyk; - ghj;jpuk;
15. bghyk;g[id fyj;jpw; wUFbtd; khnjh

bt";rpd tpwy;ntw; fhisbah
l";rp nyhjpia tuf;fiue; jPnk
1. ,g;ghly; ahh; Tw;W> (ew;wha; Tw;W)
2. ,g;ghly; ahhplk; TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ>
(fhfj;jpw;Fg; guha;f; fld; ciuj;jJ)
3. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;> (Xjyhe;ijahh;)
4. ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(E}W)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. kWjut[g; gj;J bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
kWjut[g; gj;J :
kWjut[g; gj;J vd;gJ cld;nghf;F epfH;j;jpa jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; kPz;Lk;
tUtjw;fz; epfGk; Tw;iwg; ghL bghUshff; bfhz;l gj;Jg; ghly;fspd;
bjhFjpahFk;.
2. ew;wha; fhf;iff;F vt;thW gypf;ld; bfhLg;gjhff; Twpdhs;>
ew;wha; fhf;ifia nehf;fp Fw;wk; rpwpJk; ,y;yhhj rpwfpida[ila rpW
fU';fhf;ifna cdJ Rw;wj;njhL kpFjpaha; cz;qk;go/ bghd;dhy;
bra;ag;gl;l rpW ghj;jpuj;jpy; bfhGg;g[ epiwe;j tskhd ,iwr;rp fye;j

41
cztpid ,l;L/ cdf;Fg; gypahff; bfhLg;ngd; vd;W fhf;ifaplk; ew;wha;

Twpdhh;.
3. md;g[il kugpd; epd; fpisnahlhu ty;rp jUFbtd;

,jd;fz; mike;Js;s ,iwr;rpg; bghUisr; Rl;Lf.
md;g[il kugpd; epd; fpisnah lhu
ty;rp jUFbtd;
,j;bjhlhpd; bghUs; eP cd; Rw;wj;jhnuhL tUtha; vdpy;/ cz;z czt[
jUntd; vd;gjhFk;. ,g;bghUl;Fg; g[wj;nj njhd;Wk; ,iwr;rpg; bghUs;
cld;nghf;Fr; brd;w kfs; jd; jiytndhL jpUk;gp te;jhy; mth;fSf;F
mth;fSf;F ,y;ywk; g[hpa/ jpUkzk; elj;jp/ vd; Rw;wj;jhh; kfpHe;jpl
mth;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk; tpUe;jspj;J kfpH;ntd;/ vd;w fUj;ij ew;wha;
brhy;tjhf ,g;ghlyo bghUs; czh;j;JfpwJ.
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. ghuha;f;fld; ciuj;jy; tpsf;Ff.
ghuha;f;fld; ciuj;jy;:
jiytp jiytndhL bgw;nwhiu tpl;L eP';fp/ cld;nghf;fpid nkw;bfhz;lhs;.
mjid mwpe;j jiytpapd; ew;wha; jd; kfs; fztndhL jpUk;gtu
tpUk;g[fpwhh;/ mt;thW te;jhy; mth;fs; ,y;ywk; elj;jpl VJthfj; jpUkzk;
bra;J itj;Jf; fz;Fspuf; fhz ntz;Lk; vd;W ew;wha; tpUk;g[fpwhs;. mjw;F
jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; jpUk;gp tUkhW ed; epkpj;jkhaf;
fhf;ifiaf; fiua[k;go mjdplk; ,ue;J ntz;Lfpwhs; mt;thW fiue;jhy;
fhf;iff;Fg; gypf;fld; jUtjhff; TWfpwhs;.
,t;thW jhd; ntz;oait epiw ntWkhdhy; ,d;dJ gilg;ngd; vd;W

flt[siunah/ gpwtw;iwnah ntz;of; nfhly; guha;f;fld; ciuj;jy;MFk;.
2. ew;wha; fhf;iff;Fg; ghuha;f;fld; ciuj;jtw;iwg; g[yg;gLj;Jf.

ew;wha; g[yk;gpaJ Fw;wk; rpwpJ ,y;yhj rpwFfisa[ila fUepwKs;s rpwpa
fhf;ifna nfs;. eP cd;Dila ngud;g[kpf;f Rw;wj;njhL cz;qk;go rpwe;j
bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuj;jpnyna bfhGg;g[ epiwe;j tskhd ,iwr;rp
fye;j cztpid/ cdf;Fg; gypaha;f; bfhLg;ngd; mjw;Ff; ifkhwha; mHfpa
rpythfpa Te;jiya[ila vd; kfshfpa jiytp kPz;Lk; vd; tPl;ow;F
tpiue;J tUkhW eP fiue;J mUs ntz;Lk;.
kWtpy; J}tpr; rpW fU'; fhf;if
md;g[il kugpdpd; fpisnah lhug;

42
gr;Nd; bga;j ige;epz ty;rp

bghyk;g[id fyj;jpw; wUFbtd; khnjh
3. ,lk; Rl;o tpsf;Ff. m";rpnyhjpia tuf; fiue;jPnk

,lk;:
I';FW E}w;wpy; ew;wha; Tw;wpy; Xjyhe;ijahh; ghoa kWtpy; J}tp vdj;
bjhl';Fk; ,g;ghlypy; ,g;ghlyo ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
tpsf;fk; :
jiytp jiytndhL cld;nghf;Fr; brd;Wtpl;lhs;. mij mwpe;j ew;wha; jd;
kfs; jiytndhL kPz;Lk;thpd; mth;fSf;F tPl;oy; itj;Jj; jpUkzk; bra;J
fz;Fspuf; fhz ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;g[fpwhs;. mjdhy; jiytDk;/
jiytpa[k;jpUk;gp tUkhW ed;epkpj;jkhaf; fiua[k;go fhf;ifaplk; ,ue;J
ntz;Lfpwhs;. Mjw;Fg; gypf;fld; jUtjhff; TWfpwhs;.
1. gr;Nd; - gz;g[j;bjhif
2. ige;epzk; - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. bt";rpdk; - gz;g[j;bjhif
4. fU';fhf;if - gz;g[j;bjhif
5. g[idfyk; - tpidj;bjhif
6. ntw;fhis - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;
bjhf;f bjhif
7. fhis - ctkthFbgah;
8. m";rpnyhjpia tu - gz;g[j;bjhif g[wj;Jg; gpwe;j md;bkhHpj;
bjhif
9. bghyk;g[id - \d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
10. jUFbtd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
1. bga;j - bga; + j; + m
bga; - gFjp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
2. jUF btd; - jh(jU) + F + t; + vd;
jh - gFjp (jU vd;whdJ tpfhuk;)
F - rhhpia

43
vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;WtpFjp
1. md;g[il - md;g[ + cil
(c) te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (g[ - g; + c) bfl;L md;g; +
cil vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
<w;Wbka;a[k; (g;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (g; + c g[)
md;g[ilvd;whdJ.
2. gr;Nd; - gRik + Cd;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L gR + Cs;
vd;whdJ.
Kw;Wk; mw;W xnutHp vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W Kw;Wfuk;
(r; + c R) bfl;L gr; + Cd; vd MdJ.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;of;Fk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (C) te;jjhy; epiy bkhHpf; Fwpy; (g) Kd; cs;s xw;W (r;) ,ul;oj;J (r;r;)
gr;;r; + Cd; vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (r;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (C) g[zh;e;J (r;+C-N) gr;Nd;vd;whdJ.
3. ige;epdk; - gRik + epzk;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;Lg;
gR + epzk; vd;whdJ.
gpd; moafuk; Iahjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp Kjy; mfuk; Ifhuk;
Mfp (g; + I ig) igR + epzk; vd;whdJ.
gpd; ,izat[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go R bfl;Lg; ig + epzk; vd;whdJ.
gpd; jdp Ie;behJ Kd; bkypkpfYk;/ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W
IKd; tUbkhHp Kjy; bky;ypdk; (e;) kpFe;J ige;epzk;vd;whdJ.
4. bt";rpdk; - btk;ik + rpdk;

<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L btk; +
rpdk; vd;whdJ.

44
Kd;dpd;w bka; jphpjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W bka; k fuk;

tUbkhHp Kjy; r fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd " fukha;j; jphpe;J
bt";rpdk;vd;whdJ.
3. jpUf;Fws;
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpag; gFg;gpy; jpUf;Fws; ml';Fk; bjhFg;g[ ----------
(gjpbdz; fPH;f;fzf;F)
2. Fwl;gh vd;gJ ------------ (,uz;lo btz;gh)
3. jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ ------ MFk;. (milaLj;j MFbgah;)
4. jpUf;Fws; bgUikia czh;j;JtJ -------- (jpUts;Stkhiy)
5. jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghypd; mjpfhu';fs; -------- (38)
6. jpUf;Fws; bghUl;ghypd; mjpfhu';fs; ---------- (70)
7. jpUf;Fws; fhkj;Jg;ghypd; mjpfhu';fs; ----------- (25)
8. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s ,ay;fs; ---------- (xd;gJ)
9. jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghypd; ,ay;fs; -----(ghapuk;/ ,y;ywk;/ Jwtwk;/ CH;)
10. jpUf;Fws; bghUl;ghypd; ,ay;fs; -------(murpay;/ m';ftpay;/ xHpgpay;)
11. jpUf;Fws; fhkj;Jg;ghypd; ,ayfs; ----- (fstpay;/ fw;gpay;)
12. jpUf;Fws; ciufspy; rpwe;jJ ------- ciuna. (ghpnkyHfh;)
13. jpUf;Fws; ciuahrphpah;fs; -------------

(jUkh; _ kzf;Flth; _ jhkj;jh; _ er;rh; _ ghpjp _ ghpnkyHfh; _ jpUkiyah; _
ky;yh; _ ftpg;bgUkhs; _ fhsp';fh; )
14. jpUf;FwSf;F tH';Fk;ntW bgah;fs; -----------
(Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ah bkhHp tha[iw thHj;J/ cj;ju ntjk;/ bja;t E}y;/
jpUts;Stk;/ jkpH;kiw/ bghJkiw/ jpUts;Stg;gad;/ bghUSiu/
KJbkhHp)
15. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ------------- (jpUts;Sth;)
16. jpUts;StUila fhyk; ----------- (fp.K. 31)
17. jpUts;Stuhz;L fzf;fplg;gl;l fhyk; ---------- (fp.K. 31)
18. jpUts;StUf;F tH';fg;gLk; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs;
(ehadhh; njth;/ Kjw;ghtyh;/ bja;tg; g[yth;/ ehd;Kfdhh;/ khjhDg';fp/
bre;ehg; nghjhh;/ bgUehtyh;/ bgha;apw; ghtyh;)
19. ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J thd; g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL
vdg;ghoath; ----------- (ghujpahh;)
20. ts;Stidg; bgw;wjhy; bgw;wnj g[fH; itafnk vdg;ghoath; ------
(ghujpjhrd;)

45
21. "hyj;jpd; khzg;bghpJ ------- (fhyj;jpdhy; bra;j ed;wp)

22. flypd; bghpJ ------------ (gad;J}f;fhh; bra;j cjtp)
23. khrw;whh; nfz;ik ----------- (kwtw;f)
24. Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghah; el;g[ --------- (Jwtw;f)
25. vGik vG gpwg;g[k; cs;Sth; -------(j';fz; tpGke; Jilj;jth; el;g[)
26. ed;wp kwg;gJ ----------- (ed;wd;W)
27. ed;wy;y jd;nw kwg;gJ ------ (ed;W)
28. ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;Fk; ----------- (ca;t[z;L)
29. ahh;f;F ca;tpy;iy> ---------- (bra;e;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F)
30. vjidg; bghWj;jy; ntz;Lk;> ------- (,wg;gpid)
31. vJ nghw;wp xGfg;gLk;> --------- (bghiwa[ilik)
32. bghd;nghy; bghjpe;J itg;gh; -------- (bghWj;jhiu)
33. mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp -------- (mwpt[)
34. m";Rt j";rhik ---------- (ngijik)
35. m";Rt j";ry; ---------- bjhHpy;. (mwpthh;)
36. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhh;f; fpy;iy ------ (mjpu tUtnjhh; neha;)
37. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gbjhUtd; ----------- (kdj;jpl;gk;)
38. vz;zpa vz;zpah'; bfa;Jg vg;nghJ> ---------
(vz;zpahh; jpz;zpah; Mfg;bgwpd;)
39. Jd;gk; cwthpDk; bra;a ntz;oaJ --------- (,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid)
40. cyF ahiu kjpahJ> ---------- (tpidj;jpl;gk; ntz;lhiu)
41. brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;
brhy;ypa tz;zk; bray;.
1. vspa bray; vJ> ----- (brhy;Yjy;)
2. mhpa bray; vJ> ------- (brhy;ypago bra;jy;)
3. ,g;ghly; Mrphpah; ahh;> -------- (jpUts;Sth;)
4. ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s mjpfhuk; vJ> -------(tpidj;jpl;gk;)
m) bra;ae;ed;wpawpjy;
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. jpUf;FwSf;F tH';fk; ntWbgah;fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
jpUf;FwSf;F tH';Fk; ntWbgah;fs;:
Kg;ghy;
bgha;ahbkhHp
tha[iw thH;j;J
cj;juntjk;
bja;tE}y;
jpUts;Stk;

46
jkpH;kiw
bghJkiw
jpUts;Stg;gad;
bghUSiu
KJbkhHp
2. jpUts;StUf;F tH';Fk; ntWbgah;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

ehadhh;
njth;
Kjw;ghtyh;
bja;tg; g[yth;
ehd;Kfdhh;
khjhD g';fp
bre;ehg; nghjhh;
bgUehtyh;
bgha;apy;g[yth;
3/ jpUts;Sth; fhyk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
jpUts;Sth; fp.K.31-y; gpwe;jhh; vd;W cWjp bra;ag;gl;L jpUts;Sth; Mz;L
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
4. itafKk;/ thdfKk; xg;ghfh vjw;F>
ehk; gpwUf;F ve;j cjtpa[k; bra;ahjpUf;Fk; epiyapy; ekf;F kw;wth; cjtp
bra;jhy; me;j cjtp/ tpz;qf;fk; kz;qf;Fk; xg;ghfhJ vd;W jpUts;Sth;
TWfpwhh;.
bra;ahkw; bra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;

thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ.
5. epy cyfj;ijtpl kpfg; bghapJ vJ>
ekf;F cjtp njitg;gLk; fhyj;jpy; xUth; bra;a[k; cjtp kpfr; rpwpajhf
,Ue;jhYk; mJ bra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij nehf;Fk; nghJ/ ,e;epy cyfj;ij tpl
kpft[k; bghapjhFk; vd;W ts;Sth; TWfpd;whh;.
fhyj;jpdhw; bra;j ed;wp rpwpbjdpDk;
"hyj;jpd; khzg; bghpJ.
6. flypd; bghpaJ vJ>

47
ek;kplkpUe;J gaid vjph;ghuhky; xUtd; ekf;Fr; bra;a[k; cjtpapd;

ed;ikia Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhy;/ mJ flypDk; bghpajhFk; vd;W jpUts;Sth;
ciuf;fpwhh;.
gad;J}f;fhh; bra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd;
ed;ik flypd; bghpJ.
7. kwtw;f vdt[k;/ Jwtw;f vdt[k; jpUts;Sth; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
kwtw;f:
ehk; Fw;wkw;w rhd;nwhhpd; el;ig xUnghJk; kwf;ff; TlhJ.
Jwtw;f:
ekf;Fj; Jd;gk; neh;e;j fhyj;jpy; cjtpathpd; el;igtpl;Ltplf; TlhJ.
kwtw;f khrw;whh; nfz;ik Jwtw;f
Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghahh; el;g[
8. bra;e;ed;wp kwj;jypd; bfhLikiaf; TWf.

vj;jifa mw';fis mHpj;jth;fSf;Fk; mg;ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLgl tHptiffs;
cz;L. Mdhy; xUtd; bra;j cjtpia kwe;jtDf;F/ mg;ghtj;jpypUe;J
eP';Fk; tHp xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W jpUts;Sth; TWfpd;whh;.
ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;t[z;lhk; ca;tpy;iy
bra;e;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F.
III. bgUtpdh:
1. ed;wp bra;jhuJ el;gpidf; iftplyhfhJ Vd;>
ed;wpia kwe;jtDf;F tUk; Jd;gk; :
Fw;wkw;w ey;nyhh; el;igg; nghw;wJy; vt;tst[ ,d;wpaikahjnjh mnj
mstpw;Fj; Jd;gj;jpy; cjtpath; el;igg; nghw;WjYk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
vGika[k; epid:
Jd;gj;jpypUe;J ek;ikf; fhj;jthpd; el;gpid VG gpwtpfspYk; epidj;Jf;
bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;. mtuJ el;igf; iftplf; TlhJ vd;W ts;Sth;
TWfpwhh;.
vGik vGgpwg;g[k; cs;Sth; j';fz;
tpGke; Jilj;jth; el;g[
IV. beLtpdh:
th
48
1. bra;e;ed;wpawpjy; gw;wp ts;Sth; Twpa[s;s fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

Kd;Diu:
cyfg;bghJkiwahk; jpUf;Fws; VGrPh;fspy; cyif vl;og;gpoj;J epd;W
fhy';fisf; fle;J fUj;Jfshy; mwpar; bra;j ts;Sthpd; bra;e;ed;wpawpjy;
mjpfhuk; ey;Fk; eakpF fUj;Jfis ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
fhuzkpd;wpr; bra;j cjtp :
ehk; gpwUf;F Xh; cjtpa[k; bra;ahjpUf;Fk; epiyapy; xUth; ekf;Fr; bra;j
cjtpf;F ,k;kz;qyfKk; xg;ghfhJ.
bra;ahkw; bra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ
fhykwpe;J bra;jy;:
ekf;F cjtp njitg;gLk; fhyj;jpy; xUtd; bra;j cjtp kpfr;rpwpajha;
,Ue;jhYk;; mJ bra;ag;gl;l fhyj;ij nehf;fk;nghJ ,t;t[yfj;ijf; fhl;oYk;
kpft[k; bghpajhFk;.
fhyj;jpdhw; bra;j ed;wp rpwpbjdpDk;
"hyj;jpd; khzg; bghpJ.
gaid vjph;ghuhky; bra;j cjtp:
ve;j xU gaida[k; vjph;ghuhky; xUth; jkf;Fr; bra;j cjtpapd; rpwg;ig
Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhy;/ mJ flypDk; bghpajhFk;.
gad;J}f;fhh; bra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd;
ed;ik flypd; bghpJ.
jpidast[ bra;j cjtpiag; gidast[ bfhs;th; :
xUtd; kw;w xUtDf;Fj; jpidast[ rpwpa cjtpiar; bra;jhYk; mjd;
gaid czh;e;j rhd;nwhh;/ mjidg; gidast[ bghpa cjtpaha; kjpj;Jg;
nghw;Wth;.
jpidj;Jiz ed;wp brapDk; gidj;Jizahf;
bfhs;th; gad;bjhp thh;
cjtpapd; mst[:
xUth; bra;a[k; cjtpapd; mst[ vd;gJ mjd; kjpg;igg; bghWj;jJ md;W.
mt;t[jtpiag; bgw;wtUila jFjp vt;tstpdnjh mt;tsitg;
bghWj;jjhFk;.
cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp
bra;g;gl;lhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J .

49
kwtw;f Jwtw;f:
ehk; Fw;wkw;w rhd;nwhhpd; el;ig kwj;jy; TlhJ mijg;nghynt ekf;Fj;
Jd;gk; neh;e;j fhyj;jpy; cjtpaha; ,Ue;jth;fspd; el;igf; iftpLjy; TlhJ.
Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghahh; el;g[.
el;ig VGgpwtpapYk; epidj;jpL :
jkf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;g';fis ePf;fpa ey;nyhhpd; cah;e;j el;gpid
VGtifg;gl;l gpwtpapYk; kdjpy; itj;J kwthky; epidj;Jg; nghw;Wth;
ey;nyhh;.
kwg;gJk; kwthjJk;:
xUth; jkf;Fr; bra;j cjtpia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W. mnjnghy; xUth; jkf;Fr;
bra;j jPikia md;nw kwg;gJ ed;whFk;.
ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;y
jd;nw kwg;gJ ed;W
ed;ikia vz;qjy; :
gpwh; bra;j xU ed;ikia ehk; epidf;f/ mth; bra;j jPikfs; vy;yhk;
kiwa[k;.
bfhd;wd;d ,d;dh brapDk; mth;bra;j
xd;W ed;Ws;sf; bfLk;.
bra;e;ed;wp kwj;jy;:
vj;jifa mwj;ij mHpj;jth;fSf;Fk; mg;ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLgl tHptiffs;
cz;L. Mdhy; xUth; bra;j cjtpia kwe;jtDf;F mg;ghtj;jpypUe;J eP';Fk;
tHp xd;Wkpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;t[z;lhk; ca;tpy;iy
bra;e;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F.
Kot[iu:
nkw;Twpa fUj;jpd;go ehk; mwptJ gpwh; bra;j ed;wpia kwthky; ,Ug;gnj
ey;y tHpahFk;.
M. bghiwa[ilik
50
I. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. vjid kwj;jy;; vjdpDk; ed;W>
gpwh; bra;a[k; tuk;g[ fle;j Fw;wj;jpid ehk; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
mijtpl mth; bra;j jP';fpid epidf;fhky; kwe;J tpLtJ kpft[k; ed;whFk;.
bghWj;jy; ,wg;gpid vd;Wk; mjid
kwj;jy; mjdpDk; ed;W.
2. td;ika[s; td;ik vJ>
tWika[s; tWik vd;gJ tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a ,ayhj
epiynaahFk;. mJnghy; typika[s; rpwe;j typik vd;gJ mwptw;wth;
ekf;Fr; bra;a[k; Jd;gr; braiyg; bghWg;gJ MFk;.
,d;ika[ spd;ik tpUe;bjhuhy; td;ika[s;
td;ik klthh;g; bghiw.
3. xWj;jhUk; bghWj;jhUk; va;Jtd ahit>

jkf;Fj; jPik bra;jtiuj; jz;oj;jth; me;j xUehs; kl;Lnk kdepiwthfpa
,d;gk; va;Jth;. m';'dk; jP';F bra;jtiug; bghWj;Jj; jz;of;fhky; tpl;lth;/
cyfk; mHpa[k; tiu g[fHpid va;Jthh;.
xUj;jhh;f; bfhUehis ,d;gk; bghWj;jhh;f;Fg;
bghd;We; Jiza[k; g[fH;.
4. ahiug; bghiwahy; bty;Yjy; ntz;Lk;>

gpwh; jkf;F Mztj;jhy; jP';F bra;jhYk; mijg; bghWj;Jf; bfhz;L/ mtiu
ehk; bghWikahy; bty;y ntz;Lk;.
kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhe;jk;
jFjpahd; btd;W tply;.
II. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. bghiwa[ilikapd; rpwg;gpidj; jpUts;Sth; tHpepd;W tpsf;F.
bghiwa[ilikapd; rpwg;g[fs; :
g{kp jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiua[k; tpHhky; jh';fpf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. mJnghy
ek;ik ,fH;gtiua[k; ehk; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
mfH;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik
,fH;thh;g; bghWj;jy; jiy.

51
gpwh; jkf;F tuk;g[ fle;j Fw;wj;jpidr; bra;jhYk; mij ehk; kwe;J tpLjy;
kpft[k; ey;yjhFk;.
bghWj;jy; ,wg;gpid vd;Wk; mjid
kwj;jy; mjdpDk; ed;W.
jk; ,y;yk; tUfpd;w tpUe;jpdh;fis tpUe;njhk;g ,ayhik vd;gJ tWia[s;
tWikahFk;. mJ nghynt mwptw;nwhh; vy;iy fle;J jkf;Fr; bra;a[k;
jPikfisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; td;ika[s; rpwe;j td;ikahFk;.
2. xWj;jhh;/ bghWj;jhh; Fwpj;Jf; Fws; TWtd ahit>
xWj;jhh;/ bghWj;jhh; Fwpj;Jf; Fws; TWtd :
jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;jtiuj; jz;og;nghh;/ rhd;nwhh;fshy; xU bghUl;lhft[k;
kjpf;fg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;jtiug; bghWg;gth;fisg;
bghd;nghy; kdpjy; itj;Jr; rhd;nwhh; nghw;Wth;.
xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahnu itg;gh;
bghWj;jhiug; bghd;nghy; bghjpe;J.
jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;thidj; jz;og;gth;f;nfh/ md;W xU ehs; kl;Lnk ,d;gk;
cz;lhFk;. Mdhy; mjidg; bghWj;Jf; bfhz;lth;f;nfh/ cyfk; mHpa[k; tiu
g[fH; cz;lhFk;.
xWj;jhh;f; bfhUehs; ,d;gk; bghWj;jhh;f;Fg;
xUth; bra;af; Tlhj bghpa jPikia jkf;Fr; bra;jhYk; mjdhy; neUk;

Jd;gj;jpw;fhf tUe;jhky; mwky;yhJ bray;fisr; bra;ahikna ed;whFk;.
jpwdy;y jw;gpwh; bra;a[Dk; nehbehe;
jwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W.
Mztj;jhy; jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;jtiua[k; ehk; bghWikahy;; bty;tnj rpwe;j
mwkhFk;.
3. gpwh; TWk; ,d;dhr; brhy;iyg; bghWg;gth; vj;jifath;>

52
gpwh; TWk; ,d;dhr; brhy;iyg; bghWg;gthpd; jd;ikfs; :

grpia mlf;fp cyf Mirfisf; fle;jth;; cyf ,ay;gpida[k; ,y;yw
thH;f;ifapd; epiyahikapida[k; bjhpe;jth; tPl;Lg;nghW vz;zpthGk;
Jwtpah;f;Fg; gwph; TWk; bfhL"; brhw;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ/
vspjhfyhk;.
Mdhy; cyfg;gw;wpy; xl;o cwthLk; ,y;ywj;jpy; thH;nthh;f;Fg; gpwh; TWk;
,d;dhr; brhw;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;sy; vd;gJ mhpjpDk; mhpJ. Vdntjhd;
jPath; brhy;Yk; bfhL"; brhw;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gth; Jwtpiaiutplj;
J}a;ika[ilath; vd;W jpUts;Sth; ciuf;fpwhh;.
[
Jwe;jhhpd; J}a;ik a[ilah; ,we;jhh;tha;
,d;dhr;brhy; nehw;fpw; gth;
tpujk; Kjypatw;why; cz;zhjpUe;J mjdhy; cz;lhFk; grp/ jhfk;
Kjypatw;iwg; bghwg;gth; bghpath; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;. mg;bghpatUk;
mfg;gw;W/ g[wg;gw;W kpf;f ,y;ywj;jpdpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl gpwh; jk;ikg;
gw;wpf; TWk; tuk;g[ fle;j brhw;fisg; bghWg;gtUf;Fk; gpw;gl;ltnu Mth;.
cz;zhJ nehw;ghh; bghpah; gpwh; brhy;Yk;
,d;dhr;brh ndhw;ghhpw; gpd;
III. beLtpdh :
1. bghiwa[ilik vd;Dk; mjpfhuk; btspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
fhy';fisf; fle;J fUj;Jfshy; btd;W epw;Fk; thd;g[fH; bfhz;l
ts;Stdhhpd; jpUf;Fwspy; bghiwa[ilik vd;Dk; mjpfhuk; TWk; eakpF
fUj;Jfisf; fhz;nghk;.
bghiwa[ilikapd; rpwg;g[fs; :
g{kpnghyg; bghWik :
g{kp jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiua[k; tpHhky; jh';fpf; bfhs;fpd;wJ mJnghy
ek;ik ,fH;gtiua[k; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;tnj jiyrpwe;j mwkhFk;.
mfH;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik
,fH;thh;g; bghWj;jy; jiy.
kwj;jny kpft[k; ed;W:

53
gpwh; jkf;F vy;iy fle;j jP';fpidr; bra;jhYk; mijg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;sy;

ntz;Lk;. mijtpl mth; bra;j jP';fpid kwe;JtpLtJ kpfed;whFk;.
bghWj;jy; ypwg;gpid bad;Wk; mjid
kwj;j yjdpDk; ed;W.
mwptpyhh; bra;a[k; jPikiag; bghWj;jy;:
tWika[s;bfhoa tWik vd;gJ/ tUk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpf;f Koahikna.
mJnghynt mwptw;nwhh; jkf;Fr; bra;a[k; jPikfisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;tJ/
td;ika[s; rpwe;j td;ikahFk;. Mjyhy; mwptpyhh; bra;a[k; jPikapidg;
bghWj;Jf; bfhs;tJ ed;whFk;.
rhd;whz;ikg; gz;g[ :
rhd;whz;ikg; gz;g[ xUtdplk; eP';fhJ epiyj;jpUf;fg; bghiwa[ilik
vd;Dk; Fzj;ij mtd; jd;id tpl;L eP';fhky; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
epiya[ilik eP fhik ntz;od; bghiwa[ilik
nghw;wp bahGfg; gLk;.
bghd;nghy; cyF nghw;Wk; :
jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;jtiuj; jz;og;nghh; rhd;nwhh;fshy; xU bghUl;lhft[k;
kjpf;fg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;thiug; bghWg;nghh; rhd;nwhh;fshy;
bghd;nghy; kdjpy; itj;Jg; nghw;wg;gLthh;fs;.
[ xUj;jhiu bahd;whf itahnu itg;gh;
bghWj;jhiug; bghd;nghw; bghjpe;J.
gpwh; bra;jd bghWj;jy; :
jkf;Fj; jP';F bra;jtiuj; jz;oj;jth;f;F me;j xUehs; kl;Lk; ,d;gk;
cz;lhFk;. mjidg; bghWj;Jf; bfhz;lth;fSf;F cyfk; mHpa[k; tiu g[fH;
cz;lhFk;.
xUj;jhhf; bfhUehs; ,d;gk; bghWj;jhh;f;Fg;
Jd;gk; bra;ahjpUj;jy; :

54
gpwh; jkf;Fj; Jd;gk; bra;jhYk; mj;Jd;gj;jpw;fhf tUe;jp/ Jd;gk; bra;jth;f;F

mwky;yhj jPa bray;fisr; bra;ahJ bghWj;Jf; bfhs;tnj mwkhFk;.
jpwdy;y jw;gpwh; bra;apDk; nehbehe;
jwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W.
bghWikahy; bty;Yjy; :
ehd; vd;w Mztj;jhy; jP';F bra;gtiua[k; j';fspd; bghWik vd;Dk;
Fzj;jhy; bty;y ntz;Lk;.
bghWj;jhhpd; cah;e;j bfhs;if:
jPath; jkf;Fr; bra;a[k; jP';fpdhy; neUk; Jd;gj;Jf;F tUe;jp/ jhKk;
mth;f;Fj; jP';F bra;ahJ bghWj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mt;thW bghWg;nghh;
JwtpapDk; J}ath;.
Jwe;jhhpd; J}a;ik a[ilah; ,we;jhh;tha;
,d;dhr;brhy; nehw;fpw; gth;.
grpia mlf;Fnthh; bghpnahh;; Mth; :

czt[g; grpia mlf;fpthGk; bghpnahiu tpl gpwh; TWk; ,d;dhr;
brhy;iyg; bghWg;gth; nkk;gl;ltuhth;.
cz;zhJ nehw;ghh; bghpah; gpwh; brhy;Yk;
,d;dhr;brh ndhw;ghhpw; gpd;.
Kot[iu:
,t;thW bghiwa[ilik ,ay;g[fisa[k;/ jPikfis bty;tjw;fhd
tHpKiwfisa[k;/ mth; mila[k; nkd;ikfisa[k; tpsf;Fk; tpjkhfg;
bghiwa[ilikapd; mjpfhuj;jpy; jpUts;Sthpd;fUj;Jfs; cyfpy;
thH;nthUf;F cjt[fpd;wd.
,) mwpt[ilik
I. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. mwptpd; rpwg;ig vGJf>
mwpt[ vd;gJ xUtUf;F Mgj;J neuhky; Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;.
mJ kl;Lkpd;wp gifth;fs; mtiu mHpf;f ,ayhjtifapy;/ kdj;jpd;
cs;ns mike;j fhtYk; MFk;.

55
mwptw;w'; fhf;F'; fUtp brWthh;f;Fk;

cs;sHpf;f yhfh muz;.
2. mwpt[ilahh;/ mwptpyhh; ,ay;gpidr; Rl;Lf.

mwpt[ilahh; ,ay;g[:
mwpt[ilnahh; vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkf;F elf;fg;nghFk; ,d;g Jd;g';fis
Kd;Tl;ona mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; bgw;wth;fshth;.
mwptpyhhpd; ,ay;g[:
mwptpy;yhjth; gpd;dhy; elf;fg;nghtij Kd;Tl;ona mwpe;J bfhs;s
,ayhjth;fs; Mth;.
mwpt[ilahh; Mt jwpthh; mwptpyhh;
m`jwp fy;yh jth;.
3. eL';f tUk; Jd;gk; ahUf;fpy;iy>
mwpt[ilnahUf;F vg;bghGJk; Jd;gkpy;iy:
vjph;fhyj;jpy; ekf;F tuf;Toa Jd;g';fis Kd;ndu mwpe;J/ fhj;Jf;
bfhs;Sk; mwpt[ilahh;f;F/ eL';Fk;go tuf;Toa Jd;gk; xd;Wkpy;iy.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhh;f; fpy;iy
mjpu tUtnjhh; neha;.
4. vy;yhk; cilath; xd;Wkpy;yhjth; - ahh; ahh;>
vy;yhk; cilath;:
cyfj;jpy; xUth; mwpt[ vd;Dk; bry;tk; cilatuhapd; mth; midj;Jr;
bry;t';fSk; cilatuhff; fUjg;gLthh;.
xd;Wkpy;yhjth;:
xUth; midj;Jr; bry;t';fisa[k; cilatuha; ,Ue;jhYk; mwpt[ vd;Dk;
xU bry;tj;ij mth; bgwhtpod;/ mth; xd;Wk; ,y;yhjtuhfnt
fUjg;gLthh;.
mwpt[ilahh; vy;yh Kilahh; mwptpyhh;
vd;Dila nuD kpyh;.
II. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. mwptpd; ,yf;fzj;ij vGJf.
mwptpd; ,yf;fzk; :
mwpt[ vd;gJ kdj;ijj; jPa tHpfspypUe;J tpyf;fp/ ey;y tHpapy;
brYj;JtjhFk;.

56
brd;w ,lj;jhw; brytplh jPbjhhP,

ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpt[.
bka;g;bghUisf; fhz;gJ:
vg;bghUisg; gw;wp ahh; Twf; nfl;gpDk;/ mtw;Ws; cz;ikahd bghUisf;
fhz;gJnt rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
vg;bghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[
Ez;bghUisf; fhz;gJ mwpt[:

jhd; gpwh; thapypUe;J nfl;gdtw;Ws; cs;s Ez;bghUis Muha;e;J
fhz;gJk; mwpa fUj;Jfisf; nfl;gtUf;F vspjhfg; g[hpa[khWk;/ gpwh;
tpUk;g[khW brhy;tJk; mwpthFk;.
vz;bghUs; thfr; bryr;brhy;ypj; jhd;gpwh;tha;
Ez;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
cah;e;jthpd; el;g[ :
cyfpYs;s cah;e;j rhd;nwhh;fSld; el;g[f; bfhz;L me;el;g[ nja;t[/ tsh;r;rp
vDk; khw;w';fSf;F cl;glhjthW el;gpy; epiyj;J thH;jy; mwpthFk;.
cyfe; jHP,a bjhl;gk; kyh;jYk;
Tk;gY kpy;y jwpt[.
cyfj;njhL xj;J thGjy; :
cyfpYs;s cah;e;j rhd;nwhh;fs; vt;tHpapy; bry;fpwhh;fnsh mt;tHpapdpy;
xd;wp thH;tnj xUtUf;Fr; rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
vt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;njh
lt;t Jiwt jwpt[.
2. mwpt[ilahhpd; ,yf;fz';fshf ts;Sth; Twpatw;iw vGJf.
mwpt[ilahhpd; ,yf;fz';fs; :
Kd; epfH;e;jija[k; ,g;nghJ epfH;tija[k; mwpe;J elg;gJ kl;Lk;
mwpthfhJ. mtw;iw xl;o gpd;g[ epfHtpUg;gija[k; Muha;e;J/ czh;e;J/
mjw;nfw;g/ jk; thH;f;ifia mikj;Jf; bfhs;gtnu mwpt[ilnahh; Mth;.
m`jwp fy;yh jth;.
mwpt[ilahh; bray; :

57
xUtd; m";r ntz;oa gHpght';fSf;F m";rhky; thH;tJ ngijikahFk;.

mt;thwpd;wp/ m";r ntz;oa gHp ght';fSf;F m";rp thH;jy; mwpt[ilahh;
brayhFk;.
m";Rt j";rhik ngijik m";Rt
j";ry; mwpthh; bjhHpy;.
III. beLtpdh :
1. mwpt[ilik vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; bjhptpf;fg; bgw;Ws;s fUj;Jfisj;
bjhFj;J vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
jpUts;Sth; mwpt[ilik vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; bghHpa[k; fUj;Jfis
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
mwptpd; rpwg;g[:
mwpt[ vd;gJ xUtDf;FmHpt[ tuhky; Kd; mwpe;J fhf;ff; Tow fUtp
MFk;. mJkl;Lkpd;wpg; giftuhy; mHpf;f ,ayhj tifapy; kdj;jpy;
cs;sike;j muqk; MFk;.
mwptw;w'; fhf;F'; fUtp brWthh;f;Fk;
cs;sHpf;f yhfh muz;.
mwpt[ ey;tHpapy; brYj;Jk; :
kdj;ijj; jPa tHpfspypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;tHpapd;fz; brYj;Jtnj rpwe;j
mwpthFk;.
brd;w ,lj;jhw; brytplh jPbjhhP,
ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpt[.
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;gJ mwpt[ :
ve;jf; fUj;jpid vth; Twf; nfl;gpDk;/ mtw;Ws;; cz;ikg; bghUs;
fhz;gJnt mwpthFk;.
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
Ez;bghUs; fhz;gJ mwpt[ :
gpwh; kdk; bfhs;SkhW mwpa fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiug;gJk; gpwh;
TWtdtw;Ws; Ez;bghUis Muha;e;J bjspa[k; Mw;wYk; mwpthFk;.
vz;bghUs; thfr; bryr;brhy;ypj; jhd;gpwh;tha;
Ez;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
rhd;nwhh; el;g[:
58
cyfpYs;s rhd;nwhhpd; el;gpidf; bfhz;L nja;t[/ tsh;r;rp vDk;

khw;w';fSf;F cl;glhjthW/ el;gpy; epiyj;J thH;tnj mwpthFk;.
cyfe; jHP,a bjhl;gk; kyh;jY';
Tk;gY kpy;y jwpt[.
cyfj;njhL xj;J thGjy; :
cyfpYs;s cah;e;jtuhfpa rhd;nwhh; vt;tHpapy; bry;fpwhh;fnsh mnjtHpapy;
jhKk; khWglhky; bghUe;jpr; brd;W thH;tnj rpwe;j mwpthFk;.
vt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;njh

lt;t Jiwt jwpt[.
Kd;mwpe;J elg;gth; :
gpwh;fhyj;jpy; elf;fg;; nghtij Kd;Tl;ona czh;e;J bfhs;gtnu
mwpt[ilahh; Mthh;. Mdhy; mt;thW elf;fg; nghtij Kd;Tl;ona czu
Koahjth;fs; mwptpyhh; Mthh;.
m`jwp fy;yh jth;.
mwpt[ilahhpd; bray; :
xUtd; m";r gHpght';fSf;F m";rhky; thH;tJ mwpahik MFk;.
mt;thwpd;wp m";r ntz;o gHpght';fSf;F m";rp thH;jy; mwpt[ilnahh;
brayhFk;.
m";Rt j";rhik ngijik m";Rt
j";ry; mwpthh; bjhHpy;.
mwpt[s;s rhd;nwhUf;Fj; Jd;gkpy;iy:
vjph;fhyj;jpy; epfH ,Ug;gijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; ToatUf;F/ eL';FkhW
neuf;Toa Jd;gk; VJkpy;iy.
mjpu tUtnjhh; neha;.
mwpt[ilahh; vy;yhk; cilatnu:
xUtnu mwpt[ vd;Dk; bry;tj;ij cilatuhapDk; mth; vy;yhr;
bry;t';fisa[k; cilatuhfnt fUjg;gLthh;. Mdhy; mwptpyhh; vy;yhk;
bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mwpt[ vDk; bry;tj;ijg; bgwhtpoy; mwptpy;yhh; vd;W
fUjg;gLthh;.

59
mwpt[ilahh; vy;yh Kilahh; mwptpyhh;

vd;Dila nuD kpyh;.
Kot[iu:
,t;thW jpUts;Sth; mwptpd; ,yf;fzj;ija[k;/ mwpt[ilikapd;
gad;fisa[k; bjs;spjpd; tpsf;fpr; brhy;Yk;gh';F mwpt[ilik
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; bgUik nrh;f;fpwJ.
<) tpidj;jpl;gk;
I. rpWtdhf;fs;
1. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ ahJ>
tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;Fk; kd typikna MFk;;.
mJtd;wp cyfpy; ntW ve;jj; jpl;gKk; rpwe;jJ MfhJ.
tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;g bjhUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
2. Ma;e;jth; nfhs; ahJ>

,ila{W Vw;gLkhW xU braiyr; bra;af; TlhJ. xU braiyr; bra;aj;
bjhl';fpa gpd; Vw;gLk; ,ila{Uf;fhf kdk; jsut[k; TlhJ.
Cbwhuhy; cw;wgpd; xy;fhik ,t;tpuz;od;
Mbwd;gh; Ma;e;jth; nfhs;.
3. vw;wh tpGkk; jUtJ vJ>

xUtd; jhd; nkw;bfhs;Sk; braiy Kotpny g[yg;gLk;go kiwj;Jr; bra;jy;
ntz;Lk;. ,ilapy; btspg;gl;lhy; mJ mtDf;F eP';fhj bgUe;Jd;gj;ijj;
jUk;.
filf;bfhl;fr; bra;jf;f jhz;ik ,ilf;bfhl;fpd;
vw;wh tpGke; jUk;.
4. vspat[k; mwpat[k; Mtd ahit>

60
xU braiy/ ,t;thW bra;J Kog;nghk;/ vd;W brhy;Yjy; ahtUf;Fk;

vspaJ MFk;. Mdhy; mt;thW brhd;d Kiwg;go bra;J Kog;gJ mhpaJ
MFk;.
brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspamhpathk;
5. vz;zpah';F va;Jthh; ahth;>
xU braiyr; bra;JKog;nghk; vd;w kdtypiknahL xUth; ,Ue;jhy;/
mth; vz;zpaij vz;zpa Kiwapy; bra;J Kog;ghh;.
vz;zpa vz;zpah'; bfa;Jg vz;zpahh;
jpz;zpah; Mfg; bgwpd;.
6. cUt[fz;L vs;shik ntz;Lk; Vd;>
cUs;fpd;w bghpa njiur; rpwpa mr;rhzpna efh;j;jpr; bry;y cjt[k;/
mJnghy kpfg;bghpa mhpa bray;fis kpfr; rpwpatUk; bra;J Kog;gh;.
cUt[fz; bls;shik ntz;Lk; cUs;bgUe;njh;f;
fr;rhzp ad;dhh; cilj;J.
7. cyF ahiu kjpahJ>
tpidj;jpl;gj;ijr; rpwe;jJ vd;W bfhs;shjtiu mth; Vida vy;yhj;
jpl;g';fSk; cilatuhapDk;/ cah;e;njhh; mtiu kjpahh;.
vidj;jpl;g bka;jpaf; fz;qk; tpidj;jpl;gk;
ntz;lhiu ntz;lh JyF.
II. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. tpidj; jpl;gj;jpd; rpwg;g[k;/ m`Jilahh; va;Jk; gaDk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
tpidj;jpl;gj;jpd; rpwg;g[:
rpwe;j kd cWjpbfhz;L cah;e;jtuhfpa mikr;rhpd; brayhw;wy; (tpidj;
jpl;gk;) ehlhSk; nte;jdplk; brd;W gjpe;J/ gyuhYk; ed;F kjpf;fg;gLk;.
tPbwa;jp khz;lhh; tpidj;jpl;gk; nte;jd;fz;
Cbwa;jp cs;sg; gLk;.
tpidj;jpl;gk; cilahh; va;Jk; gad; :

epidj;jtw;iw epidj;jthW bra;J Koj;J/ mtw;wpd; gaid miltjw;F
kdj;jpl;gk; ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa kdj;jpl;gk; cilath;/ jhk; vz;zpatw;iw
vz;zpathW milth;.
61

2. tpidj;jpl;gj;jpd; rpwg;igj; jpUts;Sth; v';'dk; fhl;oa[s;shh;>
xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;Fk; xUthpd; kdtypikna rpwe;j
tpidj;jpl;gkhFk;. mr;braiyj; jsuhJ bra;J Koj;jy;;ntz;Lk;.
,y;iybadpy; gpw bray;jpwd;fs; ,Ue;Jk; gad; ,y;iy.
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpatw;wpy; J}atdhfpa mikr;rd; vLj;j tpid
Kw;Wg;bgw;Wf;fpl;Lk; g[fGk;/ bry;tKk; murid mila[k;. mjd; \yk;
mikr;rdJ tpdij;jpl;gk; midtuhYk; ed;F kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;fpwhh;
ts;Sth;.
totj;jhy; rpwpatuha; ,Ue;jhYk; kpfg;bghpa braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjw;Fhpa
kdj;jpl;gk; cilatuhapd; mtiu midtUk; kjpg;gh; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
III. beLtpdh:
1. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jpUts;Sth; Twpa[s;sd ahit>
Kd;Diu:
cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w ts;Sthpd; rPh;kpF vGj;Jfshy; cah;e;J epw;Fk;
jpUf;FwspYs;s tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; tpsf;fpr; brhy;Yk;
tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;Fk; xUtdpd;
kdtypikahFk;. Mdhy; ,ila{Wfs; Vw;gLkhW xU braiya[k; bra;af;
TlhJ. xU ntis ,ila{W Vw;gl;lhy; kd';fy';fhky; kdtypiknahL
bra;ygLtnj tpidj;jpl;gkhFk;/
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
tUKd; ePf;Ff:
xU braiyr; bra;a[k;nghJ Vw;gLk; ,ila{Wfis Kd;ng bjhpe;J tpyf;FjYk;/
Jd;gk; te;jgpd; kde;jsuhky; ,Ug;gJk; Mfpa ,uz;od; tHpnt
tpidj;jpl;gk; cs;snj vd;gnj Muha;e;J mwpe;jthpd; bfhs;ifahFk;.
th
62

Mbwd;g Ma;ejth; nfhs;.
vw;wh tpGke; jUk; :
xUtd; xU braiy nkw;bfhs;Sk; nghJ Kotpy; btspg;gLkhW bra;tnj
kdtypik MFk;. mr;bray; ,ilapny btspg;gLkhW bra;jhy;/ mr;bray;
mtDf;F eP';fhj Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
vw;wh tpGke;j jUk;.
brhy;ypago bra;jy;:
xU braiyr; bra;J Kog;ngd; vd;W thh;j;ijfshy; brhy;tJ ahtUf;Fk;
vspaJ. Mdhy; mr;braiyr; brhy;ypago Kog;gJ vd;gJ mhpajhFk;.
brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;
kjpf;fg;gLk; kdtypik:
bgUikf;Fhpa mikr;rhpd; kdttypik jurDf;Fr; rpwg;ig cz;lhf;Ftjhy;
mtd; ahtuhYk; kjpf;fg;gLthd;.
tPbwa;jp khz;nlhh; tpidj;jpl;gk; nte;jd;fz;
vz;zpathW bra;J Ko:
xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;f vz;zpath; mij Kog;gjw;F chpa kdtypik
cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy; mth; vz;zpaij vz;zpa Kiwapy; bra;J Kog;ghh;.
tpidj;jpl;gk; cilatiu mwpjy;:
totj;jpy; rpwpa mr;rhzp kpfg;bghpa njiu ,Gj;Jr; bry;y cjt[k;/ mJnghy
totpy; rpwpatUk; kpfg;bghpa braypidr; bra;a ty;ytuhthh;. mjdhy;
cUtpidf; fz;L ,fHf; TlhJ.
tpidia Kof;Fk; tHp :

63
kdk; bjspe;J/ bra;aj; Jzpe;j braypidr; nrhh;g[ ePf;fp/ fhyk; jhH;j;jhJ/

me;jr; braiy tpiue;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
fy';fhJ fz;l tpidf;fz; Js';fhJ
J}f;f'; foe;J bray;.
Jd;gk; thpDk; Jzpt[ld;; bra;:
xUtd; xU braiyr; bra;ak;nghJ/ mjpfkhd Jd;g';fs; te;J nrUk;. mtd;
mj;Jd;gj;jpw;fhf kd';fy';fhky;/ ,Wjpapy; ,d;gj;ijj; jUk; mr;braiy
kdt[WjpnahL Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Jd;gk; cwthpDk; bra;j Jzpthw;wp
,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid.
cyfj;jhy;; kjpf;fg;glhjth; :
tpid bra;jypd; kdtypika[ilatiuna cyfk; tpUk;gpg; nghw;Wk;/ mj;jifa
tpidj;jpl;gk; ,y;yhjth; ntW vj;jifa jpl;gk; KilatuhapDk; mtiu cyF
kjpf;fhJ.
Kot[iu:
ehk; vz;zpa braiy vz;zpathW Kog;gjw;F tpidj;jpl;gj;jpy; ts;Sth;
TWk; fUj;Jfs; cyfpny brayhw;wiy tsh;;f;f cjt[fpd;wd.
I. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

1. itafKk; thdfKk; - vz;qk;ik
2. jh';Fk; - bgabur;rk;
3. jHP, - brhy;ypirasbgil
4. ey;fhik - vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah;
5. fhyj;jpdhy; - cUg[ kaf;fk;
6. tpUe;J - gz;ghFbgah;
7. vz;bghUs; - gz;g[j; bjhif
8. nfhs; - Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;
9. vGgpwg;g[k; - Kw;Wk;ik
10. nghw;wp - tpidbar;rk;
11. vjpuJ - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
12. ahh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik
13. ,d;dh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;bgabur;rk;
14. mw;wk; - bjhHpw;bgah;
th
64
15. va;Jg - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

16. bfLk; - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W
17. mwpfy;yhjth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
18. mwd; - <w;Wg;nghyp
19. bra;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
20. kwtw;f - vjph;kiw tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
21. J}f;fhh; - vjph;kiw Kw;bwr;rk;
22. xuhy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
23. xhP, - brhy;ypirasbgil
24. kdj;jpl;gk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
II. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1. bra;j - bra; + j; + m
bra; - gFjp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
2. bghWj;jy; - bghW + j; + j; + my;

bghW - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - rhhpia
my; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
3. ca;g;gJ - ca; + g; + g; + m + J
ca; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
m - rhhpia
J - glh;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFFjp
4. cw;w - cW (cw;W) + m
cW - gFjp cw;Wvd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk; fhl;oaJ.
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
5. bfhs;th; - bfhs; + t; + mh;
bfhs; - gFfjp
th
65
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp
6. eP';fhik - eP';F + M + ik
eP';F - gFjp
M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
ik - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
7. fhz;gJ - fhz; + g; + m + J
fhz; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
m - rhhpia
J - glh;f;if xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
8. brhy;ypa - brhy; + ,(d;) + a; + m
brhy; - gFjp
,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy dfuk; g[zh;e;J bfl;lJ
m - bgabur;rtpFjp
9. kwtw;f - kw + t; + my; + f
kw - gFjp
t; - clk;gLbka; re;jp
my; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy yfuk; wfukha;j; jphpe;jJ
f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;WtpFjp
10. nghw;wp - nghw;W + ,

nghw;W - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
11. cilahh; - cil + a; + Mh;

cil - gFjp
Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
12. khz;lhh; - khz; + l; + Mh;
khz; - gFjp
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
13. Jwtw;f - Jwt[ + my; + f

66
Jwt[ - gFjp
my; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy yfuk; wfukha;j; jphpe;jJ
14. itg;gh; - it + g; + g; + mh;
it - gFjp
g; - re;jp
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
15. ciwtJ - ciw + t; + m + J
ciw - gFjp
m - rhhpia
J - glh;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp
16. va;jp - va;J + ,

va;J - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
17. btd;W - bty;(d;) + w; + c
bty; - gFjp y; d;MdJ tpfhuk;
w; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
18. cs;Sth; - cs;S + t; + mh;
cs;S - gFjp
19. va;Jg - va;J + g; + m

va;J - gFjp
J - gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp
20. bfhd;w - bfhy;(d;) + w; + m
bfhy; - gFjp y;d; MdJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
21. tply; - tpL + my;
tpL - gFjp
my; - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
22. bra;f - bra; + f
bra; - gFjp
f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
67
II. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fk; jUf.

1. bra;j - bra; + j; + m
bra; - gFjp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
2. bghWj;jy; - bghW + j; + j; + my;
bghW - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - rhhpia
my; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
3. ca;g;gJ - ca; + g; + g; + m + J
ca; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
m - rhhpia
J - glh;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. cw;w - cW (cw;W) + m
cW - gFjp cw;Wvd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk;fhl;oaJ
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
5. bfhs;th; - bfhs; + t; + mh;

bfhs; - gFjp
6. eP';fhik - eP';F + M + ik
eP';F - gFjp
ik - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
7. fhz;gJ - fhz; + g; + m + J
fhz; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
m - rhhpipa
J - glh;f;if xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
8. brhy;ypa - brhy; + ,(d;) + a; + m
brhy; - gFjp
,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy dfuk; g[zh;e;J bfl;lJ
m - bgabur;r tpFjp

68
9. kwtw;f - kw + t; + my; + f
kw - gFjp
my; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiyyfuk; wfukha;j; jphpe;jJ
10. nghw;wp - nghw;W + ,
nghw;W - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
11. cilahh; - cil + a; + Mh;
cil - gFjp
12. khz;lhh; - khz; + l; + Mh;
khz; - gFjp
13. Jwtw;f - Jwt[ + my; + f
Jwt[ - gFjp
my; - vjph;kiw,ilepiy yfuk; wfukha;j; jphpe;jJ
14. itg;gh; - it + g; + g; + mh;

it - gFjp
g; - re;jp
15. ciwtJ - ciw + t; + m + J

ciw - gFjp
m - rhhpia
J - glh;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
16. va;jp - va;J + ,
va;J - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
69
17. btd;W - bty;(d;) + w; + c

bty; - gFjp y;d; MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
18. cs;Sth; - cs;S + t; + mh;
cs;S - gFjp
19. va;Jg - va;J + g; + m
va;J - gFjp
m - gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpdKw;W tpFjp
20. bfhd;w - bfhy;(d;) + w; + m
bfhy; - gFjp y; d;MdJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
21. tply; - tpL + my;
tpL - gFjp
22. bra;f - bra; + f
bra; - gFjp
III. gphpj;J g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

1. khrw;whh; - khR + mw;whh;
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tl;nlhLk; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
te;jhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;W c fuk; (r; + c = R) bfl;L khr; + mw;whh;
vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;goepiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (r;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m)g[zh;e;J (r; + m = r)
khrw;whh;vd;whdJ.
2. ed;wd;W - ed;W + md;W
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
(m) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W bka; (w; + c = W) bfl;L ed;w; + md;W vd
MdJ.

70
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;g[ vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W

bka;a[k; (w;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (w; + m = w)
ed;wd;Wvd;whdJ.
3. mwdy;y - mwd; + my;y
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (d; + m = d)
mwdy;yvd;whdJ.
4. tpUe;bjhuhy; - tpUe;J + xuhy;
(X) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (j; + c = J) bfl;L tpUe;j; + Xuhy;
vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (X) g[zh;e;J (j; + X = njh)
tpUe;bjhuhy;vd;whdJ.
5. epiwa[ilik - epiw + cilik
,<I tHp at;t[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k; (w; + I = iw)
tUbkhHp KjypYs;s capiua[k; (c) clk;gLj;j a; fu clk;gLbka; bgw;W
epiw + a; + cilik epiwa; + cilik vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (a; + c = a[)
epiwa[ilikvd;whdJ.
6. vz;bghUs; - vz;ik + bghUs;
<Wnghjy; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;Lvz; + bghUs;
=vz;bghUs; vd;whdJ.
7. mwptpy;yhh; - mwpt[ + ,y;yhh;

Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; (,) te;jhy;
epiybkhHp <w;WKw;W c fuk; (t;+c=t[) bfl;L mwpt[ + ,y;yhh; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (t; + , =
tp)mwptpy;yhh;vd;whdJ.
8. tpidj;jpl;gk; - tpid + jpl;gk;
,ay;gpdk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp
<w;W caph; (d; + I = id) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (j;+,- jp)
th
71
tpid+j; jpl;gk; -tpidj;jpl;gk;vd;whdJ.

9. tpGke;jUk; - tpGkk; + jUk;
td;ikf;F ,d;khj; jphpgt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W kfuk; tUbkhHp
KjypYs;s ty;ypdkhd j fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd e fukha;j; jphpe;J tpGke; +
jUk; tpGke;jUk;vdg; g[zh;e;jJ.
10. tPbwa;jp - tPW + va;jp
cahpthpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
(v) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W c fuk; (w; + c W) bfl;L tPw; + va;jp vd
epd;wJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vdk; tpjpg;goepiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (w;)/ tUbkhHp capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J(w; + v bw) tPbwa;jpvd;whdJ.
11. bgUe;njh - bgUik + njh;
<Wnghjy; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU + njh;
vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (j; + V = nj)
,dkhd e fubky;ypd bka; njhd;wp/ bgU + e; + njh; -
bgUe;njh;vd;whdJ.
4. bjhlh;epiyr; bra;a[s;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
1. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; ----------- (rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy)
2. ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; --------- (rpyg;gjpfhuk;)
3. Kj;jkpH;f;fhg;gpak;/ ehlff;fhg;gpak; ----- (rpyg;gjpfhuk;)
4. jkpHpd; Kjy; fhg;gpak; ------------ (rpyg;gjpfhuk;)
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; czh;j;Jk; cz;ikfs; ------- (\d;W)
6. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l';fs; -------- (\d;W g[fhh;/ kJiu/ t";rp)
7. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fhijfs; ---------- (Kg;gJ)

8. E}ypd; bgUk; gphpt[ ------------ (fhz;lk;)
9. fhz;lj;jpd; cl;gphpt[ ---------- (fhij)
10. nrhH ehl;od; jiyefh; --------- (g{k;g[fhh;)
11. ghz;o ehl;od; jiyefh; ------------ (kJiu)
12. nru ehl;od; jiyefh; --------- (t";rp)
13. g[fhh;f; fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s fhijfs; --------- (gj;J)
72
14. kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s fhijfs; ------- (gjpd;\d;W)

15. t";rpf; fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s fhijfs; ----------- (VG)
16. rpyg;gjpfhu Mrphpah; ------------- (,s';nfhtofs;)
17. ,s';nfhtofspd; jha; ----------- (ew;nrhid)
18. ,s';nfhtofspd; je;ij --------- (,katuk;gd; beL";rnuyhjd;)
19. ,s';nfhtofspd; jikad; --------- (nrud; br';Fl;Ltd;)
20. KobfG nte;jh; \th;f;Fk; chpaJ;
mfs; ePnu mUSf vd;wth; ----------- (rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;)
21. rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ,aw;wpaJ ------- (kzpnkfiy)
22. ehl;LJk; ahnkhh; ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; vd;wth; --------(,s';nfhtofs;)
23. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyk; ---------- (fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L)
24. rpyg;gjpfhu E}Yf;F mUk;gj ciu vGjpath; ---- (mUk;gj ciufhuh;)
25. rpyg;gjpfhu E}Yf;F tpsf;f ciu vGjpath; ------ (moahh;f;F ey;yhh;)
26. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ,f;fhy ciu vGjpath; ----(e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh;)
27. Ch;NH; thp rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ---------- cs;sJ. (kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy;)
28. be";iras;Sk; rpyk;g[ vdg; g[fH;e;jth; ------ (ghujpahh;)
29. njdpny Cwpa bre;jkpHpd; RitnjWk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vdg; ghuhl;oath; ----------- (ftpkzp njrpa tpehafk;)
30. nfhtydpd; je;ij -------- (khrhj;Jthd;)
31. fz;zfpapd; je;ij ----------- (kheha;fd;)
32. khjtp bgw;w gl;lk; ------------ (jiyf;nfhyhpit)
33. nfhtyd; khjtpf;Fg; gpwe;j kfs; -------- (kzpnkfiy)
34. nfhtyd; khjtpiag; gphpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ -----(fhdy; thpg; ghly;fs;)
35. g[fhh; efhpy; eilbgWk; tpHh --------- (,e;jpu tpHh)
36. nfhtyDf;Ff; fz;zfp mspj;jJ ------- (fhw;rpyk;g[)
37. nfhtyd; fz;zfpf;F tHpj;Jiz brd;wth; -------- (ft[e;jpaofs;)
38. ft[e;jpaofs; ------------ (rkzj;Jwtp)
39. Mah; KJkfs; ----------- (khjhp)
40. rPwor;rpyk;gpd; xd;Wbfhz;L ahd;ngha;
khwptUtd; ka';fhJ xHpf vdf; Twpatd; -------- (nfhtyd;)
41. fha;fjph;r; bry;tnd fs;tndh vd; fztd; vdf; nfl;lts; ------ (fz;zfp)
42. bgz;nz cd; fztd; fs;tdy;yd;;
mt;thW Twpa ,t;t{iuj; jP cz;qk; vd;wJ --- (thbdhyp _mrhPhp)
43. bjd;dtd; bfhw;wk; rpije;jJ ,Jbtd;bfhy;> bjd;dtd; vd;w brhy;

Fwpg;gJ. (ghz;oa kd;dd;)
44. Mah; FwoapYs;nshh; ----- epfH;j;jpj; jpUkhiy tHpgl;ldh;
73
(Ma;r;rpah; Fuit)
45. thp vd;gJ ------- tifaJ. (,irg;ghly;)
46. jPjW ey;ciu nfsh bjhHptndy;
nehjf;f bra;jhs; vd;W vs;sy; ,J xd;W
1. ahh; TWtjhf ,t;thpfs; mike;Js;sJ> (fz;zfp)
2. jPjW ey;ciu vJ>(nfhtyd; fs;td; my;yd; vd;Dk; ciu)
3. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(rpyg;gjpfhuk;)
4. ,g;ghly; thpfisg; ghoath; ahh;>(,s';nfhtofs;)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ,ul;il fhg;gpa';fs; ahit>
,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; vd;git :
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
kzpnkfiy
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - bgah;f;fhuzk; jUf.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk; :
fz;zfpapd; fhw;rpyk;g[ fhuzkha; tsh;e;j fijahjypd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ.
3. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - E}yikg;ig vGJf.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; jkpHpd; Kjd;ikf; fhg;gpakhFk;. ,J \d;W fhz;l';fisf;
bfhz;lJ.
g[fhh;f; fhz;lk; - 10 fhijf;s
kJiuf; fhz;lk; - 13 fhijfs;
t";rpf;fhz;lk; - 7 fhijfs;
4. rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWk; \d;W cz;ikfs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWk; \d;W cz;ikfs;
murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;.
ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;
CH;tpid cUj;Jte;J Cl;Lk;.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vGjpa bgUkf;fs; ahth;>
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vGjpath;
,e;E}Yf;F ciu vGjp giHa ciuahrphpah; ,Uth; xUth; E}y;KGikf;Fk;
mUk;gj ciu vGjpa[s;shh;.
kw;bwhUth; moahh;f;F ey;yhh; tpsf;fkha; ciu vGjpa[s;sh;. Mdhy; mth;
vGjpa ciu E}y; KGikf;Fk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,f;fhyj;jpy;; thH;e;j
eh.K.nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; E}y; KGtjw;Fk; ciu vGjpa[s;shh;.

74
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. < bjhd;W bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
jd; fztid ,He;j fz;zfp gj;jpdpg; bgz;Oh;fhs; vd; fztd; fs;td;
my;yd; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;wha; vd; rpyk;g[fSs; kw;bwhd;W (<bjhd;W) vd;dplk;
cs;sJ ghU';fs;.
epiwa[ilg; gj;jpdpg; bgz;oh;fhs; <bjhd;W
R{hpad; kiwa[k; ,k; khiyg; bghGjpy; ahUk; milahj Jd;gj;ij ahd;
mile;njd;. ,`J vd; tpidg;gadhFk;.
cw;nwd; cwhjJ cWtnd><bjhd;W
vd; fztdplkpUe;J rpyk;igf; ftu fs;td; vd;W Twpf; bfhd;Wtpl;lhh;fns*
<bjhd;W mepahahk;/
fs;tndh my;yd; fztd; vd; fhw;rpyk;g[
bfhs;Sk; tpiyg; bghUl;lhw; bfhd;whnu <bjhd;W.
,we;j vd; fztid c';fspd; fz;Kd;nd capUld; fhz;ngd;. <bjhd;W
,t;thW fhqk; bray; g[Jikad;nwh.
fhjw; fztidf;fhz;gnd* <bjhd;W
,we;j vd; fztdpd; thahy; jhd; Fw;wkw;wtd; vd;Dk; ,dpa bkhHpfisr;
brhy;y itg;ngd;. <bjhd;W ,`J xU R{SiuahFk;.
fhjw; fztidf; fz;lhy; mtd;thapy;
jPjW ey;ciu nfl;gnd* <bjhd;w
Mt;thW TWk; ed;bkhHpfis ehd;nfl;fhtpoy; vd;id ,fH;f <bjhd;W/ ,J
c';fSf;F xU tha;g;ghFk;.
nehjf;f bra;jhs; vd;W vs;sy; ,J xd;W vd;W/
2. fz;zfpiaf; fz;l Cuth; jpifj;Jf; Twpad ahit>
fz;zfpiaf; fz;l Cuth; jpifj;Jf; Twpad:
vtuhYk; ePf;fKoahj ,j;Jd;gj;jpid ,f;fhhpiff;Fr; bra;J vd;Wk; tisahj
br';nfhyhdJ tise;jJ. ,J vf;fhuzj;jhy; epfH;e;jJ>
fisahj Jd;gk; ,f;fhhpiff;Ff; fhl;o
tisahj br';nfhy; tise;jJ ,J btd;bfhy;>
kd;dhh;f;Fk; kd;duhf/ kjpnghy; btz;bfhw;wf; Fila[k;/ thisa[k; cila
nte;jDk; Mfpa ghz;oadJ muR mHpt[w;wJ. ,J vf;fhuzj;jhy; epfH;e;jJ>
bjd;dtd; bfhw;wk; rpije;jJ ,Jbtd;bfhy;

75
ntw;gilapida[ila mt;nte;jdJ Fsph;e;j FilahdJ ,d;W btk;ikia

tpisj;jJ. ,J vf;fhujz;jhy; epfH;e;jJ>
jz;bfhil btk;ik tpisj;J ,Jbtd;bfhy;
brk;bghd;dhy; Mfpa rpyk;g[ xd;widf; ifapd;fz; Ve;jpf; bfhz;L ek;ikf;
bfLf;Fk; bghUl;L ,g;g[jpa bghpabja;tk; ek;kplk; te;jJ Vndh> tpisaf;
ToaJ ahnjh>
brk;bghw; rpyk;bghd;W ifnae;jp ek;bhgUl;lhy;
tk;gg; bgUe;bja;tk; te;jJ ,Jbtd;bfhy;
kpft[k; Vf;fKw;W g[yk;g[nthshfpa ,ts; bja;tj;jd;ik cilats;. ,jdhy;
,dp tpisa;f ToaJ ahnjh*
bja;tk;cw; whs;nghYk; jifas;/ ,J btd;bfhy;>

3. xy;byd; xyp gilj;jJ Ch; : xyp vGg;gpaikf;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;F.
xy;byd; xypgilj;jJ Ch; :
fz;zfpf;F mePjp tpisj;j ghz;oa kd;dd; mePjpia tpijj;jjhy; kJiu
kf;fs; muirg; gHp J}w;wpdhh;. Mj;jifa kf;fis cila kJiu efhpd;fz;
Muthuj;njhL te;j kf;fSs; rpyh; fz;zfpapd; fztid mtSf;Ff; fhl;odh;.
fk;giy khf;fs; fztidj; jh';fhl;l
fz;zfpapd; Mw;wKoahj Jd;gj;ijg; bghWf;f Koahj R{hpandh/ fhpa nkw;F

kiyapd;fz; jd; bre;epwf; fjph;fisr; RUf;fpf; bfhz;L kiwe;jhd;. mt;thW
mtd; kiwe;jjhy; kaf;fj;ij cilajhfpa khiyg; bghGjpy;/ g{';bfho
nghd;wtshfpa fz;zfp jd; fztdplj;nj ,Ue;J mGJ g[yk;gpdhs;.
brk;bghw;bfho midahs; fz;lhisj; jhd;fhzhd;
ky;yd;kh "hyk; ,USl;o khkiynky;.
mjdhy; kJiug; ngh+h; xy;byd; xypgilj;j Cuhapw;W.

4. cz;L bfhy;vd;Dk; Kiwapy; fz;zfp rpde;J Twpad ahit>
cz;Lbfhy;vd;Dk; Kiwapy; fz;zfp rpde;J Twpad:
ePjp ,y;yhj murd; thGk; ,k; kJiu khefhpy; fw;g[ila kfspUk; cs;shnuh>
fztdpd; Fiwfisj; jh';fpf; bfhz;L thGfpd;w fw;g[ila bgz;fs;/ ePjp
jtwpa ghz;oadpd; ehl;oy; cs;sdnuh>
bfhz;l bfhGeh; cWFiw jh';FW}ck;

bgz;oUk; cz;Lbfhy;> bgz;oUk; cz;Lbfhy;>
76
gpwh; bgw;w FHe;ijapidj; jh';fp tsh;f;fpd;w rhd;nwhh;fSk; cs;shnuh>

<d;w FGtp vLj;J tsh;f;FW}ck;
rhd;nwhUk; cz;Lbfhy;> rhd;nwhUk; cz;Lbfhy;.
jtwhd jPh;g;gpdhy; vd; fztidf; Thpathshy; bfhd;W/ br';nfhy; tise;j
ghz;oa kd;Dila kJiu khefhpy;; bja;tKk; cs;snjh>
itthspy; jg;gpa kd;dtd; Tlypy;

bja;tKk; cz;Lbfhy;> bja;tKk; cz;Lbfhy;>
vd;W nfhgf; fdypdhy; nfs;tpf;fizfis kJiu kf;fsplk; bjhLj;jhs; fz;zfp.
5. nfhtyidf; fz;lbghGJ epfH;e;j mw;g[jk; ahJ>

nfhtyidf; fz;lbghGJ epfH;e;j mw;g[jk; :
fztdpd; Jah;epiyfz;L gythW g[yk;gp mGjhs; fz;zfp. mtdJ
jpUj;j';fpa khh;gpidj;jd; khh;nghL bghUe;JkhW jGtpf; bfhz;lhs;.
bghd;J";R khh;gk; bghUe;jj; jHP,
me;neuj;jpy; nfhtyd; vGe;J epd;whd;. mtd; fz;zfpia nehf;fp
KGkjpnghy; xspkpF cd;Kfk; fd;wpanj vd;W jd; thahy;brhy;ypf;
fz;zfpapd; fz;fspypUe;J tUk; fz;zPiuj;jd; ifahy; Jilj;jhd;.
mg;bghGJ fz;zfp mGJ/ Vf;fKw;W epyj;jpy; tpGe;jhs;.
epd;whd; vGe;J epiwkjp thz;Kfk;
fd;wpaJvd;wts; fz;zPh; ifahd; khw;w
jd; fztdpd; bjhGtjw;nfw;w jpUe;jpa mofisj; jd; ,UiffshYk; gw;wpf;
bfhz;lhs;. mg;bghGJ nfhtyd; ,t;t[liy tpl;L eP';fpr; Rth;f;fk; g[Fk;
bghUl;L vGe;jhd;. njth;fs;; thGk; thDyfk; g[Fe;jhd;.
gGJ xHpe;J vGe;jpUe;jhd; gy;ykuh; FHhj;Js;shd;.
IV. beLtpdh :
1. fz;zfpapd; R{Siua[k; efh;khe;jh; ka fpf; Twpadt[k; ahit>
fz;zfpapd; R{Siu:
nfhtyd; bfhy;yg;gl;l bra;jp nfl;l fz;zfp/ kw;bwhU rpyk;gpidf; ifapy;
Ve;jp kJiu efh; tPjp tHpna brd;whs;. mts;/ ePjp jtwpa murdJ
ChpypUe;J thGk; fw;g[ila bgz;oh;fns* ,`J vd;Dila kw;bwhU
rpyk;ghFk;.
epiwa[ilg; gj;jpdpg; bgz;oh;fhs; <bjhd;W
77
nrhHehl;oy; gpwe;j ehd; ghz;oa ehl;oy; te;;J/ vd; MUaph;f; fztid

,He;J/ ahUk; milahj bgUe;Jauk; cw;nwd; ,J xU tpidg;gadhFk;.
cw;nwd; cwhjJ cWtnd><bjhd;W
,f;bfhoa Jd;gj;jpid ahd; milaf; flntndh> vd; fztd; fs;td;
my;yd;/ vd; fhw;rpyk;gpidf; iff;bfhs;Sk;bghUl;Lf; fs;td; vd;W Twp/ vd;
fztidf; bfhd;whh;fns* ,J Xh; mePjpahd brayhFk;..
fs;tndh my;yd; fztd; vd; fhw;rpyk;g[
bfhs;Sk; tpiybghUl;lhw; bfhd;whnu <bjhd;W
mtd; ,dpw bkhHpfisf; nfl;ngd;/ mt;thW ehd; nfshbjhHpapd; ,ts;
tUe;jj;jf;fdtw;iwr; bra;jhs; vd;W vd;id ,fH;f vd;W R{Siuj;jhs;/ ,J
c';fSf;Fg; g[Jikahd brayhFk; vd;whs;.
fhjw; fztidf; fz;lhy; mtd;thapy;
jPjW ey;ciu nfl;gnd* <bjhd;W
efh; khe;jh; ka';fpf; Twpad :

vtuhYk; ePf;f Koahj ,j;Jd;gj;ij ,f;fhhpiff;Fr; bra;J vd;Wk; tisahj
br';nfhy; ,d;W tise;jnj(* ,jd; fhuzk; vd;d>
fisahj Jd;gk; ,f;fhhpiff;Ff; fhl;o
tisahj br';nfhy; tise;jJ ,J btd;nfhy;
kd;dUf;f kd;duhf/ ,ilapy; this cila nte;jdhfpa ghz;oadJ murpay;
mHpt[w;wnj* ,jd; fhuzk; vd;d>
bjd;dtd; bfhw;wk; rpije;jJ ,Jbtd;bfhy;
ghz;oa ehl;L kf;fspd; kdk; FspUkhW Ml;rp bra;j/ tPunty; bfhz;l
beLe;jifahk; ghz;oadpd; btz;bfhw;wf; Fil jz;ikia tpyf;fp/ btk;ik
tpisj;j fhuzk; ahnjh> ,J Vd; epfH;e;jnjh>
jz;bfhil btk;ik tpisj;jJ ,Jbtd;bfhy;
brk;bghd;dhy; Mfpa rpyk;g[ xd;iwf; ifapy; Ve;jpf; bfhz;L/ ek;ikf;
bfLf;Fk; bghUl;L ,g;g[jpa bghpa bja;tk; ek;kplj;nj te;J nrh;e;jJ* ,jdhy;
,dp ekf;Fk; vd;d tpisa[nkh>kpf V';fpg; g[yk;g[thshfpa ,ts;
bja;tj;jd;ik cw;wtisg; nghd;W fhzg;gLfpd;whs;. ,jdhy; ,dp vd;d
tpisa[nkh> vd;W Twp kJiu kf;fs; kdk; fy';fp epd;wdh;.
2. kUz;khiyg; nghjpy; fz;zfp ,ize;J V';fp ciuj;jdt[k; nfhtyidf;
fz;l bghGJ epfH;e;j mw;g[jj;ija[k; ,UgJ thpfspy; tiuf.
kUz; khiyg; nghjpy; fz;zfp ,ize;J V';fp ciuj;jd :

78
ePjp ,y;yhj murd; thGk; ,k;kJiu khefhpy; fw;g[ila bgz;fSk;

cs;sdnuh> jk; cs;sj;jpd; fz;nz bfhz;l fztUila kpFe;j Fiwfisg;
bghWj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w fw;g[ila kfsPUk; cs;shnuh>
,k;kJiukhefhpy; rhd;nwhUk; cs;shnuh> gpwh; bgw;w FHe;ijia/ jk;
FHe;ijnghy vz;zp tsh;f;fpd;w rhd;nwhh;fSk; cs;shnuh>
bfhz;l bfhGeh; cWFiw jh';FW}ck;
bgz;oUk; cz;Lbfhy;> bgz;oUk; cz;Lbfhy;
rhd;nwhUk; cz;Lbfhy;/ rhd;nwhUk; cz;Lbfhy;
,k;kkJiuapy; bja;tk; cs;snjh> vd; fztidf; Thpathshy; btl;oajhy;
br';nfhy; tise;j ghz;oak d;dDila kJiu khefhpy; bja;Kk; cs;snjh>
bja;tKk; cz;Lbfhy;> bja;tKk; cz;Lbfhy;

itthspy; jg;gpa kd;dtd; Tlypy;
bja;tKk; cz;Lbfhy;>
nfhtyidf; fz;lbghGJ epfH;e;j mw;g[jk; :

fztdpd; Jah;fz;L g[yk;gpa fz;zfp/ mtdJ khh;gpid/ jd; bghd;j';Fk;
khh;nghL bghUe;JkhW jGtpf; bfhz;lhs;.
bghd;J";R khh;gk; bghUe;jj; jHP,.
clnd nfhtyd; vGe;J epd;whd;. mtd; fz;zfpia nehf;fp cd; KGkjp
nghYk; xspbghUe;jpa Kfk; fd;wpanj vd;W jd; thahy; Twpdhd;.
epd;whd; vGe;Jepiwkjp thz;Kfk;
fd;wpaJ vd;wts; fz;zPh; ifahy; khw;w
mts; fz;zPiu/ jd; ifahy; Jilj;jhd;. mg;bghGJ fz;zfp mGJ/

Vf;fKw;W/ epyj;jpy; tpGe;jhs;/ jd; fztDila bjhHj;jf;f jpUe;jpa mofis/
jd; ,U iffshYk; gw;wpf; bfhz;lhs;. mt;tstpy; nfhtyd; ,t;t[liy tpl;L
eP';fpr; Rth;f;fk; g[Fk; bghUl;L vGe;jhd;. njth;fs; thGk; thDyfk; g[Fe;jhd;.
gGJ xHpe;J vGe;jpUe;jhd; gy;ykuh; FHhj;Js;shd;.

V. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1. <h;tis - tpidj;bjhif
2. jz;Fil - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. J}w;Wk; Fo - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;Lg; bgabur;rk;
4. fhw;rpyk;g[ - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fbjhif

79
5. tsh;f;FW}ck; - ,d;dpirasbgil
6. ey;Yiu - gz;g[j;bjhif
7. itths; - chpr;brhw;bwhlh;
8. vs;sy; - my;<w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
9. ths;nte;jd; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif
10. jHP, - brhy;ypirasbgil
11. beLe;jif - gz;g[j;bjhif
12. cz;Lbfhy; - Iag;bghUspy; te;j ,ilr;brhy;
13. jh';FW}ck; - ,d;dpirasbgil
VI. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

1. tisj;njhsp - tis + njhsp
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vDk; tpjpg;go ty;ypd
bka; g[zh;e;J (njh j; + X) kpFe;J tis + j; + njhsp
tisj;njhspvd;whdJ.
2. fhw;rpyk;g[ - fhy; + rpyk;g[
ys ntw;Wikapy; wlt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W yfuk; tUbkhHp
Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (rp r; + ,) te;jhy; y fuk; wfukhfp fhw; + rpyk;g[ -
fhw;rpyk;g[Mapw;W.
3. rpyk;bghd;W rpyk;g[ + xd;W
te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (g[ - g; + c) bfl;L rpyk;g; + xd;W
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; g[zh;e;J (g; + X ngh)
rpyk;bghd;Wvd;whdJ.
4. ifnae;jp if + Ve;jp
,<ItHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W capUk; (if f; + I)
tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (V) clk;gLj;j clk;gLbka; (a;) njhd;wp if + a; +
Vw;jp vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k;(a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (V) g[zh;e;J (a; + V na) ifnae;jp
vd;whdJ.
5. epiwa[il epiw + cil
,<ItHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k; (iw - w; +

80
I) tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (c) clk;gLj;j afuclk;gLbka; njhd;wp epiw

+ a; + cil epiwa; + cilvd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go. epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (a; + c a[)
epiwa[ilvd;whdJ.
6. gj;jpdpbgz;oh; - gj;jpd + bgz;oh;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpaDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjgkpFk; vd;Dk tpjpg;go/
epiybkhHp <w;W caph; (dp d; + ,) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j bky;ypdk;
(bg g; + v) kpFe;J gj;jpdp + g; + bgz;oh; - gj;jpdpg; bgz;oh;vd;whdJ.
7. ey;Yiu ed;ik + ciu

<Wnghjy; vd;Dk tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bl;L
ed; + ciu vd;whdJ.
Kd;dpd;w bka; jphpjy; vd;Dk tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W d fuk; y
fukhfp ey; + ciu vd;whdJ.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp
Kjypy; caph; (c) te;jhy; epiybkhHp jdpf;Fwpy; (e) Kd; cs;s <w;W bka; (y;)
,ul;oj;J (y;y;) ey;y; + ciu vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (y;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (y; + c Y)
ey;Yiuvd;whdJ.
8. br';nfhy; - brk;ik + nfhy;
<W nghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ brk; +
nfhy; vd;whdJ.
Kd;dpd;w bka; jphpjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W kfu bka; '
fukha;j; jphpe;J/ bra; + nfhy; - br';nfhy;vd;whdJ.
9. kjpf;Fil kjp + Fil
,ay;gpDk; tpjpaDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/
epiybkhHp <w;W caph; (jp j; + ,) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (F
f; + c) kpFe;J/ kjp + f; + Fil kjpf;Filvd;whdJ.
10. bghw;bfho bghd; + bfho

81
zd ty;ypdk;tu lwt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk;

(bfh f; + X) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W dfuk; wfukhfpg;
bghw;bfhovd;whdJ.
11. bgUe;bja;tk; - bgUik + bja;tk;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; ;tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;Lg; bgU +
bja;tk; vd epd;wJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (bj j; + v)
,dkhd efuk;; kpFe;J bgU + e; + bja;tk; - bgUe;bja;tk;vd;whdJ.
12. g{';bfhoahs; - g{ + bfhoahs;
g{g;bgah; Kd; ,d bkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go g{ vd;Dk;
epiybkhHp Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdj;jpw;F (bfh f; + X)
,dkhd bky;ypdk; '; njhd;wp g{+ ';; + bfhoahs; -
g{';bfhoahs;vd;whdJ.
13. mGnj';fp mGJ + V';fp
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
(V) te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (J j; + c) bfl;L/ mGj; + V';fp
vd;whdJ.
gpd; cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
<w;W bka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (V) g[zh;e;J (j; + V nj)
mGnj';fpvd;whdJ.
14. kwnty; - kwk; + nty;
kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W kfuk;
bfl;L kw + nty; - kwnty;vd;whdJ.
15. brk;bghd; - brk;ik + bghd;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L brk; +
bghd; - brk;bghd;vd;whdJ.
VII. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1. epd;wpys; - epy;(d;) + w; ,y; + ms;
epy; - gFjp; yfuk; d fukhdJ tpfhuk;
w; - ,we;jfhy ,ilwpiy
,y; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
ms; - bgz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. Ve;jp - Ve;J + I
82
Ve;J - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. J}w;Wk; - J}w;W + ck;
J}w;W - gFjp
ck; - bgabur;r tpFjp
4. <d;w - <d; + w; + m
<d; - gFjp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
5. fisahj - fis + a; + M + j; + m
fis - gFjp
j; - vGj;Jg;ngW
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
6. xHpe;J - xHp + j;(e;) + j; + c

xHp - gFjp
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
7. fd;wpaJ - fd;W + ,(d;) + a; + m + J
fd;W - gFjp
,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ dfuk; bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
m - rhhpia
J - xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
8. bfhd;whh; - bfhy;(d;) + w; + Mh;

bfhy; - gFjp/ y;/ d; MdJ tpfhuk;
9. gl;nld; - gL (gl;L) + Vd;
gL - gFjp/ gl;L vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk;fhl;oaJ
Vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.
83
10. fhz;gd; - fhz; + g; + md;

fhz; - gFjp
md; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
11. vs;sy; - vs;S + my;
vs;S - gFjp
12. bfhz;l - bfhs;(z;) + l; + m
bfhs; - gFjp;s;z; MdJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
M) fk;guhkhazk;
I.nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.
1. fk;gh;jhk; ,aw;wpa fhtpaj;jpw;Fr; Nl;oa bgah; ------- (,uhkhtjhuk;)
2. ,uhkhazj;ij tlbkhHpapy; ,aw;wpath; ------ (thd;kPfp)
3. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l';fs; ------- (MW)
4. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; VHhtJ fhz;lk; ----------- (cj;jufhz;lk;)
5. cj;jufhz;lj;ij ,aw;wpath; ------- (xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
6. Mjpfhtpak; ---------------- (,uhkfhij)
7. Mjpftp -------------- (thd;kPfp)
8. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l';gd; ----------
(ghy fhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muzpa fhz;lk;/ fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;/
Re;ju fhz;lk;/ a[j;jfhz;lk;)
9. ,uhkhazj;Js; -------- tps';FtJ Re;jufhz;lk;. (Ie;jhtJ fhz;lkhf)
10. jpUto bjhGj glyk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s fhz;lk; ------ (Re;ju fhz;lk;)
11. ,uhkhazj;jpd; Kokzpahf tps';FtJ ---------- (Re;ju fhz;lk;)
12. mDkDf;F -------------- vd;Dk; bgaUk; cz;L. (Re;jud;)
13. Fnyhj;J';fr; nrhHdpd; mitg;g[yth; ----------- (fk;gh;)
14. ,uhkhazj;jpd; bgUk;gphpt[ ------------ (fhz;lk;)
15. fhz;lj;jpd; cl;gphpt[ ----------- (glyk;)
16. rPijiaf; fth;e;J brd;wtd; ------------ (,uhtzd;)
17. ,y';ifapy; rPij rpiw itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; ------- (mnrhftdk;)
18. rlha[tpd; mz;zd; ----------- (rk;ghjp)

19. rPijiaf; fz;L tu ,y';if brd;wtd; --------- (mDkd;)
20. mDkd; rPijaplk milahskhff; bfhLj;jJ -------- (fizahHp)

84
21. rPij mDkdplk; bfhLj;jDg;gpaJ --------------- (Nshkzp)

22. Kshp eP';fpa ijay; ---------- (rPij)
23. kpjpiy kd;dd; ----------- (rdfd;)
24. mnahj;jp kd;dd; ----------- (jrujd;)
25. tpy; bgUlk; jle;njhs; tPud; --------- (,uhkd;)
26. ey;bgUk; jtj;js; ---------- (rPij)
27. ,y';if nte;jd; --------- (,uhtzd;)
28. mHpah tuk; bgw;w rpu";rPtpah; --------(mRtj;jhkd;/ khgyp/ tpahrd;/ tPlzd;/
mDkd;/ fpUghrhhp/ guRuhkd;)
29. itj;jgpd; Jfpypd; itj;j khkzpf; fuir th';fpf;
Ifyj;jyj; jpdpjpd; <e;jhs;.
1. khkzpf;F muR vJ> (Nlhkzp)
2. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ahh; ahhplk; TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ>
(mDkd; ,uhkdplk; TWtJ)
3. khkzpf;fuir ahh; ahhplk; <e;jJ>(rPij mDkdplk; <e;jhs;)
4. ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(fk;guhkhazk;)
30. Kwptw vz;zp tz;z nkhjpuk; fhl;lf; fz;lhs;
,Wjpapd; caph;je; jPa[k; kUe;bjhj;j jida bje;jha;
1. ,g;ghly; thpfspd; Mrphpah; ahh;>(fk;gh;)
2. ahh; Tw;whf mike;Js;sJ>(mDkd;)
3. nkhjpuk; fhl;lf; fz;lts; ahh;>(rPij)
4. ,Wjpapy; caph; je;J <a[k; kUe;jhfpaJ vJ>
(mDkd; fhl;oa ,uhkdpd; nkhjpuk;)
31. jd;kzpf; fGj;jpw; rhh;j;Jk; msitapy; jLj;J ehnad;
bghd;do tz';fp epd;W epd;bgah; g[fd;w nghH;jpd;
1. ehnad; ,r;bhy; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> (mDkid)
2. ahh; ahhplk; TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ> (mDkd; ,uhkdplk;)
3. ,g;ghly; thpfis ,aw;wpath; ahh;>(fk;gh;)
4. ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(fk;guhkhazk;)
32. rpwpa jpUto vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth; ----------- (mDkd;)
33. jida vd;W brhy;ypd; bghUs; ------------ (kfs;)
34. rPij jd;id kPl;Lr; bry;y tpjpj;j fhyk; ----------- (xU jp';fs;)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. Re;jufhz;lk; vd;W bgah; tuf; fhuzk; ahJ>
mDkDf;Fr; Re;jud; vd;Dk; kw;bwhU bgaUk; cz;L.
mDkdpd; jiyikg; gz;g[fs; tPWld; tps';Ftjhy; ,e;jf; fhz;lk; Re;ju
fhz;lk; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.

85
2. mDkd; ,uhkid va;jpaJk; bra;j bray; ahJ>

mDkd; ,uhkid va;jpaJk;/ jdJ nguUs; jiytdhk; ,uhkdpd; jpUtofis
tz';ftpy;iy.
g{kpapy; gpwe;j/ jpUkfshfpa rPjhgpuhl;o ,Ue;j jpirapid nehf;fp/ jiy
jhH;j;jpa[k;/ iffisf; Tg;gpa[k;/ jiuapy; tpGe;J gzpthfg; nghw;wpa[k;
tz';fpdhd;.
3. ,uhkd; Fwpg;ghy; czh;e;jit ahit>

,uhkd; Fwpg;ghy; czh;e;jit :
,y';ifapdpd;W jpUk;gpa mDkd; jd;id tz fhJ bjd; jpirnehf;fp
tz';Ftij ,uhkd; fz;lhd;.
njd; tz;Lfs; thGk; Te;jiy cilatshfpa rPij eyKld; ,Uf;fpwhs;;
mDkd; rPijiaf; fz;L te;jJk; cz;ik. mtSila fw;g[ xGf;fKk; ed;whf
cs;sJ vd;gdnt ,uhkgpuhd; Fwpg;ghy; czh;e;jitahFk;.
.................. kw;wptd;
fz;lJk; cz;L. mts; fw;g[k; ed;bwd.
4. fz;lbdd; vd;WmDkd; Twpait ahit>
fz;lbdd; vd;W mDkd; Twpait:
njth;fSf;bfy;yhk; jiytnd* bjd; ,y';if efhpy; fw;gpDf;F mzpia vd;
fz;fshy; fz;nld;.
vdnt/ rPijapd; fw;gpidg; gw;wp cd; cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Iaj;ija[k;/
Jauj;ija[k; iftpLf* vd;W ,uhkdplk; mDkd; Twpdhd;.
fz;bldd; fw;gpDf; fzpiaf; fz;fshy;
bjz;oiu miyfly; ,y';ifj; bjd;dfh;
mz;lh;eh af ,dpj;Jwj;jp IaKk;
gz;Ls JaUbkd; wDkd; gd;Dthd;
5. caph; je;J <a[k; kUe;bjhj;jJvd;W mDkd; Fwpg;gpl;ljd; bghUs; ahJ>

fizahHpna rpwe;j kUe;bjhj;jJ
MUapiug; nghf;fpf; bfhs;s vz;zpatd; bjspa[khW mDkd; jd; bgaiua[k;
ntW rpy milahs';fisa[k; Twpdhhd;.
mDkd; ,uhkdpd; fizahHpiar; rPijaplk; mspj;jhd;.

86
rPij kW caph; bgw;whs;. ,jdhy; mf;fizahHpia caph;j;je;J <a[k;

kUe;bjhj;jJ vd;W mDkd; Fwpg;gpl;lhd;.
Kwptw vz;zp tz;znkhjpuk; fhl;lf;fz;lhs;
,Wjpapd; caph;je; jPa[k; kUe;bjhj;j jida
III. bgUtpdhf;fs;
1. mDkd; bra;jJk; ,uhkd; czh;e;jJk; ahit>
mDkd; bra;jJ :
,y';ifapypUe;J jpUk;gpa mDkd;; typikkpf;f ,uhkgpuhdpd; jpUtofisj;
bjhHhjtdha;j; jpUkfshfpf rPij ,Ue;j jpirnehf;fpj; jiy jhH;j;jpa[k;/
iffisf; Ftpj;Jk;/ jiuapy; tpGe;J gzpe;Jk; tz';fpa nghw;Wjyhfpa
braiyr; bra;jhd;.
ijaiy nehf;fpa jiyad; ; ifapdd;
itafk; jHP,beo jpiw";rp thH;j;jpdhd;.
,uhkd; czh;e;jit :
vija[k; Fwpg;ghy; czUk; ,uhkgpuhd;/ mDkd; bra;iffisf; fz;L/ rPij
eyj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwhs;/ ,td; mtisf; fz;lJz;L; mts; fw;g[epiy jtwhJ
,Uf;fpd;whs;/ vd;W mDkdpd; Kff;Fwpg;ghy; ,uhkd; czh;e;jhd;.
................................. kw;wptd;
fz;lJk; cz;L; mts; fw;g[k; ed;bwd.
2. vd;; bgUe;bja;tk; vd;W mDkd; ciuj;jtw;iw vGJf.
vd; bgUe;bja;tk; :
rPjhg; gpuhl;oiaj; bjd; ,y';ifapy; fz;L te;j mDkd;/ rPjhg;gpuhl;o gw;wp
Iag;ghl;oida[k;/ gphpt[j; Jauj;ija[k; iftpLf vd;W ,uhkdplk; Twpdhd;.
nkYk; ck;Kila bgUikf;Fhpa njtp vd;Dk; chpikf;Fk;/ cd; je;ij
jrujdpd; bgUikf;Fhpa kUkfs; vd;Dk; tha;ikf;Fk;/ kpjpiy murd;
rdfdpd; bgUikf;Fhpa kfs; vd;Dk; nkd;ikf;Fk;/ Vw;wtshfj; jiyik rhd;w
gz;g[fSld; rPjhnjtp thH;fpd;whs;.
kd;bgU kUfp bad;Dk; tha;ikf;Fk; kpjpiy kd;dd;
jd;bgUe; jdia bad;De; jifikf;Fk; jiyik rhd;whs;.
3. fspelk; g[hpaf; fz;nld; vd;W mDkd; ciuj;jtw;iw vGJf.
fspelk; g[hpaf; fz;nld; vd;W mDkd; ciuj;jit :

87
,uhkgpuhdplk; rPijiaj; jd; bgUe;bja;tk; vd mDkd; Fwpg;gpl;lhd;.

tpy;ne;jpa bgUikf;Fhpa mfd;w njhspidf; bfhz;l tPund* jphpTl kiyapd;
nkYs;s fly;R{H;e;j ,y';if btw;gpy; ey;y bgUikf;Fhpa bgz;fSs;
ey;yhshfpa/ jtr; bry;tpahfpa rPijia kl;Lk; ehd; fhztpy;iy.
ew;Fog; gpwg;g[ vd;gjhfpa vd;Wk; kpFe;j bgUikf;Fhpa gz;g[k; fw;g[ vDk;
kdj;jpz;ikg; gz;g[k; xd;W To epd;W/ fspelk; g[hptijf; fz;nld;.
,w;gpwg; bgd;g bjhd;Wk; ,Uk;bghiw bad;g bjhd;Wk;
fw;bgDk; bgau bjhd;Wk; fspelk; g[hpaf; fz;nld;.
4. jtk; bra;j jtkhk; ijay; ,y';ifapy; ,Ue;j epiyia mDkd; vt;thW

Twpdhd;>
ijay; ,y';ifapy; ,Ue;j epiy :
fly; R{H;e;j ,y';if vd;Dk; efh; tphpe;J gue;jpUf;fpwJ. mjd; xU gFjpapy;
tpz;bjhLk; mstpw;F cah;e;j ku';fs; epiwe;jnjhL my;Yk; gfYk;
xspkakha;j; jpfH;tJkhd bghd;kakhd fw;gfr; nrhiy xd;W cs;sJ.
mr;nrhiyapy; cd;jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; jUg;ig vDk; fhlL;g g[w;fshy; nta;e;J
je;j J}a ghz; rhiyapy; jtnk/ jtk; bra;j jttotkhfpa rPij(ijay;)
,Ue;jhs; vd;W mDkd; Twpdhd;.
nrhiya'; fjdpy; ck;gp g[y;ypdhy; bjhLj;j J}a
rhiyapy; ,Ue;jhisa; jtk; bra;j jtkhk; ijay;.
5. ,y';ifah; nfhd; te;jJk; M';F epfH;e;jdt[k; ahit>
,y';ifah; nfhd; te;jJk;/ M';F epfH;e;jdt[k; :
,y';ifapYs;s mnrhftdj;jpy; rPijia tz';Fjw;Fhpa rkaj;ij vjph;ghh;j;J
mDkd; fhj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;bghGJ ,uhtzd; te;J rPijaplk;
jd;id tpUk;g[k; go gzpe;J/ bf";rp ntz;odhd; mjw;Fr; rPijnah
fL";brhw;fs; Tw ,uhtzd; fL';nfhgk; bfhz;L/ bfhd;W tplg;nghtjhf
mr;RWj;jpdhd;.
va;jpdd; ; ,ue;J Twp apiw";rpdd; ; ,Ue;J e';if
bta;Jiw brhy;yr; rPwpf; nfhwy;nkw; bfhz;L tpl;lhd;;.
rPijapd; fw;g[k;/ ,uhk gpuhdpd;; mUSk; J}a ey;ywDk; bjhlh;e;jikahy;
mts; caph;f;fhf;fg;gl;l ,uhtzd; m';fpUe;J mf;dwhd;. gpd;g[ muf;fpah;fis
nehf;fp ,tSf;Fg;; (rPij) g[j;jpu TW';fs;vd;W bghJg;glf; Twp/ eP';fpdhd;.
,uhtzd; brd;wgpd; mDkd; jd; ke;jpu rf;jpahy; muf;fpah;fis ka';fr;
bra;J cw';f itj;jhd;.

88
nghapdd; muf;fp khiur; brhy;Ykpd; bghJtpd; vd;wh';(F)

6. kde;jsh;e;j rPij bra;aj;Jzpe;j braYk;/ mjidf; fz;l mDkd; bra;ifa[k;
ahit>
kde;jsh;e;j rPij bra;aj; Jzpe;j bray; :
,uhtzd; jd;id kzk; Kof;FkhW gythW Twnt/ rPij fL";brhw;fisf;
Twpdhs;. Mjdhy; fL';nfhgk; bfhz;l ,uhtzd;/ rPijiaf; bfhd;Wtplg;
nghtjhf mr;RWj;jpdhd;. mg;nghJ mDkd; jdJ ke;jpurf;jpahy;
muf;fpkhh;fis cw';fr; bra;jhd;. gpd;g[ rPjhnjtp jd; kzpf;fGj;jpny RUf;fpl;L
caph;tpl Kide;jhs;.
md;dnjhh; bghGjpy; e';if MUaph; Jwg;gjhf
cd;dpds; bfhobahd; nwe;jpf;f bfhk;bghLk; ciwg;gr; Rw;wp
mDkdpd; bra;if :
me;neuj;jpy; mDkd; ,uhkehkj;ij cr;rhpj;J mtisj; jLj;J/ jpUtog;
ghj';fisj; bjhl;L tz';fpdhd;. ,uhkgpuhdpd; milahskhfj; je;jDg;gpa
fizahHpia mtsplk; bfhLj;jhd;.
Kwptw vz;zp tz;z nkhjpuk; fhl;lf; fz;lhs;.
7. fizahHp fz;l rPijapd; bray;fs; ahit>
fizahHp fz;l rPijapd; bray;fs; :
rPij mDkdplkpUe;J fizahHpia th';fpf; bfhz;lhs;. mJ t";rid
cila muf;fh;fsJ efuj;jpw;F te;jjdhy; jd; J}a;ikia ,He;J tpl;lJ vd;W
vz;zp jd; fz;fspy; bgUf;bfLj;j kiHf; fz;zPuhy; eidj;jhs;. gpd;g[
Mapuk; Fl';fs; bfhz;L ePuhl;LtJ nghy; jd; fz;zPuhy; fizahHpia
KGf;fhl;odhs;.
th';fpa MHp jd;id t";rh; Ch; te;j jhbkd;
wh';Fah; kiHf; fz;zPuhy; Mapuk; fyrk; Ml;o.
fizahHpiaf; fz;ljdhy; ,isj;jpUe;j mts; g{hpg;g[w;W tpag;g[w;whns
my;yhky;/ mjid nehf;fpa fz;fis \odhs; my;yy;. Vf;fg; bgU\r;ir
kl;Lnk mg;nghJ btspg;gLj;jpdhs;.
tP';fpds; tpae;j jy;yhy; ,ikj;jpys; caph;g;g[ tpz;lhs;.
8. mDkd; rPijf;Fr; brhy;ypa bra;jpfs; ahit>
mDkd; rPijf;Fr; brhy;ypaDg;gpa bra;jpfs; :

89
,uhkidtpl;L rPij gphpe;jgpd; neh;e;j bra;jpfisbay;yhk; mDkd; Kiwg;go

rPij mwpa[khW Twpdhd;. mts; ,Ue;j ,lk; ,d;dJ vd;gJ mwpahjjhy;jhd;
mt;tst[ fhyk; MdJ vd;W brhd;dhd;.
,d;dbjd; wwpfp yhnk apj;jid jhH;j;jbjd;nw
rPijiag; gphpe;jjdhy; ,uhkd; cw;w Jauj;ija[k; bjhptpj;jhd;. mjd; gpd;dh;
jhd; rPij caph; kPz;L te;jtshdhs;.
kd;depd; tUj;jg; ghLk; czh;j;jpbdd; caph;g;g[ te;jhs;*
9. rPij ,uhkDf;Fr; brhy;ypaDg;gpa bra;jpa[k; milahsKk; gw;wp vGJf.
rPij ,uhkDf;Fr; brhy;ypaDg;gpa bra;jp :
,uhkgpuhdpd; epiy Fwpj;J mDkd; Twf; nfl;l rPjhgpuhl;o/ jd; epiyfisj;
bjspthff; Twpdhs;. ehd; ,d;Dk; xU khjfhye;jhd; capUld; ,Ug;ngd;.
mjw;Fs; ,uhkgpuhd; vd;id miHj;Jg; nghf kdk; bfhs;shtpoy; capiu
tpl;LtpLntd; vd;W Twpdhs;.
jp';fbshd; wpUg;gpd; ,d;nd jpUt[sk; jPh;e;j gpd;id
k';Fbtd; capnuhbld;Wd; kyuo brd;dp itj;jhd;
gpwF rPij ,uhkgpuhd; thH;fpd;w jpirnehf;fp tz';fpdhs;. jd; Milapy;

Koe;J itj;jpUe;j R{lhkzpia vLj;J/ mDkdpd; ifapy; bfhLj;jhs;. ,Jnt
,uhkgpuhDf;Fr; rPjh gpuhl;o bfhLj;J mDg;gpa; milahskhFk;.
itj;jgpd; Jfpypd; itj;j khkzpf; fuir th';fpf;
ifj;jyj; jpdpjpd; <e;jhs;
V. beLtpdhf;fs;:
1. rPijia mDkd; fz;Lte;J Twpa bra;jpfis ,UgJ thpfspy; kpfhJ vGJf.
rPijia mDkd; fz;Lte;J Twpa bra;jpfs; :
mDkd; ,uhkdplk; njth;fSf;bfy;yhk; jiytdhf ,Ug;gtnd* ,y';if
vd;Dk; bjd;dfhpy; fw;g[ epiyf;F Xh; mzpfydha;j; jpfGk; rPjh gpuhl;oia
vd;dpU fz;fshy; fz;L te;njd;. vdnt cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rPijapd;
fe;gpidg; gw;wpa Iaj;ija[k; Jd;gj;ija[k; iftpLthahf.
mz;lh;eh af ,dpj;Jwj;jp/ IaKk;
jiytnu* vd; bja;tkhfpa rPjhg;gpuhl;oahh; cd; rpwe;j kidtp vd;Dk;
chpikapd; bgUikf;Fk;/ jrujr; rf;futh;j;jpia kUkfs; vd;gjw;Fk; Vw;wthW/
rPij jiyik rhd;w gz;g[fSld; thH;fpd;whs;.

90
kd;bgU kUfp bad;Dk; tha;ikf;Fk; kpjpiykd;dd;

jd;bgUe;j jdia bad;De; jifikf;fk; jiyikrhd;whs;
tpy;nye;jpa mfd;w njhspidf; bfhz;l tPund* miytPRk; ,y';ifapd;
kyg;gFjp xd;wpy; fw;bghGf;fkhfpa jtj;ij cilatshd rPjh gpuhl;oia ahd;
fhztpy;iy. cah; Fog;gpwg;g[/ bghWik/ fw;g[ Mfpad xU';F To/ fspg;nghL
eldkpLtijf; fz;nld;.
jiytnd* fly; R{H;e;j ,y';if khefhpy; thdsht cah;e;j fw;gfr; nrhiy
xd;W cs;sJ/ mr;nrhiya[s; cd; jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; fhl;Lg; g[l;fshy; bjhLj;j
J}a;ikahd gh;zrhiyapy;/ jtkhdJ jtkpUe;J bgw;w gadhfj; njhd;wpa
bgz;zhfpa rPjhnjtp ,Ue;jhs;;.
ehd; ,y';if KGtJk; njog; ghh;j;J ,uhtzdpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij mild;njd;.
m';Fs;s bgz;fisbay;yhk; bghJthfg; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;nwd;. gpd;g[
m';Fs;s mnrhf tdj;jpDs; g[Fe;njd;. mt;tplj;jpy; bja;tk; nghd;w rPjhnjtp
fz;zPh;f; flypy; kpjf;ff; fz;nld; vd;Wjhd; rPijiaf; fz;L te;j bra;jpfis
,uhkdplk; mDkd; vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
my';Fjz; nrhiy g[f;nfd; ; mt;tHp mz';fd;dhisf;
fy';F bjz; oiuapw; wha fz;zpdPh;f; flypw; fz;nld;.
2. ,uhtzd; tUifa[k; mjd; gpd; epfH;e;jdt[khfpa bray;fis mDkd; ciuj;j

gh';fpid ,UgJ thpfspd; kpfhky; vGJf.
,uhtzpd; tUif:
mDkd; ,uhkid nehf;fp* jiytnd ,y';if khefhpy; mnrhftdj;jpy;
rPjhnjtpia vjpnu epd;W tz';Ftje;Fj; jf;f rkak; vjph;nehf;fp/ ehd; fhj;Jf;
bfhz;oUe;njd;. mg;nghJ ,uhtzd; m';F te;J/ jd;id tpUk;g[khW
rPijaplk; fdpbkhHpfisf; Twpdhd;. mjw;Fr; rPijnah fL";brhw;fisf; Tw/
,uhtzd; mtisf; bfhd;W tpLtjhf mr;RWj;j/ mtSf;F (rPijf;F) mwpt[iu
TWkhW muf;fpahplk; Twptpl;Lr; brd;whd;. mg;nghJ ehd; vd; ke;jpu
typikapdhy; muf;fpkhh;fis ka';fp cw';fr; bra;njd;.
Vapdd; mtbuyhk; vd ke;jpuj; Jw';fp apw;whh;.
capiu tplj; Jzpjy; :

91
me;neuj;jpy; kde;jsh;e;j rPij jd; fGj;jpny xU bfhoiar; Rw;wp/ caph; tplj;

Jzpe;jhs;. clnd cd; bgaiu cr;rhpj;J/ mtisj; jLj;J/ jpUtog;
ghj';fisj; bjhl;L tz';fpndd;.
jd;kzpf; fGj;jpw; rhh;j;Jk; msitapy; jLj;J ehnad;

bghd;do tz';fp epd;W epd;bgah; g[fd;w nghH;jpd.
fizahHpia ePuhl;Ljy; :
,uhkd; milahskhfj; je;j fizahHpiar; rPij th';fpdhs;. mJ t";rf
Cuhfpa ,y';if te;jnj* vd;W tUe;jpdhs;. fz;fspy; kiHbadg; bgUFk;
fz;zPuhy; Mapuk; Fl';fs; bfhz;L jpUk";rzk; bra;tJ nghy eidj;J
tUe;jpf; bfhz;oUe;jhs;. Mdhy; vJt[k; Twtpy;iy. ,isj;jpUe;j jd; nkdp
g{hpf;f tpag;g[w;whns md;wp/ nehf;fpa fz;fis \ltpy;iy. ePz;l neuk;
bgU\r;R tpl;L epd;whs; vd;W ,uhtzd; tUifa[k; mjd;gpd;
epfH;e;jdt[khfpa bray;fis mDkd; gh';Fld; ,uhkdplk; vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
wh';Fah; kiHf;fz; zPuhy; Mapuk; fyrk; Ml;o
VI. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

1. jpz;owy; - gz;g[j;bjhif g[wj;Jg;gpwe;j md;bkhHpj;bjhif
2. ck;gp - cd; jk;gp vd;gjd; k+c
3. nfhwy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
4. ifj;jyk; - ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
5. fspelk; - tpidj;bjhif
6. khkzp - chpr;brhw;bwhlh;
7. kyuo - ctikj;bjhif
8. MUaph; - gz;g[j;bjhif
9. va;j;jnkdp - ,we;jfhyg; bgabur;rk;
10. brhy;Ykpd; - Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W
11. jHP, - brhy;yprasbgil

12. ,w;gpwg;g[ - VHhk;ntw;Wikj; bjhif
13. jhkiuf; fz;fs; - ctikj;; bjhif
14. miyfly; - tpidj;bjhif
15. Jwj;jp - Vty; tpidKw;W
16. tz;Liw Xjpa[k;- tpidj;bjhifg; g[wj;Jg; gpwe;j md;bkhHpj;bjhif typas;
VII. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

th
92
1. jpz;owy; - jpz;ik + jpwy;

<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L
jpz; + jpwy; vd;whdJ.
zdKd; lzt[k; MFk; jef;fs; vDk; tpjg;go epiybkhHp <w;W

zfu bka;aPw;Wf;FKd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j jfuk; (j; + , - jp)
lfukha;j; jphpe;J jpz;owy;vd;whdJ.
2. tz;Liw - tz;L + ciw
(c) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (l; + c L) bfl;L tz;l; + ciw
vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp
<w;Wbka;a[k; (l;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (l; + c L)
tz;Liwvd;whdJ.
3. Kwptiw - Kwpt[ + miw
Kw;W mw;W xnuh tHp vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; (m) te;jjhy;
epiybkhHp <w;W Kw;wpaYfuk; (t; + c t[) bfl;L Kwpt; + mw vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (t; + m t)
Kwptwvd;whdJ.
4. jpUt[sk; - jpU + csk;
Vid caph;tHp t;tt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k; (h; + c
U) tUbkhHp Kjy; caphpida[k; (c) clk;gLj;j t;; clk;gL bka; bgw;Wj;
jpU + t; + csk; jpUt; + csk; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (t; + c t[)
jpUt[sk;vd;whdJ.
5. ,w;gpwg;g[ - ,y; + gpwg;g[
ys ntw;Wikapy; wlt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdKk; (g; +
, - gp) tu epiybkhHp <w;W yfuk; w fukha;j; jphpe;J ,w;gpwg;g[vd;whdJ.
6. Mapil - M + ,il

93
, < I tHpat;t[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp capiua[k; (M) tUbkhHp Kjy;

capiua[k; (,) clk;gLj;j afu clk;gL bka; bgw;W M + a; + ,il Ma;
+ ,il
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (a; + , - ap)
Mapilvd;whdJ.
7. MUaph; - mUik + caph;

;<Wnghjy; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ;ik tpFjp bfl;L mU +
caph; vd;whdJ.
Mjp ePly; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp Mjpahfpa mfuk; Mfhukhfp MU +
caph; vd;whdJ.
Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; (c) te;jjhy;
epiybkhHp <w;W Kw;Wfuk; (h; + c U) bfl;L Mh; + caph; vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
<w;Wbka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (h; + c U)
MUaph;vd;whdJ.
8. kzpf;fhR - kzp + fhR
,ay;gpDk; tpjpaDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp
<w;W caph; (z; + , - zp) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (f; + M
fh) kpFe;J kzp + f; + fhR kzpf;fhR. vd;whdJ
9. epd;dUs; - epd; + mUs;
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHpf; Fwpiy (ep) mLj;j xw;W (d;) ,ul;oj;J (d;d;)
epd;d; + mUs; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (d; + m d;)
epd;dUs;vd;whdJ.
10. jle;njhs; - jlk; + njhs;
td;ikf;F,dkhj; jphpgt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W kfuk;
tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdj;jpw;F (j; + X njh) ,dkhd bky;ypdkha;j;
(e;) jphpe;J jle; + njhs; - jle;njhs;vd;whdJ.
11.kiHf;fzPh; - kiH + fz;zPh;
94
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp

<w;W caph; (H; + I iH) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (f; + m
f) kpFe;J kiH + f; + fz;zPh; - kiHf;fz;zPh; vd;whdJ.
12. ed;D}y; - ed;ik + E}y;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L ed; E}y;
vd;whdJ.
dyKd; wdt[k; MFk; jef;fs; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s
efuk; (e; + C E}) d; fukhfp (d; + C D}) ed;D}y;vd;whdJ.
13. ,Uk;bghiw - ,Uik + bghiw
<Wnghjy; vDk; tpjpg;go ik tpFjp bfl;L ,U + bghiw vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdj;Jf;F (g; + X
ngh) ,dkhd bky;ypdk; k; kpFe;J (,U + k; + bghiw)
,Uk;bghiwvd;whdJ.
14. kzpf;fGj;J - kzp + fGj;J
<w;W caph; (z; + , - zp) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (f; + m
f) kpFe;J kzp + f; + fGj;J kzpf;fGj;Jvd;whdJ.
15. tUj;jg;ghL - tUj;jk; + ghL
kt;tPW xw;WHpe;J caphPW xg;gt[k; vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk;
(g; + M gh) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W ik bka; bfl;L/ tUj;j + ghL
vd;whdJ.
<w;wpYs;s caph; (j; + m j) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (g; + M
gh) kpFe;J tUj;j + g; + ghL tUj;jg;ghL;vd;whdJ.
VIII. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1. va;jpdd; - va;J + ,d; + md;
va;J - gFjp
,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
2. ,iw";rp - ,iw";R + ,
,iw";R - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp

95
3. Jwj;jp - Jwj;J + ,
Jwj;J - gFjp
, - Vty; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. tpz;;lhs; - tps;(z;) + l; + Ms;
tps; - gFjp s;; z; MdJ tpfhuk;
5. nfl;o - nfs; (l;) + l; + ,
nfs; - gFjp s fuk; l; fuk; MdJ tpfhuk;
l; - vGj;Jg;ngW
, - Vty; tpidKw;W tpFjp
6. ,Ue;jhs; - ,U + j;(e;) + j; + Ms;
,U - gFjp
7/ g[f;nfd; - g[F (g[f;F) + Vd;
g[F - gFjp/ g[f;F vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk;fhl;oaJ
Vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
8. czh;j;jpbdd; - czh;j;J + ,d; + vd;
czh;j;J - gFjp
vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
9. nfhwy; - bfhy; + jy;
bfhy; - gFjp bfh/ nfh vd ePz;lJ tpfhuk;
jy; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
10. brhy;Ykpd; - brhy; + y; + c + kpd;
brhy; - gFjp
y; - re;jp
c - rhhpia
kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
11. ,w;whh; - ,W (,w;W) + Mh;
,W - gFjp ,w;W vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk;
fhl;oaJ

96
12. epw;ghd; - epy; (w;) + g; + Md;

epy; - gFjp yfuk; wfukhdJ tpfhuk;
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
13. bjhGfpyd; - bjhG + fpy; + md;
bjhG - gFjp
fpy; - Mw;wy; czh;j;Jk; ,ilepiy
14. bfhz;ldd; - bfhs; (z;) + l; + md; + md;
bfhs; - gFjp s;/ z; MdJ tpfhuk;
md; - rhhpia
15. tP';fpds; - tP';F + ,d; + ms;
tP';F - gFjp
ms; - bgz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
16. nehf;fpa - nehf;F + ,(d;) + a; + m
nehf;F - gFjp
,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy d; bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
,) njk;ghtzp
1. tPukhKdpthpd; jha;ehL ------------- (,j;jhyp)
2. tPukhKdpthpd; ,aw;bgah; ---------- (bfhd;!;lhd; n$hrg; bg!;fp)
3. bfhd;!;lhd; vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; -------- (m";rhik)
4. ijhpaehjrhkp ------------ (tPukhKdpth;)
5. fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jhhpd; fiyf;fs";rpak; ------- (njk;ghtzp)
6. njk;ghtzpapd; Mrphpah; --------- (tPukhKdpth;)
7. njk;ghtzpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ------ (Nir khKdpth;)
8. ,naR bgUkhdpd; tsh;g;g[j; je;ij ----------- (Nir khKdpth;)
9. tPukhKdpth; jkpHfk; te;j Mz;L --------- (1710)
10. jkpHfj;jpy; tPukhKdpth; gzpahw;wpa Mz;Lfs; ------- (37)
11. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;if va;jpa ,lk; ----------- (mk;gyf;fhL/ 1747)

97
12. njk;ghtzpapy; cs;s fhz;l';fs; ------------- (\d;W)

13. njk;ghtzpapy; cs;s gly';fs; ---------- (36)
14. njk;ghtzpapy; cs;s ghly;fs; ----------- (3615)
15. jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghy; bghUl;ghy; Mfpatw;iw tPukhKdpth;
bkhHpbgah;j;Jj; je;jJ ------- bkhHpapy;. (,yj;jPd;)
16. tPukhKdpth; bjhFj;jJ --------- (rJufhuhjp)

17. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa eifr;Rit ciueil E}y; -----(gukhh;j;j FUfij)
18. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs; --------
(jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;/ fpj;njhpak;khs; mk;khid/ ntjpah; xGf;fk;/ gukhh;j;j
FUfij/ bre;jkpH: ,yf;fzk;/ bfhLe;jkpH: ,yf;fzk;/ bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;/
rJufuhjp)
19. njtkhjhtpd; tuyhW E}yhrphpah; ---------- (Mfph;j nkhp)
20. njk;ghtzp/ njtkhjhtpd; tuyhW E}ypd; ------------ (tHpE}y;)
21. tPukhKdpth;f;Fj; jkpH;g; gapw;Wtpj;jth; ------- (Rg;gujPgf; ftpuhah;)
22. njk;ghtzp ahthd; thlh mUs;kfd; ----- (Nirag;gh;)
23. a{njah ehl;L kd;dh; --------- (rt[y;)
24. gpypj;ijah;fSs; xUtd; ---------- (nfhypahj;J)
25. nfhypahj;ij tPH;j;jpatd; --------- (jhtPjd;)
26. jhtPjd; vLj;Jr;brd;w Ma[j';fs; -------- (xU ftDk; Ie;J fw;fSk;)
27. njhh;j;j gh';fdph; bjhGk;gbud; whFth; vd;wtd; -------(nfhypahj;J)
28. mhpa nfhypahj; jiwe;j brhw;nfl;L kUz;lth; ----- (,!;uhnayh;)
29. nghh;f;fsk; brd;w mz;zd;khiuf; fhzr;brd;w ,is"d; --- (jhtPjd;)
30. tpsp tpG';fpa fatd; --------- (nfhypahj;J)
31. flt[s; bra;t aj;jpdhw; rpWtd; ehd; bty;Yntd;rpWtd;ahh;>
(jhtPjd;)
32. gilKfj;jpdpy; ghh; gijj;J m";r tPH;e;jtd; ------ (nfhypahj;J)
33. fhpa tpz;zpo fjj;jkpd; bfhLtpj;j jd;d
mhpa nfhypahj;J jiwe;jbrhw; nfl;ldh; kUz;lhh;
1. nfhypahj;J vg;gphptpdiur; rhh;e;jtd;> (gpypj;ijah;)
2. nfhypahj;jpd; brhw;nfl;L kUz;lth; ahh;> (,!;uhnayh;)
3. ,g;ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> (njk;ghtzp)
4. ,g;ghly; thpfis ,aw;wpath; ahh;> (tPukhKdpth;)
34. g[ila fj;jpdpw; g[zh;e;jth SUtpbad; bja;tk;
Cila[u;jpid czh;kpbdd; wpU";rpu'; bfha;jhd;
1. ,J ahh; Tw;W> (jhtPjd; Tw;W)
2. ahhplk; TwpaJ> (gpypj;ijahplk; TwpaJ)
3. ,U";rpuk; bfha;jtd; ahh;> (jhtPjd;)
4. ,U";rpuj;jpw;F chpatd; ahh;> (nfhypahj;J)
98
35. bghUj;Jf.
1. khyp - Nhpad;
2. Myp - kiH ePh;
3. I";rpiy - Ie;J fw;fs;
4. Xij - Xir
5. kply; - typik
6. bry; - nkfk;
7. Cuk - ,o
8. rpuk; - jiy
9. mrdp - ,il
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. njk;ghtzp bghUs; TWf.
njk;ghtzp njk;gh + mzp vdg;gphpj;jhy; thlhj khiy vdg;
bghUs;gLk;. njd; + gh + mzp vdg; gphpj;jhy; njd; nghd;w ghf;fshy; Md
khiy vdg; bghUs;gLk;.
2. fpUj;Jt rkaj;jthpd; fiyf;fs";rpak; vd;W nghw;wg;bgWk; E}y; ahJ>
fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jjthpd; fiyf;fs";rpak; vd;W nghw;wg;bgWk; E}y; njk;ghtzp
MFk;.
fj;njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; bfhs;iffSk; mwpt[iufSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sjhy; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ.
3. njk;ghtzp E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiyth; ahh;>
njk;ghtzpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiyth; ,naR bgUkhdpd; tsh;g;g[j; je;ijahfpa
R{ir khKdpth; Mthh;.
4. njk;ghtzp vj;jid fhz;l';fisa[ilaJ>
njk;ghtzp \d;W fhz;l';fisa[k;/ Kg;gj;jhW gly';fisa[k;/ 3615
tpUj;jg;ghf;fisa[k;/ bjhz;q}W re;jtiffisa[k; cilaJ.
5. tPukhKdpthpd; ,aw;bgah; ahJ>
jkpH;r;rhd;nwhuhy; tPukhKdpth;vd;WmiHf;fg;gl;lthpd; ,aw;bgah;
bfhd;!;lhd; n$hrg; bg!;fp vd;gjhFk;.
6. tPukhKdpthpd; ,yf;fpag; g';fspg;g[ vj;jifj;J>
tPukhKdpthpd; ,yf;fpag; g';fspg;g[:
rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs;
ciueil
mfuhjp
bkhHpbgah;g;g[
,yf;fzk;
99
bgU';fhg;gpak;
7. tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
tPukhKdpth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; :
jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;
fpj;njhpak;khs; mk;khid
ntjpah; xGf;fk;
gukhh;j;jFUfij
bre;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;
bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;
bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
rJufuhjp
njk;ghtzp
8. tPukhKdpthpd; bkhHpbgah;g;g[g; gzpia tpsf;Ff.

tPukhKdpth; jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy; Mfpa ,uz;ila[k;
yj;jPd; bkhHpapy; bkhHpbgah;j;Js;sh;.
9. tsd; brdpj;j glyk; ciug;gJ ahJ>

tsd; brdpj;j glyk; ciug;gJ:
njk;ghtzp fhg;gpaj; jiytDk; ,naR bgUkhdpd; tsh;g;g[j; je;ija[khfpa
tsd; vd;Dk; R{irkhKdpth; jhtPJ kd;ddpd; kugpy; njhd;wpa
tuyhw;iwf; TWtnj tsd; brdpj;j glykhFk;.
10. tsd; vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUis tpsf;Ff.
vgpnua bkhHpapy; R{ir vd;w bgah; ts';fis tsur; bra;gtd; vd;Dk;
fUj;jpy; tH';FfpwJ. mjd; nehpa bkhHpahf;fkhf tsd; vd;w bgaiu
tPukh Kdpth; jkpHpy; tH';fpa[s;shh;.
11. a{njah ehl;oy; gif bfhz;L epd;w ,dj;jhh; ahth;>
a{njh ehl;oy; rt[y; vd;w kd;dd; Ml;rp g[hpe;j fhyj;jpy; ,!;uhnayUld;
gif bfhz;oUe;j Tl;lj;jhh; kiy ehLfspy; thH;e;j gpypj;ijah; Mth;.
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. nfhypahj;J bkhHpe;j ,fH;r;rpa[iufs; ahit>
nfhypahj;J bkhHpe;j ,fH;r;rpa[iufs;:

100
gpypj;ijah;fSs; xUtdhd nfhypahj;J vd;gtd; ,!;uhnayiu nehf;fp/

c';fspy; xUtd; vd;ndhL nghh; g[hpe;J btw;wp bgw tUf.
xUtiu xUth; jhf;fpg; g[hpfpd;w ,j;jdpg; nghhpy; v';fSs; ahh; njhw;whYk;/
njhw;w fl;rpapdh; btd;wtUf;F moikahf ntz;Lk;. miwTtiy
Vw;Wg;nghh; g[hpa tUnthh; tUf vd;W Ttp/ eifaho ,fH;e;jhd;.
njhh;j;j gh';fpdh; bjhGk;gbud; whFt bud;dh
Mh;j;j Xifahd; eifj;jpfH; tiwe;jiwe; jiHg;ghd;
2. rt[y; kd;ddpd; mwpf;if ahJ>
nfhypahj;J TWk; miwTtyhfpa ,HpbkhHpfisf; nfl;L/ ,!;uhnayh;
jiytdhfpa rt[y; kd;dd; jd;ida[k; ,!;uhnayh;fisa[k; fhg;gth; vtUk;
,y;iynah vd;W tUe;jpdhd;. ek; gil tPuhh;fs; g[w';fhl;o XoDk; XLth; vd
vz;zpdhd;/ gif btd;W jd;idf; fhg;gth; vtUk; ,y;yhikahy;/ mtd; kdr;
nrhh;t[w;W V';fpdhd;.
nfhypahj;jpd; typikfz;L kde;jsh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; ,!;uhnahpd; tPuh;fSf;F
cs;sj;jpy; Cf;f\l;l/ nfhypahj;J vd;Dk; bfhoa muf;fid vjph;j;Jg;
nghhpl;L/ btw;wp bgWgth; vtuhapDk;/ mtUf;F mg;bghGnj vd; kfis
kzk; bra;J jUtnd; vd;W rt[y; kd;dd; mwptpj;jhd;.
V';F thbdtd; vjph;j;j mt;tuf;fid btd;why;
M';F ehdtw; bfd;kfs; mspf;Fbtd; vd;ghd;
3. ,se;jhtPjd; vLj;Jr; brd;w Ma[jk; ahJ>

nfhypahj;J vd;Dk; bfhoa muf;fid vjph;j;Jg; nghh; g[hpag; g[wg;gl;lhd;
jhtPJ. ,se;jhtPjdpd; tPuj;ijr; rt[y; kd;dd; tpae;J/ xsp bghUe;jpa
ntyha[jj;Jld; jd;Dila gilf; fyd;fs; gytw;iwa[k; xU nruj; je;jhd;.
,tw;iw cgnahfpf;Fk; Kiw vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ vd;W Twp jhtPjd; th';f
kWj;J tpl;lhd;.
jphpa Ma;Kiw bjhpfnyd; vd kWj; jfd;whd;
gpd;dh; Muha;e;J njh;e;bjLj;J Ie;J fw;fnshL/ ftiza[k; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L
nghUf;Fg; g[wg;gl;lhd;. ,s";rpWtd; jhtPjidg; ghh;j;J kf;fs; Tl;lk; tpae;J
epd;wJ.
bjhpe;j Ma;e;j bt";rpiybahL ftbzLj; bjtUk;
,hpe;j ghyid nehf;fpa[s; sjprapj; jpu';f
4. nfhypahj;J jhtPjidf; fz;L btFz;L ciuj;jit ahit>
101
nfhypahj;J/ jhtPjidf; fz;L btFz;L ciuj;jit:

ntjk; fw;Wj;je;j FUkhh; Mrp Tw/ ToapUe;j kf;fs; Muhthuk; bra;a/ jhtPJ
nfhypahj;Jld; jdpg;nghUf;Fr; brd;whd;. jd;id vjph;f;f Xh; ,s";rpWtd;
tUtjdhy;/ rpdj;jpy; vGe;j nfhypahj;J/ nfhilfhyg; nghpoiag;nghy;
bgU';Fuypy; ngrYw;whd;.
ngh;j;j nfhilehs; nghpo badt[iu bta;jhd;
ml* ePalh vd;id vjph;j;J epw;gJ> kj';bfhz;l ahida[ld; eha;
nghhplKoa[kh>
ml* ehd; tha; jpwe;J bgU\r;R tpl;lhny eP J}R nghy; RHd;W/ ,e;j
cyfj;Jf;F mg;ghy; brd;W tPH;tha;vd;W rpdw;J Twpdhd;.
tha lhgpse; Japh;ggpl kWfpeP Ez; J}w;
Ma lht[yfj; jg;g[wj; njFth bad;whd;.
5. jhtPjd; nfhypahj;Jf;F ciuj;j kWbkhHp ahJ>
jhtPjd; nfhypahj;Jf;F ciuj;j kWbkhHp:
nfhilfhy ,o KHf;fk; nghy; KH';fpa nfhypahj;jpd; brhw;fisf; nfl;l
jhtPJ/ mlh* bfhoatnd* cd; typik vy;yhk; cd; ifapy;
cs;sntyha[jj;jhy; bgWk; typikahFk;. vd; typiknah jf;f rkaj;jpy;
mUs; g[hpa[k; jd;dpfhpy;yhj. Vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtdpd; fu';fs; \yk;
tUfpd;w typikalh*
cd;id vjph;j;Jg; nghh; g[hpa ehd; te;Js;nsd;. mf;flt[spd; iftypikahy;
ehd; tpiutpy; cd;idf; bfhd;W/ cd; cliyg; gwitfSf;F ,iuahfj;
jUntd;vd;W Twpf; bfhz;L/ jhtPJ ftizr; RHw;w Muk;gpj;jhd;.
bty;it nty; bra[ kplyJd; kplylh ehndh

vt;itah jutpaw; bwjphp yhj;jpwf; flt[s;
ty;if nahLid kha;j;Jly; g[l;fpiuahf
xy;bra; ntbddh t[ilftz; RHw;wpd dpisnahd;
6. jhtPjd; nfhypahj;jpid btd;wik ah';'dk;>

jhtPjd; nfhypahj;ij btd;wik:
jhtPJk;/ nfhypahj;Jk; jdpg;nghh; g[hpe;jpl fskpw';fpdh;. jhtPJ nfhypahj;ijf;
flt[s; Jizbfhz;L tpiutpy; bty;tjha;f;f Twp/ jd;Dila ftizr;
RHw;wpdhd;.
xy;bra; ntbddh t[ilftz; RHw;wpd dpisnahd;
102
mtd; fy;iyf; ftzpy; itj;jija[k;/ ftizr; RHw;wpaija[k;/ fy;iy tpiutpy;

brYj;jpaija[k;/ vtUk; fhztpy;iy. Mdhy; mf;fy; nfhypahj;jpd; bew;wpapy;
gha;e;jij kf;fs; fz;ldh;. clnd mf;bfhoatd; fjputd; xspapdhy; ,Us;
mHptJnghy; fPnH tpGe;jija[k; midtUk; fz;ldh;. mts;st[ tpiutha;f;
bfhoatdhfpa nfhypahj;ij jhtPjd; tPH;j;jptpl;lhd;.
bry;iy bahj;jd rpiyEjw; gha;jY kd;dhd;
vy;iy gha;e;jpU sphpe;bjd tPH;jY'; fz;lhh;
IV. beLtpdh :
1. nfhypahj;J vd;w muf;fdpd; tUifa[k; jhtPjd; mtid btd;w
jpwj;jpida[k; ,UgJ thpfspd; kpfhky; tiuf.
nfhypahj;J tUifa[k; nghhpLjYk; :
kiHePh; fUf;bfhz;l nkfk; nghd;W fhpa epwj;ijg; nghh;j;jpf; bfhz;L kpfg;
bgUk; nghhpid tpUk;gp gpypj;ijah;fSs; xUtdhd nfhypahj;J vd;Dk;
bfhoa muf;fd; ,!;uhnayiu nehf;fp :c';fSs; xUtd; vd;Dld; jdpj;Jg;
nghh; bra;a thU';fs;. xUtiu xUth; jhf;fpg; g[hpfpd;w ,j;jdpg;nghhpy;
ahh;btd;whYk;/ njhw;wth; midtUk; btd;wtUh;f;F moikahjy; ntz;Lk;
vd;W miwTtpg; nghUf;F miHj;jhd;.
njhh;j;j gh';fpdh; bjhGk;gbud; whUt bud;dh
Mh;j;j Xifahd; eifj;jpfH; tiwe;jiwe; jiHg;ghd;
rt[y; kd;ddpd; mwpf;if :
nfhypahj;J Twpa miwTtiy Vw;f ahUk; Kd; tutpy;iy. vdnt
kde;jsh;e;j rt[y; kd;dd; nfhypahj;ij vjph;j;J bty;nthUf;F vd; kfis
kzk; Koj;Jj; jUntd; vd;W mwptpj;jhd; kd;dd;.
jhtPJ jd; rnfhjuh;fisf; fhztUjy; :

,!;uhnayhpd; gilapy; ,Uf;Fk; jd; \d;W mz;zd;khh;fisf; fhz te;j
,s";rpWtd; jhtPJ/ kw;wth; \ykhf ele;j epfH;r;rpfis mwpe;J bfhz;lhd;.
flt[spd; typik bfhz;L/ rpWtdhfpa ehnd mtid bty;ntd;/ vd;E
Twpdhd;.
...................................................................................................... flt[s;
bra;t aj;jpdhw; rpWtd; ehd; bty;Ynt bdd;whd;.
103
rt[y; kd;dDk; jhtPJk; re;jpj;jy; :

rpWtdhfpa jhtPjd; kd cWjpahd brhw;fisf; nfs;tpg;gl;L/ mtDf;Fg; nghh;
g[hptjw;fhf xspkpFe;j Th;ikahd ntyha[jk; Kjyhd nghh;f;fUtpfisa[k; rt[y;
kd;dd; tH';fpdhd;/ Mdhy; me;j Ma[j';fis Vw;f kWj;j jhtPJ/ Ie;J
fw;fSlDk; ftqlDk; nghUf;Fg; g[wg;gl;lhd;. ,td; nghh;f;fsk; g[wg;gl;lijg;
ghh;j;J/ kf;fs; Tl;lk; tpae;J epd;wJ.
bjhpe;j Ma;e;j dt";rpiybahL ftbzLj; bjtUk;
nfhypahj;J nfhgf;fdiy tPRjy; :
,s";rpWtdhd jhtPJ jd;Dld; nghh; bra;a te;j ,is"id nehf;fpf;
nfhypahj;J nghpoKHf;fk; nghy; ngrj;bjhl';fpdhd;. Kjahidia vjph;j;J eha;
nghhpLtjh> ehd; bgU\r;Rtpl;lhny/ eP rpWJ}Wnghy; cyfpw;F mg;ghy; brd;W
tpLtha; vd;W nfhypahj;J rpdk; bfhz;L bkhHpe;jhd;.
tha lhgpsj; Japh;g;gpl kWfpeP Ez;J}s;
Ma lht[yfj; jg;g[wj; njFth bad;whd;.
flt[s; typikahy; btd;W fhl;Lntd; :
nfhypahj;jpd; bfhL";r brhw;fisf;fz;L jhtPjd; m";rpyd;. mnl
bfhoatnd* eP cd; cly;typikiaa[k; Ma[j gyj;ija[nk bghpjha;
vz;zpa[s;sha;. cd;id ehd; bja;tghyj;jhy; xU behoapy; btd;W/ cd;
cliyg; gwitfSf;F ,iuahfj; jUfpnwd;. ghh;* vd;W Twpf; ftizr;
RHw;wpaija[k;/ fy;iy tpiue;J brYj;jpaija[k; kf;fs; vtUk; fz;oyh;.
mf;fy; ,o KHf;fk; nghyf; nfhypahj;jpd; bew;wpapy; gha. mf;bfhoatdhd
nfhypahj;J epyj;jpy; tPH;e;jhd;. ,';'dk; jhtPJ bja;tgyj;jhy; nfhypahj;ij
btd;whd;.
bry;iy bahj;jd rpiyJjw; gha;jY kd;dhd;
vy;iy gha;e;jpU shpe;bjd tPH;jY'; fz;lhh;
V. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1. fJtplhjpUefh; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
2. fjj;j - Fwpg;g[g; bgwbur;rk;
3. miwe;jiwe;J - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
4. fz;Lsp - bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
5. nghpo - gz;g[j;bjhif
6. mspf;Fbtd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
7. iftak; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
8. Todh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
104
9. czh;kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W

10. mfy;Kfpy; - tpidj;bjhif
11. itnty; - chpr;brhy; bjhlh;

1. miHg;ghd; - miH + g; + g; + Md;
miH - gFjp
g; - re;jp
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. fhz;fpyh; - fhz; + F + ,y; + mh;
fhz; - gFjp
F - rhhpia
,y; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
3. czh;kpd; - czh; + kpd;
czh; - gFjp
kpd; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. mspf;Fbtd; - msp + f; + F + t; + vd;
msp - gFjp
f; - re;jp
F - rhhpia
vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
5. ,u';f - ,u';F + m
,u';F - gFjp
m - tpidbar;r tpFjp
6. Mh;j;j - Mh; + j; + j; + m
Mh; - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
7. nfl;ldh; - nfs;(l;) + l; + md; + mh;

nfs; - gFjp (s;): l; MdJ tpfhuk;
md; - rhhpia
105

8. miwjy; - miw + jy;
miw - gFjp
jy; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
9. m";rpdh; - m";R + ,d; + mh;
m";R - gFjp
10. VFtha; - VF + t; + Ma;
VF - gFjp
Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
VII. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
1. fUKfpy; - fUik + Kfpy;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/
fU + Kfpy; fUKfpy;vd;whdJ.
2. miwe;jiwe;J - miwe;J + miwe;J
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
(m) te;jjhy;. epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (J j; + c) bfl;L
miwe;j; + miwe;J vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp
<w;Wbka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (j; + m +
j)miwe;jiwe;Jvd;whdJ.
3. beL';FtL - beLik + FtL
<Wnghjy;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L beL
+ FtLvd;whdJ.
,dkpfy;vd;Dk tpjpg;go tUbkhHp ty;ypdj;jpw;F (F f; + c) ,dkhd
'fuk; kpFe;J beL + '; + FtL/ beL';FtLvd;whdJ.
4. nghpo - bgUik + ,o
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU
+ ,o vd;whdJ.
MjpePly; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp MjpePz;L (bg-ng) ngU + ,o
vd;whdJ.
106
Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHjp Kjypy; caph; (,)

te;jjhy;/ epiy <w;W Kw;Wfuk; (U h; + c) bfl;L/ ngh; + ,o vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (h; + , - hp) nghpovd;whdJ.
5. bt";Rlh; - btk;ik + Rlh;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ btk;
+ Rlh; vd;whdJ.
Kd;dpiy bka;jphpjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (R
r; + c) ,dkhd epiybkhHp <w;W bka; (k;) jphpe;J (";)bt";Rlh;vd;whdJ.
6. tpz;zpo - tpz; + ,o
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHpf; Fwpy; (tp) Kd;
cs;sxw;W (z;) ,ul;oj;J (z; z;) tpz;z; + ,o vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (z;) tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; (,) g[zh;e;J (z; + , +
zp)tpz;zpovd;whdJ.
7. brUf;bfH - brUf;F + vH
(v) te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHp cfuk; (F f; + c) bfl;L/ brUf;f; + VH
vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp bka;a[k;
(f;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J (f; + v bf) brUf;bfHvd;whdJ.
8. ,U";rpuk; - ,Uik + rpuk;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ ,U
+ rpuk; vd epd;wJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (rp r; + ,) r
fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd "fubka; kpFe;J ,U +";+ rpuk; -,U";rpuk;vd;whdJ.
<) ghz;oad; ghpR

1. ghz;oad; ghpR E}yhrphpah; --------- (ghujpjhrd;)
107
2. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgah; ---------- (Rg;g[uj;jpdk;)

3. ghujpjhrdpd; bgw;nwhh; ------- (fdfrig/ ,yf;Fkp)
4. g[ul;rpf;ftp"h; vd miHf;fg;gLgth; ------- (ghujpjhrd;)
5. ghujpjhrd; gpwg;gplk; ------- (g[Jr;nrhp)
6. jd; ,dj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; ghlhj ftpij nthpy;yhj kuk; Toy;yhj
gwit- vd;W ghoath; --------(cUrpaf; ftp"h; ,uNy; fk;rnjhy;)
7. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpait -------------
(FLkg; tpsf;F/ ghz;oad; ghpR/ nrujhz;ltk;/ ,Uz;l tPL/ jkpHr;rpapd;
fj;jp/ gprpuhe;ijahh;/ Fwp";rj;jpl;L/ mHfpd; rphpg;g[/ ,is"h; ,yf;fpak;/
jkpHpaf;fk;/ jpUf;Fws; ciu)
8. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpg; ghpR bgw;w ghnte;jh; E}y; ------- (gprpuhe;ijahh; ehlfk;)
9. ghujpjhrd; btspapl;l ,yf;fpa ,jH; --------- (Fapy;)
10. jkpHf muR ghujpjhrdhh; bgahpy;------ xd;W epWtpa[s;sJ. (gy;fiyf;fHfk;)
11. bjhz;L bra;tha; jkpGf;Fj;
JiwnjhWk;/ JiwnjhWk; vd;wth; --------- (ghujpjhrd;)
12. ghnte;jhpd; fhyk; ----------- (29.4.1891 21.4.1964)
13. fjph;ehl;L kd;dh; ----------------------- (fjpiuntyd;)

14. fjpiuntyd; kidtp --------------- (fz;f;fpdpahs;)
15. fjph; ehl;L ,sturp --------------- (md;dk;)
16. fjph;ehl;Lg; gilj;jiytd; ----------- (ehpf;fz;zd;)
17. fz;qf;fpdpahspd;mz;zd; ------------- (ehpf;fz;zd;)
18. ehpf;fz;zd; ifg;gw;w eidj;jJ ------------------- (ngiH)
19. ehpf;fz;zd; bfhLf;fg; ngiHiag; bgw;wtd; ----- (tPug;gd;)
20. murp fz;Zf;fpdpahspd; njhHp -------- (Mj;jhf;fpHtp)
21. Mj;jhf;fpHtpapd; fztd; ------- (tPug;gd;)
22. Mj;jhf;fpHtpapd; kfd; -------- (ntyd;)
23. md;dj;jpd; njhHp ---------- (ePyp)
24. md;dj;jpd; brtpypj;jha; --------- (Mj;jhf;fpHtp)
25. md;dj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpatd; ---------- (ntyd;)
26. tha;j;jPnu khdj;ij capiuf; fhf;f
kwg;ghpJ Ek;ed;wp vd;whs;
1. ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> (ghz;oad; ghpR)
2. ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;> (ghujpjhrd;)
3. ahh; ahhplk; TwpaJ>(md;dk; ntydplk; TwpaJ)
4. kwg;ghpaJ ed;wp ahJ>
(ntHehl;lhh; rpiwgpof;f tUk;nghJ md;dj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ)
27. thH;tpdpw; brk;ikiar; bra;gtd; ePnavd;w ghliyj; jkpH; thH;j;jhff;
108
bfhz;Ls;s muR -------- (g[Jit muR)

II. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. jkpHf muR ghujpjhridg; nghw;wpa[s;sik ah';'dk;>
ghujpjhridg; nghw;Wk; tifapy; jkpHf muR mth; bgauhy; jpUr;rpapy; xU
gy;fiyf;fHfk; epWtpa[s;sJ.
mth;jk; ftpij/ ciueil/ E}y;fis ehl;Lilikahf;fpr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.
2. fjph;ehl;L murd; murpahh; bgah;fis vGJf.
fjph;ehl;L murd; bgah; - fjpiu ntyd;
fjph;ehl;L murpbgah; - fz;qf;fpdpahs; MFk;.
3. Mj;jhf;fpHtp ahh;>
Mj;jhf;fpHtp murpf;Fj; njhHp
jpUld; tPug;gdpd; kidtp
murd; kfs; md;dj;jpidg; ngzpf;fhj;j brtpyp
4. md;dk; ntyidg; gw;wp tpdhtpaJ ahJ>
md;dk; Mj;jhf; fpHtpaplk; ,th; ahh;> vdf; nfl;lhs;
mtnsh vd; kfd; vd;W brhd;dhs;.
gpwF ntH ehl;lhh;vd;idr; rpiwgpof;f tUk;nghJ ,ilkwpj;J vd;idf;
fhj;jtUk; ,th; jhnkh> vd;W nfl;lhs;.
III. bgUtpdhf;fs;:
1. ghnte;jh; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit> xd;wpd; rpwg;gpid tiuf.
ghnte;jh; vGjpa E}y;fs; :
FLk;gtpsf;F
ghz;oad; ghpR
,Uz;l tPL
jkpHr;rpapd; fj;jp
mHfpd; rphpg;g[
jkpHpaf;fk;
Fwp";rpj;jpl;L
,is"h; ,yf;fpak;
nrujhz;ltk;
gprpuhe;ijahh;
jpUf;Fws; ciu
109
g[ul;rpf; ftp:
ghnte;jh; vGjpa E}y;fSs; xd;W g[ul;rpf;ftp vd;gjhFk;. ,e;E}ypy;
mKjty;ypa[k; cjhuqk;; bfhiyf;fs nkilapy; ngRk; ngr;Rf;fs; ToapUe;j
kf;fs; cs;s';fspy; murpay; g[ul;rpidj; njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
mjd; tpistha; KoauR Foaurha; khWfpd;wJ. ntWghLfs; epiwe;j
rKjhaj;ij mwnt khw;wp/ ahtUk; rkk; vd;Dk; rKhag; g[ul;rpf; bfhs;if
nt+d;wj; jf;f fUj;Jfs; gytw;iw czh;r;rp bfhg;g[spf;fg; ghujpjhrd; ,e;E}ypy;
Twpa[s;shh;.
2. ghz;oad; ghprhfpa ngiHf;Fs; ,Ue;jd ahit>

ghz;oad; ghpR:
ghz;oa kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J ghprhfg; bgw;w; ehnl fjph;ehL MFk;. fjph;ehL
mt;thW tH';fpaikf;F Mjuthf xU ngiHapDs; fPGs;s bghUs;fs;
itf;fg;gl;L ghz;oad; ghprhfj; jug;gl;ldh;
mg;bgl;oa[Ds; ,Ue;jit:
fjpiu ehl;Lhpikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gl;lak;
tPuths;
kzp Ko
mzpfyd;fs;
gHk; bghpa ghz;oadhh; ngiHf;Fs;ns

gifth; jik xHpj;jpLk; Xh; Fwpg;g[k; cz;L
3. ngiHia kPl;Lj;jUkhW md;dk; ntyid vt;thW ntz;of; bfhz;lhs;>

ngiHia kPl;Lj;jUkhW md;dk; ntyid ntz;Ljy;:
vdJ je;ijapd; \jhijaUf;Ff; fpilj;j ghz;oad; ghpir kPl;Lj;jUk;
Mlth;f;F vd;dna jUntd; vd;W KuR xypj;J/ KH';fg;gl;l bra;jpia
eP';fs; mwpaPh; nghYk;*
,He;j ghz;oad; ghpirj; jUthh;f; bfd;id
,He;J nghntd;
mg;ghpirj; njoj;juhky; ,j;jid ehs; tPzhff; fHpj;J tpl;Oh;fns*
ghz;oadhh; mspj;j ghpRfs; ml';fpa ngiHf;Fs;ns ek; giftiu mHpf;Fk;
xU Fwpg;g[k; cs;sJ. Mfnt eP';fs; mijj; njoj; je;jhy; bgUk;g[fH; ck;ikj;
njo tUk;. nkYk; njof; bfhzh;e;j bray;/ ,e;ehl;Lf;nf xU bghpa ed;bfhil
110
mspj;j bgUika[k; c';fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Twpa md;dk; ngiHia

kPl;Lj; jUkhW/ ntydplk; md;dk; ntz;odhs;.
bfhGj;j g[fH; ckf;Fz;L bfhz;L te;jhy;
bfhil bfhLj;j jhFk; ,e;ehl;Lf; bfd;whs;.
4. flik g[hpe;jhd; ,tnd - ,l"; Rl;Lf.
,lk; :
ghujpjhrd; vGjpa ghz;oad; ghpR vd;Dk; E}ypy; g[ayhy; glF ftpH;e;J
jd;idf; fhj;j ntyidr; Rl;of;fhl;o/ ,th; ahh;> vd;W Mj;jhtplk;
nfl;lhs; md;dk;.
bghUs; :
ntH ehl;lhh; rpiwg;gLj;j tUk;nghJ murpiaf; fhf;Fk; flikiar; bra;jtd;
,td; jhd; vd;whs; Mj;jh.
tpsf;fk;:
Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j cd;idf; fhg;ghw;w ,td; ey;ynjhh; Mz;kfdha; ,Ue;J
flik g[hpe;jhd;. nkYk; ey;ynjhh; Fokfdha; ,Ue;J/ ,sturpahfpa cd;idf;
fhg;ghw;wpdhd;/ mjdhjy; flik g[hpe;jhd; ,td; vd;whs; Mj;jh.
IV. beLtpdh:
1. kwg;ghpJ Ek;ed;wpvd;W Twpa md;dj;jplk; ntyd; Twpa vGr;rpa[iufis
,UgJ thpfspd; kpfhJ vGJf.
kwg;ghpJ Ek;ed;wp vd;W Twpa md;dj;jplk; ntyd; Twpa vGr;rpa[iufs; :
kdpjdpd; ,e;j mw;g cly;/ caph; gphpe;jhy; kpfr;rpwpjst[ Tl gad;glhJ;
caph; gphpe;j ,t;t[ly; ehp/ fGF Kjypadtw;why; tpUk;gpj; jpd;dg;gLtJk;/
mwptpw;rpwe;j rhd;nwhh;fspd; Vsdj;jpw;F ,yf;fhdJk; MFk;. kdpj thH;t[
ePh;f;FkpHp nghyj; njhd;wp kiwa[k; ,sik bfhz;lJ. mj;jifa jd;ik tha;e;j
,t;t[liy/ ahd; ew;bray; bra;ant gad;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg;
gad;gLk;go vd; mwptpidr; brYj;jhky;/ mwpt[ilnahh; ,fGkhW vd;
mwptpdpw;F ,Gf;Fjid Mf;Fntndh>
Korha;f;f beojhz;l kd;dhpd; bgz;

zuRf;nfh Ml;gLj;jh jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;>
vd;idg; bgw;bwLj;j jha; je;ijaUf;fk;/ ey;y kf;fs; ,dj;ijg; bgw;bwLj;j
jkpH;ehl;ow;Fk;/ vd;dhy; jpidast[ rpW ed;ik fpilf;Fkhdhy;/ mjw;fhf
,wf;Fk; ehns vdf;Fj; jpUehshFk;.
jpidast[ eynkDk; fpilf;Fbkd;why;
brj;bjhHpa[k; ehs; vdf;Fj; jpUehshFk;
111
nkYk; gidast[ bghpa ed;ik fpilf;Fkhdhy; mijj; jd;dyj;jpw;nf

gad;gLj;Jgtd; kf;fspilna gjh; nghy; Mthd;. Mjyhy; ehd; cd;dplk;
xd;W brhy;Yfpnwd;. vd;dhy; cdf;F Mf ntz;oa bray; VnjDk; ,Ue;jhy;/
mjw;fhf vd; capiua[k; jUntd; vd;W ntyd; cWjp TWtJ nghy
vGr;rpa[iuahw;wpdhd;.
cidxd;W ntz;L fpd;nwd; vd;dhy; Mt
Jz;bld;why; mjw;bfd;wd; capUz;bld;whd;
1. vd;kfd; - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
2. jht[k;fz; - bra;a[k; vd;dk; tha;g;ghl;Lg; bgabur;rk;
3. ,He;j ghz;oad; ghpR - ,we;jfhyg; bgabur;rk;
4. mwpaPh; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik vjph;kiw tpidKw;W
1. jPj;jht[k; - jP + jht[k;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/
epiybkhHp caph; (jP j; +<) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (jh + j;
+ M) kpFe;J/ jP + j; + jht[k; - jPj;jht[k;vd epd;wJ.
2. jpidast[ - jpid + mst[
,<I tHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k;
(id d; + I) tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (m) clk;gLj;j afu clk;gLbka;
njhd;wp jpid + a; + mst[ jpida; + mst[ vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (a; + m a)
jpidast[vd;whdJ.
3. fz;qilahh; - fz; + cilahh;
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (c) te;jjhy; epiybkhHpf; Fwpiy (f) mLj;j bka; (z;) ,ul;oj;J
fz;z; + cilah; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (z;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (z; + c q)
fz;qilahh;vd;whdJ.
4. brj;bjhHpa[k; - brj;J + xHpa[k;
112
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;

(X) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (J j; + c) bfl;L brj;j; + xHpa[k; vd
epd;wJ.
bka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (X) g[zh;e;J (j; + X bjh)
brj;bjhHpa[k;vd MdJ.
5. bgz;zuR - bgz; + muR

jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (m) te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHpf; Fwpy; (bg) Kd; cs;s bka; (z;) ,ul;oj;J
(z;z;) bgz;z; + muR vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (z;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (z; + m z)
bgz;zuRvd;whdJ.
6. capUz;L - caph; + cz;L
bka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;j (h; + c- U)
capUz;Lvd;whdJ.
VII. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; vGJf.
1. nfl;lhs; - nfs; (l;) + l; + Ms;
nfs; - gFjp/ s;/ ;l;MdJ tpfhuk;
2. ,He;j - ,H + j;(e;) + j; + m
,H - gFjp
j; - re;jp e;MdJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
3. mwpaPh; - mwp + a; +<h;
mwp - gFjp
<h; - Kd;dpiy gd;ik tpidKw;WtpFjp
113
4. KH';fpa - KH';F + ,(d;) + a; + m

KH';F - gFjp
,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy d;g[zh;e;J bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
1. gpuge;jk; vd;w tlbrhy;ypd; bghUs; ------- (ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ)
2. rpw;wpyf;fpa';fspd; ,yf;fzk; TWgit -------- (ghl;oay; E}y;fs;)
3. ghl;oay; E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; brhy;yf;ToaJ ---- (tr;rze;jp khiy)
4. gpuge;j';fs; bjhz;qw;whW vdf; Twpath; ----- (tPukhKdpth;)
m) ,uhruhr nrhHDyh
5. cyh vd;gjd; bghUs; ------------- (gtdptuy;)
6. cyh E}ypd; ghtif ------------ (fypbtz;gh)
7. cyhg;g[wk; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLtJ ------ (cyh)
8. kfsphpd; gUt';fs; ------ (VG)
9. ngijg;gUtk; --------- (taJ 5 Kjy; 7 tiu)
10. bgJk;igg;gUtk; ------------ (taJ 8 Kjy; 11 tiu)
11. k';ifg; gUtk; ----- (taJ 12 Kjy; 13 tiu)
12. kle;ijg; gUtk; ----- (taJ 14 Kjy; 19 tiu)
13. mhpitg; gUtk; ---- (taJ 20 Kjy; 25 tiu)
14. bjhpitg; gUtk; ---- (taJ 26 Kjy; 32 tiu)
15. nghpsk;bgz; ------------ (taJ 33 Kjy; 40 tiu)
16. ,uhruhr nrhHDyhitg; ghoath; ------ (xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
17. ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp/ ftpuhl;rrd; vd;bwy;yhk; g[fHg;gLgth; ----(xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
18. \nte;jh; mitapYk; bry;thf;nfhL tps';fpath; ----- (xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
19. \nte;jh; gw;wpg; ghoa cyh E}y; ------ (\tUyh)
20. xl;lf;Tj;jhpd; ,aw;bgah; ------- (Tj;jh;)
21. xl;lk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ------- (ge;jak;)
22. xl;lk; itj;Jg;ghLtjpy; ty;yth; -------- (xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
23. xl;lf;Tj;jh; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs; ----------
(jf;fahfg;guzp/ Fnyhj;J';fd; gps;isj;jkpH;)
24. rjnfho fw;nfhL brw;w rpiya[ilatd; ------ (,e;jpud;)
25. tl;l knfhjjp ntt xU thsp tpl;ltd; ---------- (,uhkd;)
26. RHpapl;l fhtphpf;F tHptpl;l thspdd; --------- (rpt{fd;)
27. J}';Fk; gjp vwpe;j bfhw;w thspdd; ----------- (bjhoj;njhl;brk;gpad;)
28. \btG fhy; vf;nfhf;fisa[k; Koj;jtd; ------- (guRuhkd;)
114
29. Mapuk; fz; gug;g[k; xU nt';if ------- (,e;jpud;)

27. bghUj;Jf
1. Nspif - epyhKw;wk;
2. rhsuk; - gyfzp
3. bjw;wp - jpz;iz
4. kWF - bjU
5. rjnfho - E}Wnfho
6. knfhjjp - fly;
7. nrhzhL - nrhHehL
8. cjpah; - nruh;
9. rujk; - tha;ik
10. gtpj;jpuk; - J}a;ik
28. -------jtpj;Jyfpy;
\btGfh byf;nfhf; fisa[ Koj;jtdp
\btGfhw; bfhz;l Ko ghhPh;
1. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;>(xl;lf;Tj;jh;)
2. ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgw;w E}y; vJ. (,uhruhrDyh)
3. KbtGfhy; tpsf;Ff (\d;W X VGfhy;,Ugj;njhU jiyKiw)
4. \btGfhy; vf;nfhf;fisa[k; Koj;jtd; ahh;> (guRuhkd;)
M) jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp
nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.
1. me;jhjp vd;gJ -------- (brhw;bwhlh; epiy)
2. xU ghlypd; ,Wjp vGj;njh mirnah rPnuh monah mLj;j ghlypd; Kjyhf
tu ghLtJ. (me;jhjp)
3. jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp ghoath; ------- (gps;isg;bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;)
4. mHfpa kzthsjhrh;/ jpt;tpaftp ---- (gps;isg;bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;)
5. vl;L E}y;fspd; bjhFjp ---------- (m#;lgpuge;jk;)
6. m#;lgpuge;jk; fw;wtd; -------- (miug;gz;ojd;)
7. flj;Jk;gp vd;gJ ----------- (fnre;jpud; ahid)
8. rpw;wd;idahy; jiunky; ele;jd. rpw;wd;id Fwpg;gJ. (ifnfapia)
9. fnre;jpuidg; gw;wpaJ --------- (Kjiy)
10. khiy kjp F";rp <rd; ---------- (rptbgUkhd;)
11. nghjd; Fwpg;gJ ------- (gpukd; _ ehd;Kfd;)
115
12. thrtd; Fwpg;gJ --------- (,e;jpud;)

13. ,e;jpudJ ahid --------- (Iuhtjk;)
14. f";rr; bry;tg; bgUf;fhuz';F ---------- (jpUkfs;)
15. ifkiyahy; ntiy kjpf;Fk; bgUkhd; --------- (jpUkhy;)
16. bghUj;Jf
1. nghjd; - gpukd;
2. thrd; - ,e;jpud;
3. khatd; - jpUkhy;
4. mz';F - jpUkfs;
17. ............... jhH;gpwg;gpd;
cUnt'; flj;Jf; Fsj;njapUe;jd; t[w;wiHf;f
tUnt'; flj;Jk;gp a";rbyd; nwhod khy;fHny
1. ,g;ghlyofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ> (jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp)
2. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ahh;>(gps;isg;bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;)
3. flj;Jk;gp vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ vJ>(fnre;jpud; vd;w ahid)
4. flj;Jk;gp ahiu miHj;jJ>(jpUkhiy)
,) kJiuf;fyk;gfk;
nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.
1. fjk;gk; vd;gJ --------- vd;W jphpe;jjhff; fUJth; c.nt.rh. (fyk;gfk;)
2. fyk;gf cWg;g[fs; --------- (gjpbdl;L)
3. jkpHpy; njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; --------- (ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;)
4. kJiukhefhpy; nfhtpy; bfhz;Ls;sts; ------ (m';faw;fz;zp)
5. kJiuf; fyk;gfg; ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ------ (brhf;fehjg; bgUkhd;)
6. kJiuf; fyk;gf Mrphpah; ----------- (FkuFUguh;)
7. FkuFUguhpd; fhyk; ------------ (17 Mk; E}w;whz;L)
8. KUfdpd; jpUtUshy;ngRk; jpwd; bgw;wth; ------- (FkuFUguh;)
9. FkuFUguh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; -----------(kJiuf; fyk;gfk;/ kPdhl;rpak;ik
gps;isj;jkpH;/ fe;jh; fypbtz;gh/ fhrpf;fyk;gfk;/ Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp
gps;isj;jkpH;/ rfyfyhty;yp khiy/ ePjp/ bewp tpsf;fk;)
10. tlbkhHpf; ftp"h; fhspjhrd; vGjpaJ ----------- (nkf re;njrk;)
11. nfhkfl; fd;gh;kJ nurh;Kr; r';fk; tsh;
Tlypw; brd;W g[fyPh;
jhkiuf; fz;LapY khbydr; re;jkyp
rhuypw; W";R Kfpy;fhs;
1. ,g;ghly; ahh; Tw;whf mike;Js;sJ>(jiytp Tw;W)
2. vj;jidj; J}J tpLtjhf cs;sJ>(nkfj;ij)
116
3. ahhplk; J}J mDg;gg;gLfpwJ>(kJiu brhf;fehjg;bgUkhdplk;)

4. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
(kJiuf; fyk;gfk;/ nkftpLJ}J)
<) Kf;Tlw;gs;S
1. g[yd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif ----------- (gs;S)
2. rpe;Jk; tpUj;jKk; gutptug; ghlg;bgWtJ ---------- (gs;S)
3. ghku kf;fSf;F Kjd;ik bfhLj;J cUthf;fpg;bgw;w ,yf;fpa";fSs; xd;W
------- (gs;S)
4. gs;Sg;ghl;od; tsh;r;rpf;F mog;gil ------- (cHj;jpg;ghl;L)
5. Kf;Tlypy; nfhapy; bfhz;Ls;sth; ----- (mHfh;)
6. Kf;Tly; gs;S Mrphpah; ------- (mwpag; bgwtpy;iy)
7. Kf;Tly; gs;Stpd; fhyk; ----------- (fp.gp. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L)
8. jz;bghUie/ rpw;whW/ nfhjz;luhK MWfs; fyf;Fkplk; ------(Kf;Tly;)
9. irt itzt';fis xU';fpizf;Fk; ,yl;rpak; bfhz;l E}y; -------
(Kf;Tlw;gs;S)
10. Kf;Tly; gs;Sf;Fhpa ghtif ----------- (rpe;Jg;gh)
11. bghUj;Jf
1. ,uhruhrnrhHDyh - xl;lf;Tj;jh;
2. jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp - gps;isg;bgUkhs;
3. kJiuf;fyk;gfk; - FkuFUguh;
4. Kf;Tlw;gs;S - mwpag;bgwtpy;iy
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. cyh vd;gjd; bghUis tpsf;Ff.
cyh vd;why; gtdptuy;vd;gJ bghUs; MFk;.
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; cyhtUk;nghJ/ mtid VGtifg; gUtg; bgz;fshd/
ngij/ bgJk;ik/ k';if/ kle;ij/ mhpit/ bjhpit/ nghpsk; Mfpnahh; fhjy;
bfhs;tjhfg;ghLtJ cyhtpd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
2. xl;lf;Tj;jh; bgah;f;fhuzk; TWf.
xl;lf;Tj;jh; - xl;lk; + Tj;jh;. Tj;jh; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;bgah;.
Tj;jh;vd;gJ jpy;iyapYs;s rptbgUkhdpd; jpUg;bgauhFk;.
xl;lk; - ge;jak;/ ge;jak; itj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mjyhy; ,th;
xl;lf;Tj;jh; vdg;gl;lhh;.
3. me;jhjp - tpsf;Ff.
117
me;jhjp me;jk; + Mjp/ me;jk; - Kot[/ Mjp Kjy;

xt;bthU ghlypDk; cs;s ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah/ rPnuh monah/ mjw;F
mLj;JtUk; ghlypd; Kjyhf tUk;go mikj;Jg; ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;.
Fwpg;g[ - jpUnt';fj;je;jhjp
4. khy;fHypd; rpwg;ghfj; jpt;tpaftp TWtd ahit>
khy; fHypd; rpwg;g[:
jpUkhypd; jpUtofs; jpUnt';flk; vd;Dk; jpUj;jyj;jpy; epiyj;Jepd;wd.
rpw;wd;id ifnfap t";ridahy;/ jpUkhypd; jpUtofspy; fhdfj;jpd; jiuapdpy;
ele;J brd;wd.
Moath;fspd; Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fk; bghUl;L/ jpUkhypd; jpUtofs; mth;jk;
cs;sj;nj j';fpapUe;jd.
Kjiy thapy; mfg;gl;l ahid (fn$e;jpud;) Mjp\ynk vd;W miHj;j
nghJ mijj; jpUkhypd; jpUtofs; Xor; brd;W fhj;jd.
5. fyk;gfk; - bgah;f;fhuzk; jUf.
fyk;gfk; - fyk; + gfk;
fyk; - gd;dpuz;L/ gfk; - mjpy;ghjp MW
fyk;gfk; gjpbdl;L tif cWg;g[fs; cilajhfg; ghlg;gLtjhFk;.
g[atFg;g[/ mk;khid/ Fwk;/ kwk;/ bfhw;wpahh; Kjypad mg;gjpbdl;L
cWg;g[fshFk;.
jkpHpy; njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; vd;gh;.
6. Kf;Tlypy; TLk; MWfs; ahit>
Kf;FTlypy; TLk; MWfs;
jz;bghUie MW
rpw;whW
nfhjz;luhk MW vDk; \d;W MWfs; Tof; fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tlf;nf
cs;sJ Kf;TlyhFk;.
7. gs;S bjhy;fhg;gpah; TWk; vl;Ltif tdg;g[fSs; vjw;Fg; bghUe;Jk;>

bjhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vl;Ltif tdg;g[fSs; xd;whd g[yd; vd;Dk;
,yf;fpa tif gs;S tif ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;Jk; vd;gh;.
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh; gw;wpf; Fwpg;bgGJf.
bgah; : gps;isg;bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;
gpwe;j Ch; : nrhHehl;Lj; jpUk';if
fhyk; : fp.gp.17-Mk; E}w;whz;L
rkak; : itztk;
118
rpwg;g[g;bgah; : mHfpa kzthsjhrh;/ bja;tf;ftp"h;

jpt;tpaftp
Mw;wpa gzp : kJiu/ jpUkiy ehaf;f kd;dhpd; mitapy;
mYtyfg; gpzahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;. gpd;dh;
,iwj;bjhz;oy; <Lgl;lhh;.
,aw;wpa E}y;fs;:
jpUtu';fj;je;jhjp
jpUtu';fj;J khiy
jpUtu';ff; fyk;gfk;
mu';f ehaf;fUyh
jpUnt';flkhiy
jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp
mHfh; me;jhjp
E}w;bwl;Lj; jpUg;gjp me;jhjp
vd;Dk; vl;LE}y;fisg; gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh; vGjpdhh;. ,tw;iw
m#;l gpuge;j';fs;vd;W TWth;.
2. ,uhruhr nrhHdpd; tpy;/ ths;/ KuR bfho Fil Fwpj;Jf; Twg;gl;ld ahit>
,uhruhrd; tpy;ypd; rpwg;g[:
,e;jpudpd; E}WKidfisf; bfhz;l tr;rpug;gilia ,uhruhrdpd; tpy;
mHpj;jJ. Xh; mk;gpid tpLj;J/ bgU';fly; tw;WkhW bra;jJ.
jw;nfho nahhpuz;L bfhz;L rjnfho
fw;nfho brw;w rpiy fhzPh;
thspd; rpwg;g[:
nrhH kf;fs; ey;thH;t[ bgw/ kiyfis btl;og;ghij mikj;j ths; (rpt{fr;
nrhHdpd; bray; ,uhruhrdpd; nkw; Vw;wpf; Twg;gl;lJ)
thdpy; epiybfhz;l nfhl;ilfisj; jdJ thshy; tPH;j;jpatd; (J}';F vapy;
vwpe;j bjhonjhs; brk;gpadpd; btw;wp ,uhruhrd;nky; Vw;wpf;; Twg;gl;lJ)
RHpapl;l fhtphpf;Fr; nrhzhL thH
tHpapl;l ths;fhz thhPh;
Kurpd; rpwg;g[:
t";rp khefuj;jpy; jpiwahff; bfhLj;j flg;gkuj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;lJ. nkYk;
mk;KuR nghhpy; njhw;w ntw;Wehl;L kd;diuj; jiyapy; kz; Rke;J/ fhtphp
mizfl;LkhW bra;jJ.
jiubfhz;l ntw;wurh; j";brd;dpg; bghd;dpf;
119
fiufz;l nghh; Kur'; fhzPh;

bfhoapd; rpwg;g[:
Mapuk; fz;fisf; bfhz;L/ nkU kiyiaj; jhtpr; Rw;wp te;j/ ,e;jpuidf;
bfhoapy; g[ypahff; bfhz;lJ.
Filapd; rpwg;g[:
thd;btspaha;g; gutpr; brd;W epd;W/ eLtpy; Filnghy; cah;e;J epw;Fk;
mz;lj;ijg; nghd;W btz;bfhw;wf;Fil cila ,uhruhr nrhHd;/ ehl;L
kf;fspd; kdk;Fspu Ml;rp brYj;jpdhd; vd;gJ ,uhruhrdpd; Filr;rpwg;gpidf;
TWfpwJ.
3. bgUkhs; ciw jpUnt';flg;gjp Fwpj;Jg; gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh; TWtd
ahit>
bgUkhs; ciw jpUnt';flg;gjp Fwpj;Jg; gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;
TWtd:
jpUg;ghw;fliy kiynghd;w jk; iffshy; file;j jpUkhy; tPw;wpUf;Fk;
jpUnt';flkiy.
. ifk;kiyahy;
ntiy kjpf;Fk; bgUkhs; ciwj;jpUnt';flnk
jd; rilapny gpiwkjp R{oa rptbgUkhDk;/ gilg;gpd; ,iwahk; gpuk;kDk;/

,e;jpuDk; gy rhj;jpu';fis Muha[k; Kdpth;fSk; kw;Wk; njth;fSk; fz;L
fhiya[k; khiya[khfpa ,U ntisfspYk; jk; mwptpy; itj;Jg; nghw;Wk;
bgUikf;FhpaJ jpUnt';flkiy. Cyfj;jpy; cs;s vy;yhg; bghUs;fshft[k;/
vy;yh caph;fspd; njhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhft[k;/ jha;je;ijahft[k;/ Mjpg;
bgUe;bja;tkhft[k; tps';Fk; jpUkhy; j';fp thH;tJ jpUnt';flkiyahFk;.
E}iy kjpf;Fk; KdptUk; njtUk; nehf;fpae;jp

fhiy kjpf;Fs; itj;njj;Jk; jpUkiy.
4. jiytp nkfj;jplk; bkhHpe;j J}J bkhHpfs; ahit>

jiytp nkfj;jplk; bkhHpe;j J}J bkhHpfs;:
brhf;fdplk; brhy; jpUkhy; re;jd ku';fs; tsh;e;Js;s bghjpa kiyapd;
gf;f';fspny j';fpapUf;fpd;w nkf';fns* nkUkiy/ fapyha kiy/ bghjpakiy
Mfpa kiyfspd; fz; vGe;jUspa[s;stUk;/ mur Fkhhpahfpa jlhjifg;
gpuhl;oapd; fztUkhfpa brhf;fehjhplk; brd;W/ ehd; brhy;tijg; g[fy;tPh;fshf.
Vkbtw; bgd;Wfap yhabtw; bgd;Wky

120
ahryj; bjd;W Kiwthh;

nfhkfl; fd;gh;kJ nurh;Kr; r';fk;tsh;
Tlypw; brd;W g[fyPh;
caph; xHpfpwJ:
mHFthdpy; gpiwepyt[ njhd;Wk; ,d;gf;fhl;rpa[k;/ czitj; njh;e;bjLj;J te;J
Fapy; jd; F";RfSf;F czt{l;Lk; md;g[f;fhl;rpa[k; vd; capiuf; bfhy;fpd;wd./
vd;W jdJ Jahpid/ XLk; nkf';fsplk; brhy;yp/ kJiuapny ,Uf;fpd;w
brhf;fehjhplk; jiytp J}J mDg;g[fpwhs;.
5. bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk; Fwpj;J Kf;Tlw;gs;S ciug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk; :
vkJ bjd;fiu ehl;oy; kpff; fLikahff; fha;tJ R{hpaf; fpufz';fns;
R{hpaidg; nghd;W eLt[ epiyahsh; fha;tJ ,y;iy.
v';fs; Chpy; bgz;fshy; filag;gLk; nghJ japh;f;fl;ofs; kl;Lk; fy';Fk;.
Mdhy; neha;f; fz;l';fshy; fy';fp epiyFiygth; vtUk; ,yh;.
fhaf; fz;lJ R{hpa fhe;jp
fy';ff; fz;lJ btz;japh;f; fz;lk;
vk;ehl;oy; kha;e;J xHptd ehHpifa[k; thuKk;/ ,sikapny ,wg;gth; vtUk;
,yh;.
fy';fpr; RHy;tJ ePh;r;RHpfisa[ila bts;sk; kl;Lnk/ gpw ehl;Lg;gil g[Fe;J
RHpj;Jf; fyf;FtJ ,y;iy.
khaf;fz;lJ ehHpif thuk;
kWff; fz;lJ thd;RHp bts;sk;
v';fs; ehl;oy; ed;F kw;wpa bre;bew;fjph;fspd; bew;Fiy tug;gpdpy; bew;Fiy
rha;e;J fplf;Fk;. Mdhy; vk; kf;fs; nehapdhy; Jd;g[w;Wr; rha;jy; ,y;iy.
vk; ehl;oy; jtrpfns kdk; gw;ww;Wj; jdpj;jpUg;gh;. Mdhy; ,y;ywj;jhh;
md;gw;Wj; jdpj;J thH;tJ ,y;iy.
rhaf; fz;lJ fha;Fiyr; bre;bey;
jdpg;gf; fz;lJ jhgjh; cs;sk;
vk; ehl;oy; re;jdf;fl;il jhd; ciuj;Jiuj;Jj; nja[k;. Mdhy; md;dk; nghd;w
bgz; J}Jiuj;Jj; nja;tjpy;;iy.
njaf; fz;lJ ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk;
rPty k';ifj; bjd;fiu ehnl
,t;thW bjd;fiu ehlhfpa rPtyk';if ehl;od; tsj;ij/ ,isa gs;spapd;
thapyhf Kf;Tlw;gs;S TWfpwJ.
121
IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf:

1. bra;Fd;W - tpidj;bjhif
2. nghp";rp - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. tUk;bgUkhs; - bra;a[k;vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L bgabur;rk;
4. Rw;wpa gh';fh; - bgabur;rk;
5. nghh;Kurk; - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif
6. jhH;gpwg;g[ - tpidj;bjhif
7. nrto - gz;g[j;bjhif
8. nrhzhL - nrhHehL vd;gjd; k+c
9. me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj;bjhif
10. mtpahtpsf;F - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
11. fhzPh; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W
12. ifk;kiy - cUtfk;
13. kjptpsf;F - cUtfk;
14. khiykjp - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj;bjhif
15. nt';flkhatd; - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj;
bjhif
V. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
1. fw;nfho - fy; + nfho
ysntw; Wikapy; wlt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (nfh
f; + X) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W yfuk; wfukha;j; jphpe;J fw; + nfho
fw;nfhovd;whdJ.
2. tpsf;nfw;wp - tpsf;F + Vw;wp
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
(V) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (F f; + c) bfl;L/ tpsf;f; + Vw;wp
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (f;)/ tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (V) g[zh;e;J (f; + V nf)
tpsf;nfw;wpvd;whdJ.
3. kjpbawpe;J - kjp + vwpe;J
,< ItHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s capiua[k; (v)
clk;gLj;j afu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp kjp + a; + vwpe;J kjpa; + vwpe;J
vd;whdJ.
122

bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J (a; + v ba)
kjpbawpe;Jvd;whdJ.
4. nrto - brk;ik + mo
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;Lr; brk; +
mo vd;whdJ.
Mjp ePly; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go br vd;gJ nr ePz;L nrk; + mo vd;whdJ.
Kd;dpd;w bka; jphpjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W kfuk; tfukhfp
nrt; + mo vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (t; + m t)
nrtovd;whdJ.
5. nghp";rp - bgUik + ,";rp
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU +
,";rp vd;whdJ.
MjpePly; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp Kjy; bg vd;gJ ng vd;whfp ngU
+ ,";rp vd;whdJ.
Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; (,) te;jjhy;
epiybkhHp <w;W Kw;Wfuk; (U h; + c) bfl;L ngh; + ,";rp vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (h; + , - hp)
nghp";rpvd;whdJ.
6. bgUe;bja;tk; - bgUik + bja;tk;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU + bja;tk; vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp ty;ypdj;jpw;F (bj j; + v) Vw;g
bky;ypdk; e; kpFe;J bgU + e; + bja;tk; bgUe;bja;tk;vd;whdJ.
7. j";brd;dp - jk; + brd;dp

td;ikf; fpdkhj; jphpgt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W kfu bka;
tUbkhHp ty;ypdj;jpw;F (br r; + v) ,dkhd bky;ypdkha;j; (";) jphpe;J jk;
+ brd;dp j";r + brd;dp j";brd;dp vd;whdJ.
8. bjd;fiu - bjw;F + fiu
123
jpirbahL gpwt[k; nrhpd; epiyaPw;W caph;bka; eP';fYk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go

epiybkhHp <w;W caph;bka; (F) bfl;L/ bjw; + fpHf;F vd epd;wJ.
wfuk; dythj; jphpjYk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W wfuk; d
fukha;j; jphpe;J bjd; + fiu bjd;fiuvd;whdJ.

1. g[fyPh; - g[fy; +<h;
g[fy; - gFjp
<h; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. ele;jd - el + j;(e;) + j; + md; + m
el - gFjp
md; - rhhpia
m - gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp
3. nehf;fp - nehf;F + ,
nehf;F - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
4. ciuj;jpLk; - ciuj;J + ,L + ck;
ciuj;J - gFjp
,L - Jiztpid
ck; - bgabur;r tpFjp
5. epd;wd - epy; (d;) + w; + md; + m
epy; - gFjp/ yfuk; d fukhdJ tpfhuk;
md; - rhhpia
m - gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpFjp
6. g[ide;njhk; - g[id + j;(e;) + j; + Xk;
g[id - gFjp
Xk; - jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
7. fhzPh; - fhz; +<h;
fhz; - gFjp
<h; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
8. fz;lJ - fhz; (fz;) + l; + m + J
124
fhz; - gFjp/ fz; vdf; FWfpaJ

m - rhhpia
J - xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
9. miHf;f - miH + f; + f; + m
miH - gFjp
f; - re;jp
f; - ntW ,ilepiy vjph;fhyk; czh;j;jpaJ
m - tpidbar;r tpFjp
m) khiyf;fhy tUzid
1. rKjha tsh;r;rpf;F cjtf; Toait ------------- (kWkyh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;)
2. ,yf;fpa kWkyh;r;rp -------------- bjhl';FfpwJ. (ghujpapypUe;J)
3. ghlg;gFjp khiyf;fhy tUzid ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; -----------
(gh";rhyprgjk;)
4. gh";rhyp rgjj;ij ,aw;wpath; ----------- (ghujpahh;)
5. tlbkhHpapy; ghujk; ghoath; ---------- (tpahrh;)
6. gh";rhyp rgjj;jpy; cs;s rUf;f';fs; ---------------- (miHg;g[r; rUf;fk;/
Njhl;lr;rUf;fk;/ moikr; rUf;fk;/ JfpYhpjw;rUf;fk;/ rgjr;rUf;fk;)
7. kiyf;fhy tUziz ,lk; bgw;Ws;s rUf;fk; ------(miHg;g[r; rUf;fk;)
8. ekf;Fj; bjhHpy; ftpij ehl;ow;FiHj;jy; vdg; ghoath; -------- (ghujpahh;)
9. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; ,yf;fpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lth; --- (ghujpahh;)
10. ghujpahhpd; fhyk; ----------- (11.12.1882 12.9.1921)
11. ghujpapd; bgw;nwhh; -------- (rpd;dr;rhkp/ ,yf;Fkp)
12. ghujp vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; ------ (fiykfs;)
13. ehl;L tpLjiyf; ftp"h; ---------- (ghujpahh;)
14. ghujpahh; ,aw;wpa Kk;bgUk; ghly;fs; --------
(fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy;ghl;L/ gh";rhyp rgjk;)
15. ghujpapd; ciueil E}y;fs; ------- ("hdujk;/ juhR)
16. brhy;ypy; cah;t[ jkpH;r; brhy;ny vd;wth; ---------- (ghujpahh;)
17. ghh;/ Rlh;g; ghpjpiar; NHnt glh;Kfpy;
vj;jid jPg;gl; blhptd> Xnfh*
vd;do* ,e;j td;dj; jpay;g[fs;
1. ghpjp vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; ahJ> ------- (Nhpad;)
2. jPg;gl;L vhptd vit> -------- (nkf';fs;)
3. ,it ahh; ahhplk; TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ> -------

(mh;r;Rdd; gh";rhypaplk; TWfpwhd;)
125
4. ,g;ghly; thp ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(gh";rhyp rgjk;)

II. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ghujpahh; gw;wpr; rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.
ghujpahhpd; ,aw;bgah; : Rg;gpukzpad;
bgw;nwhh; bgah; : rpd;dr;rhkp Iah;/ ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
gpwe;j Ch; : vl;lag[uk;(J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk;)
gpwe;j ehs; : 11.12.1882
ghujp ,aw;wpa E}yfs; : FW';fhtpak;
1) gh";rhyp rgjk; 2) fz;zd; ghl;L 3) Fapy; ghl;L
ciueil E}y;fs; :
1) "hdujk; 2) juhR 3) jdpg;ghly; bjhFg;g[fs;
Fwpg;g[:ghujpahh; ,sikapny ftpghLk;jpwk; bgw;W tps';fpajhy; ghujpvdg;
ghuhl;lg;gl;lhh;.
2. gh";rhyp rgjk; gw;wpa E}w;Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
gh";rhyp rgjk;:
gh";rhy ehl;L kd;dd; gh";rhyd; vdg;gLthd;. mtd; kfs; (jpbusgjp)
gh";rhypahths;. tlbkhHpapy; tpahrh; ,aw;wpa kfhghujf; fijapy; tUk;
gh";rhyp Jhpnahjdd; rigapy; bra;j R{Siuia ikakhff; bfhz;L/ gh";rhyp
rgjk; vd;fpw FW';fhtpaj;ijg; ghujpahh; ,aw;wpdhh;.
gh";rhyp rgjk; Ie;J rUf;f';fisf; bfhz;lJ:
miHg;g[r; rUf;fk;
R{jhl;lr; rUf;fk;
moikr; rUf;fk;
JfpYhpjw; rUf;fk;
rgjr; rUf;fk;
,e;E}y; 412 ghly;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ.
3. nkff;Tl;l';fs; vt;thbwy;yhk; cUtfk; bra;ag; bgWfpd;wd>
nkff; Tl;l';fs; :
jPapd; FHk;g[fs;
brGk; bghd;Id cUf;fptpl;l Xilfs;
btk;ikapd;wp vhpa[k; j';fj; jPt[fs;
ePyg; bgha;iffs;
fhpa bgUk; g{j';fs;
ePy ePh; bgha;ifapy; kpjf;Fk; j';fj; njhzpfs;
bghd;dhyhd fiu bfhz;l fU";rpfu';fs;
,Ul;flypy; kpjf;Fk; j';fj; jpkp';fy';fs; vd cUtfk; bra;ag; bgWfpd;wd.
126
III. bgUtpdh :
1. ghujpahh; fhl;Lk; me;jpthd tUzidiaj; bjhFj;J tiuf.
ghujpahh; fhl;Lk; me;jpthd tUzid:
gh";rhypna nfs;:
mnjh ghh;* me;jpthdj;ij* xsph;fpd;w R{hpaidr; Rw;wp nkff;Tl;l';fs;
glh;e;Js;sd/ ghh;j;jhah> vj;jid tz;zj;J ,ay;g[fs;> vj;jid tot';fs;*
vj;jid tpjkhd tz;zf;fyitfs; njhd;Wfpd;wdnt*
mnjh* mitbay;yhk; jPapd; FHk;g[fs;* brGikahd bghd;dpidj; jPapy;
fha;r;rp Xltpl;lJ nghd;w Xilfs;* mnjh ghuo* ePyePh; epuk;gpa bgha;iffs;*
mllh* vj;jid tpjkhd bre;epw';fs;* btg;gj;ij btspg;gLj;jhkny vhpe;jpLk;
j';fj; jPt[fs;.
jPapd; FHk;g[fs;;brk;bghd; fha;r;rp
tpl;l Xilfs;* btk;ik njhd;whnk
vhpe;jpLe; j';fj; jPt[fs;.
vj;jid tifahd epw';fs;:

nkf';fs; vy;yhk; fhpa bghpa g{j';fnsh> ePyg; bgha;ifapy; kpje;jpLk; j';fj;
njhzpfs;. bghd;bdhspiaf; fiuahff; bfhz;l fUepw kiyr; rpfu';fnsh*
mnjh ghuo v';Fnk ,Ul;fly; gutpapUf;fpwJ. me;jf; flypy; kpjf;Fk;
jpkp';fy';fshf nkff; Tl;l';fs; thdpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
njhzpfs; Rlbuhspg; bghw;fiu apl;l
fU";rpf u';fs; fhzo
tz;zj;J ,ay;g[fs;:
thdbkd;Dk; ePyf;flypy; j';fk; nghd;w jpkp';fy';fs; gy kpjf;fpd;w fhl;rpia
Mfh* v';F ghh;j;jhYk; xsp bts;sk;/ xspbts;sk;/ mHfpd; fUt{yk;/ me;jp
thdk; xsph;tijg; ghh;*
,Ul;fly;* MQh* v';F nehf;fpoDk;
xspj;jpus;* xspj;jpus; td;df; fs";rpak;
vd;W gh";rhypaplk; mh;r;Rdd; me;jp thd tUzidapd; mHiff;
fhl;Ltjhfg; ghujp xU ftpeaj;ijj; jPl;Lfpd;whh;.
IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
1. glh;Kfpy; - tpidj;bjhif
2. brGk;bghd; - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. j';fj;jpkp';fyk; - cUtfk;
127
V. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

1. bgUk;g{jk; - bgUik + g{jk;
<W nghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L bgU +
g{jk; vd epd;wJ.
,dkpfy; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp ty;ypdj;jpw;F (g{ - g; + C) ,dkhd kfuk;
kpFe;J bgU + k; + g{jk; - bgUk;g{jk;vd;whdJ.
2. fU";rpfuk; - fUik + rpfuk;
<Wnghjy;; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L fU +
rpfuk; vd epd;wJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (rp r;
+ ,) ,dkhd "fuk; kpFe;J fU + "; + rpfuk; - fU";rpfuk;vd;whdJ.
3. ,Ul;fly; - ,Us; + fly;
ys ntw;Wikapy; wlt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go. tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (f
f; + m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W sfuk; lfukha;j; jphpe;J
,Ul;fly;vd;whdJ.
4. brGk;bghd; - brGik + bghd;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;Lr; brG +
bghd; vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp ty;ypdj;jpw;F (bgh g; + X) ,dkhd
kfuk; kpFe;J brG + k; + bghd; - brGk;bghd;vd;whdJ.
M) g[j;jf rhiy
1. g[j;jfrhiy ghliy ,aw;wpath; ------ (ghujpjhrd;)
2. njbdhf;Fk; bre;jkpnH* eP fdp*
ehd; fsp* vdg; ghoath; ----- (ghujpjhrd;)
3. vspikapdhy; xU jkpHd;
gog;gpy;iy vd;why; ,';Fs;s vy;yhUk;
ehzplt[k; ntz;Lk; vd;wth; ------- (ghujpjhrdhh;)
4. g[dpjKw;W kf;fs; g[J thH;t[ thH ehl;oy; ntz;LtJ --- (g[j;jfrhiy)
5. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpg; ghpR bgw;w ghnte;jh; E}y; --- (gprpuhe;ijahh;)
6. bre;jkpiHr; brGe;jkpHhff; fhz tpUk;gpath; -------- (ghujpjhrd;)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ghnte;jhpd; gpwg;g[/ bgw;nwhh; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
128
ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgah; : fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk;

gpwe;j Ch; : g[Jr;nrhp
gpwe;j njjp : 29-04-1891
bgw;nwhh; : fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
bgah; khw;wk; : ghujpahh; kPJ bfhz;l gw;wpdhy;
ghujpjhrd; vdg; bgah; khw;wk;
bra;J bfhz;lhh;.
ghujpjhrd; vGjpa E}y;fs; :
FLk;g tpsf;F
,Uz;l tPL
jkpHpaf;fk;
ghz;oad; ghpR
,iraKJ
mHfpd; rphpg;g[
fz;zfp g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak;
gprpuhe;ijahh; (ehlf E}y;)
2. ghnte;jhpd; E}y;fSs; ehd;fpd; bgah;fis vGJf.
ghnte;jh; gilj;j E}y;fSs; ehd;F:
FLk;g tpsf;F
ghz;oad; ghpR
,Uz;l tPL
mHfpd; rphpg;g[
3. ehbl';Fk; g[j;jf rhiy Vd; ntz;Lk;>
kdpjh;fs; md;g[ bewpapy; thH;tjw;F
kndhghtk; thidg;nghy; tphptjw;F
jdpkdpjj; jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; Kjyhspj;Jt ,Us; kiwtjw;F
vy;yh kf;fisa[k; rkkhff; fUJtjw;F
kdpj thH;t[ g[dpj thH;thf khWtjw;F.
ehbl';Fk; g[j;jf rhiy ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ghnte;jh;.
III. bgUtpdh
1. Rtor; rhiyapy; ,Uf;f ntz;oa E}y;fs; ahit>
Rtor; rhiyapy; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; jkpH; bkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;l gy;Jiw
E}y;fs; ,Ug;gJ nghy E}yfj;jpy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. gpw bkhHpfspypUe;J te;j
129
gilg;g[fisj; jkpH; bkhHpbgah;g;g[ E}y;fshf;fp/ ahtUf;Fk; thrpg;gjw;Fg; g[j;jf

rhiyapy; itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpypyhg; gpwbkhHpE}y; midj;Jk; ey;y
jkpHhf;fp thrpf;fj; jUjy; ntz;Lk;.
mkpH;J nghd;w bre;jkpHpy; ahf;fg;gl;l ,dpa ftpij E}y;fs; ,lk; bgwy;

ntz;Lk;. mHfpa ciueilapy; vGe;j fUj;jike;j E}y;fs; bgUkstpy; ,lk;
bgwy; ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwj; Jiw Jiwaha;g; gphpj;J itj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;W
ghujpjhrd; TWfpd;whh;.
mKjk;nghy; bre;jkpHpd; ftpij E}w;fs;
mHfpathk; ciueilapy; mike;j E}w;fs;
IV. beLtpdh:
1. g[j;jfrhiy vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghnte;jh; jUk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
g[j;jrhiy vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghnte;jh; jUk; fUj;Jfs;:
cyfj;jpYs;s kdpjhpilna md;g[ bewpfz;L thH;tjw;Fk;/ mth;fspd; gue;j
kdk; thidg;nghy; tphptiltjw;Fk;/ ehbl';Fk; kf;fSf;Fg; g[j;jfrhiy
ntz;Lk;. cyf kf;fs; midtUk; Xhpdj;jth; vd;W czu ntz;Lk;. jdp
kdpj jj;Jtkhd Kjyhspj;Jtk; mHptjw;Fg; g[j;jfrhiy cjakhf ntz;Lk;.
kdpjbuy;yhk; md;g[ bewpfhz; gjw;Fk;

kndhghtk; thidg;nghy tphptile;J
jdpkdpj jj;Jtkhk; ,isg; nghf;fp
rfkf;fs; xd;bwd;g Jzh;t jw;Fk;
g[JthH;t[ ntz;od; cah;e;j vz;zk; ntz;Lk; :

rhd;nwhh;fspd; rpe;ijapy; vGe;j cah; vz;z';fisg; gpwh; mwpa g[j;jf rhiy
ntz;Lk;. nkYk; kf;fs; mwthH;it nkw;bfhz;L g[dpjKw;W thH;tjw;F
ehbl';Fk; g[j;jf rhiyfs; ntz;Lk;.
,dpjpdpjha; vGe;j cah;vz;z bky;yhk;
,yFtJ g[yth;jU Rtor;rhiy
g[dpjKw;W kf;fs;g[J thH;t[ ntz;oy;
g[j;jf rhiy ntz;Lk; ehl;oy; ahz;Lk;
130
g[j;jf rhiyapy; ,Uf;f ntz;oait:

gy;fiyf;fHf;jpy; gy;Jiw E}y;fs; ,Ug;gd nghy; jha;bkhHpahk; jkpHpy;
vGjg;gl;l Vuhskhd E}y;fs; ehbl';Fk; E}yf';fspy; ,lk; bgw ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpy; ,y;yhj gpw bkhHpapy; cs;s E}y;fs; midj;ija[k; ey;y jkpH;
eilapy; bkhHp bgah;j;Jj; ju ntz;Lk;. bre;jkpHpy; ,aw;wg; bgw;w mKjk;
nghd;w ftpij E}y;fisa[k;/ fUj;jike;j ftpd;kpF ciueil E}y;fisa[k;
g[j;jf rhiyapy; itj;J ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mKjk; nghy; bre;jkpHpw; ftpij E}w;fs;
mHfpathk; ciueilapy; mike;j E}w;fs;
mtw;iwj; JiwJiwaha;g; gphpj;J/ E}yfj;jpy; mLf;fp itf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
g[j;jfrhiy vd;Dk; ftpij \yk; ghujpjhrd; kdpj kd';fSf;Fs; g[Fj;Jfpwhh;.
1. md;g[ bewp - ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
2. cah; vz;zk; - tpidj;bjhif
3. ,dpjpdpJ - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
4. jUjy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
1. xd;bwd;g - xd;W + vd;g
(v) te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (W w; + c) bfl;L xd;w; + vd;g
vd;whdJ.
cly; nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ngvd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (w;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; g[zh;e;J (w; + v bw)
xd;bwd;gvd;whdJ.
2. bre;jkpH; - brk;ik + jkpH;
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L brk; +
jkpH; vd;whdJ.
Kd;dpd;w bka;jphpjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W bka; (k;) tUbkhHp
Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (j j; + m) ,dkhd efukha;j; jphpe;J/ bre; + jkpH; -
;bre;jkpH;vd;whdJ.
3. vz;zbkyhk; - vz;zk; + vyhk;

bka;a[k; (k;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (v) g[zh;e;J (k; + v bk)
vz;zbkyhk;vd;whdJ.
4. gphpj;jLf;fp - gphpj;J + mLf;fp
131
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; caph;

(m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W (c) fuk; (J j; + c) bfl;L/ gphpj;j; + mLf;fp
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (j; + m j)
gphpj;jLf;fpvd;whdJ.
5. jkpHpypyh - jkpHpy; + ,yh
bka;a[k; (y;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (y; + , - yp)
jkpHpypyhvd;whdJ.
6. gy;fiyfs; - gy + fiyfs;
gyrpy vd;Dk; ,it jk;Kd; gpwthpd; mfuk; Vfp te;J g[zh;e;jjhy;/
epiybkhHp <w;wpYs;s mfuk; (y y; + m) Vfpg; gy; + fiyfs; -
gy;fiyfs;vd;whdJ.
,) fhL
1. ftp"nuW vd;W miHf;fg;gLgth; ------ (thzpjhrd;)
2. thzpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgah; ------- (mu';frhkp vd;w vj;jpuhrY)
3. thzpjhrdpd; fhyk; ---------- (22.7.1915 Kjy; 7.8.1974tiu)
4. thzpjhrdpd; bgw;nwhh; ------------ (jpUf;fhK Jsrpak;khs;)
5. gpbu";Rf; FoauRj; jiytuhy; brthypah; tpUJ bgw;wth; --(thzpjhrd;)
6. ghtyh; kzp gl;lk; bgw;wth; --------- (thzpjhrd;)
7. jkpHfj;jpd; nth;l;!;th;j; ---------- (thzpjhrd;)
8. hL vd;w ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; --------- (vHpnyhtpak;)
9. g[ul;rpf; ftp"h; ghujpjhrdpd; khztd; --------- (thzpjhrd;)
10. thzpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; xd;W --------- (jkpHpr;rp _ bjhLthdk; _
,d;g ,yf;fpak; _ bfhoKy;iy _bgh';fw;ghpR _ FHe;ij _ ,yf;fpak; _
vHpnyhtpak; _ jPh;j;jahj;jpiu)
11. bta;nahd;/ jp';fs; cl;g[f bthz;zhj;J}a nfhl;il ------- (fhL)
12. mLj;jth;f;F cjtp ehSk;mHpntw;Wf; fplf;Fk; ----------- (fhL)
II. rpWtpdh:
1. ftp"nuW thzpjhrd; gw;wpr; rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgah; : mu';frhkp vd;w vj;jpuhrY
132
bgw;nwhh; : mu';fjpUf;fhK Jsrpak;khs;

gpwe;j Ch; : g[Jitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}hpy; 22.07.1915
rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; : ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;kzp/ ghtyh; kd;dd;.
vGjpa E}y;fs; : jkpHr;rp/ bfhoKy;iy/ bgh';fw;ghpR/

vHpnyhtpak;
fhyk; : 1915 Kjy; 1974 tiu.
III. beLtpdh:
1. fhL vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPH;f;ftp"nuW thzpjhrd; ciug;gdtw;iw vGJf.

fhL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPH;f; ftp"nuW thzpjhrd; ciug;git:
fhl;oYs;s Kl;g[jh;fs;/ beU";rpKs;/ fs;spa[k; MFk;. ,itna nfhl;ilapd;
ghJfhg;g[ muzhFk;. J}a;ikahft[k;/ gr;irg;gnry; vdt[k; njhd;Wk; fhL
nfhl;il nghd;wJ. mf;nfhl;ilf;F EiHt[thapy; mf;fhl;oDs; bry;Yk;
xw;iwaog; ghijahFk;. mf;nfhl;ilapd; J}z;fs;/ X';fp tsh;e;Js;s ku';fs;.
mk;ku';fspy; njhd;wpa bfhj;Jg; g{f;fs; bfhofshFk;. R{hpadhYk; epythDk;
mf;nfhl;ilahfpa fhl;Lf;Fs; g[f KoahJ.
......................... bta;nahd; jp';fs;
cl;g[f bthz;zhj J}a
kufjf; nfhl;ilf; fhnl
me;jf; fhl;odpy; X';fp tsh;e;j beLku';fs; Kjph;e;j gl;ilfs; Kjiyapd;
cly;nghy; ,Ue;jd. fs;spg; g[jhpd; kPJ gpuz;ilr; brofs; gutpg;
glh;e;jpUf;Fk;. tphpe;jpUf;Fk; Mykuj;jpd; mfd;w mokuj;jpd; cs;gFjpia
tufhprp nghy ,Uf;Fk; fiuahd; mhpf;Fk;. Mdhy; mog;gFjp tpGe;J tplhky;
mjd; tpGJfs; jh';fp epw;Fk;/ nfhitr; br';fha;fs; brk;gpd; epwkhd
rptg;gpida[k; kufjj;jpd; epwkhd gr;irapida[k; bfhz;L tps';Fk;.
Kjypid mhpf;Fk; bry;nyh
KGtu fhprp jh';Fk;
Kjiyfs; tpGJ
133
ViH kf;fs; czt[ fpilj;j nghJ cz;L kfpH;e;Jk;/ fpilf;fhj nghJ thoa[k;
,Ug;gh;. mJ nghyf; fhL kiH bghHpe;jhy; jiHj;Jk;/ fLk; btapypd;; nghJ
thoa[k; ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; mf;fhL jd;dplKs;s ,iy/ g{/ fdp/ fha;/ jiH/
kuk; Kjypatw;iw kdpjh;fSf;Fk; kw;w caphpd';fSf;Fk; bfhLj;J mHptpid
Vw;W thH;fpwJ.
....................btapy;
bfhGj;Jk; ngh njw;Wr; nrh';fp
mLj;jth;f; Fjtp ehSk;
mHpntw;Wf; fplf;Fk; fhnl*
vd;W fhL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Mrphpah; ftp"nuW thzpjhrd; fhLfspd;
tsj;jpy; fye;Js;s kdpjg;gz;g[fisf; fye;nj ftpg[ide;j jd;ik tpHpfis tpag;gpy;
MH;j;JfpwJ.
IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.

1. Kl;g[jh; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fbjhif
2. bfhj;Jg;g{ - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fbjhif
3. Kjph;kuk; - tpidj;bjhif
4. bta;nahd; jp';fs; - ck;ikj;bjhif
V. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

1. Kd;duz; - Kd; + muz;
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy;
cs;s (m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W bka; (d;) ,ul;oj;J (d;d;) Kd;d; +
muz; vd;whdJ.
cly; nky; caph;te;J xd;Wtj ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (d; + m d)
Kd;duz;vd;whdJ.
2. bfhj;Jg;g{ - bfhj;J + g{
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/
epiybkhHp <w;W caph; (J j; + c) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (g{
- g; + C) kpFe;J bfhj;J + g; + g{ - bfhj;Jg;g{vd;whdJ.
134
3. tufurp - tuF + murp

caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;LnlhLk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (F f; + c) bfl;L tuf; + mhprp
vd;whdJ.
;cly;nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (f;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (f; + m f)
tufurpvd;whdJ.
4. kug;gl;il - kuk; + gl;il

kt;tPW xw;W xHpe;J caPhPW xg;gt[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy;
ty;ypdk; (g g; + m) te;J g[zh;e;jjhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;W k fuk; bfl;L
ku + gl;il vd;whdJ.
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
epiybkhHp <w;W caph; (u h; + m) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (g
g; + m) kpFe;J ku + g; + gl;il kug;gl;ilvd;whdJ.
5. mHpntw;W mHpt[ + Vw;W

Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; (V) te;jjhy;
epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (t; + c t[) bfl;L mHpt; + Vw;W vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (t;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (V) g[zh;e;J (t; + V nt)
mHpntw;Wvd;whdJ.
<) rpf;fdk;
1. rpf;fdk; ghlyhrphpah; ------ (Rujh)
2. ftp"h; Rujhtpd; ,aw;bgah; -------- (,uhrnfhghyd;)
3. Rujh gpwe;j Ch; ------ (giHaD}h;)
4. jkpH;ehL ,aypir ehlf kd;wk; Rjhtpw;F tH';fpa gl;lk;--- (fiykhkzp)
5. jkpH; tsh;r;rpf; fHfg; ghpR bgw;w E}y; ------- (njd; kiH)
6. Rujh ,aw;wpait ---------- (njd;kiH _ JiwKfk; _ RtUk; Rz;zhk;g[k; _
Rujhtpd; ftpijfs;)
7. ghnte;jhpd; jiy khzhf;fh; ------- (Rujh)
135
8. ciueilapd; rpf;fdk; -------- (ftpij)

9. czh;r;rpfspd; rpf;fdk; --------- (mlf;fk;)
10. fhjy; tuntw;gpd; rpf;fdk; ------- (bgz;zpd; ehzk;)
11. khspifapd; rpf;fdk; ----------- (Foir)
12. chpikfspd; rpf;fdk; ----- (rl;ljpl;lk;)
13. czt[fspd; rpf;fdk; -------- (g';fPL)
14. murpaypd; rpf;fdk; -------- (,uz;nl fl;rp)
15. mDgtj;jpd; rpf;fdk; --------- (ePjp E}y;fs;)
16. eP+w;iwg; nghd;wJ -------- (rpf;fdk;)
17. xUtDf;F thH;tpy; rpwe;j brhj;J ----- (rpf;fdk;)
18. jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik vd;W brhy;ypj;
jz;zPh;nghy; gzj;ijbayhk; bryt[ bra;jy;
jPuhj tWikf;F tpj;jhFk;
1. ,g;ghlyofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s jiyg;g[ vJ>(rpf;fdk;)
2. ,g;ghlyofspd; Mrphpah; ahh;>(Rujh)
3. jPuhj tWikf;F tpj;J vJ>
(gzj;ij tPzhfj; jz;zPh;nghy bryt[ bra;jy;)
4. ,t;tofs; \yk; Mrphpah; mwpt[Wj;JtJ vd;d>
rpf;fdkhf thH;e;jhy; tWik ,y;iy vd;w fUj;ij mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhh;.
19. ctikf; ftp"h; vdg;ghuhl;lg;gLgth; ------ (Rujh)
II. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ftp"h; Rujh gw;wpr; rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgah; : ,uhrnfhghyd;
gpwe;j Ch; : giHaD}h; (ehif khtl;lk;)
bgahpd; khw;wk; : jd; bgahpid/ Rg;gpuj;jpdjhrd; vd
khw;wpf;bfhz;L gpd; mjidr; RUf;fp Rujh vdf;
bfhz;lhh;.
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ ftUk; Rz;zhk;g[k;/
Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; Kjypa ftpij E}y;fs;
bgw;w ghpRfs; : fiykhkzpg; gl;lk; njd;kiH E}Yf;fhf
ghnte;jhpd; epidt[g;ghpR Mfpatw;iwg; bgw;whh;
2. Rujh vd;Dk; g[idg; bgah; vt;thW te;jJ>
136
Rujhtpd; ,aw;bgah; ,uhrnfhghyd; mth;/ ghnte;jhpd; kPJ bfhz;l md;ghy;

jk; bgahpidr; Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf; bfhz;lhh;. gpd; mijr; RUf;fp
Rujh vd mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
3. Jd;gk; vt;thW rpjwpg; nghFk;>
xt;bthU ehSk; je;ij bghpahiug;nghy mst[ld; njitapd; jFjpf; nfw;g/
bryt[ bra;J thH ntz;Lk;. mt;thW the;jhy; ghwh';fy; kPJ tpGfpd;w
kiHePh; clnd rpjwp XLtJnghy/ ek; thH;tpd; Jd;gbky;yhk; gspr;brd;W
rpjwpg;nghFk;.
ghuh';fy; kPjpy; tpGk; kiHePh; nghyg;
gspr;brd;W Jd;gbky;yhk; rpjwpg; nghFk;.
III. bgUtpdhf;fs; :
1. ctikf; ftp"h; Rujh vt;bttw;iwr; rpf;fdk; vdg;gl;oaypl;Ls;shh;>
ciueilapd; rpf;fdkhd totk;jhd; ftpij vd;gjhFk;/ czh;r;rpfspd; rpf;fdk;
mlf;fk;. fhjy; tag;gl;l bgz; jd; fhjy; czh;it mlf;fpr; rpf;fdkhf
btspapLtJjhd; bgz;zpd; ehzk; vd;gjhFk;. bghpa khspif ntz;lhJ/
Foir nghJk; vd;gnj rpf;fdkhFk;.
ciueilapd; rpf;fde;jhd; ftpij; X';Fk;
czh;r;rpfspd; rpf;fde;jhd; mlf;fk;; fhjy;
tuntw;gpd; rpf;fde;jhd; bgz;zpd; ehzk;
khspifapd; rpf;fde;jhd; FoirahFk;.
chpikfspd; rpf;fdk; rl;lj;jpl;lkhFk;. czt[fspd; rpf;fdk; g';fPlhFk;.

njitaw;w FHg;g';fis mfw;w ey;y murpay; ntz;Lkhdhy; xU ehl;ow;F
,uz;nl fl;rp nghJk;. ek; ehl;ow;F \j;njhh; jk; mDgt';fisf; Fiwe;j
brhw;fshy; tH';fp ,Uf;Fk; rpf;fdk;. ePjp E}y;fs; vdg; gl;oaypl;Ls;shh;.
chpikfspd; rpf;fde;jhd; rl;ljpl;lk;
czt[fspd; rpf;fde;jhd; g';fPlhFk;
murpaypd; rpf;fde;jhd; ,uz;nl fl;rp
mDgtj;jpd; rpf;fde;jhd; ePjp E}y;fs;.
2. rpf;fdj;jhy; tUk; gad;fs; ahit>

rpf;fdj;jhy; tUk; gad;fs; :
ehk; vjph;fhy thH;f;ifr; rPnuhLk; rpwg;nghLk; thH;tjw;Fr; rpf;fdnk
Jizg[hpa[k;. rpf;fdk; eP+w;iwg;nghyj; bjhlh;e;J/ bry;tk; ek;kplk; bgUFk;.
thH;t[ twz;l fhyj;jpYk; rpf;fdnk xUtDf;Fr; rpwe;j brhj;jhFk;.
137
rPnuhLk; rpwg;nghLk; thH;tjw;Fr;

rpf;fdnk Jizg[hpa[k;
rpjWk; Jd;gk;:
ehk; xt;bthU ehSk; bghpahiug;nghyr; rpf;fdkhfr; bryt[ bra;jhy; ghwh';fy;
kPJ tpGk; kiHj;Jsp/ clnd rpjwp mHptJ nghy; rpf;fdj;jhy; ek; thH;tpd;
Jau';fs; rpjwp mHpa[k;.
rpf;fdkha;g; bghpahh;nghy; thH;e;J te;jhy;
ghuh';fy; kPJ tpGk; kiHePh;nghyg;
gspr;brd;W Jd;gbkyhk; rpjwpg; nghFk;
vd;W rpf;fdj;jhy; tUk; gad;fis ctikf; ftp"h; mth;fs; ekf;F eaj;Jld;
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
3. Rujh Xh; ctikf; ftp"h; vd;gij ,g;ghly;fspypUe;J rhd;W fhl;otpsf;Ff.
ctik:
ctik vd;gJ cah;e;jjd; nkw;nw
vd;gjw;F ,z';f/ bghpahhpd; thH;itj; jf;f ,lj;jpy; ftp"h; Rujh
Rl;of;fhl;oa[s;shh;. jkpHfj;jpy; thH;e;j bghpahh; mth;fSf;F mt;tg;nghJ
md;gh;fs; mtuJ vilf;F <lha; VnjDk; xU bghUis epWj;j tH';fpdh;.
mt;thW jkf;F kpFjpaha;g; bghUs; fpl;oa nghJk; mjidj; jk; kdk;
nghdthW mth; brytHpf;ftpy;iy. khwha;/ md;whlr; bryitf; Tl mstha;r;
bra;J/ kpFjpahd bghUisr; nrh;;j;J itj;Jtpl;Lr; brd;Ws;shh;. mJ ,d;W
gy;fpg; bgUfpa[s;sJ. mjidf; Fwpg;gpl;L rPuhfr; brl;lhf xt;nthh; ehSk;/
rpf;fdkha;g; bghpahh; nghy thH;e;J fhl;l ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/ ftp"h;.
IV. beLtpdh:
1. rpf;fdk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftp"h; Rujh TWtdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
ciueilapd; rpf;fd totk; ftpij/ czh;;r;rpfspd;rpf;fd totk; mlf;fk;.
bgz; jd; fhjiyr; rpf;fdkha; btspg;gLj;Jk; Kiw ehzk;. j';fp thH khspif
ntz;lhJ Foir nghJk; vd;gnj rpf;fdkhFk;.
ciueilapd; rpf;fde;jhd; ftpij; X';Fk;

czh;r;rpfspd; rpf;fde;jhd; mlf;fk;; fhjy;
138
tuntw;gpd; rpf;fde;jhd; bgz;zpd; ehzk;

khspifapd; rpf;fde;jhd; FoirahFk;.
chpikfis xG';FgLj;Jk; rpf;fd totk; rl;ljpl;lk;/ czt[fis

vy;nyhUf;Fk; gfph;e;jspf;fg; gad;gLk; rpf;fd Kiw ,U fl;rp. mDgtj;jpd;
rpf;fdk; ePjp E}y;fs;. \j;njhh; jk; mDgt';fisf; Fiwe;j brhw;fshy; tH';fp
,Uf;Fk; rpf;fd totk; jhd; ePjp E}y;fshFk;.
chpikfspd; rpf;fde;jhd; rl;ljpl;lk;
czt[fspd; rpf;fde;jhd; g';fPlhFk;
murpaypd; rpf;fde;jhd; ,uz;nl fl;rp
mDgtj;jpd; rpf;fde;jhd; ePjp E}y;fs;.
ehk; bgUiknahLk; g[fnHhLk; thH;tjw;Fg; gFj;jwpnt Jizg[hpa[k;. mJnghy

ehk; midtUk; bry;tj;njhLk;/ kjpg;nghLk; thH;tjw;Fj; jFjpf;F Vw;gr; bryt[
bra;a[k; Kiwna Jizg[hpa[k;. Mlk;gu thH;t[ fz neuk; njhd;wp kiwa[k;
ePuhtp nghd;whFk;. tutwpe;J thGk;thH;t[j hd; nkYk; nkYk; bgUFk; eP+w;iwg;
nghd;wjhFk;. rpf;fdj;ijr; rpwpjst[k; iff;bfhs;shJ thH;e;J/ btWika[w;W/
tpk;kp mGjth;fs; gyUz;L.
rPnuhLk; rpwg;nghLk; thH;tjw;Fr;
rpf;fdnk Jizg[hpa[k;
vjw;Fk; bryt[ bra;a ja';f khl;nld; vd;W Twpr; bry;tj;ijbay;yhk;
tud;Kiwapd;wpr; brytpLjy; bfhLikahd tWikf;F tpj;jpl;lJ nghyhFk;.
xUtDf;Fr; brhj;J vd;gJ jFjpf;F Vw;gr; brytpLjny MFk;. bghpahh; nghy;
mstha;j; jFjpf;nfw;g xt;bthU ehSk; bryt[ bra;J thH;e;jhy;/ ghwh';fy; kPJ
tPH;e;j kiHePh; clnd rpjwptpLtJ nghyj; Jd;gk; gwe;njhLk;.
gspr;brd;W Jd;gbky;yhk; rpjwpg; nghFk;.
vd;W mjpfkhd ed;ikfs; rpf;fdj;jhy; ,Ug;gijf; ftp"h; Rujh mth;fs;

vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh; vd;gjhFk;.
V. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.
1. ngnuhLk; g[fnHhLk; - vz;qk;ik
2. nguwpt[ - gz;g[j;bjhif
3. tpf;fptpf;fp - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
4. jPuhj - vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
139

1. FoirahFk; - Foir + MFk;
,< ItHpat;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k;
(ir r; + I) tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (M) clk;gLj;j afu clk;gLbka;
njhd;wp Foir + a; + MFk; - Foir + MFk; vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ngvd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (M) g[zh;e;J (a; + M ah)
FoirahFk;vd;whdJ.
2. nguwpt[ - bgUik + mwpt[
<Wnghjy;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L bgU +
mwpt[ vd;whdJ.
MjpePly;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp Mjpahfpa bgng vd ePz;l ngU
+ mwpt[ vd;whdJ.
Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; (m)
te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W Kw;Wfuk; (U h; + c) bfl;L (ngh; + mwpt[)
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (h; + m u)
nguwpt[vd;whdJ.
3. tWika[w;W - tWik + cw;W
,< ItHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k; (ik k;
+ I) tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (c) clk;gLj;j afu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp/
tWik + a; + cw;W tWika; + cw;W vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (a; + c a[)
tWika[w;Wvd;whdJ.
4. rPuhf - rPh; + Mf
bka;a[k; (h;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (M) g[zh;e;J (h; + M uh)
rPuhfvd;whdJ.
c) kdpjneak;
140
1. kdpjneak; ghlyhrphpah; ------------- (nfh. nkhfdu';fd;)

2. nkhfdu';fd; gpwe;j Ch; ------ (Mye;J}h;)
3. nkhfdu';fd; bgw;nwhh; ------- (k. nfhghy;/ nfh. kPdhk;ghs;)
4. jkpHf murpd; ghpR bgw;w E}y; --------- (,kak; v';fs; fhyoapy;)
5. kdpjneak; ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; -------(ey;y cyfk; ehis kyUk;)
1. Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[.
bgah; ftp"h; nfh.nkhfdu';fd;
Ch; brd;idia mLj;j Mye;J}h;
bgw;nwhh; k.nfhghy;/ nfh.kPdhk;ghs;
,th; vz;zw;w ,irg; ghly;fisa[k; ftpij ehlf';fisa[k; gilj;Js;shh;.
,tUila ,kak; v';fs;fhyoapy; vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[E}y; jkpHf murpd;
ghprpidg; bgw;Ws;sJ. thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ ghtu';fnkil ,tw;Ws; VnjDk;
xd;wDs; jkpH; xypj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.
kdpj neak; vd;Dk; ghly; ey;y cyfk; ehis kyUk; vd;Dk; ftpijj;
bjhFg;g[ E}ypy; cs;sJ.
II. beLtpdh:
1. kdpj neak; gw;wpf; ftp"h; Mye;J}h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; TWtdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
kdpjneak; gw;wpf; ftp"hpd; Tw;W:
ehd; gyKiw rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;j;njd; cyf kf;fspd; cs;s';fspny xsp ,y;iy.
ehd; gyiur; re;jpf;Fk; nghbjy;yhk; mth;fs; mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uspy;
kdpjneaj;ij ,He;J/ jiy Fdpe;J epw;gjpny kfpH;r;rp bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
rpe;jpf;Fk; nghbjy;yhk; ,Ul;Lf;Fs;ns
jiyFdpe;J epw;gjpny kfpH;r;rp vd;ghh;;.
kdpjw;Fhpa flik:
kf;fs; thH;tpy; Kd;ndw ntz;Lbkd;why; xt;bthU JiwapYk; jhk; Kjd;ik
bgw;W tps';f ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; mwpt[ Fiwe;jtuha[k; jhk; gpd;gw;wp elf;f
tHpfhl;Lk; jiyth; vth; ,d;wpa[k; kf;fs; gyh; Mjutw;W ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
Mfnt ,g;gog;gl;lth;fSf;F Cf;fj;;ijj; je;J tHpfhl;l ntz;oaJ. ekJ
Kf;fpaf; flik vd;W TWntd;.
re;jpapny epw;fpd;whh;* Cf;fk; Cl;o
rhpahf tHpelj;jy; flik vd;ngd;.
141
bjhy;iy bjhiyal;Lk; :
gH';fhyk; bjhl;Lj; bjhlh;e;J tUfpd;w ek; moik vz;z';fs; aht[k;
bjhiye;J nghfl;Lk;/ Mz;lhz;L fhykha; ,Ue;JtUk; moikf;Fzk; mfy
ntz;Lk;. vhpa[k; beUg;gpid mizj;J tpl;lhy;/ gpwF Vw;gLk; bfhg;gs';fs;
clypy; njhd;whJ. mJnghy gpwiu moikahff; fUjp bra;ag;gLk;
bfhL";bray;fs; epd;Wtpl;lhy; moikj;jdk; eP';Fk;.
bjhd;W bjhl;L tUfpd;w moikg; g[j;jp

bjhiyal;Lk; ..................................
kdpjneak; kyh;e;jhy; :
jd; fd;wpdJ Fuy; nfl;lt[ld; ghrj;njhL gha;e;J tUk; gRnghy/ Jd;gj;jpy;
kw;wth; Joj;J mGtij mwpe;jt[ld;/ mtUf;F md;ghy; cjtp g[hpa ntz;Lk;.
gpd; kdpj ,dk; Jd;gj;jpid btd;W thGk;. kw;wth; kPJ bfhs;fpd;w md;g[
kdpjhpilna cs;s ntw;Wikfisj; jfh;j;J vwpa[k;.
fd;WFuy; nfl;lgR nghy khw;whh;;
fjWtijf; nfl;lt[ld; md;g[ bra;jy;
btd;WtUk; kdpj Fyk; bfhy;Yfpd;w
ntw;Wikiaj; jfh;j; bjwpa[k; kdpjneak;*
III. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1. Fdpe;J - Fdp + j;(e;) + j; + c
Fdp - gFjp
j; - re;jp e;MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
2. epw;fpd;whh; - epy;(w;) + fpd;W + Mh;
epy; - y;vd;gJ w;MdJ tpfhuk;
fpd;W - epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
3. MLfpd;w - ML + fpd;W + m
ML - gFjp
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
4. nfl;l - nfs; (l;) + l; + m
nfs; - gFjp/ s;/ l; MdJ tpfhuk;
142
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
C) ntiyfsy;y nts;tpfns*
1. ntiyfsy;y nts;tpfns ghlyhrphpah; ----- (jhuh ghujp)
2. ntiyfsy;y nts;tpfns ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
(,J v';fs; fpHf;F)
3. ftp"h; jhuh ghujpapd; fhyk; ---- (gpwg;g[. 26.2.1947/ ,wg;g[. 13.52000)
4. jhuh ghujp ,aw;wpait ------ (g[jpa tpoay;fs;/ tpuy;Edp btspr;r';fs;/
g{kpiaj; jpwf;Fk; bghd;rhtp/ ,d;bdhU rpfuk;)
5. lhf;lh;. ,uhjhfpU#;zd; tpUJ bgw;wth; --- (jhuh ghujp)
6. jhuh ghujpapd; bgw;nwhh; ------ (Jiurhkp g[#;gk;mk;khs;)
7. jhuh ghujpapd; gpwe;j Ch; ------ (jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;l Ftis)
Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[:
bgah; : jhuh ghujp
gpwe;j Ch; : 26.02.1947
Ch; : jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; Ftis
bgw;nwhh; : jpU.Jiurhkp/ g[#;gk; mk;khs;
Mw;wpa gzp : 34 Mz;Lfshf Mrphpah; gzp
tpUJ : lhf;lh;.uhjhfpU#;zd; tpUJ
vGjpa E}y;fs; : g[jpa tpoay;fs;/ tpuy; Edp btspr;r';fs;/
g{kpiaj; jpwf;Fk; bghd;rhtp/ ,d;bdhU rpfuk;
kiwe;j Mz;L : 13.05.200
II.beLtpdh:
1. \iyapy; fplf;Fk; thypgdplk; jhuh ghujp TWk; mwpt[iufisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
\iyapy; fplf;Fk; thypgDf;Fj; jhuh ghujp TWk; mwpt[iufs; :
rKjhaj;jpy; btWg;gpidr; Rke;J jtpf;Fk;; \iyapy; fplf;Fk; thypgnd*
vdf;F ntiy fpl;ltpy;iy vd;W nrhh;e;J fplf;Fk; ,is"nd* mjw;Ff;
fhuzk; cly; ciHg;gpy;yh ntiyiana ehLtnj MFk;. ,t;thW ,Ue;J
bfhz;L vd; thH;t[ goj;jjw;Fhpa ntiyapd;wp ghiytdkhapw;W vd;W gyKiw
brhy;tjhy; gad; vd;d>
143
cd; jd;dk;gpf;ifaw;w ghlypd; gy;ytpia kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghlhnj* eP bjhHpy;

bra;a vd;dplk; \yjdk; ,y;iy vd;W TWtJ mwpahikahFk;. \yjdj;ij
cUthf;Fk; cd; gj;J tpuy;fisg; bgw;Ws;s eP Kad;why;/ fU';fy; ghiwna
behW';fp tpLk;/ ,e;j cyfk; cd; iftrkhFk;.
ghiytdk; jhd; thH;f;ifbad btWk;

gy;ytp vjw;Fg; ghLfpwha;>
btW';if vd;gJ \lj;jdk; cd;
tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; \yjdk;*
cdJ Kaw;rpna btw;wpiaf; fpl;Lk; :
vd; Kaw;rpapd; Kd; ,e;j ,ka kiy Tl vd; fl;ltpuiy tplf;Fl;ilahFk;.
tphpe;;j thdk; vd; Rl;Ltpuypd; efkha;r; RU';fpaJ vd;W gpwUf;F KHf;fpr;
brhy;.
,isnahnd* cdJ thH;tpw;F ntiy tha;g;g[fisj; jUtjw;F cdJ njhs;fns
bjhHpw;rhiyahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ek;gp/ g[jpa ntiyfisj; bjhl';F.
ek;gpf;ifnahL bjhl;Lj; bjhl';Fk; ntiyfbsy;yhk; ee;jtd';fshFk;. Mfnt
,dp cdf;Fj; njhy;tpna nehplg;nghtjpy;iy; mLj;J cd; ,yf;fha;
,Uf;fg;nghtJ bjhL thdnkahFk;.
njhs;fs; cdJ bjhHpw;rhiy eP
bjhLkpl bky;yhk; kyh;r;nrhiy
njhy;tpfs; VJk; cdf;fpy;iy -,dpj;
bjhLth dk;jhd; cd; vy;iy*
typik kpf;f ,is"nd*

typikapd; Cw;wha; tps';Fk; cd; fhy; efk; fPwpa nfhLfs; tHpna f';ifa[k;
rpe;Jt[k; bgUf;bfLj;J XLk;. Mw;wy; kpf;f cd; njhs;fs; ,uz;Lk; tl
JUtj;ija[k;/ bjd; JUtj;ija[k; ,izf;Fk; ghy';fsha; mika[k;.
khbgUk; rf;jp tha;e;j khdplnd* eP ek;gpf;if ,He;J kz;qf;Fs; Kl';f
btWk; kz;g[G my;y vd;gij czh;e;jpL. cdf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xg;gw;w
typikfis cd; Mw;wy; kpF bray;fshy; mfpyj;jpy; fhl;L. tpz;zpYk;
kz;zpYk; rhjpf;fyhk;. ,dpnky; eP njlntz;oaJ ntiyfis my;y.
cdf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Mw;wy;fis btspf;bfhzh;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfns
nts;tpfshfl;Lk;.
kz;g[G ty;y khdplnd cd;
144
khtyp fhl;L thdplnk*

tpz;zpYk; kz;zpYk; tpist[fns - ,it
ntiyfsy;y; nts;tpfns*
vd;W \iyapy; fplf;Fk; thypgDf;F \iy KLf;bf';Fk; mtd; g[fH;
xspgutpl ek;gpf;if tsh;f;Fk; mwpt[iufisf; ftp"h; jhuhghujp ciuf;fpwhh;.
III. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1. njLfpwha; - njL + fpW + Ma;
njL - gFjp
fpW - epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. KHf;fp - KHf;F + ,
KHf;F - gFjp
, - tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. RHd;W - RHy; (d;) + w; + c
RHy; - gFjp y;d; MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp
4. RU';fpa - RU';F + ,(d;) + a; + m
RU';F - gFjp
,(d;) - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy d;bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
m - bgabur;r tpFjp
IV. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

1. fU';fy; - fUik + fy;
<Wnghjy;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W iktpFjp bfl;L
fU + fy; vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (f; + m f)
,dkhd bky;ypdk; (';) njhd;wp fU + '; + fy; - fU';fy; vd;whdJ.
2. cdf;fpy;iy - cdf;F + ,y;iy
145
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;

(,) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (f; + c F) bfl;L cdf;f; + ,y;iy
vd;whdJ.
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ngvd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
bka;a[k; (f;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (f; + , - fp) cdf;fpy;iy
vd;whdJ.
v) jPf;Fr;rpfs;
1. jPf;Fr;rpfs; ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ftpijj; bjhFg;g[-------- (Rl;L tpuy;)
2. jPf;Fr;rpfs; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ------- (mg;Jy; uFkhd;)
3. ftp"h; mg;Jy; uFkhd; gpwe;jJ -------- (kJiu/ 1937)
4. mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; gilg;g[fs; -------- (ghy;tPjp/ neah;tpUg;gk;/
brhe;jr; rpiwfs;/ fiufns ejpahtjpy;iy/ tpy';Ffs; ,y;;yhj ftpij)
5. jkpHf murpd; ghujpjhrd; tpUJ bgw;wth; ----- (mg;Jy; uFkhd;)

6. jkpH;g; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpd; jkpHd;id tpUJ bgw;wth; ---------
Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[:
bgah; : mg;Jy; uFkhd;
gpwe;j Mz;L : 1937
Ch; : kJiu
gzp : thzpak;gho ,!;yhkpa fiyf;fy;Y}hpapy; jkpH;g;
nguhrphpauhf ,Ue;J Xa;t[ bgw;whh;;.
,th; vGjpa ghy;tPjp/ neah;tpUg;gk; brhe;jr; rpiwfs;/
ftpij E}y;fs; : fiufns ejpahtjpy;iy. tpy';Ffs; ,y;yhj
ftpij.
,th; bgw;w tpUJ : 1. jkpHf murpd; ghujpjhrd; tpUJ
2. jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; md;id tpUJ
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. rpWth;fSf;Fj; jl;lhk; g{r;rpg; gpof;f neukpy;yhjJ Vd;>
rpWth;fshfpa FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; tapw;Wg; grpf;Fr; rhpahd mst[ czt[
fpl;lhj epiyapy;/ miya ntz;oajpUf;fpwJ mjdhy; mth;fSf;Fj; jl;lhk;
g{r;rp gpof;f neukpy;iy.
rpf;fhky; gwf;Fk;
gUf;iffSf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
146
miya[k; ,th;fSf;Fg;
g[y; Edpapy; mkUk;
jl;lhk; g{r;rpfisg; gpof;f
neuk; VJ>
2. rpWth;fSf;Ff; fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl Xa;tpy;yhjJ Vd;>
rpWth;fs; jk; tWikj; JahpypUe;J fiunaw Koahky; fz;zPh;f; flypy;
jtpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,r;rpWth;fSf;F XLk; kiH ePhpy; fhfpjf; fg;giy tpl;L
tpisahl/ Xa;t[ fpilg;gjpy;iy.
fz;zPh; bts;sj;jpypUe;J
fiunawj; Jof;Fk;
,th;fSf;F
kiH ePhpy;
fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl
Xa;t[ VJ>
3. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; Vd; fz;zhk;\r;rp Ml ,aytpy;iy>

,d;gKk;/ Jd;gKk; beho neuj;jpy; khWfpd;w jd;ik bfhz;ljhy;/ FHe;ijj;
bjhHpyhsh; thH;f;if fz;zh\r;rp fhl;of; fHpfpwJ. mjdhy; mth;fshy; jk;
njhHh;fnshL fz;zh\r;rp Ml ,aytpy;iy.
thH;f;ifna
,th;fnshL
fz;zh\r;rp MLk;nghJ
,th;fs; vg;go
fz;zh\r;rp MLthh;fs;
4. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; Vd; gk;guk; Rw;wp tpisahl Koatpy;iy>

grp vd;Dk; fapw;why; RHw;wg;gl;L gk;gukha;r; RHd;W ntiy bra;a[k; epiyapy;/
FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; cs;sdh;. mjdhy; mth;fs; gk;guk; Rw;wp tpisahl
Koatpy;iy.
grpf; fapw;wpy;
gk;gukhfp tpl;lth;fs;
gk;guk; Rw;Wtbj';nf>
III. beLtpdh:
1. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; mty epiyiaf; ftp"h; mg;Jy; ufkhd; TWkhW bjhFj;J
tiuf.
rpWth;fSf;Fj; jl;lhk;g{r;rpgpof;f neukpy;iy:
147
rpWth;fspd; tapw;Wg; grpf;F rhpahd mst[ czt[ iff;Ff; fpl;lhjepiyapy;/

mth;fs; miya ntz;oapUf;fpwJ. vdnt rpf;fhky; gwf;Fk; nrhw;Wg;
gUf;iffSf;fhf ,r;rpWth;fs; miyfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; rpWth;fSf;Fg; g[y;ypy;
mkh;e;J XLk; jl;lhk; g{r;rpiag; gpof;f neuk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
rpf;fhky; gwf;Fk;
miya[k; ,th;fSf;Fg;
g[y; Edpapy; mkUk;
neuk; VJ>
fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl Xa;tpy;iy:
rpWth;fs; tWikapy; tho fiunaw Koahky; fz;zPh;f; flypy; jj;jspf;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; ,r;rpwhh;fSf;F XLk; kiH ePhpy;/ fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl;L tpisahl Xa;t[
fpilg;gjpy;iy.
fiunawj; Jof;Fk;
,th;fSf;F
kiH ePhpy;
fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl
Xa;t[ VJ>
fz;zh\r;rp Ml ,aytpy;iy*
,d;gKk;/ Jd;gKk; ,th;fSf;F/ beho neuj;jpy; khWk; jd;ika[s;s thH;tpidf;
bfhz;l ,th;fshy; jk; njhHh;fnshL fz;zh\r;rp Ml;lk; vg;go Ml ,aYk;>
thH;f;ifna
,th;fnshL
fz;zh\r;rp MLk;nghJ
,th;fs; vg;go
gk;guk; tpl neukpy;iy:
grpf;bfhLikahy; gk;gukha;r; Rw;wp ntiy bra;a[k; ,th;fshy; gk;guk; Rw;wp
tpisahl ,aYkh>
grpf; fapw;wpy;
bky;ypa fhk;g[fs; ,th;fs;:
,t;thW ,sk; tajpnyna ,th;fs; tpisahl ,ayhjthW bra;jth; ahh;> ,e;jr;
rpd;dr; rpWth;fspd; jiyfspny thH;f;ifr; Rikia Vw;wp itj;jth; ahh;>
g{f;fis Ve;j ntz;oa
148
,e;j bky;ypa fhk;g[fspy;

thH;f;ifapd; ghuj;ij
Vw;wp itj;jJ ahh;>
iftpuy;fspy; jPf;Fr;rpfs;:
vGJ Fr;rpfisg; gpoj;J/ gyifapy; vGjpg; gapy ntz;oa ,th;fs;/
jPf;Fr;rpfis vLj;J rl;l';fspy; mLf;fp bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh;.
gyg;gk; gpof;f ntz;oa
rpd;d";rpW tpuy;fspy;
jPf;Fr;rpfs;
xsptpsf;Ffs;:
mwpitg; bgw ntz;oa gUtj;jpy; ahnuh jPf;Fr;rp btspr;rj;ijg; bgWtjw;fhfj;
j';fs; fod ciHg;gpdhy; cUfp/ ,th;fs; jPf;Fr;rpfshfp tpl;lhh;fns>
btspr;rj;ijf; fw;Fk; gUtj;jpy;
ahUila btspr;rj;jpw;fhfnth
,th;fns
jPf;Fr;rpfshfp tpl;lhh;fns>
FHe;ijfisf; bfhz;lhLtPh;fsh>
Mz;LnjhWk; FHe;ijfs; jpdk; bfhz;lhLfpwth;fns* ,dp eP';fs;
,j;jpd';fis tpl;L tpl;L/ FHe;ijfis vg;nghJ kjpj;Jf; bfhz;lhlg; nghfpwPh;fs;>
tUlk; jtwhky;
FHe;ijfs; jpdj;ijf;
bfhz;lhLfpwth;fns*
jpd';fisf; bfhz;lhLtij
tpl;L tpl;L
FHe;ijfis vg;nghJ
bfhz;lhlg; nghfpwPh;fs;>
vd;W FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; mtyf; Fuiyf; ftpapd; Fuyhf khw;wp/
ftpij gilj;j ftpf;nfh mg;Jy;uFkhd; ,Wjpapy; cyfpy; cs;nshh; midthpd;
cs;s';fisr; RLk; jPg;bghwpf; nfs;tpnahL ftpijia epiwt[ bra;fpwhh;.
IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.
1. g[y;Edp - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
2. fz;zPh; bts;sk; - cUtfk;
3. grpf;fapW - cUtfk;
1. fz;zPh; - fz; + ePh;
149
zsKd; lzt[k; MFk; jef;fs; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W z

fuj;jpd; Kd;te;j efuk; (e; +< - eP) zfukhfp (z; +< - zP) fz;zPh;vd
MdJ.
2. fiunaw - fiu + Vw
,<ItHp at;t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W capiua[k; (iu h; + I)
tUbkhHp Kjy; capiua[k; (V) clk;gLj;j afu clk;gL bka; bgw;Wf; fiu +
a; + Vw fiua; + Vw vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (a;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (V) g[zh;e;J (a; + V na)
fiunawvd;whdJ.
3. gk;gukhfp - gk;guk; + Mfp
bka;a[k; (k;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (M) g[zh;e;J (k; + M kh)
gk;gukhfpvd;whdJ.
4. ,th;fsplk; - ,th;fs; + ,lk;
bka;a[k; tUbkhHp (s;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (,) g[zh;e;J (s; + , - sp)
,th;fsplk;vd;whdJ.
5. jPf;Fr;rp - jP + Fr;rp
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
epiybkhHp <w;W caph; (jP j; + ,) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk;(F
f; + c) kpFe;J jP + f; + Fr;rp jPf;Fr;rpvd;whdJ.
7. tHpghl;Lg; ghly;fs;
m) rptbgUkhd;
1. mg;gh;/ rk;ge;jh;/ Re;juh; Mfpa \th; ghoaJ ------ (njthuk;)
2. Re;juh; njthuk; -------- (VHhk; jpUKiw)
3. Re;juh; Ch; ------- (jpUKidg;gho jpUehtY}h;)
4. Re;juhpd; bgw;nwhh; -------- (riladhh; - ,ir "hdpahh;)
5. Re;juhpd; ,sikg; bgah; ------ (ek;gpah+uh;)
6. Re;juiu tsh;j;jth; ---------- (eurp';f Kidaiuah;)
7. rptbgUkhdpd; njhHh; --------- (Re;juh;)
8. jk;gpuhd; njhHh; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth; -------- (Re;juh;)
9. jpUj;bjhz;lh; g[uhzj;jpw;F Kjy; E}y; ------ (jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhif)
th
150
10. jUj;bjhz;lj; bjhif vGjpath; ------- (Re;juh;)

11. Re;juh; fhyk; -------- (fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L)
12. fhknfhgd; -------- (rptbgUkhd;)
13. MH;thh;fs; gd;dpUth; mUspaJ ---------(ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;)
14. Fynrfu MH;thh; Ch; --------- (nru ehl;Lj; jpUt";rpf;fsk;)
15. Fynrfu MH;thhpd; ghly;fs; ------ (bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp)
16. ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpw;F ciu fz;lth; --- (bghpathr;rhd; gps;is)
17. jpUtha;bkhHpf;F ciu vGjpath; --------- (tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is)
18. g[j;jgpuhd; ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; -------- (kzpnkfiy)
19. kzpnkfiy E}yhrphpah; --------- (rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;)
20. jz;lkpH; Mrhd; -------- (rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;)
21. rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhhpd; ez;gh; ---- (,s';nfhtofs;)
22. rhj;jdhhpd; fhyk; ------ (fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;L)
23. g[j;j rkaf; fhg;gpak; --------- (kzpnkfiy)
24. kzpnkfiy E}Yf;F tH';fg;gLk; ntWbgah; ---- (kzpnkfiy Jwt[)
25. kzpnkfiyapy; cs;s fhijfs; ---------- (Kg;gJ)
26. Mapu thuj; jhHpae; jpUe;jonahd; ------ (g[j;jgpuhd;)
27. mUfnjtd; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ------- (ePynfrp)
28. ePynfrp Mrphpah; ---------- (mwpag;bgwtpy;iy)
29. ePynfrpj; bjUl;L vd tH';fg;gLtJ -------- (ePynfrp)
30. mUf rkag; bgz; Jwtp ------ (ePynfrp)
31. mwpth;jk; mwpth;f;Fk; mwpth; --------- (mUfnjtd;)
32. ,naR bgUkhd; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ------(,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;)
33. ,ul;rzpak; vd;gjd; bghUs; ------ (Md;k <nlw;wk;)
34. gpy;fphpk;!; gpuhfpu!; E}y; Mrphpah; -------- ($hd; gdpad;)
35. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; ,aw;wpath; ------- (vr;. V. fpU#zg;gps;is)
36. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; --------- (vr;.V. fpU#;zg;gps;is)
37. fpU#;zg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ------- (,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;/
,ul;rzpa kndhfuk;/ nghw;wjp jpUtfty;)
38. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfj;Js; ,ilapilna mike;Js;s ,irg;ghly;fs; ---
(njthuk;)
39. fd;dpghyd; ----------- (,naR)
40. rPwhg;g[uhzk; E}y; Mrphpah; -------- (ckWg;g[yth;)
41. ckWg;g[ythpd; Ch; ------------ (J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;l ehfyhg[uk;)
42. foif Kj;Jg;g[ythpd; khzth; --------- (ckWg;g[yth;)
43. vl;lag[uk; kd;dhpd; mitg;g[yth; ------ (foif Kj;Jg;g[yth;)
44. foif Kj;Jg;g[ythpd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpd; vl;lag[uk; kd;dhpd; mitg;g[yth;
(ckWg;g[yth;)
151
45. ckWg;g[yth; fhyk; ------------ (fp.gp.17Mk; E}w;whz;L)

46. rPwhg;g[uhzk; vGj ntz;Lnfhs; tpLj;jth; ------- (ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp)
47. rPwhg;g[uhzk; epiwt[ bra;a fhuzkhdth; ---------- (mg[y; fhrpk;)
48. gD mFkJ kiuf;fhah; ,aw;wpaJ --------- (rpd;dr; rPwh)
49. ckWg;g[yth; ,aw;wpait ------ (rPwhg;g[uhzk;/ KJbkhHp khiy/
rPjf;fhjp behz;o ehlfk;)
50. rPwhg;g[uhzj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l';fs; --------- (\d;W. tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/
Eg[t;tj;Jf;fhz;lk;/ Qp$;uj;Jf;fhz;lk;)
51. rPwhg;g[uhzj;jpy; cs;s gly';fs; --------- (92)
52. rPwhg;g[uhzj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fs; ------ (5027 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs;)
53. ckWg;g[ytiu Mjhpj;jth; ------- (ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp)
54. ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp --------- (bra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah;)
55. rPwhg;g[uhzk; TWk; ehd;Fkiw ----- (bjsuhj;/ rg{h;/ ,";rpy;/ g[Uf;fhd;)
56. ew;g jj;ijes; shwid mKij
ehap ndd;kwe; bjd;dpidf; nfnd
1. ,t;thpfis ,aw;wpath; ahh;>(Re;juh;)
2. ahhplk; TWfpd;whh>(rptbgUkhdplk;)
3. es;shwd; ahiur; Rl;LfpwJ>
(jpUes;shw;wpy; vGe;jUspa[s;s rptbgUkhid)
4. ehapndd; vd;W TWgth; ahh;>(Re;juh;)
57. njdhh;g{"; nrhiyj; jpUnt'; flr;Riday;
kPdha;g; gpwf;Fk; tpjpa[ilna dhntnd
1. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
(ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;)
2. ,g;ghly; thpfis ,aw;wpath; ahh;>(Fynrfu MH;thh;)
3. Mrphpah; vd;d ntz;Lfpwhh;>

(jpUnt';flr; Ridapy; kPdhfg; gpwf;f ntz;Lfpwhh;)
4. ahhplk; ntz;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.
(jpUkhyplk; ntz;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ)
58. Mapu thuj; jhHpae; jpUe;jo
Ehth apukpnyd; Vj;Jt bjtndh
1. ,g;ghlyofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(kzpnkfiy)
2. ghoath; ahh;>(kJiuf; Tythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;)
3. MHpae;jpUe;jo bghUs; jUf. (rf;fu nuif cs;s jpUto)
4. Mrphpah; ahiug; nghw;Wfpd;whh;>(g[j;jiug; nghw;Wfpd;whh;)
59. jp';fs; Kf;Fil ftpg;gj;
njth;je; jpUe;jit bjUs
m';f g{tk jiwe;jha;
152
mwpth;jk; mwpth;f;Fk; mwpth;;

1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s; E}y; vJ>(ePynfrp)
2. Kf;FilfSf;F chpatd; ahh;>(mUfd;)
3. ,t;thpfs; ahh; Tw;whf cs;sJ>(ePynfrp)
4. Kf;Filfs; vit>(re;jpuhjpj;jk;/ rfyhghrdk;/ epj;jtpnehjk;)
60. jd;D aph;g;ghpj; jpahfK"; rpYitapw; je;j
vd;D ghrdh \h;j;jpia a";rypj; jpLthk;
1) ,t;thpfisg; ghoath; ahh;>(vr;.V.fpU#;zg;gps;is)
2. ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;)
3. rpYitapy; jd;Dapiuj; jpahfk; bra;jth; ahh;>(,naR)
4. ahiuj; bjhGjpl ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;>
(,naRitj; bjhGjplntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;)
61. g[tpahu bkha;j;jbewp kiwehyp Df;FbkhU
bghwpah a[jpj;j tothh;
etpahh; Rth;f;fgjp eapdhh; gjj;Jizia
eLehtpy; itj;j th;fns
1. ,t;tofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>(rPwhg;g[uhzk;)
2. ,t;tofisg; ghoath; ahh;>(ckWg;g[yth;)
3. kiwehd;F vit>(bjsuhj;/ rg{h;/ ,";rPy;/ g[Uf;fhd;)
4. etpahh; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>(egpfs; ehafj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ)
62. bghUj;Jf
1. ftp"h; - Ch;
fk;gh; - jpUtGe;J}h;
tuje";irag;gps;is - njhuk';fyk;
bt. ,uhkyp';fdhh; - nkhfD}h;
2. ftp"h; - ghly;
kJiu ks;sdhh; - Ky;iy
ef;fz;ziahh; - bea;jy;
fgpyh; - Fwp";rp
Xjyhe;ijahh; - ghiy
3. g[yth;fs; - ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;

,s';nfhtofs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; - kzpnkfiy
jpUj;jf;fnjth; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp
ehjFj;jdhh; - Fz;lynfrp
153
fk;gh; - ,uhkhtjhuk;
tPukhKdpth; - njk;ghtzp
ghujpjhrd; - ghz;oad; ghpR
xl;lf;Tj;jh; - ,uhruhr;nrhHDyh
gps;isg;bgUkhs; - jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp
FkuFUguh; - kJiuf;fyk;gfk;
Mrphpah; - ghly;
ghujpahh; - khiyf;fhy tUzid
ghujpjhrd; - g[j;jfrhiy
thzpjhrd; - fhL
Rujh - rpf;fdk;
nkhfdu';fd; - kdpjneak;
jhuhghujp - ntiyfsy;y nts;tpfns
mg;Jy;uFkhd; - jPf;Fr;rpfs;
Re;juh; - rptbgUkhd;
Fynrfuh; - jpUkhy;
fpU#;zg;gps;is - ,naR bgUkhd;
ckWg;g[yth; - egpfs; ehafk;
II. rpWtpdhf;fs; :
1. njthu \th; ahh;>
jpU"hd rk;ge;jh;
jpUeht[f;furh; (mg;gh;)
Re;juh;
2. Re;juh; njthuk; ve;jj; jpUKiwapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
Re;juh; njthuk; gd;dpU jpUKiwapy; VHhk; jpUKiwaha; tif;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. Re;juh; vGjpa kw;bwhU E}y; ahJ>
Re;juh; vGjpa kw;bwhU E}y; jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif
4. Re;juh; jk;gpuhd; njhHh; vd;W miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>

rptbgUkhdhy; Re;juiuj; jk; njhHuha;f; bfhz;likahy; ,th; jk;gpuhd;
njhHh;vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5. mw;gjg;gH Mtzk; fhl;o ,iwtd; Re;juiu Ml;bfhz;l Ch; ahJ>
mw;gjg;gH Mtzk; fhl;o/ ,iwtd; Re;juiu Ml; bfhz;l Ch;
jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}h;MFk;.
154
III. bgUtpdh:
1. ehapndd; kwe;J vd;dpidf;nfnd vd;W Re;juh; cUFkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
Rlbuhspaha; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtd;:
,iwtdhfpa rptbgUkhd; ntz;Lthh; ntz;oatw;iw tH';Fk; fw;gfj;
jUtpidg; nghd;wtd;.
bghpa bghd;kakhd fapyha kiyiag; nghd;wtd; jd; jtj;ijf; fiyj;j
kd;kjidf; nfhgj;jhy; vhpj;jtd;.
bew;wpf;fz; cilatd;. brhy;Yk; brhw;fspd; fUj;Jfspy; kaf;fk; jPh;j;Jj;
bjspaitj;Jj; jUk; J}a;ikahd Rlbuhspaha; ,Ug;gtd;.
mKjk; nghd;w ,iwtd; :
jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}hpy; vGjg;gl;l mw;g[jkhd gHikahd Xiy xd;iwf;
fhl;o/ vd;id moikbfhz;L/ ed;epiyapy; ,Ug;gtd;.
jpUes;shW vd;Dkplj;jpy; Fobfhz;L ,Ug;gtd;.
,j;jifa mKjk; nghd;wtid kwe;J/ eha; nghd;w monad; ntW vd;d
epidg;ngd; vd;W cs;sk; cUfpr; Re;juh; ghLfpd;whh;.
mw;g[ jg;gH Mtz'; fhl;o
moa dh vd;id MsJ bfhz;l
ew;g jj;ijes; shwid mKij
ehap ndd;kwe; bjd;dpidf; nfnd.
M) jpUkhy;
I. rpWtpdhf;fs;:
1. MH;thh;fs; mUspr; bra;j E}y; bjhFg;gpw;Fhpa bgah; ahJ>
MH;thh;fs; mUspr; bra;j E}y; bjhFg;gpw;Fhpa bgah; ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;
gpuge;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
2. MH;thh;fspd; mUspr; braYf;F ciu tH';fpath; ahh;>
MH;thh;fspd; mUspr; braYf;F ciu tH';fpath;bghpa
thr;rhd;gps;isvd;gth; Mth;.
II. bgUtpdh:
1. Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;LtJk; ntz;lhjJk; ahit>
Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;LtJ:
155
njd;kpFe;j kyh;r; nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUnt';fl kiyapy; cs;s Ridapy;

ePe;Jfpd;w kPdha;gpwf;fpd;w tpjpia/ vdf;F mUs ntz;Lbkd;W/ jpUkhyplk;
MH;thh; ntz;Lfpwhh;.
njdhh;g{"; nrhiyj; jpUnt'; flr;Ridapy;
Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;lhjJ:

FynrfuhH;thh;/ Fiwtpy;yhj/ epiwe;j bry;t tsk; tha;f;fg; bgw;w mHfpw;
rpwe;j uk;ig/ Ch;trp Kjyhd eldk';ifah; R{H;e;jpUe;J nrit bra;a[k;
thDyif MSk; ,e;jpugjtpiaa[k; kz;qyfj;ij MSk; murgjtpiaa[k;
ntz;nld;* vdf; TWfpwhh;.
Mdhj bry;tj; juk;igah;fs; jw;R{H

thdhS"; bry;tKk; kz;zuRk; ahd;ntz;nld;.
,) g[j;jgpuhd;
I. rpWtpdh:
1. kzpnkfiy vj;jid fhijfisf; bfhz;lJ>
kzpnkfiy ,e;jpu tpHt{buLj;j Kjyhf gtj;jpwk; mWbfdg;ghit. nehw;w
fhijaPwhf Kg;gJ fhijfisa[ilaJ.
II. bgUtpdh:
1. kzpnkfyh bja;tk; g[j;jgpuhidg; nghw;wp bra;jik ah';'dk;>
kzpnkfyh bja;tk; g[j;jgpuhidg; nghw;wpa tpjk;:
g[j;jgpuhd; midtUf;Fk; mwptha; cs;std;. cs;sj;jpy; J}a;ikahdtd;;
,iwaUs; epiwe;jtd;; kpfg; gHika[ilatd;. cyfj;jpid Jwthkny tpujk;
fhj;J cah;e;jtnd vd; murdhfpa g[j;jdhthd;.
midj;Jk; mwpe;jtd;:
fhkk;/ btFsp/ kaf;fk; vd;Dk; \d;W Fw;w';fis kdjpypUe;J ePf;fpa g[j;jd;
rpdj;ija[k; gifiaa[k; mwnt ePf;fpatd;;. cz;ikg; bghUis KGtJk;
czh;e;j Kjy;tdhf cs;std;.
Fw;w'; bfLj;njha; brw;w"; brWj;njha;
Kw;w t[zh;e;j Kjy;th btd;nfh
jPa bewpfis mHpj;jtd;:

th
156
fhkid btd;wtnd; eP vy;yh caph;fSf;Fk; gifahf tps';Fk; Ik;bghwpfis

mlf;fp/ vy;yh caph;fisa[k; fhj;jtd;.
fhkw; fle;njha; Vk khnaha;
Mapuk; eht[fs; bgw;wpuhj ehd; Mapuk; Muf;fhy;fnshL Toa/ rf;fu
nuifapid cila cd; jpUe;jpa jpUtofisg; nghw;w/ xnu ehtpidf; bfhz;l
ehd;/ g[fH;e;J ghuhl;LtJ vt;thW>
<) mUfd;
I. rpWtpdh:
1. ePynfrpapd; ntW bgah; ahJ>
ePynfrpapd; ntW bgah; ePynfrpj;bjUl;L
II. bgUtpdh:
1. mwpthh;f;Fk; mwptdhfpa mUfnjtid ePynfrp tHpgl;lik vt;thW>
mwpthh;f;Fk; mwptdhfpa mUfnjtid ePynfrp tHpgl;lik:
mwp"h;fSf;bfy;yhk; mwp"dhf tps';Ffpd;w mUf njtnd* eP mhpaizapy;
mUs; bewpnahL mkh;e;jpUg;gha;. fe;jUth; cd; ,Ugf;f';fspYk; epd;W
fthpfis mirg;gh;. jpUxsp kz;oy';fs; \d;Wk; tps';fp xsput[k;/
re;jpukz;oyk; nghd;w tl;ltotdhfpa Kf;Filfs; ftpH;e;J epHy; jut[k;/
njth; Tl;lkhfpa ey;yitapdh; nfl;Lj; bjspa[k;go/ \d;W Mfk';fisj;
jpUtha; kyh;e;jUspdha;. Mfnt cd; moapidg; gzpnthk;.
jp';fs; Kf;Fil ftpg;gj;
njth;je; jpUe;jit bjUs
m';f g{tk jiwe;jha;
mwpth;jk; mwpthh;f;Fk; mwpth
c) ,naR bgUkhd;
I. rpWtpdhf;fs;
1. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth; ahh;>
fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLgth; vr;.V.fpU#;zg;gps;isMthh;.
2. vr;.V. fpU#;zg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ntW E}yfs; ahit>
vr;.V.fpU#;zg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ntW E}yfs;:
,ul;rzpa kndhhfuk;
nghw;wpj; jpUtfty;
,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;
,ul;rzpaf; Fws; Mfpait MFk;.
157
II. bgUtpdh:
1. rpYitapw; ghpj;jpahfk; bra;j bgUkhidf; fpU#;zg;gps;is vt;thW
m";ryp bra;fpwhh;>
rpYitapw; ghpj;jpahfk; bra;j bgUkhidf; fpU#;zg;gps;is bra;jm";ryp:
fd;dpj;jd;ik mHpahj khpahspd; kfdha;g; gpwe;j ,naRgpuhd;/ ,e;j cyfj;jpy;
njhd;wpdhh;. epiybgw;w mHpahj ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thGk; nfhof;fzf;fhd
kdpjh;fs; midtUk; tPLngw;wpid mile;J/ epiyj;j thH;t[ bgWtjw;fhf/
,naRgpuhd; jk; capiug; gypaha;r; rpYitapw; bfhLj;jhh;. mj;jifa vd;
tHpthl;ow;Fhpa ,naRgpuhDf;F ehk; m";ryp brYj;jpLnthk; vd;W
fpU#;zg;gps;is ,naRgpuhDf;F m";ryp brYj;Jfpwhh;.
jd;D aph;g;ghpj; jpahfK"; rpYitapw; je;j
vd;D ghrdh \h;j;jpia a";rypj; jpLnthk;
C) egpfs; ehafk;
I. rpWtdhf;fs;
1. ckWg;g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzk; vGjj; Jizg[hpe;j ts;sy;fs; ahth;>
ckWg;g[yth; vGjpa rPwhg;g[uhzk; vd;Dk; E}iy/ ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd;
ntz;LnfhSf;fpz';f vGjg; bgw;wJ.
E}y; Kw;Wk; Kd;ng/ ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp kiwe;jikahy; mg[y;fhrpk;vd;Dk;
ts;syhy; ,e;E}y; epiwt[ bra;ag;gl;lJ.
2. ckWg;g[yth; vGjpa gpw E}y;fs; ahit>
ckWg;g[yth; vGjpa gpw E}y;fs;:
KJbkhHp khiy
rPjf;fhjp behz;o ehlfk;
3. rpd;dr;rPwh tpsf;Ff.
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; KG tuyhw;iwr; rPwhg[uhzj;jpy;/ Kw;wpYkha;g; gho
Kof;fg;gltpy;iy. v";rpa thH;t[ tuyhw;iw/ gD mfkJ kiuf;fhah; vd;gth;
vGjp Koj;jhh;. mth; vGjpa rpd;dr;rPwh vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ.
II. bgUtpdh:
1. eapdhh; gjj;Jizia ehtpy; itj;Jg; nghw;Wgth; milaj; jf;fdthf
ckWg;g[yth; TWtd ahit>
cybf';Fk; mikjp gutpl/ epiwe;j rd;khh;f;f bewpfs; bfhz;l/ ehd;F
kiwfSf;Fk; tpsf;fk; bra;aty;y Xh; xspg;gpHk;gha;j; njhd;wpath; egpfs;
ehafk;.
158
mth; mHF bghUe;jp rpwg;g[w;nwh';fpa bghd;DyfpDf;F jiytuhthh;. mth;jk;

jpUtofis ntjbkd epidj;J/ eLehtpy; itj;Jg; nghw;Wgth;fs;/ ftp"h;
bgUkf;fspd;; ghly;fshy; g[fHg;gLthh;fs;. mth;fshy; fhtpar; rpwg;g[
milthh;fs;.
kdf;FHg;g';fs; eP';fpl/ brtpfs; FspUk;goahf/ bka;g;bghUis mwpthh;fs;.
kdj;jpy; njhd;Wk; jPa bray;fisg; gilf;Fk; vz;z';fis ePf;fp/ ed;kf;fshf
cyfpy; thH;thh;fs;/ vd;W KfkJ egpapd; jpUtog; bgUikia ehthy;
nghw;Wnthh; mila[k; ed;ikfis ckWg;g[yth; TWfpwhh;.
g[tpahu bkha;j;jbewp kiwehyp Df;FbkhU
bghwpah a[jpj;j tothh;
etpahh; Rth;f;fgjp eapdhh; gjj;Jizia
eLehtpy; itj;j th;fns
III. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.

1. fz;qjy; - ,yf;fzg;nghyp (fz;Ejy; - bew;wpf;fz;)
2. bgh';Fjhkiu - tpidj;bjhif
3. fLk;gif - gz;g[j;bjhif
4. g[il g[il - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
5. gjj;Jiz - Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
6. fd;dp ghyd; - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
7. bka;g;bghUs; - ,Ubgabul;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
8. vd;nfh - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
9. Mdhj - vjph;kiwg; bgwbur;rk;
10. g{tk; - ,ilf;Fiw (g{h;tk;)
IV. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1. ntz;nld; - ntz;L + M + Vd;
ntz;L - gFjp
Vd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. ,ul;l - ,ul;L + m
,ul;L - gFjp
m - tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. miwe;jha; - miw + j;(e;) + j; + Ma;
miw - gFjp
j; - re;jp ;e;MdJ tpfhuk;
159
Ma; - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;WtpFjp
4. tpLthh; - tpL + t; + Mh;
tpL - gFjp
5. vd;nfh - vd; + f; + X
vd; - gFjp
f; - re;jp
X - tpdh bghUs; jUk; tpFjp
6. kUt - kUt[ + m
kUt[ - gFjp
m - tpidbar;r tpFjp

1. brhw;gjk; - brhy; + gjk;
ys ntw;Wikapy; wlt[k; my;tHp mtw;nwhL vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp
Kjy; ty;ypdk; te;jhy; epiybkhHp <w;W yfuk; wfukhfp brhw; + gjk; -
brhw;gjk;vd;whdJ.
2. jd;Daph; - jd; + caph;
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
cs;s (c) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp Fwpy; (j) Kd; cs;s xw;W (d;) ,ul;oj;J (d;d;)
jd;d; + caph; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (d; + c D)
jd;Daph;vd;whdJ.
3. thdhSk;- thd; + MSk;
bka;a[k; (d;)/ tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (M) g[zh;e;J (d; + M dh)
thdhSk;vd;whdJ.
4. kz;zuR - kz; + muR
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjy;
caph; (m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp Fwpy; (k) Kd;Ds;s xw;W (z;) ,ul;oj;J (z;/
z;) kz;z; + muR vd;whdJ.
160

bka;a[k; z; tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (z; + m z)
kz;zuRvd;whdJ.
5. jw;R{H - jd; + R{H
zd ty;ypdk; tu lw t[k; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (r;
+ C R{) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W dfuk; wfu khfp jw;R{Hvd;whdJ.
6. jpUe;jit - jpUe;J + mit
(m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (j; + c J) bfl;Lj; jpUe;j; + mit
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (j;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (j; + m j)
jpUe;jitvd;whdJ.
7. ,UsWj;jpLk; - ,Us; + mWj;jpLk;
bka;a[k; (s;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (s; + m s)
,UsWj;jpLk;vd;whdJ.
8. fLk;gif - fLik + gif
<Wnghjy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W ik tpFjp bfl;L fL +
gif vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp g fuj;jpw;F ,dkhf kfuk; njhd;wp
fL + k; + gif fLk;gifvd;whdJ.
9. Kf;Fil - \d;W + Fil
\d;WMW VH;FWFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go \d;W vd;Dk; vz;qg;;bgahpd;
KjbyGj;jhfpa bel;blGj;J (\) Fw;bwGj;jha;f; (K) FWfp \d;W + Fil
vd;whdJ.
<w;W caph;bka;a[k; VFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W caph;bka; (W) Vfp
Kd; + Fil vd;whdJ.
\d;wd; cWg;g[ mHpt[k; te;jJk; MFk;/ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp <w;W
dfuk; tUbkhHp bka;baGj;jha;j; jphpe;J (F f; + c) Kd; + Fil Kf;
+ Fil Kf;Filvd;whdJ.
10. g{";nrhiy - g{ + nrhiy
161
g{g;bgah; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;/ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp g{

vd;Dk; brhy; Kd; tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (r; + X nrh) ,dkhd
"fuk; njhd;wp g{ + "; + nrhiy g{";nrhiyvd;whdJ.
11. ghpj;jpahfk; - ghp + jpahfk;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; f/r/j/g kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
epiybkhHp <w;W caph;Kd; (h; + , - hp) tUbkhHp Kjy; te;j ty;ypdk;
(j; + , - jp) kpFe;J ghp + j; + jpahfk; - ghpj;jpahfk;vd;whdJ.
jkpH; ,uz;lhk; jhs;

cah;jdpr;brk;bkhHp
I. bgUtpdhf;fs;-
1. bre;jkpH;ehL/ bfhLe;jkpH;ehL vd;w gphpt[fs; gw;wpg; ghpjpkhw;
fiy"h; ciug;gd ahit>
bre;jkpH;ehL
re;jd ku';fs; epiwe;j bghjpa kiyapy; njhd;wpa bre;jkpH; Kdptdhk;
mfj;jpaDk;/ brse;ju ghz;oad; vd;dk; jkpH; kd;dDk; r';fg;g[ytUk; jiHj;J
,dpJ thGk; k';fyj;jd;ik tha;e;j tsKila ghz;oa ehL bre;jkpH; ehlhFk;.
,jid/
bre;jkpH; ehnl
re;jdg; bghjpar; bre;jkpH; KdptDk;
brse;ju ghz;oa bdDe;jkpH; ehlD";
r';fg; g[ytUe; jiHj;jpdp jpUf;Fk;
162
k';fyg; ghz;o tseh bld;g.

vDk; ghlyhy; ehk; mwpa KofpwJ.
bfhLe;jkpH;ehL
bre;jkpH; ehl;ilr; nrh;e;j gd;dpU FWepy';fSk; bfhLe;jkpH; ehL MFk;.
1. bjd;ghz;oehL
2. Fl;lehL
3. Fl ehL
4. fw;fh ehL
5. ntzhL
6. g{kpehL
7. gd;wp ehL
8. mUthehL
9. mUth tljiyehL
10. rPj ehL
11. kiyakhd; ehL
12. g[dy; ehL vd gd;dpU FWepy';fSk; bfhLe;jkpH; ehL MFk;.
2. ,irj;jkpH; vd;gJ ahJ> Kw;fhyj;Jk; ,f;fhyj;Jk; tps';Fk;

,irj;jkpH; E}y; tiffs; ahit>
,irj;jkpH; vd;gJ/ gz;bzhL fye;J/ jhsj;njhL To ,a';Fk; bre;jkpH;g;
ghl;Lf;fshYk;/ bfhLe;jkpH;g;ghl:Lf;fshYk; ,ad;w ,yf;fpa';fSk; mtw;wpd;
,yf;fz';fSk; Mfpa E}y;fspd; bjhFjpahFk;.
,jd;fz; fPh;j;jd';fSk;/ thpg;ghl;LfSk;/ rpe;J/ Mde;jf; fspg;g[/ Fk;kp/
bjk;kh';F Kjypa E}y;fSk; ml';Fk;.
,aw;wkpHpy; tH';Fk; brhw;fSk; brhw;bwhlh;fSk; ,y;yhky; ,irj;jkpH;
v';'dk; ,a';f Koa[k;> ,Ue;j nghjpYk; ,aw;wkpH;r; bra;a[l;fs; ,irbaLj;J
jhskpy;yhky; ghlg;gLfpd;w nghJ mit ,irj;jkpHhFk;.
,uhfj;njhL kl;Lk; ,iaj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fs; ,aw;wkpH; vd kjpf;fg;gLnk
md;wp gpwpjpy;yiy/ jhsKk; cld;Toa tHpna ,irj;jkpHhFk;.
Kw;fhyj;J tH';fpa E}y;fs;
1. bghUehiu
163
2. bgU';FUF
3. ,irEZf;fk;
4. jhstifnahj;J Kjypadt[k;
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; - njthuk; nghd;w E}y;fSk;/
,f;fhyj;jJ tH';Ffpd;w E}y;fs;
1. fe;jg[uhzf; fPh;j;jid
2. bghpag[uhzf; fPh;j;jid
3. r';fPj re;jphpif Kjypa E}y;fs; ,irj;jkpH; E}y;fshFk;.
3. ehlfj;jkpHpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fshff; fl;Liuahrphpah; TWtd ahit>
ehlfj;jkpH; vd;gJ ifapy; E}y; vLj;J gof;f neuk; ,y;yhj
ntiyf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; gof;fj; bjhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpt[ g[fl;Lk;
nehf;fj;njhL tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
ehlfj;jkpH; nfl;nghh;f;Fk; fhz;nghf;Fk; ,d;gk; juhtpod;/ rhjhuz kf;fs;
mjid tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; ,d;gr;RitnahL ,aw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sij cs;sthnw g[ide;J fhl;LtJ
ehlfj;jkpiHj; jtpu ntwpy;iy.
,aw;wkpGk; ,irj;jkpGk; nrh;e;nj ehlfj;jkpH; gpwe;jJ vdpDk;
ehlfj;jkpHpw;F ntW jdpg;bgUk; rpwg;g[ cs;sJ.
Kd;idad ,uz;Lk; nfs;tp ,d;gk; kl;Lk; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy;
,t;tpuz;ldoahfg; gpwe;j ehlfj; jkpnHh nfs;tp ,d;gj;Jld;/ fhl;rp
,d;gj;ija[k; jUfpd;wJ.
,r;rpwg;g[ bgw;wpUg;gjhy;jhd; gpw ehLfspy; cs;s gwp bkhHpg; g[yth;fs;
ehlf';fis kpf;f nkd;ik ciladthf kjpf;fpd;wdh;.
4. jkpH; bkhHpapd; kPJ gw;Wf; bfhs;shj jkpH;kf;fisg;
ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;foe;Jiug;gJ v';'dk;>
,f;fhyj;jpy; M';fpy bkhHp fw;w jkpH; kf;fspy; gyh; jkJ jha;bkhHpahfpa
jkpiHg; gof;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak; ,y;iy vd;Wk; jkf;F ntz;oa
tp#a';fs; midj;Jk; M';fpyj;jpnyna fpilf;fpdw;d vd;Wk; gythW TWth;.
mth; M';fpybkhHpapy; ve;j mst[f;f g[yik bgw;wpUf;fpd;whnuh
mijg;bghUj;J ed;whf ,Uf;nk jtpu/ jkpH;f; fw;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak; ,y;iy
vd;W TWtJ mwpahikbahL Jzpe;J Twpa ciuahFk;.
,J jha;ehl:Lg; gw;Wk;/ jha;bkhHpg;gw;Wk; ,y;yhjth; Tw;whFk;.
,t;tpuz;Lk; cila M';fpnyah; ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,y;yhjth;fis vt;thW
kjpg;ghh;fs;/ kjpf;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
164
M';fpyk; Kjypa gpwbkhHp ty;Yeh;fs; vy;yhk; jkpH; bkhHpapd; kPJ Mh;tk;

cilatuha;j; jkpiHf; fw;Wk; jkpH; E}y;fisj; j';fs; bkhHpfspy;
bkhHpbgah;j;Jf; bfhs;Stij cw;Wg; ghh;j;jhtJ jkpH;f;fy;tp njitapy;iy
vd;gth;fSf;F g[j;jp tul;Lk; vdg; ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; foe;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
5. jkpiH cs;ehl:L bkhHpfnshL xg;gitj;J tifg;gLj;Jjy; MfhJ
vd;W ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; TWtJ Vd;>
jkpH; ehl;oy; M';fpy murhl;rp Vw;gl;l gpd;dh;j; jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpiH mjd;
tHpbkhHpahfpa bjY';F/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk;/ JSt';fnshL mlf;fp
cs;ehl;L bkhHpfs; vd rpyh; tifg;gLj;jpdh;.
jkpH; bkhHpapy; jdp bkhHpahFk;. jdpbkhHp xd;iw mjd; tHpbkhHpfnshL
tifg;gLj;jyhnkh> mJ jkpH;bkhHpia ,Hpt[gLj;JtjhFk;.
MhpabkhHpfSs; jiyrpwe;j tlbkhHpia mjd; tHpbkhHpfnshL xU';nf
itj;J vz;zj; Jzpahik nghyj; jkpH;bkhHpiaa[k; mjd; tHpbkhHpfnshL
xU';nf itj;J vz;zj; JzpahjpUj;jny rpwg;g[ilajhFk;.
brd;id gy;fiyf;fHfj;jhh; jkpiH ,Hpt[gLj;jp tFj;j nghJ/ jkpH;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; Kd;te;J mt;thW tifg;gLj;JtJ rpwg;gpy;iy vd
kWj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJ tha;jpwe;J ngrhky; ,Ue;Jtpl;ldh;
jkpH;bkhHpahsh;fs; vd;W ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
6. jkpH; cah;bkhHp/ jdpbkhHp vd;W ciuf;fg;glf; fhuz';fs; ahit>

cah;bkhHp
jhd; tH';Fk; ehl;od;fz; cs;s gy bkhHpfSf;Fk; jiyika[k;/ mtw;wpDk;
kpf;f nkjft[k; cila bkhHpna cah;bkhHp MFk;. ,t;tpyf;fzj;jpd;go Muha[k;
nghJ jkpH; bkhHpahdJ/ bjY';F nghd;wtw;wpw;bfy;yhk; jiyika[k;/ mtw;wpDk; kpf;f
nkjft[k; cilajhy; cah;bkhHp vd;fpd;nwhk;.
jdpbkhHp
jhd; tH';Fk; ehl;oy; gapYk; kw;iwa bkhHpfspd; cjtpapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,a';ff;
Toa Mw;wy; cilaJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;. jkpH; bkhHpapd; cjtp ,y;yhky;
bjY';F Kjypad ,a';f KoahJ. Mdhy; jkpH;bkhHp mtw;wpd; cjtp ,y;yhky;
rpwpJk; ,lh;g;ghod;wp jdpj;J ,dpikahf ,a';f ty;yJ. ,J ,e;jpa bkhHpE}y;
mwp"h; gyuhy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l xd;W. vdnt jkpH;bkhHp jdpbkhHpna MFk;.
7.brk;bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ> mt;tpyf;fzk;jkpH;bkhHpapd;ghy;

bghUe;jpapUg;gjid epWt[f.
165
jpUe;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPh;j;j ehfhpfKk; bghUe;jpa J}a bkhHp g[fy; brk;bkhHp

vd;gJ ,yf;fzk;. ,k;bkhHpE}y; ,yf;fzk; jkpH;bkhHpaplj;Jk; mike;jpUg;gJ
njw;wk;. mt;thbwdpy;/
,lh;g;gl;l brhy;Kot[fSk;/ bghUs; Kot[fSk; ,y;yhky;/ brhy;Ygtd; fUjpa
bghUisf; nfl;gtd; bjsptha; czu ty;yjha;g; giHad fHpe;Jk; g[jpad g[Fe;Jk;
jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wny jpUe;jpa gz;bgdg;gLtjhFk;. ,J jkpH;bkhHpaplj;J Kw;wpYk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
xU ehl;od; ehfhpf Kjph;r;rpf;F Vw;gr; brhw;fSk; Vw;gl;L bkhHpfSk; ehfhpf
eyk; tpisj;jy; ntz;Lk;. mt;thW brhw;fs; njhd;Wk; nghJ gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs;
,y;yhky; jd; brhw;fns kpFjy; ntz;Lk;. ,J cah;jdpj; jkpH;bkhHpf;Fg;
bghUe;Jtjhy; jkpH; J}abkhHpahFk;. vdnt jkpH; brk;bkhHp vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
I. beLtpdhf;fs;
1. ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpH; tifia Fwpj;Jg; ghpjpkhw;
fiy"h; ciug;gdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J tiuf
bjhd;W bjhl;Lj; jkpH;bkhHp ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; \d;W gphpt[fis
cilajha; cs;sJ. mk;\tifg; ghFghLfspd; ,ay;g[fisf; Fwpj;Jr; rpwpJ
Muha;nthk;.
,aw;wkpH;
,aw;wkpH; vd;gJ jkpHh; midthplKk; bghJthf ,Utif tHf;fpDk;
,a';Ffpd;w trdKk;/ bra;a[SkhFk; E}y;fspd; bjhFjpahk;.
,jd;fz; ,yf;fpa';fSk; ,yf;fz';fSk; ml';Fk;.
vdnt ,aw;wkpHhdJ/ bre;jkpH;/ bfhLe;jkpH;vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ,jd;
mog;gilapy; bre;jkpH; trdE}y;fSk;/ bre;jkp[H;r; bra;a[s;E}y;fSk;/
bfhLe;jkpH; trd E}y;fSk;/ bfhLe;jkpH;r; bra;a[s; E}y;fSk; ,aw;wkpHpd;fz;
ml';Fk; vd;gJ ,ay;ghf tps';Fk;. jkpH;g; g[ytUk;/kw;w mwp"h; bgUkf;fSk;
xj;Jg; nghfhjjhy; ,e;jg; gphptpw;F ,lk; cz;lhapw;W.
,irj;jkpH;
,irj;jkpH; vd;gJ/ gz;bzhL fye;J/ jhsj;njhL To ,a';Fk; bre;jkpH;g;
ghl;Lf;fshYk;/ bfhLe;jkpH;g;ghl;LfshYk; ,ad;w ,yf;fpa';fSk; mtw;wpd;
,yf;fz';fSk; Mfpa E}y;fspd; bjhFjpahFk;.
,jd;fz; fPh;j;jd';fSk;/ thpg;ghl;LfSk;/ rpe;J/ Mde;jf; fspg;g[/ Fk;kp/
bjk;kh';F Kjypa E}y;fSk; ml';Fk;.
166
,aw;wkpHpy; tH';Fk; brhw;fSk; brhw;bwhlh;fSk; ,y;yhky; ,irj;jkpH;

v';'dk; ,a';f Koa[k;> ,Ue;j nghjpYk; ,aw;wkpH;r; bra;a[l;fs; ,irbaLj;J
jhskpy;yhky; ghlg;gLfpd;w nghJ mit ,irj;jkpHhFk;.
,uhfj;njhL kl;Lk; ,iaj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fs; ,aw;wkpH; vd kjpf;fg;gLnk
md;wp gpwpjpy;iy/ jhsKk; cld;Toa tHpna ,irj;jkpHhFk;.
Kw;fhyj;J tH';fpa E}y;fs;
1. bgUehiu
2. bgU';FUF
3. ,irEqf;fk;
4. jhstifnahj;J Kjypadt[k;
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; - njthuk; nghd;w E}y;fSk;.
,f;fhyj;J tH';Ffpd;w E}y;fs;
1. fe;jg[uhzf; fPh;j;jid
2. bghpag[uhzf; fPh;j;jid
3. r';fPj re;jphpif Kjypa E}y;fs; ,irj;jkpH; E}y;fshFk;.
ehlfj;jkpH;
ehlfj;jkpH; vd;gJ ifapy;y E}y; vLj;J gof;f neuk; ,y;yhj
ntiyf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; gof;fj; bjhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpt[ g[fl;Lk;
nehf;fj;njhL tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
ehlfj;jkpH; nfl;nghh;f;Fk; fhz;nghh;f;Fk; ,d;gk; juhtpod;/ rhjhuz

kf;fs; mjid tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; ,d;gr;RitnahL
,aw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sij cs;sthnw g[ide;J fhl;LtJ
ehlfj;jkpiHj; jtpu ntwpy;iy.
,aw;wkpGk; ,irj;jkpGk; nrh;e;nj ehlfj;jkpH; gpwe;jJ vdpDk;
ehlfj;jkpHpw;F ntW jdpg;bgUk; rpwg;g[ cs;sJ.
Kd;idad ,uz;Lk; nfs;tp ,d;gk; kl;Lk; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy;
,t;tpuz;ldoahfg; gpwe;j ehlfj; jkpnHh nfs;tp ,d;gj;Jld;/ fhl;rp
,d;gj;ija[k; jUfpd;wJ.
,r;rpwg;g[ bgw;wpUg;gjhy;jhd; gpw ehLfspy; cs;s gpw bkhHpg; g[yth;fs;
ehlf';fis kpf;f nkd;ik ciladthf kjpf;fpd;wdh;.
2. jkpH; cah;jdpr; brk;bkhHp - ,j;jiyg;gpd; fPH;g; ghpjpkhw; fiy"h;
ciug;gdtw;iwf; bjhFj;J tiuf.
cah;bkhHp
167
jhd; tH';Fk; ehl;od;fz; cs;s gy bkhHpfSf;Fk; jiyika[k;/ mtw;wpDk;

kpf;f nkjft[k; cila bkhHpna cah;bkhHp MFk;. ,t;tpyf;fzj;jpd;go Muha[k;
nghJ jkpH; bkhHpahdJ/ bjY';F nghd;wtw;wpw;bfy;yhk; jiyika[k;/ mtw;wpDk; kpf;f
nkjft[k; cilajhy; cah;bkhHp vd;fpd;nwhk;.
jdpbkhHp;;:
jhd; tH';Fk; ehl;oy; gapYk; kw;iwa bkhHpfspd; cjtpapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,a';ff;
Toa Mw;wy; cilaJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;. jkpH; bkhHpapd; cjtp ,y;yhky;
bjY';F Kjypad ,a';f KoahJ. Mdhy; jkpH;bkhHp mtw;wpd; cjtp ,y;yhky;
rpwpJk; ,lh;g;ghod;wpj; jdpj;J ,dpikahf ,a';f ty;yJ. ,J ,e;jpa bkhHpE}y;
mwp"h; gyuhy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l xd;W. vdnt jkpH;bkhHp jdpbkhHpna MFk;.
brk;bkhHp
jpUe;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPh;j;j ehfhpfKk; bghUe;jpa J}a bkhHp g[fy; brk;bkhHp
vd;gJ ,yf;fzk;. ,k;bkhHpE}y; ,yf;fzk; jkpH;bkhHpaplj;Jk; mike;jpUg;gJ
njw;wk;. mt;thbwdpy;/
,lh;g;gl;l brhy;Kot[fSk;/ bghUs; Kot[fSk; ,y;yhky;/ brhy;Ygtd; fUjpa
bghUisf; nfl;gtd; bjsptha; czu ty;yjha;g giHad fHpe;Jk; g[jpad g[Fe;Jk;
jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wny jpUe;jpa gz;bgdg;gLtjhFk;. ,J jkpH;bkhHpaplj;J Kw;wpYk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
xU ehl;od; ehfhpf Kjph;r;rpf;F Vw;gr; brhw;fSk; Vw;gl;L bkhHpfSk; ehfhpf

eyk; tpisj;jy; ntz;Lk;. mt;thW brhw;fs; njhd;Wk; nghJ gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs;
,y;yhky; jd; brhw;fns kpFjy; ntz;Lk;. ,J cah;jdpj; jkpH;bkhHpf;Fg;
bghUe;Jtjhy; jkpH; J}abkhHpahFk;. vdnt jkpH; brk;bkhHp vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
cah;jdpr; brk;bkhHp
Mfnt bjd;dhl;oy; rpwe;J xsph;fpd;w mkpH;jpDk; ,dpa jkpH; bkhHpahdJ
vt;tifapYk; Muha;e;j nghJk;/ cah;jdpr; brk;bkhHpnaMFk; vd;gJ epr;rak;
,t;tst[ cah;t[k; rpwg;g[k; tha;e;j mUikj; jkpH; bkhHpia/ cah;jdpr; brk;bkhHp
vdf; bfhs;sny Vw;g[ilaJ MFk;.
2. rkurk;
168
jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;
1. cyfpy; rkurk; guthikf;Ff; fhuz';fshfj; jpU.tp.f. TWtd
ahit>
cyfpy; rkurk; guthikf;Ff; fhuzk; gyglf; Twyhk;.
kdpjdplj;jpy; cs;s mGf;fhW/ mth/ btFsp Kjypad mtidr; rkur
"hdpahf;Ftjpy;iy.
kdpjd; mGf;fhW Kjypa nga;fshy; mfg;gl;L ,lh;g;gLk; tiu mtd; rkur
"hdpahjy; mhpJ
rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngRjy; vspJ vGJjy; vspJ/ mij eilKiwapy;
bfhz;L tUtnjh mhpJ.
kdpjd; rkurj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngRtijf; fhl;oYk; mij eilKiwapy; bfhz;Ltu
Kay;tnjh mwpt[ilikahFk;.
kdpjd; mGf;fhW Kjypat;wiwg; nghf;fty;y thH;tpy; jiyg;gly; ntz;Lk;.
mt;thH;tpw;F ,ila{whf cs;s bfhLikfisf; fisa Kayy; ntz;Lk;.
rkurj;ijg; gw;wp vGe;j ngr;RfSk;/ vGj;JfSk;/ kiybadt[k;/ flbydt[k;
cs;sd.
cyfpy; njhd;wpa mwp"h; midtUk; rkurj;ijna typa[Wj;jpr; brd;Ws;sdh;.
,e;jg; bghy;yhj cyfk; rkurj;Jf;Fr; brtprha;f;ftpy;iy.
cyfpy; eilbgWk; nghUk;/ g{rYk;/ g[ul;rpa[k; cyfpy; rkurk; guthikapd;
milahs';fns.
rkurk; gutpdhy; muRk; rl;lKk; ePjpkd;wKk; njitapy;iy.
,itna/ cyfpy; rkurk; guthikf;Ff; jpU.tp.f TWk; fhuz';fshFk;.
2. ehL vd;Dk; gw;why; rkurj;ij ,Hg;gJ gw;wpj; jpU.tp.f ciug;gd

ahit>
xUtd; jhd; gpwe;j ehl;ilj; jha;nghy; nerpf;fyhk;.
jd; ehl;od; kPJ bfhz;l nerj;ij kw;w ehLfspd; Jd;gj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
MfhJ.
,g;bghGJ ehl;Lg;gw;W vd;gJ gpw ehl;ilj; Jd;g[Wj;Jk; tHp epfH;e;Jtuy;
fz;TL.
fly;/ kiy/ fhL
fly;fSk;/ kiyfSk;/ fhLfSk; gpwt[k; ehLfisg; gphpf;fpd;wd.
mg;gphptpd; fhuzkhf xU ehl;lhh; ,d;bdhU ehl;lhiu tuj;Jjy; TlhJ
169
nky;ehl;lhh; vz;zk;
nky;ehl;lhh; jhk; gpwe;j ehl;od; bghUl;Lg; gpw ehLfisg; gw;Wtjpy; jpwik
tha;e;jth;.
nky;ehl;lhh; mjw;fhf bra;a[k; Kaw;rpf;F mstpy;iy.
nghh; tpkhd';fSk;/ nghh;f; fg;gy;fSk;/ er;Rf; fhw;Wk; gpw ehl;lhiu
tUj;Jtjw;nf fz;ldh;.
j';fs; ehl;ilna flt[sha;f; fUJk; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpw ehl;lthplKk;
flt[spUj;jy; g[ydhtjpy;iy.
kw;wth;f;Fk; grp Kjypad cz;L vd;gij mth;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy.
,f;fUj;Jilath;fsplj;jpy; rkur czh;t[ njhd;Wtjpy;iy
vy;yh ehl;lth;fSk; rnfhjuh; vd;gij czuhj ,th;fs; ehL vd;Dk; gw;why;
rkurj;ij ,Hf;fpwhh;fs;.
,t;thW jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; ehl;Lg;gw;why; rkurj;ij ,Hg;gjw;Fhpafhuz';fisf;
TWfpwhh;.
3. rhjpf; bfhLik/ rkabtwp Kjypad rkur czh;itf; Fiyg;gdthk;

- ,f;fUj;ijj; jpU.tp.f. tHp epd;W Ma;f.
rhjpf;bfhLik
gpwg;gpy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUjy; jtW.
gpwg;gpy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUJk; bgU';Fw;wk; ekJ ehl;Lf;nf rpwg;ghf cz;L.
vy;yhf; bfhLikfspYk; jiyahaJ ,f;bfhLik.
gpwg;ghy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUJk; cs;sj;jpy; rkurr; rhaYk; gluhJ.
ekJ ehl;oYs;s rhjpf;Fiwghl;ilf; fisa mt;tg;nghJ njhd;wpg; bghpnahh;
bgUKaw;rp bra;jhh;.
bghpnahh; bra;j Kaw;rpfs; aht[k; tpHYf;fpiwj;j ePuhapd.
rkabtwp
rkabtwp flt[s; md;igf; bfLf;fpwJ.
xUtd; btwpahy; jd; rkaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wf; bfhz;L kw;w rkaj;jhiu
epe;jpf;fpwhd;. ,J mwpahikahFk;.
rkabkd;gJ xd;nw. mJnt rkurk; MFk;.
rka btwpah;f;Fg; gy rka czh;t[ njhd;Wk;.
gy rka czh;t[k; jd; rkag;gw;Wk; rkurj;ij mHpj;JtpLfpd;wd.
Mjyhy; rhjpf; bfhLika[k; rkabtwpa[k; TlhJ vd;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f
170
4. ekJ ehl;oy; ePz;l fhykhf epfH;e;J tUk; bgU';bfhiy vd;W jpU.tp.f

tUe;jp ciug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
rhd;nwhh; bfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;whik
ekJ ehl;oy; ePz;l fhykhf epfH;e;J tUk; xU bgU';bfhiy/ cyfpw;Fg;
g[ydhtjpy;iy.
bghpnahh; mwpt[Wj;jpa bfhs;iffisf; FHp btl;og; g[ijj;J mth;jk;
cUtj;Jf;F kl;Lk; te;jid tHpghL bra;fpd;w bgha;bahGf;fk; ePz;l ehl;fshf
tHf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
bghpnahh; bewp xGf ntz;Lk;
bghpnahiu tHpgLk; kf;fs; rhjpiana flt[shft[k;/ rkakhft[k; bfhz;Ls;sdh;.
rhj;jpuk; gy ngRk; rHf;fh;fhs;/
nfhj;jpu K';Fy K';bfhz;bld; bra;tPh;
vd;Wk;/
rhjpFyk; gpwg;bgd;D"; RHpg;gl;Lj; jLkhWk;
vd;Wk; mUspa[s;sdh;.
,th;fs; rhjpia kWj;Jr; rkurj;jpy; jpisj;j bghpnahiu tHpgLtjpy;
bghUspy;iy.
bghpnahh; mwpt[Wj;jpa bewp epd;W xGFtnj cz;ikahd tHpghlhFk;.
,e;j bgha;ika[k; t";rida[k;/ tsh;e;J tUk; ehl;Lf;F ca;t[kpy;iy/
chpika[kpy;iy.
beLtpdh
1. ,uhkyp';f mofshhpd; rkur czh;tpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Ee;jk;
ghlg;gFjpapy; tUk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J tiuf.
rkurf; nfhapy;
,d;iwf;Fr; Rkhh; Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;j; jkpH;ehl;oy; thH;e;J kiwe;j
ek; ,uhkyp';f mofs;/ rhjpkj ntWghLfisg; gyt[iufshy; kWj;Jiuj;jhh;. rkur
"hdj;ij mwpt[Wj;jpdhh;. nfhtpy;fs; midj;Jk; rhjpf;nfhtpy;fshf khwpaJ fz;L
vy;yhUk; brd;W tHpgLtjw;bfd rkurf; nfhapiy tlY}hpy; epWtpdhh;.
mUl;bgU";nrhjp
,uhkyp';f mofs; vr;rig bghJbtd ,ak;gpdh; mwp"h;fs; mr;rig
,l';bfhSk; mUl;bgU";nrhjp vd;W mUspa[s;shh;. ,r;rig me;nehf;fj;Jld;
mofshy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
rkurk;
171
rkurk; vd;gJ ehL/ bkhHp/ rkabewp/ rhjp Kjypatw;wpy; fl;Lg;glhJ fle;J

epw;gjhFk;. vy;yh ehl;odh;/ bkhHpapdh;/ rkaj;jhh;/ rhjpapdh; ,lj;jpYk; g[Fe;J epw;gJ
rkur "hdk/ ehL/ bkhHp/ rkak;/ rhjp Kjypatw;iwf; bfhz;L/ rkur czh;it
,Hg;gJ mwpahikahFk;.
,aw;if md;id
,e;jg; gd;ikfspilna gutp epw;Fk; xUikg;ghnl rkurk;. mj;jifa rkurnk
flt[s; rhl;rpia ey;Fk;. Mijna ,aw;ifad;id kf;fspilna ghJfhf;f Kide;J
epw;fpwhs;. mts; Kaw;rpf;F vtUk; FWf;nf epwfyhfhJ. ,Jtiu kdpjd; jd;Dila
mwpahikahy; ,aw;ifad;idia kwe;J Jd;gg;gl;lJ nghJk;. ,dpnkyhtJ rkurf;
bfhs;iff;F kdjpy; ,lk; je;J thH;thdhf.
mofspd; rkur czh;t[
[
mofshh; rhjp/ rkak;/ kjk; Mfpatw;iwj; jtph;j;jhh; rhj;jpuf; Fg;igfspypUe;J
tpyfpdhh;. ePjpa[k; bka;g;bghUSk; mHptpy;yh thH;f;ifa[k;/ RfKk; KjYk; eLt[k;
,Wjpa[k; vy;yhk; mUl;bgU";nrhjp vd mwpe;jhh;. kf;fs; rhjp/ rka/ Fyj;jpnyna
tPH;e;J epyj;jpny tPz; bghGJ nghf;fp thH;fpd;whh;fs;. mth;fs; ,t;thW ,Uf;f/
ehDk; cdJ tyj;jpnyna epd;W cd;Dila bray;fis bra;fpd;nwd;. ePa[k; kfpH;e;J
vd; cs;sk; vd;w nkilapy; epd;wha; vdf;F ,J nghJk;. ehd; epidj;jJ gypj;jJ
vd ,iwtdpd; Jiza[ld; kf;fsplj;jpy; rkur czh;it Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jid/
Mjpa[k; eLt[k; me;jKk; vy;yhk;
mUl;bgU"; nrhjpbad; wepe;njd;
Xjpa midj;Jk; ePawpe; jJehd;
ciug;gbjd; dof;fo a[df;nf*
vDk; ghlyhy; ,uhkyp';f mofspd; rkur czh;tpid mwpayhk;.
,uhkyp';f mofs; ,iwtdplk; ntz;Ljy;
vy;yhKila mUl;bgU";nrhjp mw;g[jf; flt[ns* ,J fhyk; bjhl';fp
vf;fhyj;Jk; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj; jilfshfpa rka';fs;/ kj';fs;/ khh;f;f';fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; Mrhu r';fw;g tpfw;g';fSk;/ tUzk;/ Mrpukk; Kjypa cyfhrhu r';fw;g
tpfw;g';fSk;/ v';fs; kdjpy; gw;wh tz;zk; mUs; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. me;j
rd;khh;f;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rpakhfpa Md;knea xUikg;ghl;Lhpik/ v';fSf;Fs;
tpyfhky; epiwe;J epw;f mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk; vd;W ,iwtdplk; ntz;fpwhh;.
mUl;bgU";nrhjp * mUl;bgU";nrhjp *
jdpg;bgU';fUiz * mUl;bgU";nrhjp *
2. ehL/ rkak;/ rhjp ,tw;iw mog;gilahff; bfhz;L rkur
czh;tpdpd;W khWgLjy; jtwhk; vd;w jpU.tp.f thjpLtjid
tpsf;Ff.
ehL
172
xUtd; jhd; gpwe;j ehl;ilj; jha;nghy; nerpf;fyhk;.

jd; ehl;od; kPJ bfhz;l nerj;ij kw;w ehLfspd; Jd;gj;Jf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; MfhJ.
,g;bghGJ ehl;Lg;gw;W vd;gJ gpw ehl;ilj; Jd;g[Wj;Jk; epfH;t[ vd;gij
jw;nghJ btspg;gilahff; fhzyhk;.
fly;/ kiy/ fhL

fly;fSk;/ kiyfSk;/ fhLfSk; gpwt[k; ehLfisg; gphpf;fpd;wd.
mg;gphptpd; fhuzkhf xU ehl;lhh; ,d;bdhU ehl;lhiu tuj;Jjy; TlhJ.
xU ehl;lhh; ,d;bdhU ehl;ilg; gw;wp mjd; tsj;ijf; ftUtjpnyna
fUj;Jf;bfhz;L thH;fpd;wdh;.
,r;braiy mwkhft[k; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW fUJtJ klik.
nky;ehl;lhh; vz;zk;
,k;klikf;Fg; gpwg;gplk; nky;ehL vd;W Twy; kpifahfhJ.
nky;ehl;lhh; jhk; gpwe;j ehl;od; bghUl;Lg; gpwehLfisg; gw;Wtjpy; jpwik
tha;e;jth;. mjw;fhf mth; bra;a[k; Kaw;rpf;F mstpy;iy.\
Mfha tpkhd';fSk;/ ePh; \H;fpfSk;/ er;Rf;fhw;Wk; gpwehl;lhiu tUj;Jtjw;nf
fz;ldh;.
j';fs; ehl;ilna flt[sha;f; fUJk; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpw ehl;lthplKk;
flt[spUj;jy; g[ydhtjpy;iy.
kw;wth;f;Fk; grp Kjypad cz;L vd;gij mth;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy.
,f;fUj;Jilath;fsplj;jpy; rkur czh;t[ njhd;Wtjpy;iy
vy;yh ehl;lth;fSk; rnfhjuh; vd;gij czuhj ,th;fs; ehL vd;Dk; gw;why;
rkurj;ij ,Hf;fpwhh;fs;.
,t;thW jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; ehl;Lg; gw;why; rkurj;ij ,Hg;gjw;Fhpa fhuz';fisf;
TWfpwhh;.
rhjpf;bfhLik
gpwg;gpy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUjy; jtW.
gpwg;gpy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUJk; bgU';Fw;wk; ekJ ehl;Lf;nf rpwg;ghf cz;L.
vy;yhf; bfhLikfspYk; jiyahaJ ,f;bfhLik.
gpwg;ghy; cah;t[ jhH;t[ fUJk; cs;sj;jpy; rkurr; rhaYk; gluhJ.
173
ekJ ehl;oYs;s rhjpf;Fiwghl;ilf; fisa mt;tg;nghJ njhd;wpa bghpnahh;

bgUKaw;rp bra;jhh;.
bghpnahh; bra;j Kaw;rpfs; aht[k; tpHYf;fpiwj;j ePuhapd.
rkabtwp
rkabtwp flt[s; md;igf; bfLf;fpwJ.
xUtd; btwpahy; jd; rkaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wf; bfhz;L kw;w rkaj;jhiu
epe;jpf;fpwhd;. ,J mwpahikahFk;.
Rkak; vd;gJ xd;nw. mJnt rkurk; MFk;.
rka btwpah;f;Fg; gy rka czh;t[ njhd;Wk;.
gy rka czh;t[k; jd; rkag;gw;Wk; rkurj;ij mHpj;JtpLfpd;wd.
Mjyhy; rkabewp Tlhbjd;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.
,t;thW jpU.tp.f mth;fs; ehL/ rkak;/ rhjp Mfpatw;iw mog;gilahff; bfhz;L
rkur czh;tpy; khWgLjy; jtW vd thjpLfpwhh;.
3. ftpij
nguhrpah;. v!;. itahg[hpg;gps;is
1. ftpij vd;gJ ahJ vd;w tpdhtpw;F nthh;l;!;bthh;j;/ nfhyhpl;$;
Mfpnahh;TWk; tpsf;f';fs; ahit>
ftpij nthh;l;!; bthh;j; fUj;J
nthh;l;!;bthh;j; mth;fs;/ Mw;wy; epuk;gpa brhw;fs; jukhfg; bgh';fptHptJjhd;
ftpij vd;W ,th; Jzpe;jhh;.
itahg[hpg;gps;isapd; kWg;g[
nfhgk; vg;go cz;lhfpwJ> Mw;wy; epuk;gpa czh;r;rp jhdhfg; bgh';fp
tUtjdhy; cz;lhfpwJ. ,J ftpijahFkh>
,jid/ Kd;g[ fpsh;e;j Xh; czh;r;rpg; bgUf;if kPz;Lk; rhe;j epiypapypUe;J
epidtpw;Ff; bfhz;L tUk;nghJjhd; ftpij njhd;WfpwJ vd;W tpsf;fpf;
TWfpd;whh;.
nthh;l;!;bthh;j; TwpaJ xU bghJg;gl;l tUzidna jtpu cz;ik
,yf;fzj;ij tiuaWj;jjhfhJ.
md;wpa[k;/ ftpijapd; njhw;wk; nthh;l;!;bthh;j; bfhz;Ls;sgona vy;yh
,l';fspYk; epfGk; vd;W Tw KoahJ.
th
174
Mfnt ,f;bfhs;ifa[k; bghUe;Jtjd;W vd;fpwhh; itahg[hpg;gps;is.

nfhyhpl;$;
nfhyhpl;$; vd;gth;/ brhw;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ trdk; vd;Wk;/
rpwe;j brhw;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ ftpij vd;Wk; Kot[ bra;jhh;.
rpwe;j Kiwapy; brhw;fs; mikahj nghJk;/ m';nf trdk; cs;sJ vd;W
TWfpnwhk;.
nkYk; rpwe;j Kiw vd;gJ ahJ> vd;w nfs;tpa[k; vGfpd;wJ.
xt;bthU Kiwa[k; ,Jjhd; rpwe;jjhf Vw;gLjy; TLk;.
mg;nghJ rpwe;j Kiw vd;W TWtJ gadw;wjhFk; vd;W itahg[hpg;gps;is
mth;fs; nfhyhpl;$; fUj;ij kWf;fpwhh;.
2. fPl;!;/ $hd;u!;fpd;/ gtze;jp Kdpth; Mfpnahh; TWk; ftpijapd;
,ay;g[fs; ahit>
fPl;!;
fPl;!; vd;w ftp"h;/ fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; bga;j xsp
kiHnaftpijvd;whh;.
nkYk; mth; Mw;wypd; rpfuk; vd;Wk;/ Mw;wy; jdJ tyg;g[aj;jpy;jiy
rha;j;Jg; ghjp cw';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; epiy vd;Wk; ftpijia ,th;
Twpa[s;shh;.
,itbay;yhk; ftpijiag; gw;wpa ftpijna md;wp mjd; cz;ikapay;ig
mwpe;J bfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;glhJ vd;W itahg[hpg;gps;is mth;fs;
kWj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
$hd;u!;fpd;
$hd;u!;fpd;/ rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuz';fisg; ghtdhrf;jpahy; Fwpg;gpLtnj
ftpijahFk; vd;W TWfpwhh;.
,Jt[k; jpUg;jpfukhdJ vd;W brhy;y KoahJ.
cyfj;jpYs;s rpwe;j ,yf;fpa';fspy; gy ,e;j ,yf;fzj;njhL khWgl;l
,ay;g[ilad vd;W v!;. itahg[hpg;gps;is kWj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
gtze;jp Kdpth;
175
gtze;jp vd;w Mrphpah;/ gy;tif cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;l clYf;F caph;nghy/

ehy;tifr; brhw;fshy; bghUSf;F ,lkhf czh;tpy; ty;nyhh; mHFwr; bra;tJ
ftpij vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jid/
gy;tifj; jhJtpd; caph;f;Fly; nghw;gy
brhy;yhy; bghUl;fpl dhf czh;tpdpd;
ty;nyhh; mzpbgwr; bra;td bra;a[s;
vd;w ftpijf;F chpa ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;jhh;.
3. ftpijf;Fhpa ey;ypay;g[fisf; fk;gd; ciuf;FkhW ah';'dk;>
fk;gd; TWk; ftpijapd; ey;ypay;g[fs;
ftpijf;Fhpa ey;ypay;g[fs; gytw;iw czh;e;J Xh; mHfpa bra;a[spy; fk;gd;
gpd;tUkhW TWfpwhd;
g[tpapDf; fzpaha; Md;w
bghUs; je;J g[yj;jpw;whfp
mtpafj; Jiwfs; jh';fp
Ie;jpiz bewpa shtpr;
rtpa[wj; bjspe;J jz;bzd;
bwhGf;fKk; jGtpr; rhd;nwhh;
ftpbadf; fple;j nfhjh
thpapid tPuh; fz;lhh;.
ftpij vd;gJ g[tpapDf;F my';fhukha; epiwthd bka;g;bghUs; je;J mwpt[
,Jjhd; vdr; Rl;Ljy; ntz;Lk;.
vy;yhj; Jiwfisa[k; bgw;W Ie;jpiz xGf;fj;ijj; jGtp mHFwj; bjspe;J
Fsph;e;J ,a';Fjy; ntz;Lk;. mJnt rhd;nwhh; ftpij vd;W fk;gh; TWfpwhh;.
,t;thW ftpijf;Fhpa ey;ypay;g[fisf; nfhjhthpapidr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; Kiwapy;
fk;gh; ciuf;fpwhh;.
II. beL tpdh

1. ftpijapd; ,ay;ghf nkdhl;lwp"h;fs; TWk; fUj;Jfisa[k;
mtw;wpw;Fg; nguhrphpah; v!;. itahg[hpg;gps;is ciuf;Fk;
kWg;g[fisa[k; fl;Liu totpy; tiuf.
nfhyhpl;$;
nfhyhpl;$; vd;gth;/ brhw;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ trdk; vd;Wk;/
rpwe;j brhw;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ ftpij vd;Wk; Kot[ bra;jhh;.
176
rpwe;j Kiwapy; brhw;fs; mikahj nghJk;/ m';nf trdk; cs;sJ
nkYk; rpwe;j Kiw vd;gJ ahJ vd;w tpdh vGfpd;wJ.
xt;bthU Kiwa[k; ,Jjhd; rpwe;jjhf Vw;gLjy; TLk;.
mg;nghJ rpwe;j Kiw vd;W TWtJ gadw;wjhFk; vd;W itahg[hpg;gps;is
mth;fs; nfhyhpl;$; fUj;ij kWf;fpwhh;.
nthh;l;!;bthh;j;
nthh;l;!;bthh;j; mth;fs;/ Mw;wy; epuk;gpa brhw;fs; jukhfg; bgh';fptHptJjhd;
ftpij vd;W ,th; Jzpe;jhh;.
nfhgk; vg;go cz;lhfpwJ> Mw;wy; epuk;gpa czh;r;rp jhdhfg; bgh';fp
tUtjdhy; cz;lhfpwJ. ,J ftpijahFkh>
,jid/ Kd;g[ fpsh;e;j Xh; czh;r;rpg; bgUf;if kPz;Lk; rhe;j epiypapypUe;J
epidtpw;Ff; bfhz;L tUk;nghJjhd; ftpij njhd;WfpwJ vd;W tpsf;fpf;
TWfpd;whh;.
nthh;l;!;bthh;j; TwpaJ xU bghJg;gl;l tUzidna jtpu cz;ik
,yf;fzj;ij tiuaWj;jjhfhJ.
md;wpa[k;/ ftpijapd; njhw;wk; nthh;l;!;bthh;j; bfhz;Ls;sgona vy;yh
,l';fspYk; epfGk; vd;W Tw KoahJ.
Mfnt ,f;bfhs;ifa[k; bghUe;Jtjd;W vd;fpwhh; itahg[hpg;gps;is.
fPl;!;
fPl;!;/ fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; bga;j xspkiHna ftpij vd;whh;.
nkYk; mth; Mw;wypd; rpfuk; vd;Wk;/ Mw;wy; jdJ tyg;g[aj;jpy;jiy
rha;j;Jg; ghjp cw';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; epiy vd;Wk; ftpij gw;wpf;; Twpdhh;.
,itbay;yhk; ftpijiag;gw;wpa ftpijna md;wp mjd; cz;ikapay;ig
mwpag;gad;glhJ vd;gJ v!;. itahg[hpg;gps;is mth;fspd; kWg;g[iuahFk;.
$hd; u!;fpd;
$hd; u!;fpd;/ rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuz';fisg; ghtdhrf;jpahy; Fwpg;gpLtnj
ftpij vd;fpwhh;.
itahg[hpg; gps;isapd; kWg;g[
177
,Jt[k; jpUg;jpfukhdJ vd;W brhy;yKoahJ.

cyfpYs;s rpwe;j ,yf;fpa';fSs; gy ,e;j ,yf;fzj;njhL khWgl;l
,ay;g[ilad vd;W itahg[hpg; gps;is kWf;fpwhh;
2. ftpij ,d;dJ vd;W nguhrphpah; v!;. itahg[hpahh; tiuaWf;f
KaYk; ehd;F fUj;Jfisa[k; fl;Liu totpy; jUf.
itahg[hpg;gps;is mth;fs; ftpijapd; ,ay;g[fsha; ehd;fpidj; bjhptpf;fpwhh;.
Kjy; ,ay;g[
ftpij bra;a[s; totpy; mike;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtJ ,ay;g[
cyf cz;ikfisf; fhl;oYk; ghtdhrf;jpapd; ,ay;g[fisna bgUk;ghYk;
nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
mJ g{kpapy; fhiy xw;wp xw;wp elthjthW/ nkyhfg; gwe;J bry;yy; ntz;Lk;.
bghUis tphpj;Jiuf;fhky; bja;t Mntrj;jhy; Fwp brhy;Yjy; nghd;W
mike;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
bghUis tpsf;Ftijf; fhl;oYk;/ mtw;wpd;kPJ xsp gut tpl;L
mg;bghUs;fns jk;ik tpsf;fKwr; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
g[wt[yfj;jpy; btspg;gilahft[s;s bghUs;fnshL mikahjgo/ Md;k cyfpy;
mJ ,a';Fjy; ntz;Lk;.
epiyaw;w bghUs;fnshL epd;Wtplhjgo/ epiyaha; cs;s bghUs;fisg;
gw;wpa[k; mJ epfH;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW Twpa mstpy;/ ,Jt[k; ftpijiag;gw;wpa ftpijay;yth vd;W
njhd;Wk;.
mwpt[ bewpapdpd;Wk; tpyfpg; igj;jpa bewpapy; epd;wjd; tpist[ vd;Wk; ,J
njhd;wyhk;.
fk;gd;/
gpj;jh; brhd;dt[k; ngijah; brhd;dt[k;

gj;jh; brhd;dt[k; gd;dg; bgWgnth>
vd;W TwpaJ ekJ epidtpw;F tuyhk;.
nkdhl;oYk; Kjw;fhyj;jpy; gpnsl;nlh Kjypa mwp"h;fs; rpyh; ftp"h;fisg;
g[wf;fzpj;Jk; ,fH;e;Jk; btWj;Jk; te;jdh;.
rkPg fhyj;jpy; ,uhgh;l; gl;ld; vd;gth;/ vy;yhf; ftp"h;fSk; igj;jpaf;fhuh;fns
vd;w tpnehj Kotpw;F te;jhh;.
178
ftpij ,aw;iff;F KuzhdJ vd;gjw;Fk; rhjhuz mwptpw;Fg; g[yg;glhj Xh;

mw;g[j rf;jpahy; mJ tpistJ vd;gjw;Fk; mwpit trPfhpj;J kf;fis
Ml;Ltpf;Fk; Mw;wypy; m`J ,izaw;wJ vd;gjw;Fk; ,f;Tw;Wfs; Kjypad
rhd;whFk;.
\d;whtJ ,ay;g[
ftpij xU fiy. fiy vd;W Twpa mstpy; ,d;gk; tpisj;jny mjd;
jiyaha nehf;fk; vd;gJ btspg;gilahFk;.
ehd;fhtJ ,ay;g[
ftp"d; jd; cs;sj;jpy; vGk; ftpijf; fUj;Jfisr; bra;a[s; totpy;
btspapLtjpnyna Kide;J epw;ghd;.
,f;fUj;Jfspy; xU rpynt mtdJ Md;khtpdJ cz;ikapay;ig
btspg;gLj;Jtd.
Md;khtpd; ,ay;g[fis btspapLk; ftpijfns rpwe;j ftpijfs; MFk;.
,f;ftpijfspy; bghJg;gilahd/ kf;fs; cs;sj;jpy; bghJg;glj; njhd;Wk;
czh;r;rpfSk; fUj;JfSk; xUg[wk; btspahFk; vd;gJ cWjp.
,jdhny jdpg;gl;l Md;k ,ay;g[k; bghJg;gl;l kf;fs; ,ay;g[k; rpwe;j
ftpijfspy; tps';fp epw;Fk;.
,J gw;wpna xU ftp"d; jd; fhyj;J ,aw;ifia btspg;gLj;Jk;
tpahf;fpahd fh;j;jh vd;W Twg;gLfpwhd;.
,itna/ ftpij ,d;dJ vd;W nguhrphpah;. v!;. itahg[hpahh; tiuaWf;f
KaYk; ehd;F fUj;JfshFk;.
ciueil 4 thH;f;if
1. gHe;jkpH; kf;fs; nkw;bfhz;l bjhHpy;fisg; gw;wp vGJf.
,y;thH;f;if thH;tjw;Fg; bghUs; njLtJ xU flikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. mth;fs;
gw;gy bjhHpy; tiffis nkw;bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;.
Kjd;ikj; bjhHpy;fs;
cHt[/ thzpfk;/ bert[ Kjypait mj;bjhHpy; tiffspy; rpy. ,';nf
kiyfSk; fhLfSk; flw;fiufSk; tskhd ,Uf;fpd;wd/ btw;W tHpfSk;
cz;L.
m';f';F ,Ue;j kf;fs; mt;tt;tpl';fSf;Fj; jf;f bjhHpy; Kiwfis vz;zpg;
ghh;j;Jj; bjhpe;J bfhz;lhh;fs;.
kiyg;gFjp kf;fspd; bjhHpy;fs; (Fwp";rp)
1. njd; vLg;gJ
2. jpid tpijg;gJ
th
179
3. fpH';F mfH;tJ.
fhl;L epy kf;fspd; bjhHpy;fs; (Ky;iy)
1. epiy nka;g;gJ
2. ghy; filtJ
3. tuF tpisg;gJ
tay;btsp kf;fspd; bjhHpy;fs; (kUjk;)
1. cHt[ bra;tJ
2. efh; mikg;gJ
3. Ml;rp g[hptJ
flw;fiu kf;fspd; bjhHpy;fs; (bea;jy;)
1. Kj;Jf; Fspg;gJ
2. cg;g[ tpistpg;gJ
3. kuf;fyj;jpy; Vwp miyflypy; brd;W thzpfk; bra;tJ.
,t;thW bjhHpy; g[hpe;j kf;fs;/ mwpt[ Kjpu ,d;Dk;
vj;jidnah tifahd bjhHpy;fis czh;e;J/ tsk; kpFe;J thH;e;jdh;.
2. ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; edp ehfhpfuha; tps';fpa ghd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
gHFk; nehf;fk;
jk;nkhL gHfpath;fs; jkf;F e";R bfhLj;jhYk;/ jk;kth;fs; vd;Dk;
fz;nzhl;lj;jhy; e";rpid kWf;fhky; cz;gh;.
nkYk;/ mth;fnshL gHFk; nehf;fk; cilath;fshf mf;fhyg; bghpnahh;fs;
thH;e;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,jid/
Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;nlhh; bfhLg;gpd;

e";Rk; cz;gh; edp ehfhpfh;
vDk; cz;ik ew;wpizg; ghlypd; \yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j nkd;ikia mwpa[k; nghJ ekf;F cs;sk; kpf cUFfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa fye;j kdg;ghd;ikiana/ ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; ehfhpfk; vdf; fUjp
thH;e;jhh;fs;.
mth;fspd; cs;skhl;rpik kpfg;bghpajhFk;.
jk;ikg;nghd;w kf;fsplj;jpy; caph; neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhjtiu ehfhpfh; vd;W
brhy;tjw;F tHpapy;iy.
Mdhy;/ r';ffhy Kd;ndhh;fs;/ mt;tifapy; edpehfhpfuha; tps';fpapUe;jdh; *
,t;thwhf ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;/ edp ehfhpfuha; tps';fpa ghd;ikia mwpayhk;.
3. mf;fhyj;Jf;fy;tpna rpwe;jjhf ,stHfdhh; fUJtjw;Ff; fhuz';fs;
180
ahit>
fy;tp mwpt[
mwpt[ tsh;r;rpf;Fk;/ mjdhy; bjhHpy; bra;J bghUs; njLtjw;Fk; gpw
ed;ikfSf;Fk; cjtpahFk;go mth;fs; fy;tpawpitf; fUj;jhfg; bgUf;fp
te;jhh;fs;.
ts;Sth; TWk; fy;tpawpt[
mwpt[ilath;fns vy;yhk; cilath;fs; mwpt[ ,y;yhjth;fs; vd;d
cilatuha; ,Ue;jhYk; vJt[k; ,y;yhjth;fns; vd;gJ mth;fspd; fUj;jhf
,Ue;jJ. ,jid/
mwpt[ilahh; vy;yhk; cilah; mwptpyhh;
vd;Dila nuDk; ,yh;
vDk; Fwl;ghtpd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
mwptpidj; jf;f fy;tpg; gapw;rpapdhy; milayhk; vd mth;fs; ek;gpdh;.
,jid/
bjhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;nfzp khe;jh;f;Ff;
fw;widj;J CWk; mwpt[
vd;W TWtJ bfhz;L ,J bjspthFk;. ,jdhy; fy;tpia mth;fs; v';Fk;
ey;ygo tsh;j;J te;jdh;.
g[wehD}W TWk; fy;tpawpt[
fw;wth;fs; ve;j ntw;Wika[k; fUjhky; kjpf;fg;gl;L te;jdh;. ,ijg; gw;wp
ntw;Wik bjhpe;j ehw;ghYs;Sk;
fPH;g; ghy; xUtd; fw;gpd;
nkw;ghy; xUtDk; mtd; fz; gLnk
vd;W g[wehE}w;wpy; tUfpd;w ghly; ,';F epidt[ Th;jw;FhpaJ.
murh;fs; Tl vj;jifa ntWghLk; fUjhky; fw;wth;fisj; jkf;F
Mrphpah;fshff; fUjpdh;.
fw;wth;fs; bjhptpf;Fk; tHpapy; jtwhkYk; md;ghft[k; ele;J te;jdh;.
mf;fhy kf;fs; rpwg;ghf ,f;fy;tpiag; nghw;wp te;jjhy;jhd;/ mth;fs;
thH;f;if mwpbthsp kpFe;jjhf tps';fpaJ.
kw;w ehLfSf;Fk; ,e;ehl;od; tHp tHp kf;fSf;Fk; ey;y vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj;
Jy';Ffpd;wJ.
4. gHe; gHe;jkpH; khe;jh; bghpa Kaw;rpiana kjpj;J xGfpdh;
181
vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
vspa Kaw;rp
taypy; jd; tisapd; gf;fj;jpnyna tpise;J tpGe;J fplf;Fk; bew;gapiu
Xh; vyp fwpj;Jj; jd; tisf;Fs; nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;lJ.
,J nghd;w vspa Kaw;rpiaa[ila kf;fis Kd;ndhh; bghpJk;
mUtUj;jdh;.
bgU Kaw;rp
g[yp jhd; bry;Yk; ntfj;jpdhy; jdJ ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; tPH;e;J fplf;Fk; gd;wpiar;
rpwpJk; fz;bzLj;Jg; ghh;f;fhJ.
kWehs; xU bghp[a ahidnahL nghhpl;L mjid tyg;gf;fj;jpy; tPH;j;jp
mjidna czthff; bfhs;Sk;.
mj;jifa g[ypiag; nghd;w bgU Kaw;rpa[ila kf;fis mth;fs; kjpj;Jg;
ghuhl;odh;. ,j;jifa bra;jp g[wehD}w;wpy; Twg;gLfpwJ.
jhk; bghpJ Kad;W njLk; bghUisna gHe;jkpHh; jkf;Fhpajhff; fUJthh;.
jkJ brayhy; tUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; vspa Kaw;rpapy; tUtij mth;fs;
mt;tst[ nkd;ikahf kjpf;f khl;lhh;fs; vd;gJ ed;F tps';Fk;.
5. <ifg; gz;gpy; jkpH; kf;fs; rpwe;J tps';fpa jd;ikia tpsf;Ff>
gpwd; filr; bryhmr; bry;tk;
jkpH; kf;fs; bjhHpy; g[hpe;nj bry;tk; nrh;f;Fk; bfhs;ifiag; bgw;wpUe;jdh;.
,uj;jiy ,Hptha;f; fUjpdh;.
,uthky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyiag;/
gpwd; filr; bryhmr; bry;tk;
vdf; Twp kfpH;e;jdh;.
gRtpw;F ePh; ntz;Lk; vd;W nfl;gija[k; ,Hptha; vz;zpdh;.
jhnd Kad;W ePh; njo mjw;Fj; ju ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fUj;J.
mUk; bgUk; thH;f;if tPuh;fs; Kaw;rpapd;wpg; gpr;irbaLj;J cz;Zk;
,HpbjhHpiy vs;Kid mst[k; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
vj;jifa Kaw;rpa[k; bra;tjw;F ,ayhj cWg;giwfs; (CdKw;nwhh;)/ gpzpahsh;
Kjypnahh; gpwhplk; bghUs; vjph;ghh;g;gJ xUtifapy; bghUe;Jk;.
mj;jifath;fSf;F kdKte;J bghUs; bfhLj;J kfpH;e;jdh; vd;gjid
g[wehD}W/ kzpnkfiya[k; TWtjpypUe;J mth;fs; <ifg;gz;g[ g[yg;gLfpwJ.
beLtpdh
182
1. gz;ilj; jkpH; kf;fs; edp ehfhpfuha; tps';fpaika[k;/ caph;f; Fz';fisg;

nghw;wp thH;e;jika[k; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf.
jk;nkhL gHfpath;fs; jkf;F e";R bfhLj;jhYk;/ jk;kth;fs; vd;Dk;
fz;nzhl;lj;jhy; e";rpid kWf;fhky; cz;gh;.
nkYk;/ mth;fnshL gHFk; nehf;fk; cilath;fshf mf;fhyg; bghpnahh;fs;
thH;e;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,jid/
Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;nlhh; bfhLg;gpd;
e";Rk; cz;gh; edp ehfhpfh;
vDk; cz;ik ew;wpizg; ghlypd; \yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j nkd;ikia mwpa[k; nghJ ekf;F cs;sk; kpf cUFfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa fye;j kdg;ghd;ikiana/ ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; ehfhpfk; vdf; fUjp
thH;e;jhh;fs;.
mth;fspd; cs;skhl;rpik kpfg;bghpajhFk;.
jk;ikg;nghd;w kf;fsplj;jpy; caph; neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhjtiu ehfhpfh; vd;W
brhy;tjw;F tHpapy;iy.
Mdhy;/ r';ffhy Kd;ndhh;fs;/ mt;tifapy; edpehfhpfuha; tps';fpapUe;jdh; *
,t;thwhf ek; Kd;ndhh;fs;/ edp ehfhpfuha; tps';fpa ghd;ikia mwpayhk;.
caph;f;Fzk;
kf;fl;gpwtp tpy';Fg; gpwtpf;Fk; nkyhdJ. kf;fl;gpwtp MwhtJ mwpt[ cilaJ.
gz;ilj; jkpH; kf;fs; kdpj gpwtpf;Fhpa epidt[k;/ brhw; bray;fSk;
bgw;wpUe;jdh;.
mjw;Fhpa ed;Kiwfis kf;fs; jkJ thH;f;if bewpKiwaha; nkw;bfhz;ldh;.
mtw;iw ve;epiyapYk; filg; gpoj;J epd;wdh;. kw;wtiua[k; filg;gpoj;J xGf
cjtpdh;.
kf;fSf;Fhpa capuwpita[k;/ caph;f; Fz';fisa[k; tsh;g;gnj kf;fspd;
nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
mjpakhd; beLkhd; m";rp
mjpakhd; jPiag; nghd;w bgUtPuKilatd;. Fzj;jpy; Fokf;fSld;
xUtdha;f; fye;J jd; Mw;wy; btspg;glhjthW jz;ikahf ,Ug;ghd;.
jPf;filf; nfhy; jPg;gw;Wjw;FhpaJ. mg;goapUe;Jk; mjid tPl;od; ,wg;gpw;
brUfptpLtJk; cz;L.
tPl;ow;F mjdhy; ,lhpy;iy. mJnghy mjpad; jPiag; nghd;w
bgUtPuKilatdhapDk; mjid cs;slf;fpf; bfhz;L jd; FofnshL
xUtdha;f; fye;J jd; Mw;wy; bjhpahjgo jz;ikahf ,Ug;ghdhk;.
th
183
jPf;filf; nfhiyf; file;jhy; jP btspg;gLtJ nghy ,tida[k; gifth;fs;

rpdg;gpj;jhy; ,tdJ bgUtPuk; btspg;gLk;. ,jid/
............................. beLkh d";rp
,y;,iwr; brhP,a b"ypnfhy; nghyj;
njhd;wh jpUf;ft[k; ty;yd; kw;wjd;
fhd;W gL fidbahp nghyj;
njhd;wt[k; ty;yd; jhd; njhd;Wk; fhny
vd;W tUk; ghly; mofs; ,f;fUj;ij mwptpf;fpd;wd.
r';f fhyr; rhd;nwhh;/ kf;fl; gpwtpf;Fhpa caph;f;Fz';fs; cilatuha; mtw;iwj;
jFjpawpe;J gad;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L ed;Kiwapy; thH;e;J te;jdbud;W bjhpfpd;wJ.
2. jkpH; khe;jh; filg;gpoj;J xGfpa xw;wik czh;t[k; <ifa[k; gw;wp fl;Liu
tiuf
jkpH;khe;jh; filgpoj;j xw;Wik czh;t[
jkpH; khe;jh;fs; gw;gy bjhHpy;fis cilatuha; ,Ug;gpDk;/ vy;yhUk; xU jha;
tapw;wpy; gpwe;jth; nghynt xUtUf;bfhUth; rpwpJk; ntWghoy;yhky; cah;e;j
md;g[ thH;f;if thH;;e;jdh;.
vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; vy;yhUf;fk; jkpH; bkhHp chpaJ vy;yh Ch;fSk;
Xh; Ch; nghd;wdnt vd;Dk; xw;Wik czh;t[ mth;fsplk; nknyh';fp
,Ue;jJ.
ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;. vd;w fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhhpd; fUj;jpid
mth;fs; Kothd bfhs;ifahf bfhz;oUe;jdh;.
midtUk; xd;wha; mkh;e;J czt[ cz;gh;. jkf;Fs;/ fye;j cwnthL
jpUkzk; bra;jdh;.
jkpH; kf;fs; vy;yhUk; xUtUf;bfhUth; cwtpduhth;. ,jdhy; mth;fSf;F
vy;yhUila cjtpfSk; fpl;od.
epiyahd bjhHpy;fshYk;/ fiyahj cwt[ KiwfshYk; ftiyapd;wp mth;fs;
kdbthw;Wikaha; kfpH;e;J thH;e;jpUe;jdh;.
,t;thW mth;fs; thH;e;jpUe;jJ mth;fsJ fs;s';fglkw;w mHfpa cs;sj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jkpH; khe;jhpd; <ifg; gz;g[
jkpH; khe;jh; bjhHpy; bra;nj bghUs; njLk; ,ay;gpdh;
jd; Kaw;rpahy; tUk; bghUisna xUtd; bryt[ bra;tjw;F chpatd; vd;w
nkd;ikahd bfhs;ifapidf; filgpoj;J te;jdh;.
cs;sJ rpijg;nghh; csbudg; glhmh;
184
vd;gJ FWe;bjhif. gpwh; bghUSf;F mth;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gJ ,jd;

\yk; bjspthfpwJ.
mUk; bgUk; thH;f;if tPuh;fs; Kaw;rpapd;wpg; gpr;irbaLj;J cz;Zk;
,HpbjhHpiy vs;Kid mst[k; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
vj;jifa Kaw;rpa[k; bra;tjw;F ,ayhj cWg;giwfs; (CdKw;nwhh;)/ gpzpahsh;
Kjypnahh; gpwhplk; bghUs; vjph;ghh;g;gJ xUtifapy; bghUe;Jk;.
mj;jiath;fSf;F kdKte;J bghUs; bfhLj;J kfpH;e;jdh; vd;gjid/
rpwg;gpy; rpjLk; cWg;gpy; gpz;lKk;
TDk; FwSk; CKk; brtpLk;
kht[k; kUSk; csg;gl
vd;W g[wehD}Wk;/
fhzhh;/ nfshh;/ fhy;Klg;gl;nlhh;
ngzh kf;fs;/ ngrhh;/ gpznahh;/
got nehd;gpah;/ grp neha; cw;nwhh;
koey; Th;e;j khf;fs; ahtUk;
vd;W kzpnkfiya[k; TWtjpypUe;J mth;fs; <ifg;gz;g[ g[yg;gLfpwJ.
ciueil 5. Mt[e; jkpHUk;
bkhHp"hapW. njtneag;ghthzh;
1. kf;fs; ehfhpfj;njhL khl;ow;Fk; bjhlh;g[z;L vd;gjidg; ghthzh;
TWkhW ah';'dk;>
kf;fs; ehfhpfk; Fwp";rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ efuk; vd ehd;F epiyfisa[ilaJ.
Fwp";rpapnyna jkpHh;f;F my;yJ jkpHhpd; Kd;ndhh;f;F Mj; bjhlh;g[ ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
Vbddpy; MthdJ Kjd; Kjypy; Fwp";rp epyj;jpw;nf chpa tpy';fhFk;.
Fwp";rpia mLj;J Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;J Mah; Ml;ila[k; khl;ila[k;
bgUthhpaha; tsh;j;J mtw;wpd; Cida[k; ghiya[k; cz;L thH;e;jdh;.
Ky;iy epy kf;fs; Ml;ilf; fhl;oYk; khl;ilna rpwg;ghf tsh;j;jdh;.
Mit nka;g;gth; Mah; vdg; bgah; bgw;wdh;.
,t;thW ehfhpfj;njhL/ khl;ow;Fk; bjhlh;g[z;L vdg; ghthzh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
2. khL vd;gJ bry;tk; nghyf; fUjg;glf; fhuz';fs; ahit>
M vd;gJ Kjypy; khL vdg;bghUs; je;jJ gpd;g[ gRtpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
gz;ila[yfk; KGika[k; khnl/ kf;fs; bry;tkha; ,Ue;jJ. Mjdhy; bry;tk;
khbld tH';fg;gl;lJ.
185
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F

khly;y kw;iw ait
khL Ky;iy/ kUjk; Mfpa ,Utif epyj;jhUf;Fk; CDk; ghYk; cjtpaJ
,Utif ntshz;ikf;Fk; cGJ ,iwj;J cjtpaJ.
khl;od; CDk; ghYk; kl;Lky;yhky; mjd; njhy;/ bfhk;g[/ curid/ thy;/ kaph;/
rhzk; Kjypa gpwt[k; gad;gl;ld.
czit tpistpg;gJk; jhDk; czthtJk; Mfpa ntW gy tifapYk;
cjt[tJ khL.
ghy; Kjy; bea;aPwhft[s;s Ie;Jk; IaKjk; vdg;gLk;.
gz;ila jkpHh; khl;odj;ijr; bry;tkhf kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fs; nghYk; fUjp
te;jdh;.
3. tput[g; bgauhf ,yf;fzj;jpw; brhy;yg;gLtd khLfspd; bgUk;
gad;fUjpnavd;w ghthzh; Tw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
Mt[k; MntWk; (fhisa[k;) kpft[k; gad;gLtJ gw;wp mtw;wpd; tut[ fz;L
Kiwna
vd; mk;ik te;jhs;/ mtSf;Fg; g[y;ypL/
vd; mg;gd; te;jhd;/ mtDf;Fj; jz;zPh; fhl;L
vd;W md;g[iufisf; Twpte;jdh; cHth;. ,J jpiz tGt[f; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
,yf;fzj;jpy; tHptHp Twg;gl;ld.
rhj;jd; rhj;jp/ bfhw;wd; bfhw;wp/ Kltd; Klj;jp/ bfhLk;g[w kUjd;/ bfhLk;g[w
kUjp Kjypa kf;fl; bgah;fisna Mt[f;Fk; Mntw;Wf;Fk; ,l;L miHj;jdh;.
mit ,aw;bgah;/ rpidg;bgah;/ rpidKjw;bgah; vd \tif tput[g; bgauhfj;
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Twg;gl;ld.
;rhj;jd; te;jJKltd; te;jJ/ rhj;jd; g[w;wpd;Dk;/ rhj;jpfd;wPDk;/ Kjypa
brhy;yjpfhu ciu vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis nehf;fyhk;.
4. tpwYila ,is"h;fSf;fk; khL ctikahff; Twg;gl;ljid tpsf;Ff.
fhis kf;fSf;fhf kpft[k; ciHj;jjhy; khLnghy; ciHj;jy; vd;Dk; tHf;F
njhd;wpaJ.
fhis/ tpliy vd;Dk; bgah;fs; ctikahF bgauhf kwth;f;Fk; FWk;gurh;f;Fk;
tH';fpte;jd.
,ila{w;iwg; bghUl;gLj;jhky; vLj;j braiy Kof;Fk; Mw;wy; cilatd;
gfL vdg; g[fHg;gl;lhd;.
kLj;jtha; vy;yhk; gfLmd;dhd; cw;w
186
,Lf;fz; ,lh;g;ghL cilj;J

,is"hpd; typikia mwptjw;F VW jGt[j y; msthff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Ky;iy epyj;jpYs;s Mah; VW jGtpa ,is"h;f;nf j';fs; kfis kzk;
Koj;Jf; bfhLj;J te;jdh;.
5. Mtpd; rpwg;g[fshfg; ghthzh; tpje;Jiug;gd ahit>
Mt[k;/ MntWk; (fhisa[k;) kf;fSf;F gad;gLtd
Mtpd;thiya[k; vUjpd; thiya[k; gw;wp MHkhd Mw;iwf; fle;jdh;. vUJ
Ch;jpahf cjtpg; bghjpa[k; Rke;jJ.
Mnt mikjpa[ilika[k;/ mKjspj;jYk;/ ,Ughy; fd;W <DjYk; gw;wpr;
rpwg;gha;g; nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
ghh;j;jhy; gR nghy/ gha;e;jhy; g[ypnghy vd;gJ gHbkhHp
Mt[f;F tha[iw (tha;j;jPdp) mspj;jy; Kg;gj;jpuz;L mwf;bfhilfSs; xd;wha;f;
bfhz;ldh;.
,Hf;Fk; bghUSk; Mtpd; tha;g;gl;lhy; Mf;fkhk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; ghHha;;g;
nghfpwJ gRtpd; thapny vd;Dk; gHbkhHp njhd;wpaJ.
Mt[f;F tha[iw Kg;gj;jpuz;L mwf;bfhilfSs; xd;whf bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,Hf;Fk; bghUSk; Mtpd; tha;g;gl;lhy; gyd;jhd; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy;/ ghHha;g;
nghfpwJ gRtpd; thapny vd;W gHbkhHp VHe;jJ.
M/ jhd; cz;lij kPz;Lk; jd; tha;f;Ff; bfhz;Lte;J/ mirapl;Lr; brhpf;fr;
bra;tij jiy khzhf;fh;f;F ctikahff; Tw;g;gl;lJ.
Mtpd; jpdt[ jPh;j;jw; bghUl;L/ Mt[hp";rp vd;Wk; MjPz;L Fw;wpbad;Wk;/
brhy;yg;gl;l jwpfs; Ch;njhWk; el;lg;gl;oUj;jiyf; fhzyhk;.
6. mWKiw thH;j;J tpsf;Ff
kf;fshy; thH;j;jg;gLk; bghUs;fSs; Mt[k; xd;whapw;W.
mWKiw thH;j;J vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpag; gFjpa[iuapy;/
KdptUk; ghh;g;ghUk; Mdpiua[k; kiHa[k; Koa[il nte;jUk;
cyFk;
- vd;Dk; mWtiu thH;j;jy; vd;W ciuj;jdh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;.
kf;fs; ey;thH;tpw;F Mt[k; xU fhuzk; vd;gij czh;e;nj mij thH;j;jpdh;
jkpHh;.
thH;f me;jzh; thdth; Mdpdk;vd;whh; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;.
7. M bja;tj;jd;ika[ilaJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf-
187
Mf;fs; kf;fisg;nghy; kl;Lkpd;wp mthpDk; nkyhfj; J}a;ik (my;yJ)

bja;tj;jd;ik ciladthft[k; fUjg;gl;ld.
xU ehl;oYs;s Mepiu/ fs;tuhy; (my;yJ) giftuhy; ftug;god;/ mJ
J}a;ikf;F ciyr;ryhft[k; nghpHg;ghft[k; fUjg;gl;Lf; fLk; nghUf;Ff;
fhuzkhapw;W.
Md;ko mWj;jy; khbgUk; Fw;wkhapw;W/ Mf;bfhiynah brhy;y
ntz;oajpy;iy.
jPad bra;ahj br';nfhy; kd;dUk; ntW ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjpdhy;
me;ehl;L Mepiuiaj; jk; tPuh; thapyhff; fth;e;J Xk;gpdh;.
gFj;jwpt[ ,He;j fhyj;jpy; rpyh; Mtpw;Ff; nfhapy; fl;oa[k; tHpgl;ldh;.
8. Mad; vd;w bganu muridf; Fwpf;Fk; nfh vdg;gl;lJ
vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
Ky;iy epyj;jhuhfpa ,ilaUf;F/ M vd;Dk; bgahpypUe;J Mah; vd;Dk;
bgah; Vw;gl;lJ.
Mtpw;Ff; nfhbtd;Dk; bgah; cz;L.
nfh md; nfhtd; ,ilad;
nfhtd; vd;gJ <W bfl;L muridf; Fwpj;jJ.
Fofs; Mf;fisg; nghd;wth; murd; Maidg; nghd;wtd;. Vdnt murd;
nfhtd; vdg;gl;lhd;.
murd; ifapy; cs;s br';nfhYk; mtd; Mad; nghd;wtd; vd;Dk; fUj;ij
typa[Wj;Jk;.
Mad; Mepiuiaf; fhg;gJ nghy; flt[s; kf;fisf; fhg;gjhy; mth; nfhtd;
vdg;gl;lhh;.
mfehD}W/ epj;jpyf; nfhitapy; nfhtd; vd;Dk; brhy; rptidf; Fwpj;jiyf;
fhzyhk;.
kf;fs; Mf;fshft[k; murDk; flt[Sk; Mauhft[k; fUjg;gl;ldh;.
beLtpdh
1. jkpHh;f;F MbthL bjhd;W bjhl;l bjhlh;g[ cz;L vd;gjidg; ghthzh;
fUj;Jf;fs; tHpna epWt[f
Mah;
MthdJ Kjd;Kjy; Fwp";rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpy';fhFk;.
Fwp";rpia mLj;J Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;J Mah;/ khl;ilg; bghpa mstpy;
tsh;j;jdh;. mtw;wpd; Cida[k; ghiya[k; cz;L thH;e;jdh;.
Mf;fis nka;j;jikahy; Mah; vd;Dk; bgaiua[k; bgw;wdh;.
th
188
Md;
M vd;Dk; bgah; dfur; rhhpia bgwpd;/ Mkh vd;gJ Md;kh vd;whFk;.
Mdhfpa kh vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs;.
khnl bry;tk;
gz;il cyfk; KGika[k; khl;ilna kf;fs; bry;tkha;f; fUjpaJ. Mjdhy;
bry;tk; khL vdg;gl;lJ.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F
khly;y kw;iw ait
khL ey;fpa eyk;

Ky;iy epyj;jpny cHt[ njhd;wpaJ. mJ kUj epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ.
khL ,Uepyj;jhUf;Fk; CDk; ghYk; cjtpaJld; ,Utif ntshz;ikf;Fk;
cGJ ,iwj;J cjtpaJ.
gfL ele;j TH; vd;fpwJ ehyoahh;.
khl;od; njhy;/ bfhk;g[/ curid/ thy;kaph;/ rhzk; Kjypa gpwt[k; gad;gl;ld.
khl;odj;ijr; bry;tkha; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fs; nghYk; fUjp te;jdh;.
,is"h;f;F khL ctikahjy;
fhis kf;fSf;fhf ciHj;jjdhy; khL nghy; ciHj;jy; vd;Dk;
tHf;bfGe;jJ.
fhis/ tpliy vd;Dk; bgah;fs; ctikahF bgauhf kwth;f;Fk; FWk;gurh;f;Fk;
tH';fp te;jd.
jilfisg; bghUl;gLj;jhky; vLj;j braiy Kof;Fk; jpwnthd; gfL vdg;
g[fHg;gl;lhd;.
kLj;jtha; vy;yhk; gfLmd;dhd; cw;w

,Lf;fz; ,lh;g;ghL cilj;J
,is"h;fspd; Mw;wiy mwptjw;nf VW jGt[jy; msthff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Ky;iy epyj;J Mah; VW jGtpd ,is"h;f;nf bgz; bfhLj;jdh;.
ghh;j;jhy; gRnghy gha;e;jhy; g[ypnghy
ghHha;g; nghfpwJ/ gRtpd; thapny
vd;Dk; gHbkhHpfshy; jkpHh;f;F MbthL bfhz;l bjhlh;gpid mwpayhk;.
thH;j;jg;gLk; bghUs;fSs; Mt[k; xd;W
189
thH;f me;jzh; thdth; Mdpdk;vd;gJ kf;fshy; thH;j;jg;gLk; xd;whft[k;/

bja;tj; jd;ika[ilajhft[k; M fUjg;gl;lJ.
2. nfh/ nfhtd; vd;D k; brhw;fisg; gw;wpa ghthzh; fUj;Jfisj;
bjhFj;JvGJf.
Mtpw;Ff; nfhbtd;Wk; xU bgaUz;L.
nfh vd;gJ gR vd;W gp';fyepfz;Lk;/ vUJ vd ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; TWk;.
nfh vd;Dk; brhy; tlbkhHpapy; ,Ug;gjhy; mJ/ tl brhy;yhfp tplhJ.
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd bjd; jkpH;r;brhw;fs; nky Mhpa bkhHpfspYk; brd;W

tH';Ffpd;wd.
nfh md; nfhtd; ,ilad;
nfhtd; epiu kPl;ldd; rPtfrpe;jhkzp TWfpwJ.
nfhtd; vd;gJ nfhd; vd;W FWfp mjd;nky; Md; tpFjp bgw;Wf; nfhdhd;
vd epw;Fk;.
nfhd; Md; nfhdhd;
nfhdhh; vd;Dk; bgah; jkpHfj;jpy; Fog;bgauha; tH';FfpwJ.
nfhtd; vd;Dk; Mad; bganu jphpahJk; nfhd; nfh vdj; bjhf;Fk;/ <W
bfl;Lk; muridf; Fwpj;jJ.
Fofs; Mf;fSk;/ murd; MaDk; nghy;th; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; murd; nfhtd;
vdg;gl;lhd;.
nfhtd; murd;
nfhtDk; kf;fSk; vd;gJ rPtfrpe;jhkzpj; bjhlh;
murd; ifapYs;s br';nfhYk; mtd; Mapd nghd;wtd; vd;w fUj;ij
typa[Wj;Jk;
fpUj;jthpd; rka Mrphpah; M';fpyj;jpy; nka;g;gh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lJk;
,f;fUj;Jg; gw;wpna.
flt[s; midj;Jyfj;jpw;Fk; murd; Mthh;. Mad; Mepiuiaf; fhg;gJ nghy;
flt[s; kf;fisf; fhj;J tUfpwhh;. vdnt flt[Sk; nfhtd; vdg;gl;lhh;.
nfhtd; vd;why; rptd; vd;W mfehD}W epj;jpyf; nfhitapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
nfh vd;Dk; Fiwr;brhy; murida[k; je;ijiaa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
epd;nfh thpDk; ,';nf tUf fypj;bjhif
,';nf nfh vd;Dk; brhy; je;ijiaf; Fwpj;jJ.
Mbtd;Dk; bgah; nghd;nw nfh btd;Dk; bgaUk; jdpj;jkpH;r; brhy;yhFk;.
3. Md;kh/ Mj;kh vd;gd J}a jkpH;r; brh;wfns vd;W ghthzh;
190
ciutHp epWt[f
gR vd;Wk; tlbrhy; bfhs;if E}ypy; kf;fis (my;yJ) caph;fisf; Fwpg;gJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
Mkh vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy; fhl;Lg; gRitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
M vd;Dk; bgah; dfur;rhhpia bgwpd; Mkh vd;gJ/ Md;kh vd;whFk;.
Mdhfpa kh vd;gnj ,jd; bghUs; ,r;brhy;ny tlbkhHpapy; Mj;kh vd;whFk;.
Md;kh vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy; capiua[k;/ Mj;kh vd;Dk; tlbrhy; clk;iga[k;
rpwg;gha;f; Fwpj;jy; fUjj;jf;fJ.
nkYyfj;jpd; xU gFjp Mdpiy cyfk; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ. mJ fhknjD
vd;Dk; fw;gpj M gw;wpnah/ fz;zd; gw;wpnah ,Uf;fyhk;.
Mbtd;Dk; bgah; nghd;nw nfhbtd;Dk; bgauk; jdpj;jkpH;r;brhy;
tlbkhHpapy; ,Ug;git vy;yhk; tlbrhy; my;y. Mhpak; brd;W tH';Fk;
jkpH;r; brhy; gyg;gy cz;L.
kf;fs; Mf;fshft[k;/ murDk; flt[Sk; Mauhft[k; fUjg;gl;ldh;. ,f;fUj;ij
mog;gilahff; bfhz;L caph;fs; Md;kh vd;W jkpH;bkhHpapYk;/ gR vd;W
tlbkhHpapYk; Fwpj;jikf;fhd fhuzkhFk; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW/
Md;kh/ Mj;kh vd;gd J}a jdpj;jkpH;r; brhw;fshfg; ghthzh; epWt[fpwhh;.
6. ePjp E}y;fspy; ,yf;fpa eak;
lhf;lh;. m. rpjk;guehjd;
1. ePjp E}y;fspd; bghJthd ,ay;gpidf; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ePjpfisf; Tw vGe;jit ePjp E}y;fs;.
,t;thW elj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpj;Jk;/ ,t;thW elj;jy; TlhJ vd;W
tpyf;fpa[k; bry;tJ ePjp E}y;fspd; ,ay;ghFk;.
Mjyhy; mj;jifa E}y;fspy; rpwe;j ftpeaj;ijf; fhz;gJ mhpjhFk;.
,yf;fpak; vd;gJ xU Ez;fiyahf kjpf;fg;gl;L ,d;gk jUk; vd;W
vjph;ghh;g;gJ cz;ikjhd;.
Mdhy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; me;j mstpy; kl;Lk; epd;W tplhky;
kf;fSila thH;f;ifiar; rPh;gLj;j cjt[tjhft[k; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ePjp E}y;fs; ,d;gk; gag;gnjhL epd;W tplhky; thH;f;ifia nkk;gLj;Jtjhft[k;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpak;/ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; my;yhky;/ ,yf;fpak; thH;tpl;fhft[k;
,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;gnj mjDila bghJthd ,ay;ghFk;.
2. ftpijapd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;J Mrphpah; rpjk;gu ehjh; TWtd ahit>
nkdhl;L Muha;r;rpahsh; fUj;J
191
ey;y ftpijapd; nehf;fk;/ kf;fSf;F ePjp TWtjd;W vdf; TWk; nkdhl;L

Muha;r;rpahsh; rpyh; cs;sdh;.
mth;fspd; fUj;Jg;go/ ek; ehl;oYk; rpyh; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhtpaj;jpy;/
,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; fUj;ij nehf;f ntz;lh ,d;gj;ij khj;jpuk; bfhs;S';fs;
vd;fpd;wdh;.
,e;j fUj;J Vw;Wf; bfhs;sf; Toa fUj;jd;W.
rpjk;gu ehjd; fUj;J
,yf;fpa';fs; rpw;gj;ijg; nghy/ Xtpaj;ijg; nghy/ eldj;ijg; nghy/ xU
Ez;fiyahf kjpf;fg;gl;L ,d;gk; jUtjhFk;.
rpw;gk;/ Xtpak;/ Mfpatw;wpd; nehf;fk; ,d;gk jUtJ kl;Lnk MFk;.
,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; ,d;gj;ijj; jUtnjhL kl;Lk; epy;yhky; kf;fSila
thH;f;ifiar; rPh;gLj;j cjt[tjhft[k; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ftpijapd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;J rpjk;guehjd; fUj;Jfs; ,t;thwhf mike;Js;sd.
3. ,ue;Jk; caph; thH;jy; vd;W bjhl';Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; bghjpe;Js;s
,yf;fpa ea';fis tpsf;Ff
,uj;jiyf; bfhoJ vd;W fhl;l tpUk;gpa jpUts;Sth;/ cyfpy;
,d;dpd;dhUf;F ,d;dpd;d bjhHpy; vdg; gpukd; tFj;jpUf;fpwhd;.
mjpy; gpr;ir vLj;jiya[k; xU bjhHpyha; nrh;j;jpUg;ghd; nghYk;.
mt;thbwdpy;/ gpukd; ahrpj;jy; bjhHpiyr; rw;Wk; ghh;f;fl;Lk;
,uj;jy; bjhHpy; vt;tst[ ,HpthdJ vd;gij mtd; czul;Lk;.
,uj;jy; bjhHpiyg; gilj;j mtd; xU ghtp.
me;jg; ghtj;jhy; kdpjdha; gpwe;J/ khdk; tpl;L ,utydha; ,t;t[yfpy; te;J
nrul;Lk;. czita[k; fhira[k; bgwhky; gy tPLfspy;/ bjUf;fspy; miye;J
bfl;blhHpal;Lk;/ vd;W gpr;irfhud; fUjpajha; xU fdhf; fz;lhw; nghYk;
jpUts;Sth;. mjd; gadha; xU Fws; vGjpdhh;. mf;Fws;/
,ue;Jk; caph;thH;jy; ntz;ow; gue;J
bfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;
-vd;gnj. vt;tst[ bghpa fdhit vj;Jizf; FWfpa mofspy; bjhptpj;J tpl;lhh;*
........
,t;thW jpUts;Sth; eaj;Jld; ePjp TWtjpy; ty;yth; vd;gij Mrphpah; epWt[fpwhh;.
4. ctikfisf; ifahSk; tpjj;jpyna ts;Sth; eaKz;lhff;
Fwsikj;jpUg;gij tpsf;Ff
jpUts;Sth;/ fathplk; ,ufrpaj;ijj; bjhptpf;ff; TlhJ vd;Dk; ePjpiaf; TWkplj;jpy;
ctikia eaKwf; ifahz;L/
th
192
miwgiw ad;dh; fath;jh'; nfl;l

kiwgpwh;f;F ca;j;Jiuf;f yhd;.
vd;W bjhptpf;fpwhh;. fath; fPH;kf;fs;. fPH; kf;fisj; jk;gl;lk; Mfpa giwf;F
xg;ghfr; brhd;dhh;. brhd;djw;Ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
xUtd; jg;gpidj; jd; ifahny jl;l/ me;jg;giw gyh; fhjpy; gy ,l';fspy;
bfhz;L nrh;f;fpwJ.
me;jg; giwiag; nghd;w fath;/ jhk; mwpe;j ,ufrpaj;ij \l;il fl;of;bfhz;L
gyhplk; bfhz;L ngha;g; gythW TWth;.
mj;jifatiu miwgiad;dh; vd;W jpUts;Sth; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
,ufrpaj;ijf; bfhz;L ngha;g; gpwUf;Fr; nrh;j;jjid ca;j;J vd;w brhy;yhy;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ca;j;J vd;w brhy; ,f;Fwl;ghtpw;F caph;epiy nghd;wJ.
,r;brhy;iy ePf;fp ntW ve;jr; brhy;iyg; nghl;L vGjp ,Ue;jhYk; ,t;tst[
rpwe;j ea';fs; njhd;whJ.
,r;brhy;iyj; njh;e;bjLj;Jj; jf;f ,lk; ghh;j;J itj;J bgUik
jpUts;StUf;nf chpajhFk;.
5. bry;tk; epiyngW cilajd;W vd;gij ehyo v';'dk; eak;gl
etpy;fpwJ>
bry;tk; epiyahdJ md;W vd;gij ehyoahh; kpf mHfhf vLj;Jf; TWfpwJ.
mWRit a[z;o mkh;e;jpy;yhd; Cl;l
kWrpif ePf;fp a[z;lhUk; - twp"uha;r;
brd;wpug;gh; Xhplj;Jf; TbHdpw; bry;tbkhd;W
cz;lhf itf;fw; ghw;W md;W
vd;w ghlypd; \yk; bry;tk; cilath; xUehs; bry;tkw;w epiyapy; twpath; Mff;
TLk; vd;w fUj;ij typa[Wj;JfpwJ.
mjhtJ bry;tj;ij epiyahd bgUk;bghUsha; kjpf;f ntz;lhk; vd;W
TWfpwJ.
,jDs; Mrphpah;/ xd;ww;F xd;iw kWjiyaha;j; bjhLj;jpUg;gjpy;jhd; mHF
jpfH;fpwJ.
mWRit czt[ cz;ltd;/ cg;gpy;yhj TiHf; Fof;fpwhd;
Mrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J cz;ltd;/ ele;J bfhz;nl Fof;fpwhd;
Kidtp Cl;l cz;ltd;/ jdpj;J Xhplj;jpy; Fof;fpwhd;.
193
kWgpo nrhW ntz;lhk; vd;W kWj;J cz;ltd;/ xUgpo nrhWk; ,y;yhj

ViHaha; ,uf;fpwhd;.
,t;thW Kuz;gl itj;jikahy;/ bry;tUk; twp"uhjy; TLk;
Mfnt/ bry;tk; cs;snghnj mwk; bra;f vd;gjid eak;gl bjhptpf;fpwhh;.
beLtpdh
II.1. ePjp TWk;nghJ eak;glf; TWgth; jpUts;Sth; vd;gjw;fhd
rhd;W jUf
ePjp TWk;nghJ eak;glf; TWgth; jpUts;Sth; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;W
ePjp E}y;fSs; jiyrpwe;jjhfg; nghw;wg;gLk; jpUf;Fwspy;/ bja;tg; g[ytuhk;
jpUts;Sth; ePjp TWk;nghJ kpf;f eaKz;lhff; TwpapUg;gJ czh;e;J
,d;g[wj;jf;fJ. rhd;whf rpytw;iwf; fhz;nghk;.
brhy;yhl nghXk; caph;
xU bghUis <f vd;W xUtd; ,uj;jy; ,Hpt[ilaJ vd;whYk; Vnjh Xh;
mtrpak; Vw;gl;L ahrpj;nj jPuntz;oa epiyapy; xUth; ,ug;gjhff; bfhs;nthk;.
me;epiyapy;/ xUtd; bry;te;jd; tPl;oy; g[Fe;J jd;Fiw ,d;dJ vd;W
brhy;yj; bjhl';fp eh vHhky; epw;fpd;whd;.
Mdhy; jd;dplk; bghUs; ntz;o te;jpUf;fpwhd; vd;gij mwpe;j bry;te;jndh
TrhJ ,y;iy vd;W brhy;fpwhd;.
,y;iy vd;w brhy;iyf; nfl;l clnd ,ug;gtd; caph; ngha;tpLfpwJ.
mg;gor; brhd;d bry;te;jDila capnuh v';nf brd;W kiwe;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
ve;j g[iuapny g[Fe;J xspe;J bfhz;lnjh bjhpatpy;iy.
,y;iy vd;w tplnkh bry;te;jDila tha;tHpna te;jJ. Mdhy;
bry;te;jid xd;Wk; bra;atpy;iy.
,y;iy vd;W nfl;ltd; kha;e;jhd; ,y;iy vd;W Twpdtd; khatpy;iy.
bghUis itj;jf; bfhz;L tH';fhky; ,Ug;gtd; ,Ue;jhbyd;d kha;e;jhbyd;d
,f;fUj;Jf;fs; midj;ija[k; jpUts;Sth; Tw epidj;jhh;.
mjw;F mth; bghpa fl;Liu vGjtpy;iy. ePz;l Mrphpag;gh ghltpy;iy. gpd;
vd;d bra;jhh;> xd;nw Kf;fhy; moapny xU Fwl;gh vGjpdhh;.
fug;gth;f;F ah';bfhspf;F'; bfhy;nyh ,ug;gth;
brhy;yhlg; nghXk; caph;
-vd;gnj mf;FwshFk;. MH;e;J nehf;fpdhy; vt;tst[ bghpa ea';fis ,f;Fws;
jd;dfj;nj bfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ czh;e;J ,d;g[wj;jf;fJ.
gue;J bfLf cyfpaw;wpahd;
194
,uj;jiyf; bfhoJ vd;W fhl;l tpUk;gpa jpUts;Sth;/ cyfpy;

,d;dpd;dhUf;F ,d;dpd;d bjhHpy; vdg; gpukd; tFj;jpUf;fpwhd;.
mjpy; gpr;ir vLj;jiya[k; xU bjhHpyha; nrh;j;jpUg;ghd; nghYk;.
mt;thbwdpy;/ gpukd; ahrpj;jy; bjhHpiyr; rw;Wk; ghh;f;fl;Lk;
,uj;jy; bjhHpy; vt;tst[ ,HpthdJ vd;gij mtd; czul;Lk;.
,uj;jy; bjhHpiyg; gilj;j mtd; xU ghtp.
me;jg; ghtj;jhy; kdpjdha; gpwe;J/ khdk; tpl;L ,utydha; ,t;t[yfpy; te;J
nrul;Lk;. czita[k; fhira[k; bgwhky; gy tPLfspy;/ bjUf;fspy; miye;J
bfl;blhHpal;Lk;/ vd;W gpr;irfhud; fUjpajha; xU fdhf; fz;lhw; nghYk;
jpUts;Sth;. mjd; gadha; xU Fws; vGjpdhh;. mf;Fws;/
,ue;Jk; caph;thH;jy; ntz;ow; gue;J
bfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;
-vd;gnj. vt;tst[ bghpa fdhit vj;Jizf; FWfpa mofspy; bjhptpj;J tpl;lhh;*
........
,t;thW jpUts;Sth; eaj;Jld; ePjp TWtjpy; ty;yth; vd;gij Mrphpah; epWt[fpwhh;.
2. tapw;Wg; bgUkhd; bghUl;L kf;fs; bra;a[k; bray;fshf

mwbewpr;rhuk; TWtd ahit>
,r;rfk; ngrp thGk; khe;jhpd; bray;
cyfpy; ,r;rfk; ngrp thGk; khe;jUs; xUtidg; g[yth; xUth; nehf;Ffpwhh;.
xUehs; xUtUk; mwpahkny mtd; tPl;oDs; EiHe;J mtd; bra;gtw;iwg;
ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;.
mtd; nghw;wp ghhpna nghw;wp/ nghw;wp fhhp/ nghw;wp Xhp/ nghw;wp fz;zh/
nghw;wp ngfh vd;W vd;bdd;dnth cUg; nghl;lgo ,Uf;fpwhd;.
,jid kiwe;jpUe;J ftdpf;fpwhh; g[yth;.
gpwF mtd; btspna g[wg;gl;Lg; nghfpwhd;. g[ytUk; gpd; bjhlUfpwhh;.
,r;rfk; ngRk; kdpjdpd; mLf;F bkhHp
g[Jg; gzf;fhud; xUtd; tPl;oy; mtd; EiHfpwhd;.
nghw;wp nghw;wp vd;W bjhl';fp/ monaidf; fhj;jUs ntz;oaJ
Mz;ltid xj;j j';fshy; jhd; ,aYk;/ ,iwtnd mUs; g[hpf. j';fs; mUs;
nehf;fp thGfpnwd;.
195
gapUf;F kiH vg;gonah/ vd; nghd;w twp"h;f;Fj; jh';fs; mg;go vd;W

gythW mLf;fpdhd;. ghh;j;jhh; g[yth; ghodhh; xU ghl;L.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;l g[ythpd; rpwpa ghly;
,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;l g[yth; Kidg;ghoahh;/
nghw;wpna nghw;wpna bad;W g[Jr;bry;tk;
njhw;wpahh; fz;bzy;yhk; bjhz;nlnghy; -Mw;wg;
gapw;wpg; gapw;wpg; gyt[iug;g bjy;yhk;
tapw;Wg; bgUkhs; bghUl;L
vd;gnj mg;ghl;L/ g[yth; jhk; fz;l bghpa fhl;rpiar; rpW ghl;ony mikj;Jf;
bfhLj;jhh;.
g[ythpd; fUj;J
tapw;iw tsh;g;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk; ngrpj;jphpa ntz;lhk; vd;gnj g[yth; Twf;
fUjpaJ.
mhpa bghpa fUj;ij tpsf;Fk; bra;a[s;
,r;rfk; ngRnthd; ,Hpe;jtd; vd;W nenu brhy;yhky;/ mtd; tapw;wpid
knfRtudhf;fpg; bgUikg; gLj;JtJ nghy; rpWikg;gLj;jpa jpwk; tpaf;fj;jf;fJ.
tapw;W bgUkhs; bghUl;L
Tapwhfpa jk;gpuhd; ,Uf;fpwhnu/ me;jf; flt[isf; fhg;ghw;w vj;jid bgha;a[k;
g[id RUl;Lk; Mw;wp khe;jh; thH;fpwhh;fs; vd;W ftp"h; ,t;tplj;jpy;
,u';Ffpwhh;.
,g;go bgha; brhy;yp tsh;f;fg;gLk; tapW tapwh/ Fjpuh vdg; g[yth; nfl;gJ
nghyj; njhd;WfpwJ.
tapw;Wr; rhkpia ek;gp cz;ikf; flt[is kf;fs; tpLfpwhh;fns vdg; g[yth;
fy';Ffpwhh;.
,t;tst[ eak;gl tapw;Wg; bgUkhs; bghUl;L vd;w xnu bjhluhy; mhpa
bghpa ePjpfis mwbewpr; rhuk; TWfpwJ.
7. kdpjh; thH;f
lhf;lh;.K.tujuhrdhh;
1. Kd;ndw;wk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J lhf;lh; K.t. ciug;gd ahit>
Kd;ndw;wKk;/ Kw;nghf;Fk;
cyfk; gog;gona Kd;ndwp tUfpwJ. mjd; Kd;ndw;wj;ij czuhj
fhuzj;jhy; rpyh; Kw;nghf;if vjph;f;fpwhh;fs;.
196
Rpyh; cyfk; Kd;nghy; ,y;iyna vd;W vz;zpr; nrhh;t[ milfpwhh;fs;. rpyh;

jhk; tpUk;g[tJnghy; ,y;iyna vd;W cyfj;ijg; gHpf;fpwhh;fs;.
Kd;ndw;wk; vd;gjd; bghUs;

cyfk; Kd;ndWfpwJ vd;why;/ kiya[k; fhLk; Vnjh khWjy; milfpd;wd
vd;gJ fUj;J md;W.
cyfj;jpY; cs;s kf;fspd; thH;tpy; ey;y khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd
vd;gnj fUj;jhFk;.
,e;j Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F ,ilapilna gy epiyfspy; kdpjh; jLkhwpaJ cz;L.
jLkhwpj; jLkhwpg; g[jpa g[jpa mwpt[k; Cf;fKk; bgw;W kdpjh; Kd;ndwp
te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
,e;j Kd;ndw;wk;jhd; ekf;bfy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifa[k; cWjpa[k; mspj;J tUfpwJ.
,t;thW Kd;ndw;wk; Fwpj;J K.t. vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
2. Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;W K.t. Fwpg;gJ ahJ>
Kjy; jLkhw;wk;
gs;spf;Tlj;Jr; rpWtd; xUtd; vGjf; fw;Wf; bfhz;l gpwF/ gyifa[k;
gyg;gKk; jdf;Fr; bra;j cjtpiag; nghw;WtJ ,aw;if.
Mdhy; vGj;Jf; fy;tp bgUik cilaJ vd;W czuhky; gyifa[k; gyg;gKk;
cah;e;jit/ rpwe;jit vd;W ka';fpdhy; mij mtdila thH;tpy; neh;e;j
Kjy; jLkhw;wk; vd;nw Twntz;Lk;.
mg;gog;gl;l jLkhw;w';fs; kdpj thH;tpy; gy neh;e;jJ cz;L.
kf;fs; To thHj; bjhl';fpa nghJ mth;fSs; xUtd; jiytdhf ,Ue;J
tHpfhl;odhd;.
tHpfhl;oa jiytd; jiyapy; KoR{l;odh; ifapy; xU nfhYk; bfhLj;jdh;.
rpy jiyKiwfs; fle;j gpwF me;j Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; kd;dd;
vdg;gl;lhd;.
gog;goahf kf;fSf;fhf kd;dd; vd;w epiy khwp kd;dDf;fhf kf;fs; thH
ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; \lek;gpf;if Vw;gl;lJ.
nkYk; Koa[k; nfhYk; cilatd; vtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtidj; bja;tkhfg;
nghw;wp mogzpa ntz;Lk; vd;w \l ek;gpf;if tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ.
,Jnt Kjy; jLkhw;wk; Fwpj;J K.t. Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
3. njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wk; vd K.t. ciug;git ahit>
jLkhw;wKk;/ bjspt[k;
197
gyifa[k; gyg;gKk; rpwe;jit my;y vd;W czh;tJ nghy; Koa[k; nfhyk;

rpwe;jit my;y vd;W kdpjh; czuj; bjhl';fpdh;
njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wk;
ehl;il Ms;tjw;Fj; jFjpa[ila xUtiuj; njh;e;bjLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;/
mt;thW njh;e;bjLg;gjw;F tHptif bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kf;fs; tpUk;gpdh;.
me;j Kaw;rpapd; tpist[jhd; njh;jy; Kiw. njh;jy; Kiwa[k; beL';fhykhfr;
rpw;W}h;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.
gyh; To ifia cah;j;JtJ \ykhft[k;/ FlXiyapypUe;J njh;e;bjLg;gjd;
\ykhft[k; ek; ehl;oYk; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dpUe;nj njh;jy; Kiw
,Ue;J te;jJ.
mj;njh;jy;fspy; Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;w ,lj;ijr; bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;
bgw;Wtpl;ld.
guk;giuahfr; bry;thf;F cilath;fSk; epyg[yk; gilj;j bry;tuhf
thH;gth;fSk; njh;jypy; epd;W btw;wp bgw;W jiytuhf tu Koe;jJ.
Koa[k; nfhYk; nghy bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtJ khwp/ ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk;
xU rpyUila bry;tj;ija[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; fhg;gjw;Fg; gad;gl;ldh;.
Vdnt njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wnk vd K.t. vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
4. xUgo Kd;ndw;wk; vd;W K.t. ciug;gJ ahJ>
xUgo Kd;ndw;wk;
Koa[k; nfhYk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;Fg; gilfSk;
gilf; fUtpfSk; gad;gl;ld.
,d;iwa Ml;rp KiwapYk; gilfSk;/ gilf;fUtpfSk; mt;thW
gad;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; mtw;wpd; kjpg;gk
[ ; rpwg;g[k; Fiwe;Jtpl;ld. ,J xUgo
Kd;ndw;wk; vd;W K.t. TWfpwhh;.
nkilg; ngr;RfSk;/ gj;jphpiffSk;
,d;W fl;rpfisf; fhg;gjw;F gj;jphpiffSk;/ nkilg; ngr;RfSk; gad;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
gH';fhy kf;fs; gilfisa[k; gilf;fUtpfisa[k; fz;L ka';fpaJ nghy;/
,d;iwa kf;fs; gj;jphpiffisa[k; nkilg; ngr;Rfisa[k; fz;L ka';Ffpd;wdh;.
,e;j kaf;fKk; jPh;e;J tpLk;.
198
gj;jphpifapy; vGjg;gLtd vy;yhk;/ nkilapy; ngrg;gLtd vy;yhk;

cz;ikay;y vd kf;fs; tpiutpy; czUth;.
- vd;w bjspt[ kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; fhyk; tpiutpy; te;Jbfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
me;j bjsptpdhy; nghh;g;gilfisf; fz;L ka';f hjijg; nghd;nw fl;rpj;
njh;jy;fisa[k; fz;L ka';fhjijg; nghd;nw fl;rpj; njh;jy;fisa[k; fz;L ka';f
khl;lhh;fs;.
,t;thW xUgo Kd;ndw;wk; Fwpj;J K.t. tphpj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
5. Vw;wj;jhH;tpy;yhj rKjhak; mika K.t. fhl;Lk; tHpfs; ahit>
kf;fspd; tpHpg;g[zh;t[
Ko/ nfhy;/ gzk;/ fl;rp/ njh;jy; vd;Dk; ve;jg; bgaiur; brhy;ypa[k; kf;fis
Vkhw;w KoahJ.
,itbay;yhk; kdpjd; tsKld; thH cjt te;j fUtpfs;.
,f;fUtpfs; gadw;Wg; nghFkhdhYk; ,ila{whfj; njhd;wpdhYk; mtw;iwg;
g[wf;fzpf;f kf;fSf;F KG chpik cz;L.
mitbay;yhk; rpwpait. kdpj thH;nt bghpaJ.
Tl;Lwt[k; ciHg;g[k;
kdpj thH;tpy; cz;ikahd mog;gilaha; cs;sit ,uz;L.
1. Tl;Lwt[
2. ciHg;g[
,e;j ,uz;Lk; cs;s tiuapy; kdpj thH;t[f;F ahbjhU Fiwa[k; ,y;iy.
Tl;Lwt[f;F ,ila{Wte;jhy; mijbty;y mwg;gil ntz;Lk;
ciHg;gpw;Fg; g";rk; te;jhy; mij bty;y cGepyk; ntz;Lk;.
Ruz;LnthUk; Ruz;lg;gLnthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp/ rka fl;rp Kjypatw;why; Vw;wj;
jhH;tpy;yhj rKjhak; miktjw;F ,Jnt tHpahFk;.
,itna/ Vw;wj;jhH;tpy;yhj rKjhak; mika K.t. TWk; tHpfs; MFk;.
beLtpdh
1. njh;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wp K.t. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; ahit>
jLkhw;wKk;/ bjspt[k;
gyifa[k; gyg;gKk; rpwe;jit my;y vd;W czh;tJ nghy; Koa[k; nfhyk;
rpwe;jit my;y vd;W kdpjh; czuj; bjhl';fpdh;
njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wk;
199
ehl;il Ms;tjw;Fj; jFjpa[ila xUtiuj; njh;e;bjLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;/

mt;thW njh;e;bjLg;gjw;F tHptif bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kf;fs; tpUk;gpdh;.
me;j Kaw;rpapd; tpist[jhd; njh;jy; Kiw. njh;jy; Kiwa[k; beL';fhykhfr;
rpw;W}h;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.
gyh; To ifia cah;j;JtJ \ykhft[k;/ FlXiyapypUe;J njh;e;bjLg;gjd;
\ykhft[k; ek; ehl;oYk; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dpUe;nj njh;jy; Kiw
,Ue;J te;jJ.
mj;njh;jy;fspy; Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;w ,lj;ijr; bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;
bgw;Wtpl;ld.
guk;giuahfr; bry;thf;F cilath;fSk; epyg[yk; gilj;j bry;tuhf
thH;gth;fSk; njh;jypy; epd;W btw;wp bgw;W jiytuhf tu Koe;jJ.
Koa[k; nfhYk; nghy bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtJ khwp/ ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk;
xU rpyUila bry;tj;ija[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; fhg;gjw;Fg; gad;gl;ldh;.
kdpj thH;tpw;F cjt te;j Koa[k; nfhYk; xUg[wk;/ bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;
kw;bwhU g[wk; ,t;thW tsh;e;j tsh;r;rpa[k;/ jLkhw;wKk; tuyhw;wpy; vy;yh
ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;Wk; mtw;wpd; RtLfs; cs;sd.
fl;rpaikg;g[
guk;giuahf bry;thf;Fs;sth;fns bjhlh;e;J jiyik bgWk; epiy khwp
g[jpath;fs; Vd; j';fs; jpwikahYk; ciHg;ghYk; jiyik bgwf;TlhJ> vd
epidj;jdh;.
mjd; tpisthf/ njh;jy; fhyj;jpy; Ms; jpul;oj; Jd;g[whky; Kd;gpUe;nj xU
Tl;lj;ijf; Tl;o mjd; Jiziaa[k;/ cjtpiaa[k; bfhz;L njh;jypy; btw;wp
bgw tHptFj;jdh;. mJnt fl;rpaikg;g[ vd;gjhFk;.
,t;thW njhd;wpa fl;rpfs; gy j';fSf;Fs; Kuz;gl;L nkhJjy;
,aw;ifahdJ.
kf;fspd; thH;t[f;fhf Kjypy; fl;rpfs; njhd;wpd.
Mdhy; ,d;W cs;s epiyapy;/ fl;rpfs; thH;tjw;fhfnt kf;fs; fUtpahfg;
gad;gl ntz;oa[s;sJ.
,itna njh;jy; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J K.t. vLj;Jiuj;j fUj;Jf;fs; MFk;.
2. kdpj thH;nt bghpJ vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; K.t. ciuf;Fk;
vjph;fhyf; fdt[ ahJ>
xUgo Kd;ndw;wk;
200
Koa[k; nfhYk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;Fg; gilfSk;

gilf; fUtpfSk; gad;gl;ld.
,d;iwa Ml;rp KiwapYk; gilfSk;/ gilf;fUtpfSk; mt;thW
gad;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; mtw;wpd; kjpg;gk
[ ; rpwg;g[k; Fiwe;Jtpl;ld. ,J xUgo
Kd;ndw;wk; vd;W K.t. TWfpwhh;.
nkilg; ngr;RfSk;/ gj;jphpiffSk;
,d;W fl;rpfisf; fhg;gjw;F gj;jphpiffSk;/ nkilg; ngr;RfSk; gad;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
gH';fhy kf;fs; gilfisa[k; gilf;fUtpfisa[k; fz;L ka';fpaJ nghy;/
,d;iwa kf;fs; gj;jphpiffisa[k; nkilg; ngr;Rfisa[k; fz;L ka';Ffpd;wdh;.
,e;j kaf;fKk; jPh;e;J tpLk;.
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;gjwpt[
gj;jphpifapy; vGjg;gLtd vy;yhk;/ nkilapy; ngrg;gLtd vy;yhk;
cz;ikay;y vd kf;fs; tpiutpy; czUth;.
- vd;w bjspt[ kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; fhyk; tpiutpy; te;Jbfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
me;j bjsptpdhy; nghh;g;gilfisf; fz;L ka';f hjijg; nghd;nw fl;rpj;
njh;jy;fisa[k; fz;L ka';fhjijg; nghd;nw fl;rpj; njh;jy;fisa[k; fz;L ka';f
khl;lhh;fs;.
kdpj thH;nt bghpaJ
Ko/ nfhy;/ gzk;/ fl;rp/ njh;jy; vd;Dk; ve;jg; bgaiur; brhy;ypa[k; kf;fis
Vkhw;w KoahJ.
,itbay;yhk; kdpjd; tsKld; thH cjt te;j fUtpfs;.
,f;fUtpfs; gadw;Wg; nghFkhdhYk; ,ila{whfj; njhd;wpdhYk; mtw;iwg;
g[wf;fzpf;f kf;fSf;F KG chpik cz;L.
mitbay;yhk; rpwpait. kdpj thH;nt bghpaJ.
Tl;Lwt[k; ciHg;g[k;
kdpj thH;tpy; cz;ikahd mog;gilaha; cs;sit ,uz;L.
1. Tl;Lwt[
2. ciHg;g[
,e;j ,uz;Lk; cs;s tiuapy; kdpj thH;t[f;F ahbjhU Fiwa[k; ,y;iy.
Tl;Lwt[f;F ,ila{Wte;jhy; mijbty;y mwg;gil ntz;Lk;

201
ciHg;gpw;Fg; g";rk; te;jhy; mij bty;y cGepyk; ntz;Lk;.

Ruz;LnthUk; Ruz;lg;gLnthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp/ rka fl;rp Kjypatw;why; Vw;wj;
jhH;tpy;yhj rKjhak; miktjw;F ,Jnt tHpahFk;.
,itna/ kdpj thH;nt bghpJ vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; K.t. ciuf;Fk;
vjph;fhyf; fdthFk;.
8. jkpH; ehl;Lf; fiyr; bry;t';fs;
jkpH;ehL bjhy;bghUs; Ma;t[j; Jiwapdh;
1. jkpHh;fs; gH';fhyj; bjhl;nl gy fiyfisa[k; ngzp te;Js;sdh;
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
jkpHfj;jpy; gy fiyr; bry;t';fisf; fhz;fpnwhk;.
mtw;iwf; fhqk; nghJ jkpHh;fs; kpfg; gH';fhyj;bjhl;nl fiyiag; nghw;wpg;
ngzp te;jij mwpfpnwhk;.
Mafiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F vd;Dk; KJbkhHpf;F Vw;gg; gy tifahd
fiyfis mHfha; tsh;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
fl;llf;fiy/ rpw;gf;fiy/ Xtpaf;fiy/ brg;g[g;gokf;fiy/ kur;rpw;gf;fiy/
je;jr;rpw;gf;fiy/ ,irf;fiy/ ehl;oaf;fiy vdg; gy tifahfg; gphpj;J
ehs;njhWk; tsh;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
mtw;Ws; fl;llf;fiy/ rpw;gf;fiy/ Xtpaf; fiy Mfpait kpfg;
gH';fhye;bjhl;nl jkpHfj;jpy; rpwg;g[g; bgw;W tps';fpapUf;fpd;wd/
2. ,yf;fpa';fspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;llf;fiyr; bra;jpfisf; TWf.
fl;llf;fiy vd;why; nfhtpy;fspd; fl;llf;fiyiag; gw;wpj;jhd; mwpa KofpwJ.
muz;kidfs;/ tskidfs;/ tPLfs; Mfpaitgw;wp mwpar; rhd;W VJk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.
,yf;fpa';fspy; murfh;fs; thH;e;j muz;kidfisg; gw;wpa[k;/ efu
mikg;g[f;fisg; gw;wpa[k; mwpfpnwhk;.
ahidkPJ nghh;tPud; xUtd; mkh;e;J/ jd; ifapy; kpf cah;e;j bfhoia Ve;jpf;
bfhz;L bry;Yk; mst[f;F cah;e;j thapy;fs; muz;kidfspy;
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. bghpa khspiffs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.
Itif epy';fSf;F Vw;g rpwpa tPLfs; fl;of;bfhz;L kf;fs; thH;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; mtw;Wf;F nehpilr; rhd;Wfs; ekf;F ,d;Dk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
3. mfH;tha;thy; btspaplg;gl;l fl;ll';fs; gw;wp vGJf.
g{k;g[fhhpy; eilbgw;w mfH;tha;t[
202
Rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ g{k;g[fhhpy; eilbgw;w mfH;tha;tpy; g[j;j tpfhuk;

xd;Wk;/ bghUs;fs; Vw;Wkjp/ ,wf;Fkjp bra;ag;gLk; Kfj;Jthuf; fl;llKk;
mfH;tha;tpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; kf;fs; thH;e;j fl;llg;gFjp VJk; btspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
bfhw;if/ ciwa{hpy; epfH;e;j mfH;tha;t[fs;
bfhw;ifapy; epfH;e;j mfH;tha;tpYk; ciwa{hpy; epfH;e;j mfH;tha;tpYk; fp.gp. 11
12 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; nrh;e;j fl;llg; gFjpfs; fpilj;jd.
mit mf;fhyj;jpa fl;ll';fisg; gw;wpj; bjspthfj; bjhptpg;gdthf ,y;iy.
f';if bfhz;l nrhHg[u mfH;tha;t[
mz;ikapy; jkpH;ehL muR bjhy;bghUs; Ma;t[j; Jiwahy; f';if bfhz;l
nrhHg[uj;jpd; gFjpahd cs;nfhl;ilapy; Kjyhk; ,uhnre;jpu nrhHd; vLg;gpj;J/
thH;e;j muz;kidg; gFjp fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
KGg; gFjpa[k; btspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; fp.gp.10 11Mk; E}w;whz;oy; kd;dh;fsJ
muz;kid vt;totpy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij czh;e;J bfhs;s cWJizahf
,Uf;Fk;. ,itna mfH;tha;thy; btspaplg;gl;l fl;ll';fs; gw;wpa
bra;jpfshFk;.
4. jkpHff; Filtiuf; nfhtpy;fisg; gw;wp vGJf.
Filtiuf; nfhapy;fSs; gHikahdJ
nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy vd;W vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;oypUe;J
ehk; Tw Koa[k;.
jkpHfj;jpd; bjd;gFjpahd ,uhkehjg[uk; khtl;lj;ijr; nrh;e;j gps;isahh;gl;o
vd;Dk; Chpd; Filtiuf; nfhapny jkpHfj;jpy; ,d;W fhzg;bgWk; Filtiuf;
nfhapy;fSs; gHikahdjhFk;.
,J ghz;oah;fsJ gilg;ghFk;.
Filtiuf; nfhapy;fis mikj;jth;fs;
,jid mLj;J/ jkpHfj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; Filtiuf; nfhapy;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.
Mit gy;yth;fs;/ ghz;oah;fs;/ mjpah;/ Kj;jiuah; Mfpnahh;
mikj;jitfshFk;.
fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whznlhL Filtiuf; nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp
epd;Wtpl;lJ.
5. fw;fis mLf;fp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhtpy;fs; gw;wpf; TWf.
fw;fis mLf;fp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhtpy;fs;
203
fw;fis xd;nwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; nfhapw;gzp gy;yth;/ ghz;oah;

fhye;bjhl;L Vw;gl;L ,e;ehs; tiu bjhlh;e;J epytp t jUfpwJ.
gy;yth; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;
m) khky;yg[uj;Jf; flw;fiuf;nfhapy;
M) fh";rpg[uj;Jf; ifyha ehjh; nfhapy;
Mfpad gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitfshf Twyhk;.
ghz;oah; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;
jpUg;gj;J}h; jpUj; jspehjh; nfhapy; ghz;oah; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;j nfhapyhff; Twyhk;.
nrhHh; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;
m) ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya nrhHPr;Ruk;/

M) j";ir ,uhruhnrr;Ruk; vd;Dk; j";irg; bgUt[ilahh; nfhapy;
,) f';if bfhz;l nrhHg[uj;Jf; f';if bfhz;l nrhHPr;Ruk;
<) jhuhRuk; IuhtnjRtuh; nfhapy;
c) jphpg[tdk; jphpg[td tPnur;Ruk;
Kjypad nrhHh; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitshff; Twyhk;.
cd;dj epiy
,f;fiyapd; tsh;r;rpiaj;jhd; gpw;fhyg; ghz;oah;/ tpra efu kd;dh;fs;/ ehaf;fh;
fhy';fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
nfhapy;fspy; nfhg[uk; mikj;jy; gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fp tpraefu
kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; kpft[k; cd;dj epiy va;jpaJ.
6. nrhHh; fhyj;jJr; rpw;gpfspd; jpwikiag; g[yg;gLj;Jf.
nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;gpfspd; jpwik.
nrhHh; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs;/ gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; nghd;W kpfg; bghpa
mstpy; rpw;g';fisr; brJf;fpapUf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; fiyaHif mjpf mstpy; fhz;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W Twyhk;.
nfhapy;fspd; mjpl;lhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpW rpw;g';fs; nrhHh;fhyr; rpw;gpfspd;
ty;yikiag; g[yg;gLj;JtdthFk;.
jpwikf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;L
,uhkhazf; fhl;rpfisa[k;/ rptg[uhzf; fhl;rpfisa[k; njh;e;bjLj;Jr; rpWrpW
g[ilg;g[r; rpw;g';fshfr; brJf;fpapUg;gJ mth;fspd; rpw;gf;fiyj; jpwDf;Fr; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.
gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfistpl njh;r;rp bgw;wth;fs;
204
flt[sh;fsJ cUt';fshapDk;/ mur murpah;fs; cUt';fshapDk; mtw;wpy;

fhzg;bgWk; cUt mikg;g[/ Kfg;bghypt[/ flt[s; jd;ik/ tpHpnahl;lk;/
g[Utbespt[/ if mirt[ Mfpait gy;yth;fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfistplr; nrhHh;
fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; xUgo nkYk; njh;r;rp bgw;wth;fs; vd;gij tpsf;fp epw;Fk;
nrhHh; fhyj;ijj; bjhlh;e;J te;j gpw;fhyg; ghz;oah; fhyj;jpy;/ nrhHh; fhyj;jpa
fiyj;jd;ikiar; rpw;g';fspy; fhz Koatpy;iy. ,t;thW nrhHh; fhyr;
rpw;gpfs;/ rpw;gf; fiyapy; ty;ytuha;j; jpfH;e;jdh;.
7. brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfspd; bghw;fhyk; vJ/ Vd;>
brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfspd; bghw;fhyk; nrhHh; fhykhFk;.
kz;qyfpy; gpwe;jjd; flik
nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; jhd; brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfs; mjpf mstpYk; vz;zpf;ifapYk;
bra;ag;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.
brk;gpad; khnjtp nghd;w nrhHg; nguurpfs;/ brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfs;
bra;jspg;gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;jjd; flik vd;W vz;zpr; bra;J
mspj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;.
cd;dj gilg;g[fs;
nrhHh; fhyj;jpa brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfs; fiy mHFk; flt[s; jd;ika[k;
bghUe;jpait.
caph; bgw;W vGe;J tpl;ldnth vd;Dk; mst[f;Ff; fhzg;gLk; cd;djg;
gilg;g[fs;
rptd; \h;j;j';fs; MapDk; jpUkhy; \h;j;j';fs; MapDk; mit vt;thW
bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk; vd;W Mfk E}y;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdnth mjw;nfw;gr;
bra;ag; bgw;wit.
Xt;bthU jpUnkdpapYk; mf;fhyr; rpw;gpapd; ifj;jpwd; gspr;brdf; fhzg;gLk;.
8. jkpH; kd;dh; tsh;j;j Xtpaf; fiyfis v';b'';Ff; fhzyhk;>
jkpH; kd;dh; tsh;j;j Xtpa';fs;
jkpH; kd;dh; tsh;j;j Xtpa';fis mth;fs; fl;oa nfhapy;fspd; EiHt[
thapypd; ,Ugf;f';fspYk; fUtiwr; Rth;fspYk; gpufhu';fspYk; tpjhdj;jpYk;
jPl;odh;.
fhzg;gLk; ,l';fs;
khkz;?h;f; Fiffspd; btspkz;lgk;
fh";rpg[uk; ifyhr ehjh; nfhapy;
gdkiyf; nfhapy;
j";irg; bgUt[ilahh; nfhapy;
205
Kjypa gy ,l';fspYk; fhzg;bgWfpd;wd/

Mly; kfs; Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;g[
gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vHpyhh;e;j Mly; kfspd; Xtpak;
kpfr; rpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ.
,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;zr; brwpt[k; czh;r;rpg; bghypt[k; ek;ikf;
fth;fpd;wd.
9. jkpHh; jk; kur;rpw;gf;fiy gw;wp vGJf.
kur;rpw;gf;fiy
kur; rpw;gf; fiy fp.gp. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;oypUe;nj fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nfhapy;fspy; jpUtpHhf;fs; mjpfkhf mjpfkhf kur;rpw;g';fs; bra;a[k; bjhHpy;
tsh;r;rp bgw;Ws;sJ vd;W Twyhk;.
njh;j; jpUtpHh
Fwpg;ghf/ njh;j; jpUtpHh Vw;gl;l gpwnf/ njh; bra;ifapy; mj;njhpy; rpw;g';fisr;
brJf;FtJk; eilbgw;W ,Uf;fpwJ.
Rpy Mya';fspy; nfhg[u thapy; fjt[fspYk; rpwe;j kur;rpw;g';fisf; fhz
KofpwJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; brl;oehl;lhh; tPLfspy; thapy; epiyfspy; kur;rpw;g';fs; bra;J
mHFgLj;jpapUe;jija[k; mwpayhk;.
10. ehaf;fh; fhy je;jr; rpw;gf;fiy gw;wp tiuf.
ehaf;f kd;dh; fhyk;
je;jr; rpw;gf;fiy Fwpg;ghf/ ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; fhy';fspy; jhd; rpwg;g[g;
bgw;wpUf;fpwJ.
Flt[sh; cUt';fSk; mur/ murpah; cUt';fSk; kw;Wk; bgl;o/ gy;yf;Fj;
jz;L nghd;w bghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.
jpUtu';ff; nfhapy;*
jpUtu';fj;jpy; ehaf;f kd;dh;/ mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpnahuJ cUt';fs; ehd;fo
cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy; fk;gPukhff; fhl;rp mspf;fpd;wd.
mnj nfhapypy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; jk; gl;lj;jurpnahL ,Ug;gJ kw;Wk; flt[sh;
cUt';fs; Mfpait rpwpa mstpy; epuk;g cs;sd.
Mit ,g;bghGJ m';Fs;s fhl;rpf; Tlj;jpy; bghJkf;fs; ghh;itf;fhf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mHfh; nfhapy;
kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s mHfh; nfhapypYk; je;jr; rpw;g';fs; epuk;g ,Uf;fpd;wd
,ita[k; rpwpa mstpyhdit.
206
II. beLtpdh
I. nfhapy; fl;llf; fiy gw;wp tpsf;fp tiuf.
nfhapy; fl;llf; fiy
jkpHh;fs; kpfg; gH';fhye; bjhl;nl fiyfisg; nghw;wpg; ngzp te;Js;sdh;.
mtw;Ws; fl;llf;fiy rpwg;g[w;W tps';fpaJ. mf;fl;llf; fiyfspy; nfhtpy;
fl;llf;fiy jhd; rpwg;gplk; bgWfpwJ.
Filtiuf; nfhapy;fSs; gHikahdJ
nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy vd;W vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;oypUe;J
ehk; Tw Koa[k;.
jkpHfj;jpd; bjd;gFjpahd ,uhkehjg[uk; khtl;lj;ijr; nrh;e;j gps;isahh;gl;o
vd;Dk; Chpd; Filtiuf; nfhapny jkpHfj;jpy; ,d;W fhzg;bgWk; Filtiuf;
nfhapy;fSs; gHikahdjhFk;.
,J ghz;oah;fsJ gilg;ghFk;.
Filtiuf; nfhapy;fis mikj;jth;fs;
,jid mLj;J/ jkpHfj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; Filtiuf; nfhapy;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd.
Mit gy;yth;fs;/ ghz;oah;fs;/ mjpah;/ Kj;jiuah; Mfpnahh;
mikj;jitfshFk;.
fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whznlhL Filtiuf; nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp
epd;Wtpl;lJ.
Fd;Wfisr; brJf;fpf; nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw
jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; brJf;fpf; nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw gy;yth;/ ghz;oah; fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
khky;yg[uj;jpy; cs;s Ie;J uj';fSk; fGFkiyapy; cs;s btl;Lthd;
nfhapYk; Kiwna ,th;fsJ gilg;g[fshFk;.
,k;Kiw fp.gp. 8 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpnyna epd;Wtpl;lJ.
fw;fis mLf;fp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhtpy;fs;
fw;fis xd;nwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; nfhapw;gzp gy;yth;/ ghz;oah;
fhye;bjhl;L Vw;gl;L ,e;ehs; tiu bjhlh;e;J epytp t jUfpwJ.
gy;yth; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;
m) khky;yg[uj;Jf; flw;fiuf;nfhapy;
M) fh";rpg[uj;Jf; ifyha ehjh; nfhapy;
Mfpad gy;yth; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitfshf Twyhk;.
207
ghz;oah; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;

jpUg;gj;J}h; jpUj; jspehjh; nfhapy; ghz;oah; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;j nfhapyhff; Twyhk;.
nrhHh; fhyj;Jf; nfhtpy;fs;
m) ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya nrhHPr;Ruk;/
M) j";ir ,uhruhnrr;Ruk; vd;Dk; j";irg; bgUt[ilahh; nfhapy;
,) f';if bfhz;o nrhHg[uj;Jf; f';if bfhz;l nrhHpr;Ruk;
<) jhuhRuk; IuhtnjRtuh; nfhapy;
c) jphpg[tdk; jphpg[td tPnur;Ruk;
Kjypad nrhHh; fhyj;Jr; rpwe;jitshff; Twyhk;.
cd;dj epiy
,f;fiyapd; tsh;r;rpiaj;jhd; gpw;fhyg; ghz;oah;/ tpra efu kd;dh;fs;/ ehaf;fh;
fhy';fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
nfhapy;fspy; nfhg[uk; mikj;jy; gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fp tpraefu
kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; kpft[k; cd;dj epiy va;jpaJ.
2. Xtpaf;fiy jkpHfj;jpy; rpwe;jpUe;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

jkpHfj;jpy; Xtpaf;fiy
Xtpaf;fiy jkpHfj;jpy; cahpa epiyiag; bgw;W ,Ue;jJ.
cyfpy; fhzg;bgWk; capUs;sd/ capuy;yd Mfpa vy;yhg; bghUs;fisa[k;
fw;gidahy; fhzg;bgWk; bghUs;fisa[k; mt;ttw;wpd; cUt';fs; nghyj;
njhd;WkhW jkpH;ehl;L Xtpah;fs; xtpa';fshfj; jPl;odh;.
Xtpak; xU nahff; fUtp
vt;tifr; bra;jpa[k; ctk';fhl;o vd kJiuf;fh";rpa[k;/
ikaW gotj;J thdth; Kjyh
vt;tif caph;fSk; ctk';fhl;o
vd kzpnkfiya[k; TWfpd;wd.
Xtpaj;ij btWk; bjhHpyhff; fUjhky; xU nahff; fUtpahfnt fUjpdh;.
Xtpaf;fiyapy; kd;dh;fs;
jkpH;ehl;oy; ,d;W ehk; fhZk; Xtpa';fSs; kpft[k; bjhd;ikahdit gy;ytg;
bgUkd;dh; fhyj;jit MFk;.
Vwf;Fiwa fp.gp.7 Mk; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; Xtpa';fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,jw;F Kw;gl;lit fhyg;nghf;fpy; mHpe;J kiwe;J nghapd.
th
208
gy;yt kd;dh;fs;
Xtpaj;Jiwapy; gy;yt kd;dh;fs; bgUk;gzp g[hpe;Js;sdh;.
gy;yt kd;dd; knfe;jputh;knd Xtpaf;fiyapy; rpwe;J tps';fpatd;.
nrhH kd;dh;fSk; Xtpaf; fiyg;gzpapy; <Lgl;L ,Ue;jdh;.
jkpH; kd;dh; tsh;j;j Xtpa';fs;
jkpH; kd;dh; tsh;j;j Xtpa';fis mth;fs; fl;oa nfhapy;fspd; EiHt[
thapypd; ,Ugf;f';fspYk; fUtiwr; Rth;fspYk; gpufhu';fspYk; tpjhdj;jpYk;
jPl;odh;.
Xtpa';fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fs;
jkpH; kd;dh;fshy; jPl;lg;bgw;w Xtpa';fis/
khkz;?h;f; Fiffspd; btspkz;lgk;
fh";rpg[uk; ifyhr ehjh; nfhapy;
gdkiyf; nfhapy;
j";irg; bgUt[ilahh; nfhapy;
Kjypa gy ,l';fspYk; fhzg;bgWfpd;wd/
Mly; kfs; Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;g[
gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vHpyhh;e;j Mly; kfspd; Xtpak;
kpfr; rpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ.
,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;zr; brwpt[k; czh;r;rpg; bghypt[k; ek;ikf;
fth;fpd;wd.
1. ghy;tz;zk;gps;is
- g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
fija[k; fUg;bghUSk;
tpl;Lf; bfhLg;gtd; bfl;Lg; nghtjpy;iy
bfl;Lg; nghfpwtd; tpl;Lf; bfhLg;gjpy;iy
t.vz; cs;slf;fk;
1. Kd;Diu
2. fijapd; fU
3. ghy;tz;zk; gps;isapd; FLk;gk;
4. kidtp FHe;ijfspd; epiy
5. kidtpapd; rpe;jid
6. mYtyfj;jpy; tpthjk;
7. gps;isapd; tUifa[k; - kidtpapd;Tw;Wk;;
8. kidtp gRkhL th';Fjy;
9. gps;isapd; gpothj Fzk;
209
10. ghy;tz;zk;gps;is khl;il tpw;wy;

11. Kot[iu
t.vz; fij khe;jh;fs;
1. ghy;tz;zk; gps;is
2. ghy;tz;zk; gps;isapd; kidtp
3. Rg;g[f; nfhdhh; - khl;L tpahghhp
4. nky;tPl;L mz;zhr;rp khL th';fpj;je;jth; kw;Wk; g';F
bgWnthh;
5. mYtyf caujpfhhp
6. mYtyf rf CHpah;
7. gps;isapd; FHe;ijfs;
8. gRkhL fd;Wf;Fl;o Kjypad
Kd;Diu:
rpWfij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; g[Jikiaf; bfhz;Lte;j rpw;gp g[Jikg;gpj;jd;. mth;
vz;zw;w rpWfijfis vGjpath;. mtUila rpWfijfs; kdpj rKjha thH;t[
Kiwfis ed;F glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;l ty;yd. mtw;Ws; xd;W ghy;tz;zk; gps;is
vd;Dk; rpWfij MFk;. ,f;fijapd; Rit fhz;nghk;.
fijapd; fU : jhd; epidg;gJk;/ brhy;tJk;jhd; rhp kw;wth;fspd; Tw;Wfs; rhpay;y/
Vw;Wf; bfhs;sj;jf;fdt[k; my;y vd;W epidf;Fk; jdpkdpjd; xUtdpd; gpothj
Fzj;ijr; rpj;jhpg;gnj ,f;fijapd; fUthFk;.
ghy;tz;zk; gps;isapd; FLk;gk; :
ghy;tz;zk; gps;isf;Fk; mtUila kidtpf;Fk; fh;g;gj; jilapy;
ek;gpf;if fpilahJ. Mjd; tpist[ tUlk; jtwhJ xU FHe;ij. Mjdhy;
FHe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifa[k; ToaJ. Mdhy; FLk;gtUkhdk; Tltpy;iy.
mth; khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiyth; mYtyfj;jpy; cjtpahsuhfg; gzpg[hpe;J
tUfpwhh;.
xd;W bgw;why; xsp kak;
,uz;L bgw;why; ,d;g kak;
mjpfk; bgw;why; my;yy; kak;
vd;gij mwpahjtuha; ghy;tz;zk; gps;is tps';Ffpwhh;.
kidtp FHe;ijfspd; epiy :
mof;fo FHe;ijfisg; bgw;wjhy; mtuJ kidtpapd; cly;rj;J Fiwe;jJ.
mj;Jld; fLikahd ciHg;g[k; mtis kpft[k; fisg;giliar; bra;jJ.
FHe;ijfSf;Fr; rj;jhd czt[k;/ ghYk; ,d;ikahy; mth;fs; bkype;Jk;/ eype;Jk;
210
fhzg;gl;ldh;. jh;k kUj;Jtkidapy; cs;s kUe;Jj; jz;zPUk;/ thof;if ghy;fhudpd;

fld; ghYnk mth;fspd; czthf ,Ue;jJ.
bfhLikapYk; bfhLik tWik
kidtpapd; rpe;jid :
ghy;fhud; ghy;tpiyia ehd;F +gha; Tl;otpl;lhd;. ,e;epiyapy;jhd;
ghy;tz;zk; gps;isapd; kidtpf;F xU nahrid njhd;wpaJ. jhnk xU fwit khL
th';fp tpl;lhy; vd;d> vd;gJ jhd; mJ.
mYtyfj;jpy; tpthjk; :
xU ehs; mYtyfj;jpy; gf;fj;J Fkh!;jht[ld; xU rpW g{ry;.
ghy;tz;zg;gps;is bkf;!pnfh bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpy; ,Uf;fpwbjd;whh;. gf;fj;J
Fkh!;jhnth/ g[tpapay; E}y; ntW khjphp TWfpwbjd;W Twp kWj;jhh; ghy;tz;zk;
gps;isf; fUj;ij ep+gpg;gjw;fhf btF ntfkhf tPl;ow;F te;jhh;.
jhd; gpoj;j KaYf;F \d;W fhy;fs;
- vd;Dk; gHbkhHpf;nfw;g thH;gth;.
ghy;tz;zk; tUifa[k; kidtpapd; Tw;Wk; :
ntfkhf tPl;ilaile;j gps;isath;fs; jhk; gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;gpy; goj;j
g[tpapay; ghlg;g[j;jfk; v';F ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W vz;zpf; bfhz;nl cs;ns EiHe;jhh;.
tPl;ow;Fs; EiHe;jJk;/ mth; kidtpaplk; mu';Fr;rhtp v';nf> vd;W nfl;Lf;
bfhz;nl khof;Fr; brd;W Muha;e;jhh;. mth;jk; kidtp rhtpia vLj;Jf; bfhz;L
gpd;bjhlh;e;jhs;. rhtpia mthplk; bfhLj;Jtpl;Lj; jd; kdjpy; mlf;fp itj;j ghy;
gpur;ridia Muk;gpj;jhh;.
FHe;ijfSf;Fg; ghy; bryt[ mjpfkhfpwJ. xU khL th';fpdhy; vd;d> vd;W
nfl;lhs;>tPl;ow;F te;jhy; xnu ,uhkhazk; khL fPL vy;yhk; th';f KoahJ. vk;
gps;isfs; ePh; jz;zPiaf; For;R tsUk; vd;whh; ghy;tz;zk; gps;is mtUila
ngr;rpy; nfhgf;fdy; tPrpaJ.
FLk;gk; xU nfhapy;
vd;gij czuhjtuhfg; ghy;tz;zk;gps;is jpfH;fpwhh;.
kidtp gRkhL th';Fjy; :
gps;isath;fspd; kidtp/ jhk; bgw;w gps;isfspd; kPJ mst[ fle;J ghrk;
itj;jpUe;jhh;. FHe;ijfSf;fhf vg;gonaDk; gRkhL gh';fpna jPuntz;Lk; vd;W
cWjp g{z;lhs;. jd; ifapYs;s bfl;of;fhg;g[ ,uz;ila[k; tpw;whs;. xU kapiyg;
gRita[k; fd;iwa[k; th';fpdhs;. ,uz;L ehs; fHpj;J mYtyfj;jpypUe;J te;j
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is g[wthrypy; fhy;/ if fGtr; brd;w bghGJ cuypy;
fl;lg;gl;oUe;j gRita[k; fd;iwa[k; fz;ghh;.
211
fhf;iff;Fj; jd; F";R bghd;F";R

gps;isapd; gpothj Fzk; :
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is/ mth; kidtpaplk; khL vg;bghGJ te;jJ> ahh; th';fpf;
bfhLj;jh vd;whh;. nky; tPl;L mz;zhr;rp th';fpj; je;jhh;. ghy; xUgo fwf;Fkhk;
vd;whs;. md;wpypUe;J mth; tPl;Lg; ghy;/ nkhh;/ fhg;gp/ Mfpatw;iwf; Fog;gjpy;iy
vd;W Kot[ bra;jhh;. mth; kidtpf;F kpFe;j tUj;jk;. xU gf;fk; FHe;ijfs;/
kw;bwhU gf;fk; fztd; vd;w FHe;ij vd;d bra;ths; mts;>
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is khl;il tpw;wy; :
gjpide;J ehl;fs; fHpe;jd. me;j khl;ilg; ghy;tz;zk;gps;is/ Rg;g[f;
nfhdhUf;F Kg;gJ +gha; tpiyf;F tpw;W// mjid ,unthL ,uthf mDg;gp
tpl;lhh;. khL vGgJ +ghahapw;nw/ FHe;ijfSf;Fg; ghyhapw;nw vd;W kidtp
jLj;jhs;. jk; braiyj; jLj;j kidtpapd; brhw;fis mth; brtp rha;f;ftpy;iy.
mk;kh* vd; fd;Df;Fl;o vd;W mGj FHe;ijiafr; Rk;kh bfl rtnk vd;W
mlf;fpdhh;.
thjj;jpw;F kUe;J cz;L Mdhy;
gpothjj;jpw;F kUe;J ,y;iy
Kot[iu
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is mYtyfj;jpy; ntW tHp ,y;yhky; gRtha; ,Ue;jhh;.
tPl;oy;/ mtuJ kdjpy; ml';fpf; fple;j kd vGr;rpfs; Qpl;yuhf mtiu elf;f
itj;jd. xt;bthU kdpjDk; jdf;Fhpa flikiaa[k;/ bghWg;iga[k; czh;e;J
bray;gl;lhy; thH;t[ ,d;gkhf mika[k;. kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; g[iunahof;fple;j
Mzhjpf;fk;/ bgz;zoik Mfpait gw;wp ,f;fij bjspthff; TWfpwJ.
Mqk; bgz;qk; rhpepfh;
t.vz; fija[zh;j;Jk; ePjpfs;

1. mfH;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik
,fH;thh; bghWj;jy; jiy
2/ bry;yplj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpd';fhg;ghd; my;yplj;Jf;
fhf;fpbdd; fhthf;fhy byd;
3. bfhoJ bfhoJ tWik bfhoJ
mjdpDk; bfhoJ ,sikapy; tWik
4. ,y;ywk; ,d;wp ey;ywk; ,y;iy
212
ghy;tz;zk;gps;is g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
fijkhe;jh; jpwdha;t[
fijkhe;jh; ghy;tz;zk;gps;is
thjj;Jf;F kUe;J cz;L
gpothjj;Jf;F kUe;J ,y;iy
cs;slf;fk;
1. Kd;Diu
2. gps;isapd; gz;g[fs;
3. vy;yhk; bjhpe;jth; nghy;
4. elj;jy;
5. bghWg;gw;w FLk;gj;jiytd;
6. kidtpaplk; nfhgk;
7. md;g[k; gz;g[k; ,y;yhjtd;
8. gps;isapd; Mzhjpf;fk;
9. gps;isapd; gpothjk;
10. Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
g[Jikg;gpj;jd; gilg;g[fSs; xd;W ghy;tz;zk;gps;is vd;Dk; rpWfij.
,tuJ rpW fijfs; midj;Jk; capnuhl;lk; kpf;fit. fijfs; ieahz;oa[k;/
eifr;Rita[k; kpspuf; fhzyhk;. ,f;fij xU vGj;juhfpa ghy;tz;zk;gps;isapd;
kd ,ay;igg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
ghy;tz;zk; gps;isapd; gz;g[fs;
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is KaYf;F \d;W fhy;fs; vd;Dk;/ gpothj Fzk;
cilath;. rpj;j cWjp/ bfhs;ifis tplhik nghd;w Fz';fisf; bfhz;lth;. mth;
mYtyfj;jpy; gR/ tPl;oy; g[yp.
thjj;Jf;F kUe;J cz;L
gpothjj;f;F kUe;J ,y;iy
- vy;yhk; bjhpe;jth; nghy; elj;jy;
xU ehs; mYtyfj;jpy; ez;gh;fSld; ciuahof; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. ghy;tz;zk;
gps;is/ mg;bghGJ ngr;rpdpilna bkf; !pnfh bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;whh;. mijf;nfl;l ez;gh; xUth; eP';fs; ,g;gof; TWfpd;wPh;fs;* Mdhy; g{nfhs
213
E}y; ntW khjphp TWfpd;wnj vdf; Twpdhh;. mtuJ Tw;iwg; bgha;ahf;fp jhk;
TWtnj bka; vdf; fhl;lj; Joj;jhh;. mYtyfk; Koe;jJk; tPl;ow;F ntfkhf te;jhh;.
bghWg;gw;w FLk;gj;jiytd;:
kidtp brhy;tijf; fztdhfpa ehd; nfl;f ntz;Lkh> vd;W fUJk;
bgz;zoikr; rKjhaj;jpd; epue;ju cWg;gpdh; ghy;tz;zk; gps;is.
ghy;tz;zk; gps;is FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ehl;lKk;/ ek;gpf;ifa[k; ,y;yhjth;/
Mz;Lf;bfhU FHe;ij tPjk; ehd;F FHe;ijfs; gpwe;jd. tUk; rpj;jpiuapy; ,d;bdhU
FHe;ij gpwf;f ,Uf;fpwJ.
xd;nw bgw;why; xspkak;

,uz;nl bgw;why; ,d;gkak;- vd;gij czuhjth;.
kidtpaplk; nfhgk; :
FHe;ijfSf;fhfg; gRkhL th';fntz;Lk; vd;W kidtp TwpaJk; jd;
bkf;!pnfh nfhgj;ij mth; kPJ fhl;odhh;. tPl;Lf;F te;jJk; cd; ,uhkhazj;ij
Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhah> khLfPL th';f KoahJ. vk; gps;isfs; ePuhfhuj;ijf; Foj;nj
tsh;e;jpLth';f vd;W kidtp kPJ nfhgf;fdiy ms;sp tPRfpwhh;.
kidtp xU khzpf;fk;- vd;gij mwpahjth;.
md;g[k; gz;g[k; ,y;yhjtd;
ghy;tz;zk;gps;isapd; kidtp jd; FHe;ijfSf;fhfj; jd; iffhg;g[fis
tpw;Wf; fd;Wld; gRit th';fpdhs;. mYtyfj;jpypUe;J te;j gps;isath;fs;/ khL
vg;bghGJ te;jJ> ahh; th';fpj; je;jJ> vdf; nfhgj;Jld; tpdhtpdhh;. kidtp kf;fs;
kPJ md;g[k; ghrKk; ,y;yhj Fzk; cilatuhf tps';fpdhh;.
,y;ywkd;wp ey;ywk; ,y;iyvd;gij mwpahjth;
gps;isapd; Mzhjpf;fk;
FLk;g epiy/ kidtpapd; ey;y vz;z';fs;/ mtspd; bghWik Mfpatw;iw
mtuhy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;s Koatpy;iy. mjw;F khwhfj; jd; ngr;ir kjpf;ftpy;iyna
vd;w Mzhjpf;f czh;r;rpna mthplkk; nknyh';fp epd;wJ. mjdhy; jd; kidtp
th';fpa gRtpd; \yk; fpilj;j ghypy; nghl;Lf; bfhLj;j fhg;gpiaf; Fof;f
kWj;JtpLfpwhh;.
Mzhjpf;fk; mJ tPzhjpf;fk;- vd;gij kwe;jth;.
bghWg;gw;w je;ij :
xU ehs; ,ut[ 8 kzp ,Uf;Fk;/ ghy;tz;zk; gps;isr; Rg;g[f; nfhdhUld;
tPl;ow;F te;jhh;. vGgJ +gha;f;F kidtp th';fpa gRkhl;il 30 +gha;f;Ff;
bfhLj;jhh;. gps;isfSf;F th';fpa gRitr; Rg;g[f; nfhdhUf;F tpw;W/ gps;isg;
ghrj;jpypUe;J tpyfp epd;whh;.
Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;Fg; g[j;jp kl;L- vd;gij czuhjth;.
214
gps;isapd; gpothjk; :
Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; khl;il mtpH;f;Fk; nghJ/ gps;isapd; kidtp khL vGgJ
+gha;f;F th';fpajhapw;nw* FHe;ijfSf;Fg; ghy; jUfpd;wnj* vdj; jaf;fj;Jld;
Twpdhs;. Twl;Lg; gpothjk; jiyf;nfwpa gps;isath;fs;/ Vd; gps;isfs; ePuhfhuk;
Foj;jhy; nghJk; vd;w Twptpl;lhh;.
tpl;Lf;bfhLg;gtd; bfl;Lg; nghtjpy;iy
bfl;Lg;nghfpd;wtd; tpl;Lf; bfhLg;gjpy;iy
-vd;gij czuhjth;.
Kot[iu :
ghy;tz;zk; gps;isia Mrphpah; \d;W tpjkhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
1. caujpfhhpfsplk; gzpt[k;/ gagf;jpa[ld; ele;J bfhs;gtuhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
2. rf CHpahplk; tpthjk; bra;a[k gpothjf;fhuh;.
3. tPl;oy; Mzhjpf;fk; brYj;Jk; mjpfhuhf;fhuh;. bkhj;jj;jpy; tpl;Lf; bfhLf;Fk;
kdg;ghd;ikapy;yhg; gpothjf;fhuh;.
fijkhe;jh; \yk; ehk; mwptd :
md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ;,y;thH;f;ifgz;g[k; gaDk; mJ.
bry;yplj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpd';fhg;ghd; my;yplj;Jf;fhf;fpbdd; fhthf;fhb
yd;.
rhd;nwhdhf;Fjy; je;ijapd; flnd
Mz;/ bgz; rhp epfh;.
kdk; nghd nghf;F vy;yhk; nghf ntz;lhk;.
vd;gij czuhj ghy;tz;zk; gps;isiag; g[Jikg;gpj;jd; mHfhfg;
glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
2. \f;fg;gps;is tPl;L tpUe;J (fija[k; fUg;bghUSk;

- ty;ypf;fz;zd;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
- Kd;Diu
- jd;dyj;jhy; tpisa[k; jPik
- \f;fg;gps;isapd; ew;gz;g[
- Cuhh;g; gHf;f';fs;
- bra;jpj;jhspy; goj;jit
215
- \f;fg;gps;isapd; kdrhl;rp
- miHg;g[k; mtkjpg;g[k;
- \f;fg;gps;isapd; bray;
- Kot[iu
- fij czh;j;Jk; ePjpfs;
fij khe;jh;fs; :
- \f;fg;gps;is CUld; xd;wp thHhj rptg[u Rfthrp

- rptg[u Ch;kf;fs;
- MWKfk; - miHg;g[f;fhud;
- jtrpg; gps;isfs; - czt[ jahhpg;gtd;
- tlf;Th;/ fPGh; ViHthH; kf;fs;
Kd;Diu :
rpWfijfSk; eilnghLk; rpWfij Mrphpah;fSs; xUtuhdth; ty;ypf;fz;zd;.
,th; kdpj neaj;jpd; khz;g[fs; gw;wpf; fij vGJtjpy; ty;yik tha;e;jth; vd;gij
,th; vGjpa \f;fg;gps;is tPl;L tpUe;J vd;w fijapd; \yk; mwpayhk;. kdpj
thH;f;ifapd; ,af;fnk md;g[jhd;.
md;gpd; tHpaJ caph;epiy
- vd;Wk; bghJkiw je;j ts;Sth; TWfpd;whh;. capiuj; jiHf;fr; bra;j
cwt[fis nkk;gLj;Jk; md;g[ vd;Wk; mKj Cw;nw gy fpisfshff; fpisj;J
jiHj;Jk; thH;f;ifia ,af;FfpwJ. ,f;fUj;njhl;lj;ijf; fijapd; epiwthff;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; Mrphpah; ty;ypf;fz;zd;.
jd;dyj;jhy; tpisa[k; jPik :
md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah;
vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,j;jifnahh; md;iga[k; bghUisa[k; ghpkhwpf; bfhs;Sk;
nghJ gpwiu t";rpj;J Vkhw;wptpLth;. mr;rkaj;jpy; kdr;rhd;wpd; Fuiy mKj;j
mlf;fp
tpLfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; kdr;rhd;W rhpahd fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;J MH;kdjpy; j';fpa[s;sJ.
fle;j fhyj; jtWfis epidt{l;Lk; fhl;rpianah/ fUj;ijnah rpe;jpf;Fk;nghJ
be";;irr; Rl;L epidt{l;Lfpd;wJ. ghpfhuk; bra;at[k; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. ,jidj;jhd;
ts;Sth;/
jd;bd";nr jd;idr; RLk; -Fws;
- vd;fpwhh;/ Mdhy; \f;fg;gps;isapd; kd cWj;jy; Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;lJ.
th
216
\f;fg;gps;isapd; ew;gz;g[
\f;fg;gps;is gpwh; chpikg; bghUis tpUk;ghjth;. fpzw;Wj;jtis nghyj;jhd;
thGk; rpt[gunk brhh;f;fk; vd epidg;gth;. filfspnyh/ czt[ tpLjpfspnyh/ gpw
,l';fspnyh bghUs;fis th';fpf;bfhz;L Vkhw;wpajpy;iy. mth;fs; mjpfkhfg; gzk;
bfhLj;jhYk; jpUg;gpf; bfhLj;JtpLk; gz;ghsh;. ve;jr; NH;epiyapYk; gpwh; bghUis
mgfhpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; vz;zk; mth; cs;sj;jpy; vGe;jjpy;iy.
neh;ikna rpwe;j bfhs;ifvd;w gz;g[ btspg;gLfpwJ.

Cuhh; gHf;f';fs;
kidtpia ,He;J thhpRk; ,d;wpj; jdp Mshf ,Ue;J te;jhh; \f;fg;gps;is.
kw;wth;fisg; nghy; ,y;yhky; khWgl;ltuhf thH;e;J te;jhh;. fy;ahzk; fhl;rp vdg;
gpwh; tPLfSf;Fr; brd;W tpUe;Jz;z khl;lhh; ; fyfyg;ghfg; ngrp kfpHt[k; khl;lhh;.
Ch; tHf;fj;ijj; jl;l Koahky; ,Ht[ tPl;Lf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd epfH;r;rpfSf;Fk; brd;W
jiy fhlo tpl;L te;JtpLthh;. Vd;d bra;tJ mth; tpUk;ghtpl;lhYk;
te;Jtpl;ldnt \f;fg; gps;isapd; kWg;iga[k; nfshky; tw;g[Wj;jpf; bfhLj;Jtpl;Lr;
brd;wdh;.
jdp kuk; njhg;ghfhJ
- ,g;goahf Cuhhpd; czt[g; bghUis cz;z ntz;oa fl;lhaj;Jf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;lhh;.
bra;jpj;jhspy; goj;jit
tlf;nf v';nfh Xh; Chpy; thH;e;j xUth; vg;bghGnjh gazr;rPl;L th';fhky;
,uapy; gazk; bra;jpUf;fpd;whh;. gy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; kdrhl;rp mth;
Fw;wj;ijr; Rl;of;fhl;o cWj;jpajhk;. Mjdhy; mth; ,tiug; nghynt
ele;Jbfhz;lhh;. bra;jpj;jhs;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;og; g[ifg;gl';fisa[k;
btspapl;oUe;jd.
jd;bd";R mwptJ bgha;aw;f bgha;j;jgpd;
jd;bd";nr jd;idr; RLk;
- vd;w ts;Sthpd; thf;if czh;e;jhh;.
\f;fg;gps;isapd; kdrhl;rp
\f;fg;gps;is jPikia epidj;Jk; ghh;f;fhjth; ,Ue;Jk; bra;jpj;jhisg; goj;j
gpd;dh; kdrhl;rp mtiu cWj;jj; bjhl';fpaJ. Cuhh; je;j gyfhu';fisa[k;/
gH';fisa[k; Ritj;J cz;l eP mth;fSf;F vd;d bra;jha;> vd;w tdhit vGg;gp
be";irr; Rl;lJ. Mfnt/ \f;fg;gpsis rpj;jpuh bgsh;zkp md;iwf;F CuhUf;Fr;
rpwe;j tpUe;jspf;f jpl;lkpl;lhh;. mg;gor; bra;jhy; kdr;rhd;wpd; cWj;jy; kiwe;JtpLk;
vd;W ek;gpdhh;/
ey;yJ bra;j yhw;wPuhapDk;
my;yJ bra;j nyhk;g[ kpd;(g[wk;)
217
vd;W r';fg;g[yth; fz; Kd; epdhh;. jd; jpl;lj;ijr; braw;gLj;j

jtrpg; gps;isiaa[k; ,uz;L ntiyf;fhuh;fisa[k; miHj;J tpUe;Jf;Fhpa
Vw;ghLfisr; bra;ar; brhd;dhh;.
miHg;g[k; mtkjpg;g[k;
rpj;jpuh bgsh;zkp rptg[uj;jhh; tpujk; ,Uf;Fk; ehs;. mij czuhky; md;W
fhiyapnyna miHg;g[f;fhu MWKfj;ijr; Tg;gpl;lhh; rpj;jpuh bgsh;zkp rpj;jpuhd;dr;
rpwg;g[ tpUe;Jf;F Cuhh;midtiua[k; miHf;FkhW Twpdhh;. Mdhy;/ tpUe;J
miHj;J ahUk; tpUe;jpy; fye;Jf;bfhs;stpy;iy. kPz;Lk; xUKiw miHf;fr;
brhd;dhh;.
CUld; giff;fpd; ntUld; bfLk; vd;w bghd;bkhHpia mwpahjth; Mdhh;
\f;fg;gps;is. Cuhnuh \f;fg;gps;is Kd;dnu miHf;ftpy;iybad;Wk; nehpy; te;J
miHf;ftpy;iybad;Wk; Twp tpUe;jpy; fye;Jbfhs;s kWj;J tpl;ldh;.
kjpahhjhh; jiythry; kpjpahnj
-vd;w KJbkhHpia Ch;kf;fs; fUj;jhff; bfhz;ldh;.
\f;fg;gps;isapd; bray;
\f;fg;gps;is Cuhh; jd;id mtkjpj;jijg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gltpy;iy.
tpUe;Jf;fhfr; rikj;j czt[g;bghUs;fs; tPzhff; Tlhnj vd;W ftiyg;gl;lhh;.
mtUila cs;sk; mjw;F clnd tHpfz;L gpoj;Jtpl;lJ. miHg;g[f;fhu
MWKfj;ij kPz;Lk; miHj;J tlf;TUf;Fk; fPGUf;Fk; brd;W m';fpUf;Fk; ViH
ghiHfis eP clnd miHj;Jf;bfhz;L th* mth;fs; ,e;jr; rpj;jpuhd;d';fis cz;L
kfpHl;Lk;* Rfthrpfs; cz;L kfpH;tijf; fhl;oYk; vspahh; twpahh; cz;gijina ehd;
tpUk;g[fpd;nwd; vd;whh;.
cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhh;
\f;fg;gps;isapd; jj;Jtk;
bra;jJ tPzhff; TlhJ vd;whh; \f;fg;gps;is ,Uf;fpw RfthrpfSf;F
nkYk; nkYk; tpUe;jspg;gij tpl ViH vspath;fs; tapw;Wf;Fr; nrhW nghLtJ
buhk;gg; bghpa tp#akhFk; vd;W jk; kdijj; jPl;of; bfhz;lJ.
ViHapd; rphpg;gpy; ,iwtidf; fhzyhk;
-vd;w vz;zk; \f;fg;gps;isapd; cs;sj;jpw;F MWjiyj; je;jJ.
Kot[iu
Cuhh; tPl;L ey;yJ bfl;lJf;Fj; jtwhky; ngha; te;jpUe;jhhy; \f;fg;gps;isf;F
,it vy;yhk; bjhpe;jpUf;Fk;. ghtk;* mth; epiy* ,Ue;jhYk; tPuhg;g[ld; ViH vspa
kf;fis tur;brhy;yp Ms; mDg;gpdhh;. ,Jt[k; Ch; tHf;fj;ij kPwpa bray; vd;gijg;
gpd;dh; mth; czuf; TLk;. CUld; xj;J thHf; fw;Wf; bfhs;sntz;Lk; vd;gij
Mrphpah; ,f;fij \yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
fija[zh;j;Jk; ePjp / ePjpfs;
218
Mw;wh khf;fs; mUk;grpfisnthh;

nkw;nw cyfpd; bka;bewp thH;f;if (kzpnkfiy)
jUkk; jiy fhf;Fk;.
cyfj;njhL xl;l xGfy; gyfw;Wk;
fy;yhh; mwptpyh jth;
xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[
To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik
gFj;Jz;L gy;Yaph; Xk;g[jy; ehnyhh;
bjhFj;jtw;Ws; vy;yhk; jiy. (Fws;)
3. M) rl;il brafhe;jd;
rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ bgw;w rpwe;j eilKiw thH;f;ifapd;
ajhh;j;j';fis Ritahd rpWfijahf tH';Fk; Mw;wy; bgw;w brafhe;jd; mth;fs;
vGjpa[s;s rl;il vd;Dk; rpW fijapy; kdij Ml;bfhz;l fijkhe;jh;
g{e;njhl;lr; rhkpahh;
vd; kdij <h;f;Fk; fij khe;jh; Fz';fs;
1. rhkpapd; vspik
2. rhkpapd; cyfg; gw;wpd;ik
3. rhkpapd; cjt[k; gz;g[
4. rhkpapd; ,uf;f Fzk;
5. rhkpapd; vz;z Xl;lk;
6. rhkpapd; kdkhw;wk;
7. rhkpapd; g[jpa njhw;wk;
rhkpapd; vspik
g{e;njhl;lj;Jr; rhkpahh; cwtpdh; ahUkw;w xU mdhij. gj;J
Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jdJ Ciu tpl;L Xo te;J jw;nghJs;s Chpy; cs;s nfhapypy;
j';fpapUg;gth;. nfhapy; g[dpjkhd ,lk; vd;W vz;zp m';F j';ftpy;iy. ntW
nghf;fplk; ,d;ikahy; m';F j';fpath;. mtUf;bfd;W ve;j cilika[k; ,y;yhjth;.
,Lg;gpy; xU ntl;o kl;Lk; cz;L. jho be";Rf;FHp tiu ,Uf;Fk;. thug;glhj
jiyKo. Mdhy; jPl;rz;akhd fz;fs;/ ,Jjhd; mtuJ njhw;wk;. jd;idg; gpwh;
ghh;f;Fk; tz;zk; mHFg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s vz;zhjth;. nfhapy; FUf;fs; brhy;Yk;
ntiyiar; bra;tJ nfhapypy; jug;gLk; gpurhjj;ij cz;gJ/ vija[k; tpUk;gp
ntz;og; bgwhj vspik. Kg;gJ tajpy; g[ydpd;g';fspy; ehl;lkpy;yhj Jwt[. ve;j
th
219
xU epfH;tpYk; cz;ikia mwpa KaYk; rpe;jid Xl;lk;. bgah; vJt[k; ahUf;Fk;

brhy;yhikahy; mth; ntiy bra;j nfhapy; g{e;njhl;lg; bgauhy; kf;fs; mtiug;
g{e;njhl;lr; rhkpahh; vd miHj;jdh;. vy;nyhUk; bgaUf;fhft[k;/ g[fGf;fhft[k;
V';Fk;nghJ ,th; jdJ bgah; vd;d vd;gnj bjhpahky; my;yJ bjhptpf;fhky;
,Ug;gJ vspikapYk; vspikad;nwh*
fhf;f bghUsh mlf;fj;ij Mf;fk;
mjdpd;C';F ,y;iy caph;f;F. Fws;
rhkpapd; cyfg; gw;wpd;ik
g{e;njhl;lr; rhkp gpw kdpjh;fs; nghy jdf;bfd;W kid/ kidtp/ kf;fs;

ntz;Lk; vd vz;zhjtd;/ ahhplKk; ahija[k; tpUk;gpj; jdf;bfd;W nfshjtd;.
gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F. - Fws;
bkhHpg;go ,iwg;gw;iwf; Tl jdf;F ntz;Lk; vd vz;zhj gw;ww;wtdhfj;
jpfH;e;jhd;. jdf;bfd;W gLf;if Tl ,y;yhj nfhapy; gpufhu;jpy; xU \iyapy;
ifiaj; jiyaizahff; bfhz;L gLj;J cw';Fthd;.
rhkpapd; gpwh;f;Fjt[k; gz;g[
rhkp nfhapy; klg;gs;spf;F tpwF gpse;J jUthd;. nfhapy; FUf;fSf;F
ee;jtdj;jpy; g{g;gwpj;Jj; jUthd;. nfhapy; gpufhuj;ijf; Tl;or; Rj;jk; bra;thd;.
FUf;fs; tPl;Lj; bjd;id kuj;jpy; Vwp nj';fha; gwpj;Jg; nghLthd;. brl;oahh;
tPl;Lf;F vs; \l;il Rke;J bry;thd;. gl;lhsj;Jg; gps;is tPl;L tz;oapy;
Vwpr;brd;W bey; miuj;Jf; bfhz;L tUthd;. me;j Chpy; ,l;l gzpiaa[k;
jl;lhky; bra;gtd;.
md;g[bewp njw;wk; mthtpd;ik ,e;ehd;Fk;
ed;Filahd; fl;nl bjspt[ Fws;
rhkpapd; ,uf;f Fzk;
brl;oahh; tPl;Lg;gps;is ,uhqtj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; jw;nghJ nghh; elf;Fk;
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; ey;ygoahf tPLte;J nru ntz;Lk; vd mtdJ jha;
brl;oahuk;khs; mjpfhiybaGe;J Fspj;J tpl;L te;j tpehafiu ntz;o mGjhs;.
mtisf; fz;l g{e;njhl;lr;rhkp mtUf;F MWjy; Twp tpf;nd!;tuh; Fiw jPh;g;ghh;.
ftiyia tpL';fs; vd;W MWjy; Twpdhd;. gl;lhsj;jhh; tPl;oy; nghhpy; caph;ePj;j
nrhkehjdpd; glj;ijg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;fy';fpa rhkpahh; nrhkehjd; brd;w tpLKiwapy;
te;jnghJ mtdplk; ngrpaij epidt[ Th;e;jhd;.
vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspbjd;g ahh;khl;Lk;
gz;g[ilik vd;Dk; tHf;F. Fws;
rhkpapd; vz;z Xl;lk;
220
gl;lhsj;jhh; tPl;ow;F $kf;fhsk; th';fptur; brd;whh; rhkp. mg;nghJ

gl;lhsj;jhh; tPl;Lj; jpz;izapy; ngg;gh; goj;Jg; nghh;r; bra;jpfis kw;wth;fSf;F
cw;rhfkhf tpsf;fpf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. ,e;jpa lh';fpfspd; rhjidfisg; ghuhl;or;
rpyhfpj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. mth; jd; xnu kfidg; nghhpy; gyp bfhLj;jpUe;jhh;.
mth; koapy; mth; ngud; ,Ue;jhd;. xU kyh; cjph;e;jhYk; ,d;bdhU bkhl;L
kyUk; vd;w nrhkehjdpd; thh;j;ijf;F ,z';f ehl;Lr; nritbad;gJ kw;w nritfs;
midj;jpYk; rpwe;jJ vdg; gl;lhsj;jhh; FLk;gk; bjhlh;e;J ehl;Lr; nritapy;
cs;sij rhkpahh; czh;e;jhh;. md;iwa ehs; nfhtpypy; cgd;ahrfh;.
fh;kj;jpd; gadpy; gw;wpy;yhky; ahh; xUtd; jdJ braiyr; rhpahfr; bra;J
Kof;fpwhndh mtnd Jwtp vd;W Twpdhh;
rhkpapd; kdkhw;wk;
rhkp cg;dahrfhpd; Tw;wpida[k; gl;lhsj;jhh; ehl;ow;fhfr; bra;j
jpahfj;ija[k; nfhapy; gpufhuj;jpy; gLj;Jf;bfhz;nl vz;zpg; ghh;j;jhd;. vj;jifa
nehf;fpYk; ehl;ow;FiHj;jy; edp rpwe;jJ vd;W bjsptile;jhd;. vdnt gadw;w
,t;thH;ittpl gl;lhsj;jpy; nrh;tJ ey;yJ vd KobtLj;jhd;. mjd;go
,uhqtj;jpy; nrh;e;jhd;.
rhkpapd; g[jpa njhw;wk;
Mj;kh mHptpy;yhjJ. Mdhy; cly; mHpaf; ToaJ. mHpaf; Toa ,e;j
cly; cWjpahf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ehl;ow;F vd;dhy; ,ad;w gzpiar;
bra;ntd; vd;W KobtLj;j rhkp ,uhqt cilapy; ,uhqt tPudhff; FUf;fs;
Kd;dpiyapYk; gl;lhsj;jhh; Kd;dpiyapYk;; njhd;wp midtiua[k; gutrg;glr;
bra;jhd;.
jpz;zpa vz;zk; ntz;Lk;
jPait mwnt xHpjy; ntz;Lk;
vz;zpa vz;zk; aht[k;
jha;ehl;od; Vw;wk; fhz
fz;zpakhd ,is"h; jk;ik
ehl;Lf;nf mh;g;gzpj;jy; ntz;Lk;
4. ntyp (fUg;bghUSk; Rita[k;)

,uh$k; fpU#;zd;
fij khe;jh;fs;
khyjp fhjy; czh;r;rpahy; rhjp kj ntWghl;L ntypfisj;
jhz;oa ,sk; cs;sk; (kUkfs;)
221
k';fsj;jk;kh rhjp/ kjk;/ rl';F/ rk;gpujhak; Mfpatw;iwj; jhnd

fl;of; fhg;gjhf epidg;gth;. (gf;fj;J tPl;oy;
trpg;gts;)
nfhkjp gzj;ij kjpf;Fk; mst[f;F czh;r;rpfSf;Fk;/
cwt[fSf;Fk; kjpg;g[j; juhjts; (khkpahh;)
brz;gfk; nfhkjpapd; filrpg;bgz;
khyjpapd; g{ Kog;g[/ tisay;/ fhg;g[d;D j';fs; flikfisg
mf;fh khkh gw;wpg; ngr te;jth;fs;.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
1 k';fsj;jk;khtpd; kdKk;/ FuYk;
2 nfhkjpapd; cWj;jy;
3 gp";R be";rpy; e";R
4 khyjpapd; kdj;Jauk;
5 gzk; ntz;Lk;/ kdk; ntz;lhk;
6 njdhf ,dpj;j Fuy;
7 Kot[iu
fUj;njhl;lk;
rhjp/ kj ntWghLfspy; Cwpg;nghd KJik cs;sj;jpd; czh;r;rpfisa[k;/
fhjy; czh;r;rpahy; rhjp kj ntWghl;L ntypfisj; jhz;oa ,sik cs;sj;jpd;
nghuhl;l';fisa[k;/ eakhf tpsf;Fk; xU rpW fij ntyp.
Kd;Diu
uh$k; fpU#;zd; bgz;fs; vjph;bfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fisa[k; mty';fisa[k;
ed;F czh;e;jth;. fw;nghh; cs;s';fspy; gjpa[khW vLj;Jf;fhl;oj; jPh;t[k; TWtjpy;
rpwe;jth;.
k';fsj;jk;khtpd;; kdKk; FuYk;
k';fsj;jk;kh gpwh; be";irr; brhy;yk;g[fshy; Fj;jp kfpGk; ,ay;g[ilath;
mth; FuYk; jLf;ft[k; fPr; vd;W brtpapy; ghat[k; gha[k;.
khyjp mYtyfk; Koe;J tPL jpUk;gpanghJ rPke;j k';fy tpHhitg; gw;wp
,d;whtJ nfl;ghh;fnsh vd epidj;Jf; bfhz;nl gonawpdhs;. k';fsj;jk;kh
bghwhikj; jPf;Fr;rpiaj; jd; khkpahh; khyjpapd; be";rpy; bfhSj;jpg; nghl;Lf;bfhz;nl
,Ue;jhs;.
222
CU cyfj;Jf; fy;ahzk; nghy ele;jpUe;jhy; nfs;tpna ,y;iy

vd;W brhy;ypanghJ/ mJ khyjpapd; be";rpy; vhpaj; bjhl';fpaJ. vd;d elf;Fnkh>
vd;W kdk; jsh;e;J khyjp kd ntjidahy; Rtiug; gw;wpdhs;.
vd; kfd; mtd; tpUg;gk;nghy; jpUkzk; bra;Jbfhz;lhd;/ vd;d
nfl;FwJ> kdk; cWj;jJ mjw;fhf mts; tPl;lhiu miHj;Jr; rk;ge;jk; rPuhl
Koa[kh> vd;whs; nfhkjp.
rhj;jpuk; gy ngRk; rHf;fh;fs;
nfhj;jpuK'; FyK'; bfhz;nld; bra;tPh; (ghujp)
Fykpy;ny rhjpapy;nyd;D brhy;ypluh';f. vd;djhd;dhYk; mt';f
bjhl;lij eP';f vLj;Jf;fpl Koa[kh> vd;whs; k';fsj;jk;khs;.
nfhkjpapd; cWj;jy;
mJ vg;go Koa[k;> Vnjh cj;jpnahfj;Jf;Fg; nghfpwjhny tPl;ony
tr;rpUf;nfd;/ bjhl;L xj;jhir bra;ar; brhy;y Koa[kh> vd; kfd; Vlh Tlkh
,tisf; fl;of;bfhz;ljhy; brhe;jf;fhu';f ahUk; ,';nf tUtjpy;iy.
Kd;ndhh; nghl;l ntypiaj; jhz;l Koany/ Ks;spy rpf;fpf;bfhz;lijg;
nghyj;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ thH;f;if vd;whs; nfhkjp.
clk;ghL ,yhjth; thH;f;if Fl';fUs;
ghk;nghL clDiuj; jw;W (ts;Sth;)
ey;yh cLj;jp/ ,dpikahfg; ngrpdhYk; g{t[k;/ fpH';Fk; kz;qk; xd;whf
Koa[kh> kz;q kz;qjhnd> Mkhk;/ ngWfhyk; vd;d bra;tP';f> vd;whs;
k';fsj;jk;kh.
M!;gj;jphp ,Uf;FJ FHe;j gpwe;j gpwF brhy;ypaDg;g[dh mts; mk;kht[k;
mf;fht[k; te;J ghh;j;Jtpl;Lg; nghfl;Lk; rk;ge;jp Kiwah bfhz;lhl Koa[k;>
vdf;Twpg; bgU\r;R tpl;lhs; nfhkjp.
gp";R be";rpy; e";R
rhjp kj ntWghL/ cah;t[ jhH;t[ vd;Dk; e";R fye;j/ nfhkjpapd;
filrpg;bgz;zhd brz;gfk;/ mk;kh* mz;zp goapny epf;FJ vd;whs;. khyjpiag;
ghh;j;j k';fsj;jk;kh g[wg;gl;L tpl;lhs;.
khyjpapd; kdj;Jah;
gLf;ifapy; tpGe;j khyjp jdf;F Vw;gl;l vjph;g;g[fisa[k;/ Vsd';fisa[k;
fz;L mHtpy;iy. vd; fhjy;/ rhjp/ kjk;/ gjtp/ gzk; Mfpatw;iwj; jhz;o
fy;ahzj;jpy; Koe;jJ. Mdhy; thH;f;if jhd; fuLKulhf ePSfpwJ vd
epidj;jhs;.
kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk;
223
jFjpahd; btd;W tply; (ts;Sth;)

vd; tUkhdj;ij vjph;ghh;f;Fk; ,th;fs; vd;idj; jha; tPl;ow;F mDg;gg;nghtJk;
,y;iy. Mjut[k; jug;nghtJkpy;iy vz;zpg; bgU\r;R tpl;lhs;. fle;j fhyf;
fhjy; epidt[fspy; \H;fpg; nghdhs;.
xUj;jp xUtid epidj;Jtpl;lhs; me;j cwt[epiy fhjy;
tha;bkhHpaw;W tpHpbgw;Wf; fz;fshy; Ritg;gJ fhjy;
gzk; ntz;Lk; kdk; ntz;lhk;

khyjpapd; gzj;ij tpUk;gpa nfhkjp mts; czh;r;rpfisa[k;/ Jau';fisa[k;
g[hpe;J bfhs;sj; bjhpatpy;iy. CUf;F xg;ghf cgrhpj;jhns jtpuj; j';fspy;
xUj;jpahf mtshy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;s Koatpy;iy.
njdhf ,dpj;j Fuy;

jd;idg; ghh;f;f te;j mf;fhtpd; Funy khyjpf;Fj; njdhf ,dpj;jJ. mf;fh
khkh tut[ ghiytdj;jpd; eLnt fz;l gR";nrhiyahf ,Ue;jJ khyjpf;F.
mth;fisf; fz;l nfhkjp btWg;ig cs;Sf;Fs; tpG';fpathW xg;g[f;fhf
tuntw;whs;.
rPke;jk; bra;a mth;fs; bfhLj;j gzj;ij kl;Lk; ftdkhf
th';fpf;bfhz;lhs;.
mUbshLk; md;nghLk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk;
g[y;yhh; g[us tply; (ts;Sth;)
Kot[iu
rhjp/ kjk;/ gzk;/ gjtp/ cah;t[/ jhH;t[ vd;Dk; braw;ifahd FWfpa
ntypfSf;Fs; rpf;Fz;L thH;nthnu mjpfk;. mth;fs; j';fis tUj;jpf;bfhz;L
gpwiua[k; tUj;Jfpd;wdh;.
thH;f;ifapy; \ynth; md;ng vd;Wk;
mjw;F ,j;jifa ntypfs; ,y;iybad;Wk;
czUk; fhynk cyfpy; mikjpa[k; kfpH;r;rpa[k;
epyt[k; fhyk;.
ePjpfs;
1. rhj;jpuk; ghuhj tPL rKj;jpuk;
rhj;jpuk; ghh;j;j tPL jhpj;jpuk;
2. fz;\o tHf;fbky;yhk;
224
kz\og; nghf ntz;Lk;

3. rhjpf;bfhLikfs; ntz;lhk;
md;g[ jd;dpy; brHpj;jpLk; itak;.
5. kfd; (fij khe;jh;fs; jpwdha;t[)

(gh. brag;gpufhrk;)
1. Kd;Diu
2. rhkpahug;gd; - bghWg;gw;w fztd;
3. md;dfhF-taJ Kjph;e;jts;
4. kfd;-flikia kwe;jtd;
5. ky;ypfh-g[Jikg;bgz;
6. gz;izg;g[uj;J kf;fs;-te;njhiu thHitj;jth;fs;
7. epiwt[iu
Kd;Diu
,r;rpWfijapd; Mrphpah; jpU. gh.brag;gpufhrk; mth;fs; ,d;iwa
rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fspd; kd ,ay;g[fisj; jk; brayhw;wyhy; tpsf;Ffpd;w tpjk;
bts;spil kiyahk; ,f;fijapy; tUk; md;dfhK/ rhkpahug;gd;/ md;dfhKtdp;
kfd;/ uhk;Fkhh;/ ky;ypfh/ jdk;/ fdfuhR/ rpd;duhR/ gz;izg; g[uj;J kf;fs;
nghd;wth;fspd; \yk; mth;fspd; kd ,ay;g[fisj; jpwdha;t[ bra;J Kot[ TWtnj
,f;fl;Liuapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
md;dfhK
taJ kjph;e;j epiyapy; bgw;w kfspd; Mjut[ ,y;yhikahy; jd;
fztndhL g[j;J}hpypUe;J gz;izg;g[uj;jpy; cs;s \j;jkfs; ky;ypfh/ uhk;Fkhh;
,izahplk; milf;fyk; g[Ffpd;whs;. neha; tha;g;gl;Lg; gLf;ifaha; ,Uf;Fk;nghJk;
kfid epidf;fpd;whnsh jtpu/ jdf;F MWjy; Twpa md;g[fhl;oa J}uj;J
cwt[f;fhuiu kwthky;/ jd; rht[f;F miHf;FkhW kfsplk; brhy;tjpypUe;J kfdJ
Mjutw;W/ cwt[Kiwapy; btFJ}uk; cs;shs;. mnj rkak; jd;dplk; Mjut[ fhl;Lk;
J}uj;J cwt[fhuh;fsplk; tpRthrKs;s ew;Fz e';ifahfg; g[yg;gLfpd;whs;.
md;gpd; tHpaJ cah;epiy
ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W
md;dfhKtpd; fztd; (rhkpaug;gd;)
md;dfhKtpd; fzth; rhkpaug;gd;/ ,th; jk; md;g[f;Fhpa kidtp gphpe;jhns
vd;w Vf;fk; rpwpJk; ,y;yhj rpd;d kdpjh; vija[k; bghpjhf vLj;Jf;bfhs;shjth;.
225
,Ht[ tPl;od; mwpFwpfs; VJk; ,y;yhky; m';Fk; ,';Fk; gfo ngrpago cl;fhh;e;J
cl;fhh;e;J vGe;jpUe;jhh;. tHf;fg;go btw;wpiy Fjg;gpago jjg[jh/ jjg[jh vd;W
Fjpj;Jf; bfhz;oUg;gth;. xU ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;g[f; bfhs;stpy;iy. ,Ht[f;F chpatuhd
rhkpahug;gd; bfhz;ilf;fhpr;rhd; FUtpnghy; miye;J bfhz;oUe;jhh;.
nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F Vw;w gjpy; brhy;y Koahj epiyapy; ,Ue;jth;/
jd; kfDf;F kidtp ,we;j bra;jpiaj; bjhptpf;fhjth;. jk;ik tPl;il tpl;L
tpul;oa kfid mg;bghGnj mtd; vdf;F kfd; fpilahJ vd;W jiy KGfpath;.
tapw;Wg; gpiHg;g[f;fhf gz;izg;g[uj;jpw;F te;jth;.
MSk; tsuDk; mwpt[k; tsuDk;
mJjhd; tsh;r;rp vd;gij kwe;jth;.
md;dfhKtpd; kfd;
bgw;nwhiug; nghw;wpf; fhf;fntz;oa kfd;/ ,uf;fKk;/ flika[zh;r;rpa[k; ,d;wp
mth;fis Ciu tpl;Lj; Juj;jpatd;/ thH;f;ifiaj; jtwhd nfhzj;jpy; nehf;Fgtd;/
jhapd; gpzj;Jf;F kl;Lk; brhe;jk; bfh;zlho brhe;j CUf;nf vLj;Jr; bry;y
blk;nght[ld; tUfpwhd;. Mdhy; mtd; vz;zk; <nlwtpy;iy.
mJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtdhYk; mtd; miHj;J te;j Ml;fshYk;
vija[k; bra;a Koatpy;iy.
gpzj;ijf; Tl beU';f Koatpy;iy
jhapd; jiyapy; vz;bza[k;/ rpiff;fha[k; itf;f Koahky;
bfhs;spf;Flk; J}f;f KoahkYk; \j;jkfs; ky;ypfhthy; jLf;fg;gLfpwhd;/
mtkhdg; gLj;jg;gLfpwhd;.
tpijf;f kwe;jtDf;F
mWtil "hgfk; tuf;TlhJ
Kw;gfy; bra;j jPtpid gpw;gfypy; tpisa[k; vd;Wk;/ xUtd; bra;j jPtpid
epHiyg; nghyj; bjhlh;e;J te;J bfLf;Fk; vd;W rhd;nwhh; TWk; cz;ikfis
,td; \yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh; Mrphpah;. vg;go xUtd; thHf; TlhJ vd;gij/
,td; jd; Fz';fshy; fhl;Lfpwhh; Mrphpah;.
gz;izg;g[uj;J kf;fs;
brhe;j ChpypUe;J bgw;nwhiu tpul;oaoj;j kfidg; gz;izg;g[uj;J kf;fs;
CUf;Fs; tplhky; kwpj;J epd;wdh;. mnj rkak; Mjutw;W te;j Kjpath;fis
(mg;gida[k;/ Mj;jhisa[k;) milf;fyk; bfhLj;J Mjhpf;Fk; Ch; gz;izg;g[uk;/
kJtpyf;if KGikahfr; bray;gLj;Jk; Ch; gz;izg;g[uk;.
Fo Foiaf; bfLf;Fk;
Fo clYf;F capUf;Ff; nfL
Fo tPl;ow;Fk; ehl;ow;Fk; nfnl vd;w bghd;bkhHpiag; nghw;wpbahGfp
elg;gth;fs; gz;izg;g[uj;J kf;fs; vd;gJ bjhpfpwJ.
mnj rkak; te;jJ te;jPh;fs; ngha; mGfpwth;fs; mG';fs;. Mdhy;
th
226
me;j mk;khit vLj;Jg; nghFk; bray; kl;Lk; ntz;lh vd;W vr;rhpf;if tpLj;jdh;.
,jpypUe;J mt;t{h; kf;fspd; gz;ghLk; kdpj neaKk; bjhpfpwJ. Mdhy; me;j
mk;khit vLj;Jg; nghFk; bray; ntz;lh vd;w vr;rhpf;ifapy; bghWg;gw;w
gps;isaplk; gpzj;ij Vd; ju ntz;Lk; vd;w gz;g[k; g[yg;gLfpwJ.
uhk;FkhUk; \j;jkfs; ky;ypfht[k;
\j;jkfs; ky;ypfh/ jd; cld; gpwe;jtd; jd; jha;f;F vz;bza;/ rpiff;fha;
itf;f te;j nghJ mtid itf;ftplhky; jLj;jts;. fhuzk; mtd; bgw;nwhUf;Fr;
bra;j ghjfr; bray;fns.
ghjfk; bra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; - eP
ga';bfhs;s yhfhJ ghg;gh
nkhjp kjpj;JtpL ghg;gh mth;
Kfj;jpy; ckpH;e;JtpL ghg;gh
vd;w ghujpapd; thf;if ky;ypfh braypny fhl;odhs;.
RLfhl;oy; kfd;/ jd; md;idf;Ff; bfhs;sp itf;f Kd;te;jhd;. kfd; jhd;

bfhs;sp itf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W m';fpU;ejth;fSs; xUth; Fuy; bfhLj;jhh;. kfd;
bfhs;sp itj;jhy; eh';fs; bfhs;spf; Flj;ijf; bfhj;jkhl;nlhk; vd;W kUkfd;fs;
mhpthisf; fPnH nghl;ldh;. clnd kfs; ky;ypfh/ v';fk;kht[f;F ehd;jhd; bfhs;sp
itg;ngd; vd;W bfhs;spf; Flj;ijj; njhspy; Rke;J/ rl';ifr; bra;J Koj;jhs;.
Mbzd;d bgz;bdd;d ePbad;d
ehbdd;d vy;yhk; Xhpde;jhd;
vd;w ghlYf;nfw;g jd; flikiar; bra;jhs; ky;ypfh. flik jtwpa jd;
cld;gpwg;igg; g[we;js;spdhs;.
epiwt[iu
md;dfhK bgw;w gps;isapd; Mjut[ ,He;j kfis btWj;jts;
Mdhy; J}uj;J cwt[f;fhuh;fsplk; ed;wp tpRthrk; cs;stshf
tps';fpdhs;.
rhkpahug;gd; - kidtpapd; kuzj;jpd;nghJ Tl bksdk; fhl;lhky;/
Mjhpf;fhky; tpul;oa bghWg;gw;w gps;isahthd;.
bgw;nwhh; vy;yhk; gps;isfs; my;yh; (eWe;bjhif)
kfs; ky;ypfh bghWg;g[s;s kfshff; fhl;Lfpwhh;
1. fpHpry; (fija[k; fUg;bghUSk;)

- eh";rpy; ehld;
t.vz; cs;slf;fk;
227
1/ Kd;Diu
2. fijf;fU
3. RrPe;jpuk; jpUtpHh
4. khzpf;fKk; je;ija[k;
5. khzpf;fj;jpd; Mir
6. jpUtpHhtpw;Fr; bry;yy;
7. ,irf;fr;nrhp
8. tpHhf;fspg;g[
9. gftjp tpyh!; fhg;gp fpsg;
10. czt[ tpLjpf;Fs; je;ija[k; kfDk;
11. je;ijapd; bray;
12. khzpf;fj;jpd; jPh;khdk;
13. Kot[iu
14. fija[zh;j;Jk; ePjpfs;
1/ khzpf;fk; neh;ikahd rpWtd;
2. khzpf;fj;jpd; je;ij neh;ik jtwpath;
3. nkiyj;bjU kfhuh$d; gftjp tpyh!; chpikahsh;
4. kw;Wk; bghJkf;fs;
Kd;Diu
Kj;jpiu gjpj;j rpWfij vGj;jhsh;fSs; eh";rpy; ehlDk; xUth;. ,th; jk;
gilg;g[fspy; tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhw;fis neh;j;jpahff; ifahStjpy; ty;yth;. fpHpry;
vd;w rpWfijapy; rpyh; jtW bra;tjw;Fhpa tha;;g;ig vjph;ghh;;j;Jf; fhj;jpUg;gh;. rpyh;
mj;jifa tha;g;g[ila ,lj;ijj; njor; bry;th;. ,f;fijapd; khe;jh; khzpf;fj;jpd;
je;ij ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jth; vd;gij ,f;fijapd; thapyhff; fhz;nghk;
fijf;fU
rl;ilf; fpHpe;jhy; xl;Lg; nghl;Lj;; ijf;fyhk;. gz;ghl;Lf; fpHpry; Vw;gl;lhy;
vd;d bra;tJ> kdr;rhd;W vd;Dk; Crpiaf; bfhz;L xGf;fk; vd;Dk; E}yhy;
ijf;fntz;Lk;. khzpf;fj;jpd; gp";R cs;sk; jd; je;ijapd; gz;ghl;Lf; fpHpriy
czh;j;Jtjhfr; Rl;of; fhl;Lk; eak; gog;nghiur; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.
rRPe;jpuk; jpUtpHh
ehfh;nfhtpYf;Fr; rw;Wj; bjhiytpy; cs;sJ RrPe;jpuk;. m';Fjhd;
Mz;Lf;bfhUKiw gj;J ehl;fs; jpUtpHh eilbgWk;. Rw;W tl;lhuj;jpYs;s kf;fs;
th
228
Tl;lk; miynkhJk;/ g[jpa g[jpa filfs; njhd;Wk;. tpHhtpd; nghJ ghl;Lf; fr;nrhp/
tpsk;gujhuUila Xhpaz;ly; eldk;/ kr;rf;fd;dp/ kuzf;fpzW vdg; bghGJnghf;F
mk;r';fs; fiyfl;Lk;.
khzpf;fKk; je;ija[k;
khzpf;fk; 9-k; tFg;g[g; gof;Fk; khztd; r';fPjj;jpy; bghpa <LghL xd;Wk;
,y;iy. gs;sp tpHhf;fspy; ghujpahh; ghly;fs;/ Rje;jpu jpdtpHh/ FoauR jpdtpHhtpy;
,iwtzf;fk;l ghLtJ cz;L. tFg;gpy; jkpHhrphpah; brhy;ypj; je;j njthu/ jpUthrfg;
ghly;fisr; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhh;. MdhYk; mJ rpdpkhg; ghly;fisg; nghy;
tUtjpy;iy.
khzpf;fj;jpd; je;ijf;F ,irf;fr;nrhp nfl;f Mh;tk; cz;L. Mdhy; njho/
igutp/ fufug;gphpah nghd;w ,uhf ntWghLfs; g[hpahJ. ,Ue;jhYk; ,irf;fr;nrhpf;F
tUlk; jtwhky; bry;thh;.
,irf;F ka';fhj capUk; cz;nlh>
,irf;Ff; fhl;L tpy';FfSk; fl;Lg;gl;L epw;Fk;.
khzpf;fj;jpd; Mir
bfho Vw;w jpUtpHh nehl;Oirg; ghh;j;j md;wpypUe;nj khzpf;fk; jd;
je;ijia er;rhpf;f Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lhd;. VHhk; ehs; tpHhtpw;F ehDk; tUfpnwd;
vd;whd;. mjw;F mtd; mg;gh RrPe;jpuk; 10-iky; bjhiyt[ cs;sJ. gpwF if
typf;fpwJ/ fhy; typf;fpwJ vd;Wk;/ filfspy; mJ th';fpj;jh/ ,J th';fpj;jh vd;W
er;rhpf;ff;TlhJ. nkYk; ,utpy; J}';ff;TlhJ vd;W epge;jidfs; tpjpj;jhh;. mjw;F
khzpf;fKk; rk;kjpj;jhd;.
jpUtpHhtpw;Fr; bry;yy;
khzpf;fKk; mtdJ je;ija[k; jpUtpHhg; ghh;j;Jj; jpUk;gp tu mjpfhiy
MFk; vd;gjhy;/ khiy Ie;J kzpf;Fs; tapW g[ilf;fr; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L tpHhtpw;Fg;
g[wg;gl;ldh;. njnufhy; g[J}h;/ g[Jf;fpuhkk;/ nj+h; tHpahf ele;J RrPe;jpuk; mila
khiy 7-kzp Mfptpl;lJ.
,irf;fr;nrhp
khiy MW kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 9-kzp tiu Nyk';fyk; rnfhjhpfs;/ nf.gp.
Re;juk;khs;/ rPh;fhHp/ ghy Kusp fpU#;zh Mfpnahhpd; ghl;Lf; fr;nrhp elf;Fk;. gpwF
,ut[ \d;W kzp tiu ehkfphpg;ngl;il V.nf.rp.rpl;oghg[/ ukzp nghd;wth;fspd;
,irf;fr;nrhp eilbgWk;. ,ut[ \d;W kzpf;F nky; rpdpkhg; ghliyf; nfl;f
midtUk; Mh;tj;Jld; ,Ug;gh;.
tpHhf;fspg;g[
khzpf;fKk; mtd; je;ija[k; xU kz;lgj;jpy; ghlfh; ghLtJ fz;qf;Fj;
bjhpa[k; tz;zk; mkh;e;J bfhz;ldh;. fh;ehlff; fr;nrhp Koe;jJ. rpdpkhg; ghl;L
229
ghLk; neuk; te;Jtpl;lJ. fr;nrhp Koa xd;gjiu kzpahapw;W. gpd;dh; ehj!;tuk;/

jtpy;/ fr;nrhp bjhlf;fk; mjw;Fk; Tl;lk; miynkhjpaJ. epfH;r;rp Koe;j gpd;
filfis ntof;if ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;L czt[ tpLjpf;F te;jdh;.
gftjptpyh!; fhg;gp fpsg;
nkiyj;bjU kfhuh$d;/ bfho Vwpa md;nw mWj;jog;g[f; fsj;jpd; kz;
Rtiu \d;W ghf ePsj;jpw;F ,oj;Jj; js;sp thapy; mikj;jdh;. Xiyf;fhkzk;
nghl;Lr; rhg;gpLk; ,lk;/ rikay; miw vd;W gphpe;jhh;. Rw;wpYk; ,Lg;gst[f;F
Xiyahy; epiwj;jhh;. gj;J ePsg; bg";RfSk;/ nki$fSk; nghl;lhh;. gftjp tpyh!;
fhg;gp fpsg; vdg; bgahpl;lhh;.
rhjhuz ehl;fspy; 10-igrh vd;W tpw;Fk; njhir/ til/ ,l;yp vy;yhk; 20-
igrh MfptpLk;. mst[k;/ juKk; Tl;lj;ijg; ghh;j;Jf; Fiwe;JtpLk;. Kf;fpakhd
me;j VG ehl;fspYk; xU ms;S ms;sp tpLthh;.
czt[ tpLjpf;Fs; je;ija[k; kfDk;
,UtUk; btspna tUgth;fis ,oj;Jf; bfhz;L filf;Fs; EiHe;jdh;.
gzk; th';fp nghLk; nkiriar; Rw;wpg; bgU';Tl;lk; xU tHpahf ,lk; gpoj;J
cl;fhh;e;jdh;. gpd;g[ MSf;F ehd;F njhir/ ,uz;L urtil Mfpad rhg;gpl;Lj;
njdPh; Foj;jdh;.
tpiyg; gl;oaiyg; ghh;j;J khzpf;fk; ,uz;L +gha; bjhz;q}W igrh vd;W
kdJf;Fs; fzf;F itj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;. gzk; bfhLf;fk; ,lj;jpw;F te;jdh;.
fz;zho nghl;l mz;zhr;rp ehY Kg;gJ
mLj;jhg;ny xU xz;q ,UgJ
ghl;lh xz;q m";R
vd;W jhWkhwha;f; Fuy; nfl;Lf;bfhz;nl ,Ue;jJ. th';fpg; nghLgtUf;F Kfk;
Vwpl;Lg; ghh;f;ft[k;. fhir vz;zp th';ft[k;/ kPjpg;gzk; bfhLf;ft[k; bgUk;ghlha;
,Ue;jJ.
je;ijapd; bray;
xd;Wk; mwpahjth; nghy; khzpf;fj;jpd; je;ij jd; koia mtpH;j;J/ Xh;
Ik;gJ igrh gzj;ij vLj;J nki$ nky; itj;jhh;. Vwpl;Lg; ghh;j;j filf;fhuhplk;
buz;L njapiy vd;W fzf;Fr; brhy;yptpl;L khzpf;fj;jpd; ifiag; gpoj;Jf;
bfhz;L ele;jhh;;.
khzpf;fj;jpd; jPh;khdk;
rpwpJ J}uk; brd;wJk; jpUk;gpj; jpUk;gpg; ghh;j;jhd;. mg;ghtpd; Kfj;ij
Xuf;fz;zhy; ghh;j;jhd;. ,jw;Fj;jhd; mg;gh Mz;L jtwhky; jpUtpHhtpw;Ff; fr;nrhp
nfl;f tUfpwhnuh> vd;W vz;zpdhd;. ,dpnky;/ mg;ght[ld; tuf;TlhJ vd;W
jPh;khdpj;jhd; khzpf;fk;.
230
Kot[iu
,y;yj;jpy; ,y;yhj tWik vd; je;ijapd; ,jaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwnj vd
epidj;J tUe;jpdhd; khzpf;fk;. mg;ghtpd; ,r;braYf;F tWik fhuzkd;W
gz;ghl;oy; cz;lhd Fiwna (fpHprny) fhuzk; vd;gij czh;e;J bfhz;lhd;.
ePjpfs;
ghjfk; bra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; - eP
ga';bfhs;s yhfhJ ghg;gh
nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL ghg;gh mth;
Kfj;jpy; ckpH;e;JtpL ghg;gh*
bew;wpf; fz; jpwg;gpDk; Fw;wk; Fw;wnk*

<d;whd; grpfhz;ghd; MapDk; bra;aw;f
rhd;nwhh; gHpf;Fk; tpid.
ciHj;J thH ntz;Lk;
gpwh; ciHg;gpy; thH;e;jplhnj*
2. Xh; cy;yhrg; gazk; (fija[k; fUg;bghUSk;)

(tz;zjhrd;)
t.vz; cs;slf;fk;
1. Kd;Diu
2. fijapd; fU
3. MrphpaUk;/ je;ija[k;
4. kfdpd; bray;
5. je;ijapd; Vf;fk;
6. kidtpapd; g[yk;gy;
7. kfd; fz;l fhl;rp
8. kiH ePnu Fw;whyk;
9. je;ijapd; kd epiwt[
10. Kot[iu
11. fija[zh;j;Jk; ePjpfs;
231
Kd;Diu
g[fH; bgw;w rpWfij vGj;jhsh;fSs; xUth; tz;zjhrd;. ,th; gilg;g[fs;
r\f epfH;t[fis ,aw;ifg; gpd;dzpahff; bfhz;L tpsf;Fk;. vl;lhk; tFg;g[g;
gapYk; gs;sp khztd; xUtd; jd; gs;sp fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh bry;y Mirg;gl;Lj; jd;
je;ijaplk; bjhptpf;fpwhd;. je;ijapd; FLk;g NH;epiynah tWik. Mdhy; jd;
kfd; kPJ ghrKs;s je;ij tWikapd; fhuzkhf mDg;ghky; tpl;lhuh> ghrk;
fhuzkhf mDg;gp itj;jhuh> vd;gijf; fijapy; mwpnthk;.
fijapd; fU
je;ij kfd; nky; md;g[k;/ ghrKk; kdk; epiwa bfhz;Ls;shh;. ,Ue;Jk;
fy;tpr; Rw;Wyht[f;Fj; jd; kfid mDg;g ,ayhky; jtpf;fpwhh;. Kfndh FLk;g
epiyikiaa[k;/ je;ijapd; ghrj;ija[k; ed;F czh;e;j gz;g[ilahsdhf tps';Ffpwhd;
vd;gnj ,f;fijapd; fUthFk;.
twp"h;f; fHF tWikapw; brk;ik.(eWe;bjhif
MrphpaUk;/ je;ija[k;
Fspg;gjw;fhf tha;f;fhYf;Fg; g[wg;gl;l khztdpd; je;ij/ nkl;Lg;
gs;spf;Tlj;J Mrphpaiuf; fz;lJk; eilapnyna epd;whh;. mtiu beU';fpa
Mrphpah;/ c';fs; kfid tpwF filapy; ghh;j;njnd mtidf; Fw;whyk; Rw;Wyhtpw;F
mDg;giyah> vd;whh;. vd;d epidj;jhnuh Mrphpah;/ vd;d bghy;yhj Fw;whyk;
,uz;L \q ehl;fsha; mof;fpw fhw;iwa[k; rhuiya[k; ghh;j;jhy;l ,e;j Cnu Fw;whyk;
khjphpjhnd ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;nghJ Tl fhiy gjpndhU kzp khjphpapy;iy.
Fk;bkd;W ,Ul;L/ gGg;g[ btapy;/ mof;fpw fhw;wpy; bgUf;fpg; nghl;lJ nghy bjU
gsPbud;W fplf;fpwJ.
kfdpd; bray;
mtUila igad; jd;Dila g[!;jfg;igapypUe;J xU nehl; g[j;jfj;ij
vLj;Jf;bfhz;L ,th; gf;fk; te;J Tg;gpl;lhd;. Vwpl;Lg; ghh;j;jJk; nehl;ilg; gphpj;J
xU rptg;g[ epw nehl;Oi! vLj;Jf;bfhLj;jhd; je;ijaplk;. vd;d ,J vd;whh; je;ij.
vf;!;fh;!d; nghwh';f ,jw;F nky; mtd; xd;Wk; brhy;ytpy;iy. ngrhky; fhk;g!;
ghf;i! vLj;J nehl;oy; tl;lk; nghl;lhd;. me;j tl;lj;jpw;Fs; xU jhkiug; g{it
tiua Muk;gpj;jhd;.
vd;d jhkiug;g{ tiua[wpah vd;W nfl;lhh; je;ij. Mkh vd;wgona
igad; me;j vf;!;fh;#d; nehl;Oir th';fpg; gj;jpukhfj; jd; g[j;jfj;jpy; itj;Jtpl;L
kWgoa[k; tiua Muk;gpj;jhd;.
gz;bgdg; gLtJ ghlwpe;J xGFjy;
232
kidf;F tpsf;fk; klthh;/ klthh;

jkf;Fj; jifry; g[jy;th;(ehd;kzp)
je;ijapd; Vf;fk;
mth; me;j nehl;Oirg; ghh;j;jhh;. mJ mtUf;bfhd;Wk; g[hpatpy;iy. fle;j
,uz;L tU#kha; mth; ghh;j;jJjhd;. nghd tUlk; kfdplk;/ mLj;j tUlk;
fz;og;ghf mDg;g[tjhfr; brhy;ypapUe;jhh;. itj;jpar; bryt[/ fy;ahz tPl;Lr; bryt[/
mJ ,J vd;W ,e;j tUlKk; mtUf;F trjpg;gltpy;iy.
jhd; xd;W epidf;f bja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;
cilika[k; tWika[k; xU tHp epy;yh (btw;wpntw;if
xU thh;j;ij Tlf; Fw;whyk; nghf ntz;Lk; vd;W kfd; brhy;ytpy;iy/
mlk; gpof;ftpy;iy/ tw;g[Wj;jtpy;iy/ vg;ngh nghfqk; vd;W nfl;ftpy;iy.
je;ijf;F kfd; mg;gobay;yhk; nfl;fkhl;lhdh>Fw;whyj;jpw;F ehd; nghntd; vd;W
mHkhl;lhdh vd;wpUe;jJ. njWjYk; rkhjhdkhaj; jd;Dila epiyia tpsf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;j mtUf;Fj; jd; kfd; tha;g;g[j; juhky; bksdkha; ,Ue;jik
mtUila ,jaj;ijf; fdf;f itj;jJ. mth; vijnah brhy;yg; nghifapy; ...........
mtd; jhkiug;g{ ey;yhapUf;fhg;gh> vd;W nehl;il cah;j;jp ePl;odhd;.
jk;kpd; jk; kf;fs; mwpt[ilik
bksdk; vd;gJ "hd tuk;g[ (bfhd;iw nte;jd;)
kidtpapd; g[yk;gy;
\d;W thu';fSf;F Ke;jp xU ehs; fhiyapy; vl;liu kzpapUf;Fk;.
rhg;gplyhkh> vd;W mLf;fisia ghh;j;Jf; nfl;ljw;F/ ,tSf;Fj; jiygpd;dp
tplqk;/ rpd;dijj; J}f;fpf;fpl;L M!;gj;jphpf;Fg; nghfqk;/ Mj;Jj; jz;zp gpof;fqk;/
Flj;ijg; nghl;L te;jpUf;nfd;. ,t;tst[ nrhypf;Fk; kj;jpapy; eP';fSk; rhg;gplyhkh/
rhg;gplyhkhd;D rpd;dg;gps;isapYk; nflha;g; gwe;jhy; ehd; vd;d gz;z> vdf;F
vd;d VG ifah ,Uf;F> vd;W glglj;jhs;.
kfd; fz;l fhl;rp
kiH bga;aj; bjhl';fpaJk; je;ij guz; nky; Vwpf; fpHpry; rhf;if vLj;Jg;
nghLtjw;Fs; kfd; Filia vLj;Jf;bfhz;L gs;sptpl;Lj; jpUk;g[k; jd; j';ifia
miHj;Jtur; brd;W tpl;lhd;. mtd; vjph;j;j tPl;L kr;Rj; jl;nlho apypUe;J
mUtpahaf; bfhl;Lk; kiHiag; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;L epw;gjhff; FHe;ijfs; brhd;dJ
mJ jhapd; brtpfspy; tpGe;jJ.
vd;dJ> kiHj; jz;zp tpGfpwij ntof;ifg; ghh;j;Jf;fpl;L epw;fpwhdh>
ntof;if vd;d ntz;of; fplf;F> mtid Tg;gpl;Lf; Filiaf; ifapy; bfhLj;Jj;
jz;zp gpof;fr; brhy;yf;Tlhjh> mtsJ f#;lk; mtSf;F* kidtp brhd;dJk;
jz;zPh; gpof;fg; ghidfis vLj;Jf; bfhz;L ele;jhh; je;ijahh;.
233
Vth kf;fs; \th kUe;J ( bfhd;iwnte;jd;)

kiH ePnu Fw;whyk;
vjph;j;j tPl;L kr;Rj; jl;nlho tofhypypUe;J jz;zPh; ,uz;L cs;s';if
mfyj;jpw;Fg; gl;ilaha; tpGe;jJ. kfd; mjpy; fz;fis \of;bfhz;l iffis
be";nrhL gpd;dpf; bfhz;L Fspj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. tha; khj;jpuk; mt;tg;nghJ
rphpj;Jf; bfhz;Lk; jz;zPiu th';fp th';fp bfhg;gspj;Jf; bfhz;LkpUe;jhd;.
mUtp tpGJ mUtp tpGJ vd;W ghof; bfhz;Lk; fhy;fis khw;wp
Mof; bfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jhd;. nQha; vd;W iffis cah;j;jpr; rj;jkpl;Lf; bfhz;L
Kfj;ijj; jz;zPUf;F vjpnu fhl;odhd;. Iffisj; jiuapy; gjpj;Jf; bfhz;L
ifapYk; jiyapYk; khwp khwpj; jz;zPh; tpGfpw tifapy; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; rha;e;J
Modhd;.
:vl;lhf; fpisapy; ,Uf;Fk; gyhf;fhia tplf;

ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; fshf;fha; nky;
vd;gij czh;e;jhd;.
je;ijapd; kd epiwt[
je;ij ,f;fhl;rp KGtija[k; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. cs;Sf;Fs;
iksdkha; kdjhy; mGjhh;. mg;nghJ mth; kidtp/ ifapny brg;g[g; ghida[';
Fila[kh jpUk;gp te;jhr;nr vd;d tp#ak; mtidf; fhzkh> me;jf; fhp Kothd;
,e;j kiHnahl kiHaha; v';nf ngha;j; bjhiy";rhd;> vd;whs;. ,uz;L tpdho
gjpny brhy;yhky; bksdkhf kidtpiana ghh;j;Jtpl;L mth; Fw;whyj;Jf;F vd;W
brhd;dhh;. mg;gor; brhd;dnghJ mth; kdk; epiwe;jJ. Fuy; kl;Lk; Vndh
fufuj;jJ.
bgWktw;Ws; ahkwpt jpy;iy mwptwpe;j

kf;fl;ng wy;y gpw (Fws;)
Kot[iu
eLj;juf; FLk;g';fspd; VH;ikia Mrphpah; ,';nf glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
ehl;oy; vj;jidnah FLk;g';fs; ,d;Wk; j';fs; FHe;ijfspd;
Miria epiwntw;w Koahky; js;shLfpd;wd. FLk;g';fspy; fhzg;gLk; bghUshjhu
epiyia Mrphpah; Xh; cy;yhrg; gazk; vd;w rpWfij \yk; czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ePjpfs;
234
1. md;gpd; tHpaJ caph;epiy.

2. nghJk; vd;w kdnd bghd; bra;a[k; kUe;J.
3. bfhoJ bfhoJ tWik bfhoJ mjdpDk; bfhoJ ,sikapy; tWik
4. Jd;gj;Js; Jd;g[d;W thH;jYk; ,d;gj;Js; ,d;g tifahd xGfYk;
Mrhuf; nfhit)
3. xt;bthU fy;yha; (fijkhe;jh; Ma;t[)

(fe;jh;td;)
t.vz; cs;slf;fk;
1. Kd;Diu
2. ngz;l;fhuhpd; vz;zk;
3. bghWg;g[zh;t[k;/ flika[zh;t[k;
4. ehzaKk;/ neh;ika[k; jtwhjth;
5 ngz;l;fhuhpd; ew;Fzk;
6. khrpyh kdk;
7. xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuh; FLk;gg; ghrk; kpf;fth;
MfhW mst[,l;oJ MapDk; nfoy;iy

nghfhW mfyhf; fil.
Kd;Diu
jk; gilg;gpd; \yk; kf;fspd; gpur;ridfis mDgt g{h;tkhf vLj;Jr;
brhy;tjpy; Mw;wy; kpf;f vGj;jhsh; fe;jh;td;. ,tuJ xt;bthU fy;yha; vd;w
rpWfijapy; ,lk;bgWk; ngz;l;fhuh;/ xz;of; Foj;jdf; fhuh;/ mtuJ kidtp Kjyhd
fijkhe;jh;fspd; vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray; Mfpatw;iwf; jpwdha;t[ bra;J Kot[
fhz;nghk;.
ngz;l;fhuhpd; vz;zk;
,th; jd;idg; nghynt ngz;l; rl;il nghl;lth;fis trjpahdth;fs;
vd;Wk;/ kjpg;g[f;Fhpath;fs; vd;Wk; vz;qk; FzKilath;. ntl;oa[k;/ ifypa[k;
fl;Lfpwth;fs; ViH vspath;fs; vd;W fUJgth;. ,j;jifa fPH;j;jukhd vz;zk;
mthplk; ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; tPl;Lf; fld; fGj;ij behpf;Fk; nghJ Tl/ ifyp
fl;Lfpwtd; ntl;o fl;Lfpwtd; vy;yhk; tPL fl;Lfpwhd;fns vd;W jhDk; brhe;j tPL
fl;l Mir bfhz;lJ jg;gha;g;nghr;R vd;fpwhh;.
kdk; nghd nghf;F vy;yhk; nghfntz;lhk;
235
Ez;zpa fUkKk; vz;zpj;Jzpf. (bfhd;iwnte;jd;)

bghWg;g[zh;t[k; flika[zh;t[k;
ngz;l;fhuh; jhDk;/ jd; FLk;gj;jpdUk;/ eykhft[k;/ trjpahft[k; thH
ciHj;Jr; brhe;j tPL fl;l ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;qtjd; \yk; mthpd;
bghWg;g[zh;t[k;/ flika[zh;t[k; btspg;gLfpwJ. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ kdj;jpl;gk;
vd;W ts;Sth; TWtJ nghy kdt[Wjpa[ld; ,ila{Wfisa[k;/ jilfisa[k; btd;W
tPl;ilf; fl;o Kof;fpd;whh;.
ehzaKk;/ neh;ika[k; jtwhjth;
ngz;l;fhuh; jhd; fl;oa tPl;oy; cs;s rpWrpW Fiwfisa[k;/ jd; FLk;gk;
E}w;iwk;gJ +gha; thlifapy; FoapUg;gija[k; kdk; jpwe;J ngRfpd;wdh;. th';fpa
flid chpa neuj;jpy; jpUg;gpj; ju ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfg; bgUKaw;rp bra;fpwhh;.
mjw;fhfnt fl;oa tPl;il <L itj;Jg; g[zk; bgWfpwhh;. ,jpypUe;J mtUila
ehzaKk;/ neh;ika[k; g[ydhfpwJ.
neh;ikna cahpa bfhs;if
ehzak; mJ eh eak;.
ngz;l;fhuhpd; ew;Fzk;
tl;oapy;yhkYk;/ vGjp juhkYk; ifkhw;whf th';fpa flid clnd
milf;f ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; vd;idf; fz;L tUe;Jtijnah/ flDf;fhf
tUe;Jtijnah ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. fld; md;ig Kwpf;Fk; vd;gij
ehDk; mwpntd; vd;W TWtjhy; ,th; brhy;Yk; braYk; ntWglhjth; vd;gij
czuyhk;.
khrpyh kdk;
,Wjpahfg; g[jpa tPl;il <L itj;Jg; bgw;w gzj;ijj; jpUg;gpf;
bfhLf;fpd;whh;. mg;bghGJk; ,e;j ehw;gjhapuj;ijf; bfhLj;J tpl;lhnyh jtpu ,';Ff;
FotUk; vz;zk; ,y;iy. eP';fs; fhyp bra;j gpd;dh; thlifapy; Ik;gJ +gha;
mjpfkhf;fp tpLntd;. mt;tst[jhd; vd;W Twpj; jd; khrpyh kdj;ijg;
g[yg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
bts;isf;F ,y;iy fs;sr; rpe;ij (bfhd;iwnte;jd;)
xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuh;
,th; Kd;g[ FoapUe;j tPL xz;of; Foj;jdk;. mk;kp/ Ml;Luy;/ ghj;+k;
vd;W vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; f;a{. ,g;gog;gl;l NH;epiyapy; thH;e;jth;. m';F fzf;fw;w
Jd;g';fis mDgtpj;jth;. mjdhy; kd mikjpia ,He;jth;. jdp tPL vd;W
ngha;tpl;lhy; kidtp kf;fisg; gphpakhf itj;jpUf;f Koa[k; vd
xz;of;Foj;jdf;fhuh; vz;qfpd;whh;.
236
vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis ntz;Lk;

FLk;gg; ghrk; kpf;fth;
Xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuh;/ kidtp/ kf;fs;/ xz;of; Foj;jdj; bjhy;iyapypUe;J
tpLgl;L kfpH;r;rpahf thH;fpd;wdh;. me;j neuj;jpy; tPl;od; chpikahsuhd
ngz;l;fhuh;/ vdf;Ff; fld; bjhy;iy jh';f Koatpy;iy/ ,e;j tPl;il <lhfg;
bgw;Wf; bfhz;L ehw;gjhapuk; +gha; fld; bfhL';fs; vd;fpwhh;. mth; nfl;Fk;
gzj;ijf; bfhLf;fhtpl;lhy; ntW ahUf;fhtJ <L itj;J tpLthh; vd;gij ,tuhy;
czu Koe;jJ. jd; kidtp kf;fs; kPz;Lk;
xz;of; Foj;jdj;jpy; Jd;g[Wtij mtuhy; epidj;Jf; Tlg; ghh;f;f Koatpy;iy.
xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuhpd; kidtp
flika[k; bghWika[k; cila ,y;yj;jurp. tPl;od; chpikahsh; ntW
ahUf;fhtJ tPl;il mlF itj;Jtpl;lhy; cz;lhFk; gpd;
tpist[fisf; fztdplk; gf;Ftkhf vLj;Jf; TWgtSk; ,tns. brhe;j tPL
fl;Lk; vz;zj;ijf; fztdpd; be";rj;jpy; cz;lhf;fpatSk; ,tns. kid
th';ft[k;/ jpl;lkpl;Lj; njitahd trjpfSld; mijf; fl;lt[k; Jiz epw;gts;
,tns. fld; bjhy;iy beUf;Fk; nghJ mfyf;fhy; itj;Jtpl;Oh;fs; vd xU
FLk;gg; bgz;zhf epd;W TWgtSk; ,tns. fztdpd; midj;J ,d;g
Jd;g';fspYk; g';F bfhz;L ey;y Fztjpahf tps';fpdhs; xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuhpd;
kidtp.
,y;yhs; mfj;jpUf;f ,y;yhjJ xd;wpy;iy
,y;yhSk; ,y;yhns ahkhapd; (\Jiu)
Kot[iu
ngz;l;fhuh;/ xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuh; Mfpa ,UtUk; bghUshjhu epiyapidr;
rhptu czuhjth;fs;. Mir kpFjpapdhy; Mlk;gu thH;t[ thH tpUk;gpdh;. Ch;
KGtJk; fld;gl;ldh;. flidj; jpUg;gpj; ju Koahky; jLkhw;wk; bfhz;ldh;.
jpl;lkpl;Lr; brayhw;Wk; jpwd; ,y;yhjth;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,UtUnk ehzaKk;
neh;ika[k; jtwhj gz;g[ilath;fshfnt tps';Ffpd;wth;fs;.
fijkhe;jh;fs; \yk; ehk; mwptd
1. vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;
vz;qtk; vd;gJ ,Gf;F
2. fhyk; bghd; nghd;wJ/ flik fz; nghd;wJ.
3. be";ir xspj;J xU t";rfk; ,y;iy
4. fUjhky; fUk';fs; Kof;f ntz;lhk;
fzf;F mHpit xU ehSk; ngrntz;lhk;
5. Md Kjypy; mjpfk; brythdhy;
237
khdk; mHpe;J kjpbfl;Lg; nghdjpir

vy;yhh;f;Fk; fs;sdha; VH;gpwg;g[k; jPapdha;
ey;yhh;f;Fk; bghy;ydhk; ehL.
(ey;tHp)
3. kz; - ma;f;fz;
kdk; fth;e;j khe;jh; - ,uhkhap
bgz;rpRf; bfhiyfisj; jLg;nghk;
fy;tpr; rhiyfisg; bgUf;Fnthk;
t.vz; cs;slf;fk;
1. Kd;Diu
2. vd;idf; ftuf; fhuz';fs;
Kd;Diu 3. ,uhkhap mk;khtpd; VH;ik
4. ,uhkhap mk;khtpd; jhad;g[ r\f
Mh;tyh; vdr;
5. ,uhkhapapd; fUiz cs;sk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;
6. ,uhkhapapd; m";rh be";r k; vGj;jhsh;
7. ,uhkhapapd; bgUkjp czh;t[ ma;f;fz; vd;gth;
8. tWikapYk; brk;ik vGjpa rpWfij
kz; 9. vd;Diu vd;gjhFk;.
,r;rpWfijapy; tUk;
khe;jh;fSs; vd; kdijg; bghpJk; fth;e;jth; ,uhkhap vd;Dk; bgz; Mthh;.
,th; Fug;gl;oapy; epytp te;j \lg; gHf;f tHf;f';fis Vw;Wf;
bfhs;shky; thH;e;J tUgth;. mjw;fhd fhuz';fisg; gw;wp ,';Ff; fhz;nghk;.
vd;idf; ftuf; fhuz';fs;
ViHfs; ,jaj;jhy; cgrhpf;fpwhh;fs;
vd;gjw;nfw;g ,uhkhap mk;khtpd; VH;ik epiy/ jhad;g[/ fUiz cs;sk;/
m";rh be";rk;/ ,uhkhapapd; bgUkpj czh;t[ tWikapYk; brk;ik/ bkhj;jj;jpy;
\lg;gHf;f tHf;f';fisj; jfh;j;jth;; vd;gjhy; vd; kdijf; fth;e;jhh;.
,uhkhap mk;khtpd; VH;ik
,uhkhapapd; fzth; fUg;igah/ tptrhaf; Typ/ tUlj;jpy; \d;W
my;yJ ehd;F khj';fspy; fpilf;Fk; Typia itj;J thH;e;J tUk;
FLk;gkhFk;. miu tapW/ KG tapW vd;W rhg;gpl;L thH;e;J te;jdh;.
bfhoJ bfhoJ tWikf; bfhoJ
238
,uhkhap mk;khtpd; jhad;g[

Nug;gl;o vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; bgz; rpRf; bfhiy kpf mjpfk;. bgz;
FHe;ij gpwe;j clndna fs;spg;ghy;/ fUf;fha; bey; Kjypad bfhLj;J
tWikapd; fhuzkhf/ jha;khh;fns bfhd;W g[ijj;J tpLthh;fs;. ,e;epiyapy;
,uhkhapf;F Kjypy; ,uz;L bgz; FHe;ijfshfg; gpwe;jd. Cuhh;/ mts;
tPl;ow;Ff; fs;spg;ghYld; te;J tpl;ldh;. Rw;wp epd;w bgz;fsplk; bf";rp/
mGJ ,uz;L bz; FHe;ijfisa[k; g[ij FHpfspypUe;J kPl;L tpl;lhs;.
\d;whtjhfg; gpwe;jJk; bgz; FHe;ijna.
fhf;iff;Fj; jd; F";R bghd;F";R
,uhkhapapd; fUiz cs;sk;
nrth vd;Dk; bjhz;L epWtdj;ij elj;jp te;j nfhtpuh$; vd;gth;
rpRf; bfhiyfisg; gw;wp cUf;fkhfg; ngRgth;. ,th; ,uhkhap mk;khitr;
re;jpj;J/ jdf;F mwpKfkhd ,';fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; nrh;e;j/ FHe;ij ,y;yhj
jk;gjpapdUf;F/ c';fsJ \d;whtJ bgz; FHe;ijiaj;
jj;J bfhLj;J tpL';fs; vd;whh;. Chpd; rpRf; bfhiyf;Fg; gae;J ,uhkhap jd;
\d;whtJ bgz; FHe;ijiaj; jj;Jf; bfhLf;fr; rk;kjpj;jhs;. v';fpUe;jhYk; jd;
bgz; capUld; thH;e;jhy; mJnt nghJk; vd;w cah;e;j vz;zk; mtsplk;
Fobfhz;oUe;jJ. gpd; nfhtpuh$; rl;lg{h;tkhd eltof;iffisr; bra;jhh;.
,uhkhap mk;kht[k; jd; bgz; FHe;ijiaf; fUiz cs;sj;njhL jhdkhf
tH';fpdhh;.
jpz;zpa be";rk; ntz;Lk;
bjspe;j ey;ywpt[ ntz;Lk;
,uhkhapapd; m";rh be";rk;
fUg;g[ epwk; vd;whny bts;isf;fhuh;fSf;Fg; gpof;fhJ vdr;
brhy;Ythh;fns> vd;W rpfg;gp Twpdhs;. ekJ bghz;q Jd;gg;glf;
Tlhbjd;W fUjpna fs;spg;ghy; bfhLj;Jr; rhfof;fpnwhk;. ,tis
bts;isf;fhuh;fsplj;jpy; J}f;fpf; bfhLj;J/ m';nf mth;fs; mtisj;
Jd;gg;gLj;jpdhy; ahh; nfl;gJ> vd kw;bwhUj;jp Twpdhs;. ,uhkhapiag;
ghh;j;J ntbwhUj;jp eP Chpy; ,y;yhj g[Jg; gHf;f';fis cz;lhf;fpdhy;
cd;idg; bghpath;fs; xd;W To Ciu tpl;nl xJf;fp tpLthh;fs; vd;W
vr;rhpj;jhs;. Mdhy; ,uhkhap Cuhhpd; mr;RWj;jYf;Fg; gag;glhky; jd;
kfisj; jj;Jf; bfhLj;jhs;. ,jpypUe;J ,uhkhap mk;khtpd; m";rh be";rj;ij
mwpa KofpwJ.
caph;f;bfhiya[k; g[iyg; grpa[k;
cilatbuy;yhk; cwtpdh; my;yh;
,uhkhapapd; bgUkpj czh;t[
239
Nug;gl;o fpuhknk md;W tpHhf;nfhyk; bfhz;L tps';fpaJ.

,Ugj;njhU Mz;Lfs; fHpj;J tUk; jd; kfis tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ,uhkhap
mk;kht[k; jahuhdhh;. rpd;dj;jhap vd;w bgah; itj;J tsh;f;fg;gl;l jd;
kfisa[k;/ bts;isfhuj; jk;gjpapdiua[k; mfk; Fspu/ Kfk; kyu tuntw;whs;.
md;iwf;F mhprpr; nrhW toj;J/ FHk;g[/ fha;fwpfs;/ urk;/ ghark; itj;Jg;
ghpkhwpdhs;.
kdpj md;gpd; gpwg;gplk; - jha;
md;gpd; tHpaJ caph;epiy
\d;W ehl;fs; fHpj;J/ be";rk; fy';fp ,uhkhap mk;khs; jd; kfSf;Fg; gphpah
tpil bfhLj;jhs;. ,th;fSila FLk;g tWikia czh;e;j bts;isf;fhuj;
jk;gjpapdh; +gha; ,uz;L ,yl;rk; mst[ gzj;ijf;
nfhtpuh$plk; bfhLj;J/ ,uhkhap mk;khtpd; FLk;gj;jpdUf;Ff; bfhL';fs; vdf;
Twptpl;Lr; brd;wdh;. nfhtpuh$; gzk; bfhLf;f brd;w bghGJ/ eh';fs;
FHe;ijiaf; bfhLj;jJ gzj;jpw;fhf my;y. v';fsplk; FHe;ijr; bry;tk;/
,Ue;jjhy; ,y;yhj mth;fSf;Fj; jhdkhff; bfhLj;njhk;. tpiyf;Fj; jutpy;iy
vd;W Twp ,uhkhap gzj;ij th';f kWj;Jtpl;lhs;.
bfhs;bsdf; bfhLj;jy; cah;e;jd;W mjbdjpy;
bfhs;bsd; vd;wy; mjdpDk; cah;e;jd;W
vd;Diu
,r;rpWfijapy; tWikapYk; brk;ik thH;t[ thGk; ew;wkpHhpd; gz;g[
kpspWtijf; fhzyhk;. vdnt/ VH;ikapy; thH;e;jhYk;/ ve;j vjph;ghh;g;g[k;
,d;wp ele;J bfhz;l ,uhkhap ,e;j kd;dhpd; bgUikiaf; fhg;gth; vd;w
fUj;ij ma;f;fz; czh;j;jpa[s;shh;.
fijkhe;jh; czh;j;Jk; ePjpfs;

1. Mbzd;d/ bgz;bzd;d vy;yhk; Xhpdk;
2. khjh; jk;ik ,Hpt[ bra;a[k;
klikiaf; bfhSj;Jnthk;
3. gad;J}f;fhh; bra;j cjtp ead;J}f;fpd
ed;ik flypd; bghpJ.
4. caph;fsplj;jpy; md;g[ ntz;Lk;.
5. bgz;qf;Fk; kz;qf;Fk; bgUik nrh;g;nghk;.
240
gHpf;Fg;gHp - ,r;rpWfijiaf; fUg;bghUSk; Rita[k; rpijahky; RUf;fp

vGJf.
gHpf;Fg; gHp
j.eh.nrshjpgjp
fijkhe;jh;fs;:
Mz;zd; (Fkh!;jh) fijahrphpanu mth;jhk;)
mz;zp
fpU#;zrhkp (v) ,uhK (g';fhsp)
Rg;gpukzpa Iah; (mz;zzpd; ez;gh;)
bkhHpeil: ngr;R tHf;F
Kd;Diu:
vGj;jhsh; e.eh.nrdhjpgjp rpwe;j fijbaGJtjpy; ty;yth;. Kdpj
thH;f;ifapd; czh;r;rpr; RtLfisg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;oath;. gy rPh;jpUj;jf;
fUj;Jfisr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;oath;. ,';nf bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gHpf;fg;gHp
fijapd; \ykhf mz;zd; - jk;gp ghrj;ij MHkhf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
mz;zdpd; jpahf thH;f;ifapid Mzpj;jukhfg; gjpt[ bra;Js;shh; vGj;jhsh;
nrdhjpgjp mth;fs;. ,dp mthpd; fijiaf; fhz;nghk;.
jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd; jirahLk;
FLk;gepiy:
ehd; brd;idapy; ,uapy;nt mYtyfj;jpy; vGj;jhsuhf Kg;gJ +gha;
rk;gsj;jpy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;nwd;. vd; tUthapy; ehd;/ vd; kidtp/ xd;wiu
taJf; FHe;ij/ jk;gp fpl;L Mfpnahh; thH;e;J tUfpnwhk;. brhe;j Ch; vd;W ghh;j;jhy;
brd;idapypUe;J ehw;gJ iky; J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. vd; gj;J tajpy; je;ij ,we;jjhy;/
Chpy; ,Ue;j bfh";r brhj;ija[k; v';fs; g';fhspfSf;F tpw;W tpl;nlhk;. Fiwe;j
tpiyf;Fj;jhd; brhj;ij tpw;f ntz;oapUe;jJ. vd; jhahh; tHp cwt[fs; ,Uf;Fk;
brd;idf;F te;J fonawpndhk;.
rpwe;j Kot[/ epiwe;j kfpH;t[
ntiyapy; nrUjy;:
241
brhj;J tpw;w gzj;ij vd; jhahh; jd; cwtpdh; \ykhf tl;of;F tpl;L/ mjd;
\yk; gpiHj;njhk;. vd; jhahh; kpft[k; f#;lg;gl;L vd;id
v!;. v!;. vy;. .rp. tiu gof;f itj;jhh;. mjw;F nky; gof;f Koahjjhy;/ jha;tHp
cwtpdh; \yk; ,Ugj;J\d;W +gha; rk;gsj;jpy; ,uapy;nt ntiyapy; nrh;e;njd;.
nyitf;Fr; nrh;e;j gj;bjhd;gJ tajpnyna vd; jpUkzk; Koe;jJ. gpwF vd;
jhahUk; fhykhdhh;. FLk;gg; bghWg;g[ KGf;f KGf;f vd; jiyapy; tpG;ejJ.
cly;typikna cs;sj;jpd; typik
cld;gpwg;g[ rPl;L
fpU#;zrhkp vd;gJ vd; jk;gpapd; KGg;bgah; fpl;L vd;nw bry;ykhf
miHg;nghk;. Mtid gp.V. tiu gof;f itj;J ey;y ntiyapy; mkh;j;j ntz;Lk;
vd;gnj vd; Fwpf;nfhshf ,Ue;jJ. g';fhspfs; tpaf;Fk;go Kd;Df;F tuntz;Lk;
vd;w epidj;njd;. mtidg; gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}happy; nrh;j;Jg; gof;f itj;njd;.
ed;whf goj;J te;jhd;. rhpahd neuj;jpw;F tPL jpUk;g[thd;. ehd; mtid ,Utiuf;
foe;J ngrpaJ Tlf; fpilahJ. vd; kidtpa[k; mtid mf;fiwa[ld; ghh;j;Jf;
bfhz;lhs;.
ey;y bjhlf;fk; ey;y thH;t[
elj;ijapy; khw;wk;:
Kjyhkhz;L ed;F goj;Jj; njh;r;rp bgw;whd; fpl;L. ,uz;lhkhz;oy; mtd;
elj;ijapy; Vndh khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. neuk; fHpj;J tPL tUthd;. tPl;oy; rhpahfr;
rhg;gpl khl;lhd;. nfl;lhy; clk;g[ rhpapy;iy/ grp vLf;ftpy;iy vd;ghd;. neuk;
fHpj;J tUtija[k;/ ghlk; gof;fhky; ,Ug;gija[k; vg;goahtJ mtDf;F czh;j;j
Kad;nwd;; Koatpy;iy.
ePh; Kfj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ,jak; kdpjidf; fhl;Lk;
fy;Y}hpg; nguhrphpahpd; g[fhh; :

xUehs; jw;brayhf tuyhw;Wg; nguhrphpaiur; re;jpj;njd;/ Vd; rhh; c';fs; jk;gp
fpU#;zrhkp tFg;g[f;F tUtnj ,y;iy> ,uhkehjd;/,td; ,d;Dk; ehiye;J ngh;
nrh;e;J bfhz;L/ jtwhky kllk; nghLfpwhh;fs; vd;W vz;zplk; nfl;lhh;. vdf;Fj;
J}f;fpthhpg; nghl;lJ. ,ukehjd; ahh;> vd ehd; nfl;f. mth; c';fs; Ch;
cwt[f;fhue; jhnd!
vdr; brhd;dhh;. v';fs; brhj;ijf; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F th';fpa g';fhspah> vd
Cfpj;Jtpl;L rhp rhh;/ ehd; ftdpf;fpnwd; vd;W brhy;yp til bgw;nwd;.
,dk; ,dj;njhL nrUk;
fpl;Ltpd; khdtUj;jk;:
242
md;W fpl;L tpiuthfnt tPL jpUk;gpapUe;jhd;. ,uhkehjndhL nruhnj! fy;Y}hpf;Fg;

nghfhky; mtndhL nrh;e;J Ch; Rw;wpdha; vd;why; njh;tpy; njhy;tp jhd; miltha;
vd;W vr;rhpj;njd;. ehd; brhd;dJ nghynt njh;tpy; njhy;tp mile;jhd;. gpwF ehd;
mtidf; nfhgkhfg;
ghh;j;J/ ehd; brhd;d ngr;irf; nfl;lhahlh kilah. Ch;r; brhj;ij Vkhw;wpr; nrh;j;j
FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j ,uhKnthL ,iHahnj! ,iHahnj! vd;nwd;. eP njh;tpy;
njhw;wJ jhd; kpr;rk; vd;W fLikahfj; jpl;otpl;nld;. fpl;Lnth/ ,Jtiu rP vdf;
Tlj; jpl;lhj mz;zd; jpl;otpl;lhnu vd mjph;e;J/ kd tUj;jjkile;J/ fz;zPh;
rpe;jpdhd;.
RU';fr; brhy;yp tps'; it
fpl;Ltpd; kdkhw;wk; :
md;W Kjy; fpl;L ed;whfg; gof;f Muk;gpj;jhd;. neuj;jpw;F xG';fhf tPl;ow;F
te;jhd;. Kiwahfg; goj;jhd;. ehDk; fijg; g[j;jf';fs; rpytw;iw th';fpf; bfhLj;njd;.
me;jf; fijg; g[j;jf'fisf; fz;l vd; mYtyf ez;gh; Rg;gpukzpa Iah; nfyp
bra;jhh;. xUehd; mtd; fz;zg;g Kjypahh; vGjpa gHpf;Fg;gHp vDk; ehlf
E}iyg; goj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. ehd; mijg; ghh;j;jhy; mjph;r;rp mile;njd;.
Vnjh rg;jk;
vdf;F mg;nghJ gj;J ehl;fs; tpLg;g[ fpilj;jJ. tpLg;gpy; CUf;Fr;
bry;yyhk; vd;W vz;zpf; bfhz;nl fpl;L gof;Fk; khof;fr; brd;nwd;. mnl
J#;lh! Jd;khh;f;fh vd Foiaf; bfLj;j ghtp vd;W fj;JtJk; bjhg;bgd;W tpGk;
rg;jKk; nfl;ld. Miwf; fjitj; js;spg; ghh;j;njd;/ jhHplg;gl;oUe;jJ. rj;jk;
bfhLj;Jk; Futpy;iy. khoapypUe;J ntw tHpahfr; brd;w fpl;L ,ut[ tiu tPL
jpUk;ghjjhy;/ mjph;e;njd;.
Kot[ mjph;r;rp
gHpf;Fg; gHpah?
fpl;Litj; njoa[k; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; ,ut[ ehd; J}';ftpy;iy. xU
ntis brhe;j CUf;Fr; brd;wpUg;ghndh vd a{fk; tfj;J ehDk; ,uapnywpr;
brd;nwd;. ,Yg;igj; njhg;g[ tHpahfr; bry;Yk; nghJ/ fpl;Ltpd; Fuy; nghyf;
nfl;fnt mjph;e;njd;. fpl;L/ ,uhKtpd; nky; cl;fhh;e;J bfhz;L/ fGj;ij nehf;fpf;
fj;jpia ePl;o mnl J#;lh/ Jd;khh;f;fh/ vd; Foiaf; bfLj;j ghtp/ ,ij th';fpf;
bfhs; vd;W Mntrkhfg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;.
Kot[iu:
,e;epfH;itf; fz;L \r;rpiuf;f Xo te;j ehd;/ Inah fpl;L mtidf;
bfhy;yhnjlh mtd; jk;gp Kiwalh! vd;W gae;jgona brhy;yp/ ka';fp
243
tpHe;Jtpl;nld;. fpl;Lt[k;/ ,uhKt[k; jz;zPh; bjspj;J vd;idr; Ra epidt[f;Ff;

bfhz;L te;jdh;. jruh tpLKiwapy; khtl;lg; gs;spapy; elf;ftpUf;fk; gHpf;Fg; gHp
ehlfj;jpd; xj;jpif vd;W brhd;dnghJ jhd;/ vdf;F capnu te;jJ. Jd;gk;
bra;jpUe;jhYk; g';fhspg; ghrk; tplhJ. jPu tprhhpj;J vija[k; ek;g[tnj bka; vDk;
xU fUj;Jiufs; ,f;fijapd; \yk; ekf;F bjspthfps;wd.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;
XLk; cjpuj;jpy; - toe;J

xGFk; fz;zPhpy;
njog; ghh;j;jhYk; - rhjp
bjhptJz;nlh mg;gh?
vth; clk;gpdpYk; rptg;ng
,uj;j epwkg;gh!
vth;tpHp ePh;f;Fk; - cth;g;ng
,aw;if Fzkg;gh!
gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; - cyfpy;
bgUik tuhjg;gh!
rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; - ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh !
ed;ik bra;gtnu cyfk;
ehLk; nkw;Fyj;jhh !;
jpd;ik bra;gtnu mz;oj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;
- ftpkzp
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;:
244
Kd;Diu
Mrphpah; tuyhW
jpuz;lf; fUj;J
ikaf; fUj;J
bjhil ea';fs;
nkhid
vJif
,iag[
re;j eak;
Rit eak;
mzp eak;
jiyg;g[
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
,yf;fzr; br';nfhy;
ahg;g[r; rpk;khrdk;
vJifg; gy;yf;F
nkhidj; njh;fnshL
gtdp tUtd ,yf;fpa';fs;
bra;a[s;fs; fw;nghUf;Fk;/ nfl;nghUf;Fk; ,dpik jUtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ghlypy;
mike;Js;s re;jk;/ Rit/ mzp/ bjhil Kjypa ,yf;fpa ea';fns. ftpkzp
mth;fs; ,aw;wpa[s;s ,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s ,yf;fpa ea';fisf; fhzyhk;.
Mrphpah; tuyhW
bgah; : ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk; gps;is
bgw;nwhh; : rptjhqg;gps;is Mjpyl;Rkp
Cu; : nj+h;
rpwg;g[ : ghkuUf;Fk; g[hpa[k; tifapy; ,dpa vspa ghly;fisg;
ghoajhy; ftpkzp vd miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
Mz;L : 1876 1954
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : ckh;fahk; ghly;fs;/ Mrpan$hjp. kyUk; khiya[k; Kjypad.
245
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J

bra;a[Sf;F mHF fUj;J.
jpuz;lfUj;J:
kdpjh;fspd; clypy; XLk; ,uj;jj;jpYk; tHpa[k; fz;zPhpYk; rhjp bjhptjpy;iy
vy;yh kf;fspd; clk;gpy; XLk; ,uj;jKk; rptg;g[ epwnk. fz;fspdpd;W tHpa[k;
fz;zPUk; cth;g;g[r; Ritna. cah;Foapy; gpwe;jtd; vd;gjhy; vtUf;Fk; bgUik
tuhJ. ey;y bray;fshy; kl;Lnk xUtDf;Fg; bgUik nrUk.; gpwUf;F ed;ik
bra;gtnu cyfk; nghw;Wk; nkw;Fyj;jhh.; gpwUf;Fj; jPik bra;J jkf;Fk; jPikia
tpistpj;Jf; bfhs;gtnu jPz;lj;jfhjtu;. vdnt rhjp/ kj/ ntWghL ghh;f;fhky;
cwt[bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd ftpkzp mth;fs; TWfpwhu;.
thH;tjw;Fj; njit itak;
bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit ikak;.
ikaf;fUj;J:
gpwg;bghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk; rpwg;bght;th

bra;bjhHpy; ntw;Wik ahd;.
vd;Dk; jpUts;Sthpd; thf;fpw;fpz';f rpwg;ng xUtDf;Fg; bgUik nrh;f;Fk; rhjp/
kjk;/ ,dj;;jhy; xUtDf;Fg; bgUik fpl;lhJ.
bjhil ea';fs;
g{f;fis khiyahfj; bjhLg;gJ nghy; nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/ Kuz;
Mfpatw;why; bra;a[isj; bjhLg;gJ bjhil vdg;gLk;.
bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;.
nkhid:
gilf;F mHF ahid
bra;a[Sf;F mHF nkhid
bra;a[spy; cs;s rPh;fspy; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid vdg;gLk;.
XLk; - xGFk;
njog;ghh;j;jhYk; - bjhptJz;nlh
nkw;fz;l rPh;fs; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp te;J nkhidf;F ,d;gk; nrh;f;fpwJ.
vJif:
kJiuf;F itif
ghlYf;F vJif
bra;a[spy; cs;s rPh;fspy; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f ,uz;lhbkGj;J xd;wp
tUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;.
246
* vth;clk;g[ - vth;tpHp
* ed;ik - jpd;ik
nkw;fz;l rPh;fs; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp te;J vJiff;F ,d;gk; nrh;f;fpwJ.
,iag[:
bra;a[s; mofspd; <w;Wr;rPh;/ xnu mirnah/ Xirnah/ <w;bwGj;njh xd;whf
miktJ ,iag[ vdg;gLk;.
* epwkg;gh
* tuhjg;gh
nkw;fz;l rPh;fs; ghly;yofspd; <w;wpy; mike;J gog;gjw;F ,dpik jUfpwJ.
re;j eak;:
ahidf;Fr; brhe;jk; je;jk;
bra;a[Sf;Fr; brhe;jk; re;jk;.
re;jk; vd;gJ XirahFk;. XLk; cjpuj;jpy; vdj; bjhl';Fk; ,r;bra;a[s; jdpr;brhy;
bgw;W mofspy; xj;j rPh; mikg;igg; bgw;Wr; rpe;Jg;ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Riteak;
czt[f;Fr; Rit MW
bra;a[Sf;Fr; Rit vl;L
XLk; cjpuj;jpy; vdj; bjhl';Fk; ,r;bra;a[s; cyfpy; thGk; kf;fs; rhjpahy;
gpst[gl;L thGk;; mty epiyiaf; TWtjhy; ,r;bra;a[spy; mtyr;Rit gapd;W
te;Js;sJ.
mzpeak; :
nfhtpYf;F mHF kzp
bra;a[Sf;F mHF mzp
XLk; cjpuj;jpy; vdj; bjhl';Fk; ,r;bra;a[s; Mw;bwhGf;fha; xt;bthU mofSk;
bghUs; jUtjhy; ,r;bra;a[s; ,ay;g[ etpw;rpazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
jiyg;g[:
jPz;lj;jfhjth; vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ ,g;ghlYf;F Vw;w rpwe;j jiyg;ghFk;.
Kot[iu:
ftp"d; jd; cs;sj;J czh;t[fisa[k;/ rKjha eltof;iffisa[k; mHfpay;
nehf;fpy; ftpijahfg; gilf;fpd;whd;. ftpkzp mth;fs; ,aw;wpa[s;s ,g;ghlypYk;
vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ mzp/ re;jk;/ Rit Mfpad mike;J ghlYf;F
,dpikiaj; je;Js;sJ. ftpkzp mth;fspd; gpwghly;fisg; goj;Jk;/ ehnk rpy
ghly;fisg; gilj;Jk; thH;tpy; ,d;g[Wnthk;.
247
thH;f;if epfH;tpy; gHbkhHp
1. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; F";R bghd;F";R

gHbkhHp
fhf;iff;fk; jd; F";R bghd;F";R
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
jd; FHe;ij mHfpy;iy vd;whYk; jha;f;F cah;thfj;jhd; njhd;Wk;.
,ijna ,g;gHbkhHp tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
md;W kiHehs;/ tPjpapy; FHe;ij xd;W tpisahof;bfhz;oUe;jJ.
me;jf; FHe;ij rfjpapy; Milfis mGf;fhf;fpf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. rphpj;J
tpisahoa FHe;ij jpObud;W mHj;bjhl';fpaJ. fz;zPnuhL nghl;og;nghl;Lf;
bfhz;L \f;fy; rspa[k; xGfpf;bfhz;oUe;jJ. me;jf; FHe;ijia m';nf
J}f;Fnthh; ahUkpy;iy. fhuzk; mf;FHe;ij mUtUg;g[f; fs";rpakhf tps';fpaJ.
Mdhy; m';nf te;j mf;FHe;ijapd; jha; MirnahL mf;FHe;ijia vLj;J
mizj;Jf;bfhz;lhs;. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; F";R bghd;F";R vd;Dk; gHbkhHp
,e;epfH;r;rpahy; bjspthfpwJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
vtiua[k; ,Hpthfg; ngrf; TlhJ
vt;t[apiua[k; jd;Daph; nghy; kjpj;Jg; nghw;w ntz;Lk;.
2. ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir

gHbkhHp
,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
ek;kplk; cs;s bghUl;fis tpl kw;wth;fsplk; cs;s bghUl;fns
cah;e;jJ/ rpwe;jJ vd;w vz;zk; njhd;WtJ kdpj ,aw;if. mLj;jthplk; cs;s
bghUs; ek;kplk; te;j gpwF jhd; mjidtpl ek; bghUns nkyhdJ vd;w
cz;ikapid czh;nthk;. ,Jnt ,g;gHbkhHpapd; tpsf;fkhFk;.
KUfd; vd;gtd; gog;ig Koj;j ,is"d;. goj;J Koj;jJk;
248
btspehl;oy; ntiy ghh;j;Jf; if epiwa rk;ghjpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w fdt[fnshL

goj;J Koj;jtd;. gpwF cs;Shpy; fpilj;j ntiyia tpl;Ltpl;Lj; jhd;
tpUk;gpathnw btspehl;oy; fpilj;j ntiyf;Fr; bry;fpwhd;. mstw;w
MirfSlDk;/ fdt[fSlDk; brd;w mtDf;F vjph;ghh;j;j Cjpak;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,tidg;nghy; gyUk; btspehl;oy; ntiyghh;j;J moikahdij
vz;zp tUe;jpdhd;. Mjyhy;/ ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiug;gr;ir vd;gij czh;e;J
brhe;j CUf;Fj; jpUk;g Kot[ bra;jhd;.
3. Rlh; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;Lnfhy; ntz;Lk;

gHbkhHp
Rlh; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;Lnfhy; ntz;Lk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
Rlh; tpsf;F jhnd vhpe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ,Ue;Jtplf;
TlhJ. jphp vhpa vhpa Rlh; k';Fk;. mg;bghGJ J}z;otpl;lhy; Rlh; gpufhrpf;Fk;.
mJnghy;/ jpwik kpf;fth;fSf;Fk; tHpfhl;Ljy; ,Ug;gpd; ey;y gad;jUk; vd;gij
tpsf;f ,g;gHbkhHp gad;gLfpwJ.
vd; njhHp ed;F gof;Fk; khztp. vy;yhg; ghlj;jpYk; ey;y
kjpg;bgz; vLg;ghs;. Mdhy; tFg;gpy; Kjy; khztpahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mtSila jpwikiaf; fz;l Mrphpah; eP ed;F go* fUj;J}d;wp go*
Kaw;rpa[ilahh; ,fH;r;rpailahh; vd;gd nghd;w Cf;fbkhHpfisj; je;J
bfhz;oUg;ghh;. vd; njhHp ,e;j Cf;fbkhHpfshy; ce;jg;gl;L muRj;njh;tpy;
khepyj;jpy; Kjd;ikg; bgw;whs;. Rlh; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;Lnfhy; ntz;Lk;
vd;Dk; gHbkhHp vd; njhHpf;F bka;ahfptpl;lJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
gpwUila cjtpa[k; Cf;fKk; ,Ue;jhy;/ thH;tpy; KGbtw;wpiag;
bgwyhk;.
4. mfj;jpd; mHF Kfj;jpy; bjhpa[k;
gHbkhHp
mfj;jpd; mHF Kfj;jpy; bjhpa[k;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
cs;sj;jpy; mike;j Fzk; Kfk; thapyhf btspapy; kw;wth;f;Fj;
bjhptJ vd;gJ fUj;J.
249
vd; ez;gd; ey;y mwpt[k; gz;g[k; kpf;ftd;. fy;tpawptpYk; rpwe;J

tps';fpdhd;. mtd; jd; cah; fy;tpia Koj;J ntiy njof;
bfhz;oUe;jhd;. gy ,l';fspy; neh;Kfj; njh;t[fspy; fye;J bfhz;lhd;.
MdhYk; mtDf;F ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iy.
mtdJ je;ij vd; ez;gdplk; eP rhpahf neh;Kfj; njh;itr;
bra;ahjjhy; jhd; cdf;F ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;W foe;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
mjw;F mtd; vJt[k; brhy;yhky; kt[dkhf ,Ue;jhd;.
rpy ehlfs; fHpe;jd. xU ehs; xU bghpa epWtdj;jpd; \yk;
jiyikg; gjtpf;fhd neh;Kfj;njh;t[ bra;jpj;jhspy; btspahfp ,Ue;jJ.
mjidg; ghh;j;j vdJ ez;gd; mj;njh;tpy; fye;J bfhz;L njh;r;rp
mile;jhd;. vLj;j vLg;gpnyna mtDf;Fj; bghWg;ghd jiyikg; gjtp
fpilj;jJ.
,jid mwpe;j mtdJ je;ij vd; ez;gid kpft[k; g[fH;e;J ghuhl;odhh;.
mg;bghGJk; mtd; kt[dkhf ,Ue;jhd;. ,jd; \yk; mtDila gw;ww;w
gz;g[ mtd; Kfj;jpy; bjhpe;jJ. ,J mfj;jpd; mHF Kfj;jpy; bjhpa[k;
vd;gjw;nfw;g mike;Js;sJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
kdk; vd;d vz;qfpwnjh mijna Kfk; btspg;gLj;Jk;.
5. jd; ifna jdf;Fjtp
gHbkhHp
jd; ifna jdf;Fjtp
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
gpwh; cjtpia vjph;ghh;f;fhky; ek; gzpia ehnk bra;J bfhs;tJ vd;gJ
,jd; fUj;J.
vdf;Fj; bjhpe;j xU tptrhap jd; taiy cGJ bey; kzpfis tpijj;jhh;
mjidj; jpde;njhWk; fUj;jhff; ftdpj;J te;jhh;. mjw;Fj; njitahd cuk;
kUe;J Mfpatw;iw chpa neuj;jpy; bfhLj;J te;jhh;.
mjdhy; gaph;fs; ed;F brHpj;J tsh;e;J bey;kzpfs; Kjph;e;J mWtil
bra;a[k; ehSk; te;jJ. vdnt CUf;Fs; brd;W mWtil bra;aj;
njitahd Ml;fis miHj;jhh;. ahUk; tutpy;iy.
,g;goahf ,uz;L ehl;fs; fHpe;jd. thdnkh kg;g[k; ke;jhuKkha; kiH
tUjw;fhd mwpFwpfs; bjd;gl;ld. vdnt/ tptrhap jhnd taypy; ,w';fp
mWtil bra;a Muk;gpj;jhh;. Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; bey;kzpfis
tPl;ow;Ff; bfhz;L te;J nrh;j;Jtpl;lhh;. ,jd; \yk; jd; ifna
jdf;Fjtp vd;gJ g[ydhfpwJ.
250
mwpa[k; fUj;J
gpwhpd; cjtpia vjph;ghh;j;jhy; fhyk; fle;JtpLk;. jd; ifia
ek;gpdhy; chpa neuj;jpy; flikiar; bra;J Kof;fyhk;.
6. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh>

gHbkhHp
Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh>
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
,sikapy; Kaw;rp bra;ahjtd; KJikapy; Kaw;rp bra;a KoahJ vd;gJ
,jd; fUj;J.
xU jhj;jht[k; mtUila Ie;J taJ nguDk; njhl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghdhh;fs;.
m';nf xU rpW bfhk;iga[k; xU kuj;ija[k; ghh;j;jhh;fs;. jhj;jh me;jr;
rpwpa bfhk;ig tisj;Jg; gf;fj;jpy; el;Lg; gjpak; nghl;lhh;.
mijf; fz;l ngud;/ mUfpypUe;j kuj;ij tisj;Jg; gjpak; nghl
Kad;whd;. Koatpy;iy. jhj;jhtplk; Vd; jhj;jh ,e;j kuj;ij kl;Lk;
tisf;f Koatpy;iy vd;W nfl;lhd;. jhj;jh/ ve;jr; braiya[k; rpW
tajpypUe;nj bra;J gHf;ffg;Lj;jpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. tajhd gpwF
gHf;fg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJ ,ayhj fhhpak;. rpW bfhk;ig tisf;fyhk;/ kuj;ij
tisf;f KoahJ. ,sikapy; ey;y gHf;f';fisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;. KJikapy;
mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;w KoahJ vd;whh;. ,jd; \yk; Ie;jpy; tisahjJ
Ik;gjpy; tisahJ vd;gJ tps';FfpwJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
ve;j ey;y gHf;fj;ija[k; rpW tajpnyna fw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
7. kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y
gHbkhHp
kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
251
fz;zhof; fw;fs; ituf;fy; nghy; gsgsf;Fk;. nfhiH/ tPuidg; nghy;

fhl;rp jUthd;. ,jidr; Rl;Ltnj ,g;gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;tpy; mikj;jy;
xU ehs; vd; mg;gh mYtyfk; brd;wpUe;jnghJ vd; tPl;ow;F Xh; Ms;
te;jhd;. Ms; fhz;gjw;F og;lhg;ghf ruskhf M';fpyk; ngrpdhd;. jhd;
t';fp mjpfhhp vd;Wk; t';fpf; fld; tH';f te;jpUg;gjhft[k; mJ gw;wp
tprhhpj;Jr; bry;y te;jpUg;gjhft[k; Twpdhd;.
vd; jhahh; mtd; Twpaij ek;gp mtid ehw;fhypapy; mkur; brhd;dhd;.
mtdJ njhw;wKk; ngr;rk; fz;zpakhdtd; vd;W vz;zr; bra;jd.
mtDf;Ff; fhgp bfhz;L tu cs;ns mk;kh nghdhs;. fhgpiaf; bfhz;L
te;J bfhLj;jhs;. mij th';fpg; gUfp tpl;L ehis mg;gh ,Uf;Fk;nghJ
tUtjhff; Twp brd;W tpl;lhd;. mtd; brd;w gpwFjhd; nkir nky;
,Ue;j mk;khtpd; j';ff; iff;fofhuk; fhzhky; nghdJ bjhpe;jJ.
mg;bghGJ jhd; kpd;DtJ vy;yhk; bghd;dy;y vd;W czh;e;njd;.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
ey;ytiug; nghy; eog;gtiu ek;gp Vkhe;J tplf;TlhJ.
8. ty;ytDf;Fg; g[y;Yk; Ma[jk;

gHbkhHp
ty;ytDf;Fg; g[y;Yk; Ma[[jk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
jpwik cilath; rpW bghUisa[k; rpwe;j Ma[jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;th;.
ez;gh;fs; gyh; nrh;e;J Rw;Wyh brd;wdh;. mth;fs; brd;w ,lk;
kiyg; gh';fhd gpunjrk; v';Fg; ghh;j;jhYk; rhpt[fs;/ rkkhd
gFjpfisf; fhz;gJ mhpjhf ,Ue;jJ.
mg;gog;gl;l me;jr; rhpt[fs; epiwe;j kiyg;gFjpapy; ez;gh;fs;
ftdKld; Vwp ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisf; fz;L ,urpj;Jf;
bfhz;oUe;jdh;.
jpObud kiyapd; caukhd ,lj;jpypUe;J xU bghpa ghiw eGtp
mth;fis nehf;fp ntfkhf cUz;L te;J bfhz;oUe;jJ. vd;d
bra;tbjd;W xUtUf;Fk; g[hpatpy;iy. mth;fspy; xU ez;gd;
mUfpy; fple;j xU rpW fy;iy vLj;Jg; ghiw tUk; ghijapy;
252
itj;jhd;. cUz;L te;j bghpa ghiwia/ mr;rpWfy; jLj;J epWj;jp

mth;fis Mgj;jpypUe;J fhj;jJ. ,jpypUe;J ty;ytDf;Fg; g[y;Yk;
Ma[jk; vd;gJ g[ydhfpwJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
mwpt[ gynkh/ cly;gynkh vJ ,Ue;jhYk; mtDf;Fr; rpW Ma[jnk
nghJkhdJ.
gyk; vd;gJ gilf;fUtpapy; ,y;iy. fUtpiaf; ifahSk; tpjj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
9. rpW JUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;
gHbkhHp
rpW JUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;.
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
gadw;wJ vd;W vz;zp vija[k; tPrp tplf;TlhJ. mJt[k; VnjDk; xU
tifapy; gad;gLk; vd;gnj ,jd; fUj;J.
xU ehs; ehd; tPl;ilr; Rj;jk; bra;j nghJ rpwpJ ePsnk cila E}yhy;
Md ehlhit vjw;Fk; gad;glhJ vd;W vz;zp Fg;igf; Tilapy; nghl;nld;.
mjidg; ghh;j;j vd; mk;kh/ Vd; mijf; Fg;igapy; nghLfpwha;>
vLj;Jit. vd;whtJ xU ehs; cjt[k; vd;whh;. ehDk; mk;khtpd; ngr;irj; jl;l
Koahky;/ vLj;J itj;njd;.
rpwpJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd; xU ehs; ,ut[ v';fs; tPl;oy; kpd;rhuk;
jilg;gl;lJ. mg;nghJ tpsf;ifj; njondd;. tpsf;fpy; vhptjw;fhd jphp ,y;iy.
clnd vd; mk;kh Kd;bghU ehs; vLj;J itj;j ehlhitj; jphpahf;fpg; nghLk;gof;
Twpdhh;. mg;bghGJ jhd; g[hpe;jJ. rpW JUk;g[k; gy; Fj;j cjt[k; vd;W.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
rpwpa mw;g bghUshf ,Ue;jhYk; jf;f rkaj;jpy; cjt[k;. Mjyhy; mij
cjhrPdg;gLj;jf; TlhJ.
10. Fw;wKs;s be";R FWFWf;Fk;
gHbkhHp
Fw;wKs;s be";R FWFWf;Fk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;
jtW bra;jtd; kdk; mtidf; Fj;jpf; fhl;Lk; vd;gnj ,jd; fUj;J.
fz;zd;/ bghd;dd; vd;w ,uz;L ez;gh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fs; ,UtUk;
xnu gs;spapy; xnu tFg;gpy; fy;tp fw;W te;jdh;. fz;zd; ed;whfg; gog;ghd;.
253
mjdhy; mth;fspd; tFg;gpw;F tUk; Mrphpah;fs; midtUk; fz;zidg;

ghuhl;Lth;.
,jidf; fz;l bghd;dDf;f kdk; bghWf;ftpy;iy. ez;gd; vd;whYk; Tl
midtUk; fz;zidna g[fH;e;jjhy; bghd;dDf;Ff; fz;zd; kPJ bghwhik
cz;lhapw;W. bghwhik ehSf;F ehs; mjpfkhfp bghd;dd; kdjpy; jtwhd
vz;z';fisj; J}z;oaJ. mjd; fhuzkhff; fz;zdpd; g[j;jfj;ij vLj;J
xspj;J itj;Jtpl;lhd;. fz;zd; g[j;jfk; ,y;yhky; kpft[k; jpz;lhodhd;.
njh;tpYk; Fiwe;j kjpg;bgz;fns bgw;whd;. mjdhy; kpFe;j kd
ntjidf;Fs;shfp vg;bghGJk; nrhfkhfnt ,Ue;jhd;.
,jidf; fz;l bghd;dDf;F kdR cWj;jpaJ. ekJ jtwhd brayhy;
jhnd fz;zd; nrhfkhf ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W tUe;jpdhd;. Mdhy; jhd; bra;j
fhhpaj;ij btspna brhy;yt[k; Koahky; brhy;yhky; ,Uf;ft[k; Koahky; kd
cisr;ry; mile;jhd;. ,jd; \yk; Fw;wKs;s be";R FWFWf;Fk; vd;gJ
bjhpfpwJ.
mwpa[k; fUj;J
gpwUf;F ehk; Jd;gk; jUtjd; \yk; ehKk; Jd;gj;ij mDgtpf;fpnwhk;
vd;gjhFk;.
gHbkhHpfs;; ;
1. A honey tongue and a heart of gall.
moehf;fpny e";Rk; Edp ehf;fpny njDk;
2. After a storm comes a calm.
g[aYf;Fg; gpd;nd mikjp
3. All that glitters are not gold.
kpd;dtbjhy;yhk; bghd;dy;y
4. A little learning is a dangerous thing.
Fiwe;j mwpt[ Mgj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;
5. All saints without, all devil within
mfhug; grp tpghPj nrhud;
6. Adding fuel to the fire
vhpfpd;w jPapy; vz;bza; thh;g;gJ nghy
7. A colt you break, but an old horse your never can.
Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisahJ.
8. As rare as hens teeth
254
mj;jp g{j;jhw; nghy

9. As is the father, so is the son
mg;gidg; nghy gps;is
10. A bad workman blames his tools
MMlj;bjhpahjts; nkil nfhzy; vd;whshk;
11. A burnt child dreads fire.
NL fz;l g{id mLg;ghz;il nruhJ
12. A constant guest is never welcome.
tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; \d;W ehisf;F
13. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
cz;ikahd ez;gid Mgj;jpy; mwp
14. A hungry man is an angry man.
grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;J nghFk;.
15. A guilt conscience needs no accuser.
Fw;wKs;s be";R FWFWf;Fk;.
16. All things come to those who wait.
bghWj;jhh; g{kp Ms;thh;
17. Ask and it shall be given
mGj FHe;ij grpahWk;
18. After a dinner sit a while

cz;l fisg;g[ bjhz;lDf;Fk; cz;L
19. A calm before a storm.
g[aYf;F Kd; mikjp
20. A clean hand wants no washing.
fzf;fd; fzf;fwpthd;. jd; fzf;ifj; jhdwpahd;.
21. A clean hand wants no washing.
bghd; Flj;jpw;Fg; bghl;ol ntz;Lkh>
22. A cracked bell can never sound well.
cile;j r';F ghpahJ
23. A wild goose never laid a tame egg.
g[ypf;Fg; gpwe;jJ g{idahFkh>
24. A work ill done must be twice done.
xU ntiyf;F ,U ntiy
25. As angry as a wasp.
255
Fstpf; Tl;ilf; nfhyhy; Fiyj;jhw; nghy

26. As they sow, so let them reap.
jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mwg;ghd;
tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
27. All are not saints that go to the church.
btSj;jbjhy;yhk; ghyhFkh> fUj;jbjy;yhk; jz;zPuhFkh>
28. Alls fish that comes to the nest.
rpw JUk;g[k; gy Fj;j cjt[k;
29. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
fpisapy; ,Uf;Fk; ghyhf;fhia tplf;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; fshf;fha; nky;
30. All happiness is in the mind.
bry;tk; vd;gJ rpe;ijapd;epiwnt.
31. All is well that ends well.
Xl;ilr; rl;oahdhYk; bfhGf;fl;il bte;jhy; rhp
32. Art is long life is short
fw;wJ ifast[ fy;yhjJ cyfst[.
33. As clear as crystal
cs;s';if bey;ypf;fdp nghy;
34. As is the king so are the subjects
murd; vt;tHp kf;fs; mt;tHp
35. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
murid ek;gp g[U#idf; iftplyhkh>
36. A hog is armour but still hog.
cau cau gwe;jhYk; Ch;f;FUtp gUe;jhfhJ
37. Better bend the neck than bruise the fore head.
jhH;e;J epd;why; thH;e;J epw;gha;
38. Bend the twig, bent the tree
Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh>
39. Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth.
bghWj;jhh; g{kp Ms;thh;.
40. Birds of a feather flock together.
Fiwf;fpw eha; fof;fhJ.
41. Birds of a feather flock together.
,dk; ,dj;ijr; nrUk;.
42. Blood is thicker than water.
256
jhdhlhtpl;lhYk; jd; rij MLk;.

43. Brevity is the soul of wit.
RU';fr; brhy;yp tps';f it.
44. Bare words buy no barley.
Vl;Lr; riuf;fha; fwpf;F cjt[kh>
45. Be just before you are generous
Mw;wpy; nghl;lhYk; mse;J nghL.
46.Blue are the hills that are faraway
J}uj;Jg; gr;ir fz;Df;Ff; FSik.
47. Burn not your house to fight the mouse away.
bfhRit tpul;lf; nfhl;ilf;Fj; jP itf;fyhkh>
48. Be in ones good books.
xUthpd; ed;kjpg;gpw;F chpatdha; ,U.
49. Coming events cast their shadows before.
ahid tUk; gpd;nd kzpnahir tUk; Kd;nd.
50. Charity begins at home
jdf;Fg; nghfj;jhd; jhdKk; jh;kKk;
51. Cpvet all, lose all
nguhir bgU e#;lk;
52. Count not your chickens before they are hatched.
vUik th';F Kd; bea; tpiy ngrhnj.
gps;is bgWKd; bgah; itf;fhnj.
53. Cut your coat according to your clothes.
fhyj;jpw;nfw;w nfhyk; nghL.
54. Casting the pearls before the swine.
fGijf;fj; bjhpa[kh fw;g{u third>
55. Christmas comes but once a year.
mkhthirr; nrhW vd;iwf;Fk; mfg;gLkh>
56. Cast not your pearls before swine.
gd;wpfspd; Kd;dhy; Kj;Jf;fisg; nghlKoa[kh>
57. Constant dripping wears away the stones.
vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;.
58. Come uncalled, sit un served.
miHah tPl;Lf;F EiHahr; rk;ge;J.
59. Cut your coat according to your cloths.
257
tut[f;Fj; jFe;j bryt[

60. Congratulation for your success in the examination
eP njh;tpy; btw;wp bgw;wikf;f vdJ ghuhl;Lf;fs;.
61. Convey our blessing to the newly married couple.
g[J kzkf;fSf;f v';fs; ey;thH;j;Jf;fisj; bjhptpa[';fs;
62. Diamond cuts diamond.
Ks;is Ks;shy; vL
63. Delay is dangerous.
jhkjk; Mgj;jhdJ
64. Do or die
bra; my;yJ brj;J ko
65. Do unto others as you would wish to be done by others.
kd;Dapiuj; jd;Daph; nghy; epid.
66. Do not spur a free horse.
g[z;zpaj;Jf;F cGj khl;ilg; gy;iyg; gpoj;Jg; gjk; ghh;f;ffhnj.
67. Do not rob peter to pay paul.
filj; nj';fhia vLj;J tHpg;gps;isahUf;F cilf;fhnj.
68. Danger befalls all those who deceive.
bfLthd; nfL epidg;ghd;.
69. Distance lends enchantment to the view.
,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir
70. Do as a Romans do when you are in Rome.
cyfj;njhL xl;l xGF.
71. East or west home is best
vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis ntz;Lk;.
72. Empty vessels makes the greatest sound.

Fiw Flk; Tj;jhLk;
73. Every ass loves his bray
fhf;iff;Fk; jd; F";R bghd; F";R
74. Every Jack has his Jill
,uhkDf;nfw;w rPij
75. Experience is the Best teacher
mDgtnk mUikahd Mrhd;
76. Every cock crows on his own dung hill
258
Fg;ig nk;lLf;F nfhHpna uhrh

77. Every tide has its ebb
Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fKk; cz;L
78. Early sow, early now
gUtj;nj gaph; bra;
79. Every bird must hatch its own eggs.
mGjhYk; gps;is mtns bgwntz;Lk;
80. Eagles dont catch flies.
g[yp grpj;jhYk; g[y;iyj; jpd;Dkh>
81. Every cock will crow upon his own dunghill.
jd;Chpy; Mid maY}hpy;.
82. Everyone should be a law, abaidence citizen.
xt;bthU FokfDk; rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltdha; ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
83. Every poor man is counted a fool.
ViH vd;why; vth;f;fk; vspJ.
84. Fortune accompanies industry.
,Ue;j fhy; \njtp; ele;j fhy; rPnjtp.
85. Fish and guests stink in three days.
tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; \d;W ehsif;F.
86. Failures are the stepping stones to success.
njhy;tpna btw;wpapd; Kjy;go.
87. Faults are thick when love is thin.
ntz;lhg; bghz;lhl;o if gl;lhYk; Fw;wk; fhy; gl;lhYk; Fw;wk;.
88. First deserve and then desire.
Kltd; bfhg;g[j;bjDf;F Mirg;glyhkh>
89. Fair words butter no parships.
rh;f;fiu vd;why; jpj;jpf;Fkh>
90. Familarity breeds contempt.
gHfg;gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk; fpl;l ,Ue;jhy; Kl;lg; gif.
91. Failure teaches success.
njhy;ypna btw;wpf;F mog;gil
92. Forgive and forget.
kwg;nghk; kd;dpg;nghk;.
93. Faults are thick when love is thin
259
xUthplk; md;g[ Fiwfpd;wnghJ mthpd; Fiwfs; bghpadtha;j;

njhd;Wk;.
94. God is love
md;ng flt[s;
95. Grind with every wind.
fhw;ws;s nghnj J}w;wpf;bfhs;.
96. Good homer sometimes nods.
Midf;Fk; mo rWf;Fk;.
97. Good wine needs no bush
g{f;filf;F tpsk;guk; ntz;Lkh>
98. Green are the hills that are far away.
,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir.
99. He swells not in prosperity and shrinks not in adversity.
g';Fdp vd;W gUf;fpwJkpy;iy rpj;jpiu vd;w rpWf;fpwJkpy;iy.
100. He is making ropes of sand.
mtd; kziyf; fapwhfj; jphpg;ghd;.
101. He robs peter to pull paul.
filj; nj';fhia vLj;J tHpg; gps;isahUf;F cilj;jhw;nghy
102. He who has an art has every where a part.
fw;nwhh;f;Fr; brd;w ,lbky;yhk; rpwg;g[.
103. Health is wealth.
nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;.
104. He found himself between the devil and the deep sea.
mtd; ,Ujiyf; bfhs;sp vWk;g[ nghy.
105. Humanity often gains more than pride.
mlf;fk; Mapuk; bghd; jUk;.
106. Hitch your wagon to a star.
cs;Stbjy;yhk; cah;t[s;sy;.
107. Honesty is the best policy.
cz;ikna cahpa bfhs;if.
108. Hanging and wiving go by destiny.
jhuKk; FUt[k; jiy tpjpg;gona
109.If one sheep leaps over the bitch all the rest will follow,
brk;kwpbahd;W brd;w jpirapny vy;yhk; bry;Yk;.
110. It is too late to lock the stable when the horse has been stolen.
260
Fjpiu jpUl;Lg;nghd gpd; yhaj;ijg; g{l;LtJ mwptPdk;.

111. Lgnorance is bliss.
mftpiy mwpahjtd; Jf;fk; mwpahd;.
112. It is no use crying over split milk.
bfhl;oa ghiy epidj;J FKwp mHhnj.
113. Impossibility is a word which is found in a fools dictionary.
KoahJ vd;w brhy; Kl;lhspd; mfuhjpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
114. Jack of all trades is master of none.
gy kuk; fz;l jr;rd; xU kuKk; btl;lhd;.
115. Knowledge is power.
g[j;jpkhnd gythd; Mthd;.
116. Kindness cannot be bought.
md;ig tpiyf;F th';f KoahJ.
117. Look before you leap.
MHkwpahky; fhiy itf;fhnj
118. Lamp at home and lion at the chase.
ghh;j;jhy; g{id gha;e;jhy; g[yp.
119. Greedy is blind.
md;g[ bgl;fkwpahJ
120. Like priest, like people.
Jwtp vg;gonah/ bjhz;ld; mg;gona.
121. Like father, like son.
jhiag; nghy gps;is/ E}iyg; nghy nriy.
122. Little strokes fell great oaks.
monky; moitj;jhy; mk;kpa[k; efUk;.
123. Love is blind.
fhjYf;Ff; fz;zpy;iy vd;gh;.
124. Live and let live.
thG; thH tpL!
125. Misfortune never come singly.
gl;l fhypny gLk;; bfl;l Fona bfLk;.
126. Money makes many things.

gzk; gj;Jk; bra;a[k;
gzk; ghjhsk; tiu gha[k;.
261
127. Make hay while the sun shines.

fhw;ws;s nghnj J}w;wpf;bfhs;.
128. Many a ship between the cup and the lip.
iff;F vl;oaJ tha;f;F vl;ltpy;iy.
129. Man proposes; god disposes.
jhbdd;W epidf;fj; bja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;.
130. Might is right.
fy;Ysp k';fdf;Ff; fhL nkL vy;yhk; jtpL bgho.
131. The moment which is lost is lost forever.
,He;j neuk; jpUk;g tuhJ.
132. Make the best out of a bad job.
vhpfpw tPl;oy; gpL';fpd kl;Lk; Mjhak;.
133. Marriage are made in heaven.
jpUkz';fs; brhh;f;fj;jpy; epr;rapf;fg;gLfpd;wd
134. Money makes the mare go.
gzbkd;why; gpzKk; thiaj; jpwf;Fk;.
135. Many drops make a shower.
rpWJsp bgU bts;sk;.
136. My father has disposed off his cow for Rs. 1000/-
vd; je;ij jk; gRit Xuhapuk; +gha;f;F tpw;Ws;shh;.
137. No rains no grains.
khhpapy;yhJ fhhpakpy;iy.
138. Never look a gifted horse in the mouth.
jhdk; bfhLj;j khl;ilg; gy;iyg; gpoj;jg; gjk; ghh;f;fhnj.
139. No man can serve two masters.
xU CHpad; ,uz;L v$khDf;F CHpak; bra;a KoahJ.
140. There is no smoke without fire.
beUg;gpy;yhky; g[ifahJ.
141. Never cast a clout till may be out.
fiuia milaKd; JLg;ig vwpayhkh>
142. Once bitten, twice shy.
NLgl;l g{id mLg;gz;il nruhJ.
143. One lie makes many.
xU bgha;ia kiwf;f xd;gJ bgha;brhy;y ntz;Lk;.
144. Once prices go up they never come down.
262
Vwpdhy; ,w';fhJ tpiythrp.

145. One flower makes no garland.
xU kuk; njhg;ghfhJ.
146. Old is gold.
gHik tpiy kjpg;g[ kpf;fJ.
147. Pride goeth before a fail.
Mztj;jhy; mHpahnj!
148. Prevention is better than cure.
te;jgpd; fhg;gijtpl tUk;Kd; jLg;gnj nky;.
Bts;sk; tUk; Kd; miz nghl ntz;Lk;.
149. Pen is mightier than the sword.
thspDk; typaJ ndh.
150. Practice makes perfection.
rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk;; bre;jkpGk; ehg;gHf;fk;.
151. Penny wise and pound follish.
fLF nghd ,lk; fz;Lgpog;gth;f;F g{rzpf;fha; nghdJ bjhpahJ.
152. Robbing peter to pay paul?
gps;iahh; nfhtpiy ,oj;Jg; bghUkhs; nfhtpy; fl;Ltjh>
153. Strike the iron while it is hot.
fhw;ws;snghnj J}w;wpf;bfhs;.
154. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
mo cjt[tJ nghy; mz;zd;jk;gp cjt[thuh>
moahj khL goahJ.
155. Set a thief to catch a thief.
Ks;isKs;shy; vL.
156. Slow and steady wins the race.
epjhdk; g[ujhdk;.
157. Stolen fruit is sweetest.
jpUoa fdp jpj;jpf;Fk;.
158. Set a begger on horseback and hell ride to the Devil.
mw;gdf;F thH;t[ te;jhy; mh;j;j uhj;jphpapy; Filgpog;ghd;
159. Self help is the best help.
jd; ifna jdf;Fjtp.
160. The pot calls the kettle black.
<aj;ij ghh;j;J ,spj;jjhk; gpj;jis.
263
161. The old fox is caught at last.

gy ehs; jpUld; xU ehs; mfg;gLthd;
162. Truth always triumphs.
tha;ikna bty;Yk;.
163. To the bad people world appears bad.
fhkhiy fz;ltDf;Ff; fz;lbjy;yhk; k";rs;
164. Those who rule by sword, did by sword.
thbsLj;jtd; thshnyna rhthd;.
165. Time and tide wait for none.
Iah; tUk; tiu mkhthir fhj;jpUf;fkh>
166. Too much of anything is good fornothing.
mst[kPwpdhy; mGjKk; e";R
167. Tit for tat.
gHpf;Fg;gHp (m) Midf;Fk; ghidf;Fk; rhp
168. The face is the index of the mind.
mfj;jpd; mHF Kfj;jpy; bjhpa[k;.
169. The mills of god grind slow but sure.
murd; md;W bfhy;thd;; bja;tk; epd;W bfhy;Yk;.
170. The beard does not make a philosopher.
jho itj;jtbdy;yhk; jj;Jt "hdpah>
171. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
gy kuk; fz;l jr;rd; xU kuKk; btl;lhd;.
172. The blind cannot lead the blind.
FUlDf;Ff; FUld; tHpfhl;l Koa[kh>
173. The leopard cannot change his spots.
brd;kg; g[j;jpia brUg;ghy; moj;jhYk; nghFkh>
174. To error is human; to forgive is divine.
fw;wk; ,iHg;gJ kdpj Fzk;/ Fw;wk; bghWg;gJ bja;tPfk;.
175. The kick of the daw hurts not the colt.
nfhHp kpjpj;Jf; F";R KlkhFkh>
176. Tomorrow never comes.
fle;J nghdJ fhuzk; nghl;lhYk; tuhJ.
177. Think Every body alike.
jd;idg; nghy gpwiua[k; epid.
264
178. To the good people world appears good.

ey;yth;fSf;F cyfk; ey;yjhfnt njhd;Wk;.
179. The law maker should not be the law breaker.

ntypna gapiu nka;e;jhy; tpistJ vg;go>
180. United we stand divided we fall.
xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[
181. Walls have ears.
mf;fk; gf;fk; ghh;j;Jg; ngR.
182. Where there is a will, ther is a way
kdkpUe;jhy; kh;f;fk; cz;L
183. When poverty comes in at the door love flies out of the window.
,y;yhid ,y;yhSk; ntz;lhs;.
184. wealth is best known by want.
epHypd; mUik btapypy; bjhpa[k;.
185. You cant have the cake and ate it too.
TGf;Fk; Mir kPirf;Fk; Mir.
186. You many know by a handful of the whole sack.
xU ghid nrhw;wf;F xU nrhW gjk;.
187. You smile and bile.
rphpj;J fGj;jWf;fpwJ.
188. Youth and age will never agree.
,sika[k; KJika[k; vd;Wk; xj;Jg;nghtjpy;iy.
189. One lie makes many
xU bgha;ia kiwf;f xd;gJ bgha; brhy;y ntz;Lk;.
190. Pongal festival is very famous in Tamil Nadu
bgh';fy; jpUehs; jkpH;ehl;oy; kpft[k; rpwg;g[ tha;e;j jpUehshFk;.
191. Schools are reopended on 1st June 2002 after summer vacation.
nfhil tpLKiwf;Fg;gpd; gs;spfs; $%d; khjk; Kjy; njjpapy;
jpwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
192. Glass articles inside; Handle the parcel carefully.
fz;zho bghUl;fs; cs;ns/ ftdj;Jld; ifahst[k;.
193. The thief was caught red handed.
me;jj; jpUld; ifa[k; fst[khf gpogl;lhd;.
194. Bless the hand that gave the blow.
265
c';fisj; J}w;wpatiua[k; mutiza[';fs;

195. Work more talk less.
ngr;irf; Fiwg;gPh;; bgUf;FtPh; ciHg;ig.
196. A beggars purse is bottomless.
gpwtpf;FUldf;F gz nehl;lk; bjhpa[kh>
197. A cat has nine lives
mePjpf;F Mapuk; J}z;fs;
198. A close mouth catches no flies.
mHhj gps;is ghy; Fof;fhJ.
199. A drowning man will catch a straw.
\H;FgtDf;F JUk;g[k; JLg;ghFk;.
200. A good example is the best sermon.
ed;ikna ntjk;.
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F milg;g[f; FwpfSf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW tpil vGJf.

1. g[yp te;jd. vUJfs; XoaJ
(thf;fpag; gpiHiaj; jpUj;Jf)
tpil: g[yp te;jJ; vUJfs; Xod.
2. thiH gHj;ij jpd;w gpd; njhiy rhiyapy; nghlhJ

Fg;ig Tilapy; nghL.
(njitahd ,l';fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: thiHg; gHj;ijj; jpd;wgpd; njhiyr; rhiyapy;
nghlhJ/ Fg;igf; Tilapy; nghL.
3. lahbgl;of; ng#z;l; !;tPl; rhg;gpLtij !;lhg;

bra;a ntz;Lk;.
(gpw bkhHpr; brhw;fis ePf;fp ,dpa jkpHy; vGJf)
tpil: rh;f;fiu nehahsp (ePhpHpt[ neha[s;stu;)/ ,dpg;g[
rhg;gpLtij epWj;j ntz;Lk;.
4. fhfk; fj;j Fapy; rj;jkpl FHe;ij fj;jpaJ

(kug[ tGf;fis ePf;fp vGJf)
tpil: fhfk; fiua/ Fapy; Tt/ fGij fj;jpaJ.
266
5. nrhW bfhjpf;fpwJ/ nghj;jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw

vd;wt[ld; brd;Wg; ghh;j;jhd;.
(njitaw;w ,l';fspy; mike;j ty;ypd bka;fis
ePf;fp vGJf)
tpil: nrhW bfhjpf;fpwJ ngh jk;gp mLg;igf; Fiw
vd;wt[ld; brd;W ghh;j;jhd;.
6. guit ,iwahf gapU tiffisj; jpz;qk;

(vGj;Jg; gpiHfisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: gwit/ ,iuahfg; gaW tiffisj; jpd;Dk;.
7. miy - mis my;yJ muz; - mud;
- (bghUsl ntWghl;il czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jdpj;jdp
thf;fpa';fspy; mikj;bjGJf)
tpil: miy flypy; miy te;jtz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;
mis misapy; ghk;g[ trpf;Fk;
muz; - ,kakiy muz;nghy; mike;Js;sJ.
mud; - rptbgUkhid mud; vd;gh;.
8. btoa';fhl;oa[k; btj;jpiy nghlwJ xU gsf;fkh>

(bfhr;irahd t=cr; brhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: tpotjw;Fs; btw;wpiy nghLtJ xU gHf;fkh>
9. ek!;fhuk; vd;W rh#;lh';fkhf tpGe;jtis MrPh;tjpj;njd;.

(gpw bkhHpr; brhw;fis ePf;fp ,dpa jkpHpy; vGJf)
tpil: tzf;fk; vd;W beL";rhz; fpilahf tpGe;jtid

thH;j;jpndd;.
10. CUf;Fg; ngha; nrh;e;jJk; fojk; vGJ vd;W vd; je;ij

brhd;dhh;. (bghUj;jkhd epWj;jw; Fwpfis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: CUf;Fg; ngha; nrh;e;jJk;/ fojk; vGJ vd;W vd;
je;ij brhd;dhh;.
11. ,';Fs;sJ vy;yhk; ey;y gHnk (thf;fpag; gpiHiaj;
jpUj;Jf)
267
tpil: ,';Fs;sit vy;yhk; ey;y gH';fns.

12. bey;ypfha;/ jhd;wpfha; fLfha; Mfpa \d;W ruf;Ffis
bfhz;lJ jhphpgiy vdg;gLk;.
(njitahd,l';fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;blGJ)
tpil: bey;ypf;fha; / jhd;wpf;fha;/ fLf;fha; Mfpa \d;W
ruf;Ffisf; bfhz;lJ jphpgiy vdg;gLk;.
13Miz/ Mid (my;yJ) cz;/ cd; - (bghUs;
ntWghl;il czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jdpj;jdp thf;fpa';fspy;
mikj;bjGJf.)
tpil:Miz-muR Mizf;F miztUk; fl;Lg;gl ntz;Lk;.
Mid - Mz; Mid fspW vdg;gLk;.
cz; - mstwpe;J cz;.
cd; - cd; bgah; vd;d>
14. !;ypk;khf ,Ug;gnj gpa{l;o vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ.

tpil: bkypthf ,Ug;gnj mGF vd;w vz;zk; gutp tUfpwJ.
15. nfhsp Kl;il jhthuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.
(bfhr;ir t=cr; brhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: nfhHp Kl;il jhH;thuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.
16. ePnuhr; nrhnwh vJf; fpilj;jhYk; cz;Lr; bry;ntd;.

(njitaw;w ,l';fspy; mike;j ty;ypd bka;fis ePf;fp
vGJf)
tpil: ePnuh nrhnwh vJ fpilj;jhYk;/ cz;L bry;ntd;.
17. ePhpd;wp e";ira[k; g";ira[k; tpisatpy;iy.

(kug[g; gpiHfisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: ePhpd;wp ed;bra[k; g[d;bra[k; tpisatpy;iy.
18. v';fy; tPl;od; g{iz ,Ue;jJ

tpil: v';fs; tPl;oy; g{id ,Ue;jJ.
268
19. fPl;!; fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; bga;j xsp kiHna ftpij

vd;whh;. (bghUj;jkhd epwj;jw; Fwpfis ,l;blGJf.)
tpil: fPl;!;/ fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; bga;j xspkiHna
ftpij vd;whh;.
20. rhiu ghk;g[ FUtpf;Tl;oy; EiHe;jJ.

(njitahd,l';fspy; y;ypd bka;fis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: rhiug; ghk;g[ FUtpf; Tl;oy; EiHe;jJ.
21. miu/ miw my;yJ fhiy/ fhis (bghUs; ntWghl;il
czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jdpj;jdp thf;fpa';fspy; mikj;bjGJf)
tpil: miu - ,d;W miu ehs; ntiy.
miw - tPl;oy; ehd;F miwfs; cs;sd.
fhiy - fhiy ntisapy; eil gHfpndd;
fhis - tz;o ,Gf;ff; fhis cjt[k;.
22. tPf; Md vd; Mz;l;o bu!;l; vLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W

Qhh;l; !;bg#yp!;l; ml;it!; Twpdhh;.
tpil: tYtpHe;j vd; mj;ij Xa;btLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
,jakUe;Jt ty;Yeh; Twpdhh;.
23. xUj;jd; xz;oaha;g; nghdhy; mJ Ch;nfhykh>

tpil: xUtd; xd;wpahfg; nghdhy; mJ Ch;tykh>
24. |khd; t.c. rpjk;guk; gps;isapd; ehkfuzj;ij ,e;jf;

fg;gYf;F Nl;Ltjpy; !e;njh#k; milfpnwd; vd;whh;
\jwp"h; ,uh$h$p. (gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fyg;ig ePf;f ey;y
jkpHy; vGJf)
tpil: jpU. t.c.rpjk;guk;gps;isapd; jpUg;bghaiu ,e;jf;

fg;gYf;Fr; Nl;Ltjpy; kfpH;r;rp milfpnwd; vd;whh;
\jwp"h; ,uh$h$p.
25. Fg[f;Fg[btd;Wg; g[if kz;oyk; NH;e;jJ.

(njitaw;w ,l';fspy; cs;s ty;ypd bka;fis ePf;fp
269
vGJf.)
tpil: Fg[Fg[ btd;W g[if kz;oyk; NH;e;jJ.
26. fhl;y ahid fj;jpaJ. Ehp TtpaJ. g[yp rj;j kpl;lJ.

(t=cr; brhw;fis (kug[g; gpiHfis)j; jpUj;jp vGJf.
tpil: fhl;oy; ahid gpspwpaJ; ehp Cisapl;lJ;
g[yp cWkpaJ.
27. giznahis tprpwpapy; tprphpajdhy; iftpwy; typj;jJ.
tpil: gidnahiy tprpwpapy; tprpwpajdhy; if tpuy; typj;jJ.
28. vr;rig bghJbtd ,ak;gpdh; mwp"h;fs; mr;rig

,l';bghSk; ,Ul;bgU";nrhjp vd;w Rthkpfs; mUspr;
bra;Js;shh; ,r;rig ,e;nehf;Fld; Rthkpfshy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
(bghUj;jkhd epWj;jw; Fwpfis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: vr;rig bghJbtd ,ak;gpdh; mwp"h;fs; mr;rig ,l';
bfhSk; mUl;bgU"; nrhjp vd;W Rthkpfs; mUspr;
bra;Js;shh;. ,r;rig me; nehf;Fld; Rthkpfshy; epWtg;
gl;lJ.
29. xd;nwh my;yJ ,uz;nlh jUf.
tpil: xd;nwh ,uz;nlh jUf / xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L jUf.
30. Vl;L Rtofspy; rpj;j kUj;jt bra;jpfs; bghjpe;J

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(njitaw;w ,l';fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: Vl;Lr; Rtofspy;/ rpj;j kUj;Jtr; bra;jpfs; bghjpe;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
31. thH;fj; jkpH; vd;W mtdhr; brhd;dhd;. Mwpe;Jr; brhy;

vdf;F. (njitaw;w ,l';fspy; mike;j ty;ypd bka;fis
ePf;fp vGJf)
tpil: thH;f jkpH; vd;w mtdh brhd;dhd;/ mwpe;J brhy;
vdf;F.
32. ,e;j br";Rhp bld;#d; epiwe;jJ.
270

tpil: ,e;j E}w;whz;L/ kd,Wf;fk; epiwe;jJ.
33. nrhW jpd;w gHk; cz;L ghy; rhg;gpl;Lg; gLj;jhd;.

( kug[ t=cr; brhw;fis ePf;fj; jpUj;jp vGJf).
tpil: nrhW cz;L/ gHk; jpd;W/ ghy; gUfpg; gLj;jhd;.

34. Mw;wpy; bty;yk; te;jJ. tPl;oy; bts;sk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
tpil: Mw;wpy; bts;sk; gHk; jpd;W/ ghy; gUfpg; gLj;jhd;.
35. jpid jpiz my;yJ xyp xsp

(bghUs; ntWghl;il czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jdpj;jdp
thf;fpa';fspy; mikj;bjGJf)
tpil: jpid - njDk; jpid kht[k; KUfDf;Fg; gpof;Fk;.
jpiz - bgUe;jpiz vd;gJ bghUe;jhff; fhjy;
xyp - vGj;jpd; Kjy; totk; xypna.
Xsp - ,utpy; xsp jUtJ epyt[.
36. nfhsp Kl;il jhtuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.

(bfhr;ir t=cr; brhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: nfhHp Kl;il ehH;thuj;jpy; cUz;lJ.
37. xGf;fKilik Foik vd;gJ jpUts;Sth; tFj;j

tiuaiwahFk;.(bghUj;jkhd epwj;jf; Fwpfis ,l;blGJf.)
tpil: xGf;fKilik Foik vd;gJ jpUts;Sth; tFj;j
tiuaiwahFk;.
38. ey;yitfSk; bfl;litfSk; gj;jphpifspy;;
btspaplg;gLfpd;wd. (thf;fpag; gpiHiaj; jpUj;Jf)
tpil: ey;ydt[k; bfl;ldt[k; gj;jphpf;iffspy;
btspaplg;glLfpd;wd.
39. vija[k; vGjp gHfntz;Lk; vd;w vdf;F brhd;dhh;

Mrphpah;.
(njitahd,l';fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;blGJf).
tpil: vija[k; vGjpg; gHfntzlLk; vd;W vdf;Fr; brhd;dhh;
271
Mrphpah;.
40. Miz/ Mid (my;yJ) Mzp/ Mdp - (bghUs;

ntWghl;il czh;j;Jk; tifapy; jdpj;jdp thf;fpa';fspy;
mikj;bjGJf.)
tpil:Miz-muR Mizf;F midtUk; fl;Lg;gl ntz;Lk;.
Mid - Mz; Mid fspW vdg;gLk;.
Mzp - rthpy; Mzp mof;fhnj
Mdp - jkpH; khj';fspy; Mdp \d;whtJ khjk;.

42. Fwp";rp jhf;fy; bra;j tHf;f r\fkhfg; igry; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
(gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fyg;ig ePf;fp ey;y jkpHpy; vGJf)
tpil: Fwp";rp bjhLj;j tHf;F ey;yKiwapy; Kot[
bra;ag;gl;lJ.
43. njhl;lj;jpy; thiHr; broa[k;/ kh";broa[k;/ bjd;d';fd;Wk;

el;lh';f. (t=t[r; brhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: njhl;lj;jpy; thiHf;fd;Wk; kh';fd;Wk; bjd;dk;gps;isa[k;

el;ldh;.
44. FHe;ijapd; mSifia khw;w jha; thisg; gsk; je;J

jhyhl;Lg; ghodhy;. (vGj;Jg; gpiHfisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: FHe;ijapd; mGifia khw;w/ jha; thiHg;gHk; je;J
jhyhl;Lg; ghodhs;.
45. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpyh; rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;Dk; bgauhy; Mz;ltd;

cz;ikia kWj;Jk; mtd; mUs;bgw;w moahiu epe;jpj;Jk;
Md;k neaj;ijf; Fiyj;Jk; tUtJ c';fl;Fj; bjhpa[k;.
(njitahd ,l';fspy; bghUj;jkhd epWj;jw; Fwpfis
272
,l;blGJf)
tpil:,f;fhyj;jpy; rpyh; rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;Dk; bgauhy/;

Mz;ltd; cz;ikia kWj;Jk/; mtd; mUs;bgw;w
moahiu epe;jpj;Jk;/ Md;k neaj;ijf; Fiyj;Jk; tUtJ
c';fl;Fj; bjhpa[k;.
tpdhj;jhs; mikg;g[ Kiw & neug; g';fPl;L Kiw

jkpH; Kjy; jhs;
muR bghJj;njh;t[ tpdhj;jhs; kw;Wk; tpilfs;

jkpH; Kjy; jhs;
fhyk; : 3.00 kzp (bra;a[Sk;/ ,yf;fzKk;) kjpg;bgz;: 100
mwpt[iu: (1) midj;J tpdhf;fSk; rhpahf gjpthfp cs;sjh vd;gjid
rhpghh;j;Jf; bfhs;st[k;. mr;Rg;gjptpy; FiwapUg;gpd;/
miwf;fz;fhzpg;ghshplk; cldoahfj; bjhptpf;ft[k;.
(2) ePyk; my;yJ fUg;g[ ikapid kl;Lnk vGJtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;g[: (i) tpilfs; bjspthft[k;/ Fwpg;gpl;l mstpdjhft[k; brhe;j

eilapYk; mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
(ii) tpdh vz;. VI-f;fhd tpilfs; kl;Lk; bra;a[s; totpy;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
I. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; vitnaDk; ehd;fDf;F kl;Lk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; Ie;J

thpfspy; tpil vGJf. 4x2=8
1. ehnlhWk; vjidg; ghLjy; ntz;Lk;>
,e;jpah; xt;bthUtUk; ehs;njhWk; ,J ,e;jpa ehL. ,J vdf;nf chpikahd
ehlhFk; vd;W nghw;wpg; ghLjy; ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa ehoJ vd;Dil ehnl
vd;W jpde; jpdk; ePaijg; ghL
2. mfehD}W vj;jid gFjpshf cs;sJ> mit ahit>

273
mfehD}W \d;W gFjpfisf; bfhz;lJ.

bkhj;jk; 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
fspw;wpahid epiu 120 ghly;fs;
kzpkpilg;gtsk; 180 ghly;fs;
epj;jpyf; nfhit 100 ghly;fs;
3. eL';f tUk; Jd;gk; ahUf;fpy;iy>

vjph;fhyj;jpy; ekf;F tuf;Toa Jd;g';fis Kd;dnu mwpe;J/ fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
mwpt[ilahh;f;F/ eL';Fk;go tuf;Toa Jd;gk; xd;Wkpy;iy.
Mjpu tUtnjhh; neha;
4. ,se;jhtPjd; vLj;Jr; brd;w Ma[jk; ahJ>

nfhypahj;J vd;Dk; bfhoa muf;fid vjph;j;Jg; nghh; g[hpag; g[wg;gl;lhd; jhtPJ.
,se;jhtPjdpd; tPuj;ijr; rt[y; kd;dd; tpae;J/ xspbghUe;jpa ntyha[jj;Jld;
jd;Dil gilf; fyd;fs; gytw;iwa[k; xUnruj; je;jhd;. ,tw;iw
cgnahfpf;Fk; Kiw vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ vd;W Twp jhtPjd; th';f
kWj;Jtpl;lhd;.
jphpa Ma;Kiw bjhpfnyd; vd; kWj; jfd;whd;
gpd;dh; Muha;e;J njh;e;bjLj;j Ie;J fw;fnshL/ ftiza[k; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L
nghUf;Fg; g[wg;gl;lhd;. ,s";rpWtd; jhtPjidg; ghh;j;J kf;fs; Tl;lk; tpae;J
epd;wJ.
bjhpe;j Ma;e;j bt";rpiybahL ftbzLj; bjtUk;
5. fyk;gfk; - bgah;f;fhuzk; jUf.
fyk;gfk; - fyk; + gfk;
fyk; - gd;dpuz;L/ gfk; - mjpy;ghjp MW
fyk;gfk; gjpbdl;L tif cWg;g[fs; cilajhfg; ghlg;gLtjhFk;.
274
g[atFg;g[/ mk;khid/ Fwk;/ kwk; bfhw;wpahh; Kjypad mg;gjpbdl;L

cWg;g[fshFk;.
jkpHpy; njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gfk; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;vd;gh;.
6. ftp"h; Rujh Jd;gk; vt;thW rpjwpg;nghFk; vd;W TWfpwhh;>
xt;bthUehSk; je;ij bghpahiug; nghy mst[ld; njitapd; jFjpf;nfw;g/
bryt[ bra;J thH ntz;Lk;. mt;thW thH;e;jhy; ghuh';fy; kPJ tpGfpd;w
kiHePh; clnd rpjwp XLtJ nghy/ ek; thH;tpd; Jd;gbky;yhk; gspr;brd;W
rpjwpg; nghFk;.
gspr;brd;W Jd;gbky;yhk; rpjwpg; nghFk;
II. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F kl;Lk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk;

gj;J thpfspy; tpil vGJf. 3 x 4 = 12
7. tuje";irag; gps;is vf;fhuz';fshy; jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtk; vd;W
TWfpd;whh;>
ekJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyha; ehitg; ngRtjw;F mirtpj;j bkhHp
jkpHhFk;. ekJ cs;sj;jpd; mwpahik ,Uisg; nghf;f mwpthfpa fz;zpidj;
jpwe;J cyf eilKiwfisj; bjsptha;f; fhl;oa bkhHp jkpH; bkhHpna*
,j;jifa mwpt[f; fz;fis ek; fUj;JfnshL bghUe;jr; bra;j ,dpa bkhHp
jkpHhFk;.
ez;qk; kpsikg; gUtj;jpny Kjy;

ehit airj;jbkhHp v';fs;
fUj;njhL oirj;j bkhHp
j';fs; rpe;jidfis kw;wth;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;Ff; fUtpaha; ehd; vd;W
Kw;gl;L te;j jpUj;jkhd brk;bkhHp jkpHhFk;. cyfpd; gpwbkhHpfisf;
fw;gjw;Fk; mth;fSf;F cjtp g[hpe;J tz;ik bghUe;jpaJ jkpH;bkhHpna*
mjdhy; ek; jkpHd;idia thH;f* thH;f* vdg; nghw;wpj; jpUtoia
thH;j;Jnthk; vd tuje";irag;gps;is jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jfpwhh;.
8. ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahiu tpspj;Jf; TWtdtw;iw
vGJf.
KJika[ila rhd;nwhnu:
275
kPdpd; Ks;isg; nghy; btz;ikahd eiukapiua[k;/ njhy; RU';fpa

fd;d';fisa[k; cila gad; ,y;yhj KJikahd rhd;nwhnu* ePtPh;/ TH;ikahd
kG Ma[jj;ij Ve;jpa typik tha;e;j vkd; jd; ghrf; fapw;why; cd; capiuf;
ftu tUk; nghJ kdk; tUe;JtPh;.
gadpd; \g;gpw; gy;rhd; wPnu
fzpr;rpf; Th;k;gil fLe;jpw byhUtd;
gpzf;F'; fhiy ,u';FtPh; khnjh
mg;nghJ eP';fs; tUe;jpg; gadpy;iy. capUld; thGk;nghnj jPtpid
bra;ahky; ey;yJ bra;a[';fs; mJnt vy;nyhUk; tpUk;g[tJk; mJnt
kWikapy; ck;i key;tHpf;Fr; nrh;f;Fk; rpwe;j tHpa[khFk;.
9. ed;wp bra;jhuJ el;ig tplyhfhJ Vd;>
Fw;wkw;w ey;nyhh; el;igg; nghw;Wjy; vt;tst[ ,d;wpaikahjnjh mnj
mstpw;Fj; Jd;gj;jpy; cjtpath; el;igg; nghw;WjYk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
vGika[k; epid:
Jd;gj;jpypUe;J ek;ikf;; fhj;Jthpd; el;gpid VG gpwtpfspYk; epidj;Jf;
bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;. mtuJ el;igf; iftplf; TlhJ vd;W ts;Sth; TWfpwhh;.
10. nfhtyidf; fz;l bghGJ epfH;e;j mw;g[jk; ahJ>

fztdpd; Jah;epiyfz;L gythW g[yk;gp mGjhs; fz;zfp. mtdJ
jpUj;j';fps khh;gpidj; jd; khh;nghL bghUe;JkhW jGtpf; bfhz;lhs;.
bghd;J";R khh;gk; bghUe;jj; jHP,
me;neuj;jpy; nfhtyd; vGe;J epd;whd;. mtd; fz;zfpia nehf;fp KGkjp
nghy; xspkpF cd;Kfk; fd;wpanj vd;W jd;thahy; brhy;ypf; fz;zfpapd;
276
fz;fspypUe;J tUk; fz;zPiuj; jd; ifahy; Jilj;jhd;. mg;bghGJ fz;zfp

mGJ/ Vf;fKw;W epyj;jpy; tpGe;jhs;.
epd;whd; vGe;J epiwkjp thz;Kfk;
fd;wpaJ vd;wts; fz;zPh; ifahd; khw;w
jd; fztdpd; bjhGtjw;nfw;w jpUe;jp mofisj; jd; ,U iffshYk; gw;wpf;

bfhz;lhs;. mg;bghGJ nfhtyd; ,t;t[liy tpl;L eP';fpr; Rth;f;fk; g[Fk;
bghUl;L vGe;jhd;. njth;fs; thGk; thDyfk; g[Fe;jhd;.
gGJ xHpe;J vGe;jpUe;jhd; gy;ykuh; FHhj;Js;shd;
11. fizahHp fz;l rPijapd; bray;fs; ahit>
fizahHp fz;l rPijapd; bray;fs;:
rPij mDkdplkpUe;J fizahHpia th';fpf; bfhz;lhs;. mJ t";rid
cila muf;fh;fsJ efuj;jpw;F te;jjdhy; jd; J}a;ikia ,He;J tpl;lJ
vd;W vz;zp jd; fz;fspy; bgUf;bfLj;j kiHf; fz;zPuhy; eidj;jhs;. gpd;g[
Mapuk; Fl';fs; bfhz;L ePuhl;LtJ nghy; jd; fz;zPuhy; fizahHpia
KGf;fhl;odhs;.
wh';Fah; kiHf; fz;zPuhy; Mapuk; fyrk; Ml;o
fizahHpiaf; fz;ljdhy; ,isj;jpUe;j mts; g{hpg;g[w;W tpag;g[w;whns

my;yhky;/ mjid nehf;fpa fz;fis \odhs; my;yy;. Vf;fg; bgU\r;ir
kl;Lnk mg;nghJ btspg;gLj;jpdhs;;.
tP';fpds; tpae;j jy;yhy; ,ikj;jpys; caph;g;g[ tpz;lhs;
III. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F kl;Lk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk;
gj;J thpfspy; tpil vGJf. 3 x 4 = 12
12. ,uhruhr nrhHdpd; tpy;/ ths;/ KuR/ bfho/ Fil Fwpj;Jf; Twg;gl;ld ahit>
,e;jpudpd; E}WKidfisf; bfhz;l tr;rpug;gilia ,uhruhrdpd; tpy;
mHpj;jJ. Xh; mk;gpid tpLj;J/ bgU';fly; tw;WkhW bra;jJ.
jw;nfho nahhpuz;L bfhz;L rjnfho
fw;nfho brw;w rpiy fhzPh;
thspd; rpwg;g[ :
nrhH kf;fs; ey;thH;t[ bgw/ kiyfis btl;og; ghij mikj;j ths; (rpt{fr;
nrhHdpd; bray; ,uhruhrdpd; nkw; Vw;wpf; Twg;gl;lJ)
277
thdpy; epiybfhz;l nfhl;ilfisj; jdJ thshy; tPH;j;jpatd; (J}';F vapy;

vwpe;j bjhonjhs; brk;gpadpd; btw;wp ,uhruhrd; nky; Vw;wpf; Twg;gl;lJ)
RHpapl;l fhtphpf;Fr; nrhzhL thH
tHpapl;l ths;fhz thhPh;
Kurpd; rpwg;g[:
t";rp khefuj;jpy; jpiwahff; bfhLj;j flg;g kuj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;lJ. nkYk;
mk;KuR nghhpy; njhw;w ntw;Wehl;L kd;diuj; jiyapy; kz; Rke;J/ fhtphp
miz fl;LkhW bra;jJ.
jiubfhz;l ntw;wurh; j";brd;dpg; bghd;dpf;
fiufz;l nghh; Kur'; fhzPh;
bfhoapd; rpwg;g[:
Mapuk; fz;fisf; bfhz;L/ nkU kiyiaj; jhtpr; Rw;wp te;j/ ,e;jpuidf;
bfhoapy; g[ypahff; bfhz;lJ.
Filapd; rpwg;g[:
thd;btspaha;g; gutpr; brd;W epd;W/ eLtpy; Fil nghy; cah;e;J epw;Fk;
mz;lj;ijg; nghd;W btz;bfhw;wf;Fil cila ,uhruhr nrhHd;/ ehl;L
kf;fspd; kdk; Fspu Ml;rp brYj;jpdhd; vd;gJ ,uhruhrdpd;
Filr;rpwg;gpidf; TWfpwJ.
13. bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk; Fwpj;J Kf;Tlw;gs;S/ ciug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk; :
vkJ bjd;fiu ehl;oy; kpff; fLikahff; fha;tJ R{hpaf; fpuz';fns; R{hpaidg;
nghd;W eLt[ epiyahsh; fha;tJ ,y;iy.
v';fs; Chpy; bgz;fshy; filag;gLk; nghJ japh;f;fl;ofs; kl;Lk; fy';Fk;.
Mdhy; neha;f; fz;l';fshy; fy';fp epiyFiygth; vtUk; ,yh;.
fhaf; fz;lJ R{hpa fhe;jp
fy';ff; fz;lJ btz;japh;f; fz;lk;
vk;ehl;oy; kha;e;J xHptd ehHpifa[k; thuKk;/ ,sikapny ,wg;gth; vtUk;

,yh;.
fy';fpr; RHy;tJ ePh;r;RHpfisa[ila bts;sk; kl;Lnk/ gpw ehl;Lg;gil g[Fe;J
RHpj;Jr; fyf;FtJ ,y;iy.
khaf;fz;lJ ehHpif thuk;
kWff; fz;lJ thd;RHp bts;sk;
278
v';fs; ehl;oy; ed;F Kw;wpa bre;bew;fjph;fspd; bew;Fiy tug;gpdpy; bew;Fiy

rha;e;J fplf;Fk;. Mdhy; vk; kf;fs; nehapdhy; Jd;g[w;Wr; rha;jy; ,y;iy.
vk; ehl;oy; jtrpfns kdk; gw;ww;Wj; jdpj;jpUg;gh;/ Mdhy; ,y;ywj;jhh;
md;gw;Wj; jdpj;J thH;tJ ,y;iy.
rhaf; fz;lJ fha;Fiyr; bre;bey;
jdpg;gf; fz;lJ jhgjh; cs;sk;
vk; ehl;oy; re;jdf;fl;iljhd; ciuj;Jiuj;Jj; nja[k;. Mdhy; md;dk; nghd;w

bgz; J}Jiuj;Jj; nja;tjpy;iy.
njaf; fz;lJ ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk;
rPty k';ifj; bjd;fiu ehnl
,t;thW bjd;fiu ehlhfpa rPtyk';if ehl;od; tsj;ij/ ,isa gs;spapd;
thapyhf Kf;Tlw;gs;S TWfpwJ.
14. ghujpahh; fhl;Lk; me;jpthd tUzidiaj; bjhFj;J tiuf.
ghujpahh; fhl;Lk; me;jpthd tUzid:
gh";rhypna nfs;:
mnjh ghh;* me;jpthdj;ij* xsph;fpd;w R{hpaidr; Rw;wp nkff;Tl;l';fs;
glh;e;Js;sd. ghh;jhah> vj;jid tz;zj;J ,ay;g[fs;> vj;jid tot';fs;*
vj;jid tpjkhd tz;zf;fyitfs; njhd;Wfpd;wdnt*
mnjh* mitbay;yhk; jPapd; FHk;g[fs;* brGikahd bghd;dpidj; jPapy;
fha;r;rp Xltpl;lJ nghd;w Xilfs;* mnjh ghuo* ePyePh; epuk;gpa bgha;iffs;*
mllh* vj;jid tpjkhd bre;epw';fs;* btg;gj;ij btspg;gLj;jhkny vhpe;jpLk;
j';fj; jPt[fs;.
jPapd; FHk;g[fs;; brk;bghd; fha;r;rp
tpl;l Xilfs;* btk;ik njhd;whnk
vhpe;jpLe; j';fj; jPt[fs;
vj;jid tifahd epw';fs;:
nkf';fs; vy;yhk; fhpa bghpa g{j';fnsh> ePyg; bgha;ifapy; kpje;jpLk; j';fj;
njhzpfs;. bghd;bdhspiaf; fiuahff; bfhz;l fUepw kiyr; rpfu';fns* mnjh
ghuo v';Fnk ,Ul;fly; gutpapUf;fpwJ. me;jf; flypy; kpjf;Fk;
jpkp';fy';fshf nkff; Tl;l';fs; thdpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
njhzpfs; Rlbuhspg; bghw;fiu apl;l
fU";rpf u';fs; fhzo
279
tz;zj;J ,ay;g[fs;:
thdbkd;Dk; ePyf;flypy; j';fk; jpkp';fy';fs; gy kpjf;fpd;w fhl;rpia Mfh*
v';F ghh;j;jhYk; xsp bts;sk;/ xspbts;sk;/ mHfpd; fUt{yk;/ me;jp thdk;
xsph;tijg; ghh;*
,Ul;fly;* MQh* v';F nehf;fpoDk;

xspj;jpus;* xspj;jpus; td;df; fs";rpak;
vd;W gh";rhypaplk; mh;r;Rdd; me;jp thd tUzidapd; mHiff;
fhl;Ltjhfg; ghujp xU ftpeaj;ijj; jPl;Lfpd;whh;.
15. rpYitapw; ghpj;jpahfk; bra;j bgUkhidf; fpU#;zg;gps;is vt;thW m";ryp
bra;fpwhh;>
rpYitapw; ghpj;jpahfk; bra;j bgUkhidf; fpU#;zgps;is bra;j m";ryp:
fd;dpj;jd;ik mHpahj khpahspd; kfdha;g; gpwe;j ,naRgpuhd;/ ,e;j cyfj;jpy;
njhd;wpdhh;. epiybgw;w mHpahj ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thGk; nfhof;fzf;fhd
kdpjh;fs; midtUk; tPLngw;wpid mile;J/ epiyj;j thH;t[ bgWtjw;fhf/
,naRgpuhd; jk; capiug; gypaha;r; rpYitapw; bfhLj;jhh;. mj;jifa vd;
tHpghl;ow;Fhpa ,naRgpuhDf;F ehk; m";ryp brYj;jpLnthk; vd;W
fpU#;zg;gps;is ,naRgpuhDf;F m";ryp brYj;Jfpwhh;.
jd;D aph;g;ghpj; jpahfK"; rpYitapw; je;j
vd;D ghrdh \h;j;jpia a";rypj; jpLnthk;
16. Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;LtJk; ntz;lhjJk; ahit>
Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;LtJ:
njd; kpFe;j kyh;r; nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUnt';fl kiyapy; cs;s Ridapy;
ePe;Jfpd;w kPdha; gpwf;fpd;w tpjpia/ vdf;F mUs ntz;Lbkd;W/ jpUkhyplk;
MH;thh; ntz;Lfpwhh;.
njdhh;g{"; nrhiyj; jpUnt'; flr;Ridapy;
Fynrfu MH;thh; ntz;lhjJ:
FynrfuhH;thh;/ Fiwtpy;yhj/ epiwe;j bry;t tsk; tha;f;fg; bgw;w mHfpw;
rpwe;j uk;ig/ Ch;trp Kjyhd eldk';ifah; R{H;e;jpUe;J nrit bra;a[k;
thDyif MSk; ,e;jpu gjtpiaa[k; kz;qyfj;ij MSk; mur gjtpiaa[k;
ntz;nld;* vdf; TWfpwhh;.
280
Mdhj bry;tj; juk;igah;fs; jw;R{H

thdhS"; bry;tKk; kz;zuRk; ahd;ntz;nld;.
IV. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; VnjDk; xd;wDf;F ,UgJ thpfspy; tpil

vGJf. 1x8=8
17. tpidj;jpl;gk; gw;wpj; jpUts;Sth; Twpa[s;s fUj;Jfij; bjhFj;J vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w ts;Sthpd; rPh;kpF vGj;Jfshy; cah;e;J epw;Fk;
jpUf;FwspYs;s tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; tpsf;fpr; brhy;Yk;
tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;Fk; xUtdpd;
kdtypikahFk;. Mdhy; ,ila{Wfs; Vw;gLkhW xU braiya[k; bra;af;
TlhJ. xU ntis ,ila{W Vw;gl;lhy; kd';fy';fhky; kdtypiknahL
bra;ygLtnj tpidj;jpl;gkhFk;/
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
tUKd; ePf;Ff:
xU braiyr; bra;a[k;nghJ Vw;gLk; ,ila{Wfis Kd;ng bjhpe;J tpyf;FjYk;/
Jd;gk; te;jgpd; kde;jsuhky; ,Ug;gJk; Mfpa ,uz;od; tHpnt tpidj;jpl;gk;
cs;snj vd;gnj Muha;e;J mwpe;jthpd; bfhs;ifahFk;.
Mbwd;g Ma;ejth; nfhs;.
vw;wh tpGke; jUk; :
xUtd; xU braiy nkw;bfhs;Sk; nghJ Kotpy; btspg;gLkhW bra;tnj
kdtypik MFk;. mr;bray; ,ilapny btspg;gLkhW bra;jhy;/ mr;bray;
mtDf;F eP';fhj Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
281

vw;wh tpGke;j jUk;.
brhy;ypago bra;jy;:
xU braiyr; bra;J Kog;ngd; vd;W thh;j;ijfshy; brhy;tJ ahtUf;Fk;
vspaJ. Mdhy; mr;braiyr; brhy;ypago Kog;gJ vd;gJ mhpajhFk;.
brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;
kjpf;fg;gLk; kdtypik:
bgUikf;Fhpa mikr;rhpd; kdttypik jurDf;Fr; rpwg;ig cz;lhf;Ftjhy;
mtd; ahtuhYk; kjpf;fg;gLthd;.
tPbwa;jp khz;nlhh; tpidj;jpl;gk; nte;jd;fz;
vz;zpathW bra;J Ko:

xU braiyr; bra;J Kof;f vz;zpath; mij Kog;gjw;F chpa kdtypik
cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy; mth; vz;zpaij vz;zpa Kiwapy; bra;J Kog;ghh;.
tpidj;jpl;gk; cilatiu mwpjy;:

totj;jpy; rpwpa mr;rhzp kpfg;bghpa njiu ,Gj;Jr; bry;y cjt[k;/ mJnghy
totpy; rpwpatUk; kpfg;bghpa braypidr; bra;a ty;ytuhthh;. mjdhy;
cUtpidf; fz;L ,fHf; TlhJ.
tpidia Kof;Fk; tHp :

kdk; bjspe;J/ bra;aj; Jzpe;j braypidr; nrhh;g[ ePf;fp/ fhyk; jhH;j;jhJ/
me;jr; braiy tpiue;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
fy';fhJ fz;l tpidf;fz; Js';fhJ
J}f;f'; foe;J bray;.
Jd;gk; thpDk; Jzpt[ld;; bra;:
282
xUtd; xU braiyr; bra;ak;nghJ/ mjpfkhd Jd;g';fs; te;J nrUk;. mtd;

mj;Jd;gj;jpw;fhf kd';fy';fhky;/ ,Wjpapy; ,d;gj;ijj; jUk; mr;braiy
kdt[WjpnahL Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Jd;gk; cwthpDk; bra;j Jzpthw;wp
,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid.
cyfj;jhy;; kjpf;fg;glhjth; :
tpid bra;jypd; kdtypika[ilatiuna cyfk; tpUk;gpg; nghw;Wk;/ mj;jifa
tpidj;jpl;gk; ,y;yhjth; ntW vj;jifa jpl;gk; KilatuhapDk; mtiu cyF
kjpf;fhJ.
Kot[iu:
ehk; vz;zpa braiy vz;zpathW Kog;gjw;F tpidj;jpl;gj;jpy; ts;Sth;
TWk; fUj;Jfs; cyfpny brayhw;wiy tsh;;f;f cjt[fpd;wd.
18. rPijia mDkd; fz;L te;J Twpa bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

rPijia mDkd; fz;Lte;J Twpa bra;jpfs; :
mDkd; ,uhkdplk; njth;fSf;bfy;yhk; jiytdhf ,Ug;gtnd* ,y';if
vd;Dk; bjd;dfhpy; fw;g[ epiyf;F Xh; mzpfydha;j; jpfGk; rPjh gpuhl;oia
vd;dpU fz;fshy; fz;L te;njd;. vdnt cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rPijapd;
fe;gpidg; gw;wpa Iaj;ija[k; Jd;gj;ija[k; iftpLthahf.
mz;lh;eh af ,dpj;Jwj;jp/ IaKk;
jiytnu* vd; bja;tkhfpa rPjhg;gpuhl;oahh; cd; rpwe;j kidtp vd;Dk;
chpikapd; bgUikf;Fk;/ jrujr; rf;futh;j;jpia kUkfs; vd;gjw;Fk; Vw;wthW/
rPij jiyik rhd;w gz;g[fSld; thH;fpd;whs;.
kd;bgU kUfp bad;Dk; tha;ikf;Fk; kpjpiykd;dd;
jd;bgUe;j jdia bad;De; jifikf;fk; jiyikrhd;whs;
283
tpy;nye;jpa mfd;w njhspidf; bfhz;l tPund* miytPRk; ,y';ifapd;

kyg;gFjp xd;wpy; fw;bghGf;fkhfpa jtj;ij cilatshd rPjh gpuhl;oia ahd;
fhztpy;iy. cah; Fog;gpwg;g[/ bghWik/ fw;g[ Mfpad xU';F To/ fspg;nghL
eldkpLtijf; fz;nld;.
jiytnd* fly; R{H;e;j ,y';if khefhpy; thdsht cah;e;j fw;gfr; nrhiy
xd;W cs;sJ/ mr;nrhiya[s; cd; jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; fhl;Lg; g[l;fshy; bjhLj;j
J}a;ikahd gh;zrhiyapy;/ jtkhdJ jtkpUe;J bgw;w gadhfj; njhd;wpa
bgz;zhfpa rPjhnjtp ,Ue;jhs;;.
ehd; ,y';if KGtJk; njog; ghh;j;J ,uhtzdpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij mild;njd;.
m';Fs;s bgz;fisbay;yhk; bghJthfg; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;nwd;. gpd;g[
m';Fs;s mnrhf tdj;jpDs; g[Fe;njd;. mt;tplj;jpy; bja;tk; nghd;w rPjhnjtp
fz;zPh;f; flypy; kpjf;ff; fz;nld; vd;Wjhd; rPijiaf; fz;L te;j bra;jpfis
,uhkdplk; mDkd; vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
my';Fjz; nrhiy g[f;nfd; ; mt;tHp mz';fd;dhisf;
fy';F bjz; oiuapw; wha fz;zpdPh;f; flypw; fz;nld;.
19. FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh; mty epiyiaf; ftp"h; mg;Jy;rFkhd; TWkhW bjhFj;J

tiuf.
rpWth;fSf;Fj; jl;lhk;g{r;rpgpof;f neukpy;iy:
rpWth;fspd; tapw;Wg; grpf;F rhpahd mst[ czt[ iff;Ff; fpl;lhjepiyapy;/
mth;fs; miya ntz;oapUf;fpwJ. vdnt rpf;fhky; gwf;Fk; nrhw;Wg;
gUf;iffSf;fhf ,r;rpWth;fs; miyfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; rpWth;fSf;Fg; g[y;ypy;
mkh;e;J XLk; jl;lhk; g{r;rpiag; gpof;f neuk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
rpf;fhky; gwf;Fk;
miya[k; ,th;fSf;Fg;
g[y; Edpapy; mkUk;
284

neuk; VJ>
fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl Xa;tpy;iy:
rpWth;fs; tWikapy; tho fiunaw Koahky; fz;zPh;f; flypy; jj;jspf;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; ,r;rpwhh;fSf;F XLk; kiH ePhpy;/ fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl;L tpisahl Xa;t[
fpilg;gjpy;iy.
fiunawj; Jof;Fk;
,th;fSf;F
kiH ePhpy;
fhfpjf; fg;gy; tpl
Xa;t[ VJ>
fz;zh\r;rp Ml ,aytpy;iy*
,d;gKk;/ Jd;gKk; ,th;fSf;F/ beho neuj;jpy; khWk; jd;ika[s;s thH;tpidf;
bfhz;l ,th;fshy; jk; njhHh;fnshL fz;zh\r;rp Ml;lk; vg;go Ml ,aYk;>
thH;f;ifna
,th;fnshL
fz;zh\r;rp MLk;nghJ
,th;fs; vg;go
gk;guk; tpl neukpy;iy:
grpf;bfhLikahy; gk;gukha;r; Rw;wp ntiy bra;a[k; ,th;fshy; gk;guk; Rw;wp
tpisahl ,aYkh>
grpf; fapw;wpy;
bky;ypa fhk;g[fs; ,th;fs;:

,t;thW ,sk; tajpnyna ,th;fs; tpisahl ,ayhjthW bra;jth; ahh;> ,e;jr;
rpd;dr; rpWth;fspd; jiyfspny thH;f;ifr; Rikia Vw;wp itj;jth; ahh;>
g{f;fis Ve;j ntz;oa
,e;j bky;ypa fhk;g[fspy;
thH;f;ifapd; ghuj;ij
Vw;wp itj;jJ ahh;>
285
iftpuy;fspy; jPf;Fr;rpfs;:
vGJ Fr;rpfisg; gpoj;J/ gyifapy; vGjpg; gapy ntz;oa ,th;fs;/
jPf;Fr;rpfis vLj;J rl;l';fspy; mLf;fp bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh;.
gyg;gk; gpof;f ntz;oa
rpd;d";rpW tpuy;fspy;
jPf;Fr;rpfs;
xsptpsf;Ffs;:
mwpitg; bgw ntz;oa gUtj;jpy; ahnuh jPf;Fr;rp btspr;rj;ijg; bgWtjw;fhfj;
j';fs; fod ciHg;gpdhy; cUfp/ ,th;fs; jPf;Fr;rpfshfp tpl;lhh;fns>
btspr;rj;ijf; fw;Fk; gUtj;jpy;
ahUila btspr;rj;jpw;fhfnth
,th;fns
jPf;Fr;rpfshfp tpl;lhh;fns>
FHe;ijfisf; bfhz;lhLtPh;fsh>
Mz;LnjhWk; FHe;ijfs; jpdk; bfhz;lhLfpwth;fns* ,dp eP';fs;

,j;jpd';fis tpl;L tpl;L/ FHe;ijfis vg;nghJ kjpj;Jf; bfhz;lhlg; nghfpwPh;fs;>
tUlk; jtwhky;
FHe;ijfs; jpdj;ijf;
bfhz;lhLfpwth;fns*
jpd';fisf; bfhz;lhLtij
tpl;L tpl;L
FHe;ijfis vg;nghJ
bfhz;lhlg; nghfpwPh;fs;>
vd;W FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; mtyf; Fuiyf; ftpapd; Fuyhf khw;wp/

ftpij gilj;j ftpf;nfh mg;Jy;uFkhd; ,Wjpapy; cyfpy; cs;nshh; midthpd;
cs;s';fisr; RLk; jPg;bghwpf; nfs;tpnahL ftpijia epiwt[ bra;fpwhh;.
V. gpd;tUk; bra;a[sofspd; fPH;f; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vGJf.

20. flik g[hpe;jhd; ,tnd 4x1=4
m) flik g[hpe;jtd; ahtd;>
flik g[hpe;jtd; ntyd;;Mthd;.
M) ,J ahh; Tw;W>
th
286
,J Mj;jh fpHtpTw;W MFk;.

,) ,J ahhplk; Twpa Tw;W>
,J md;dj;jplk; Twpa Tw;W.
<) ,j;bjhlh; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
,j;bjhlh; ghz;oad; ghpRvd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
(my;yJ)
21. tUit ahfpa rpd;dhs;
thHh shjy; ew; fwpe;jid brd;nk
m) ,t;tofs; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd>
,t;tofs; ew;wpizE}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
M) ,r;bra;a[s; mofspd; Mrphpah; ahh;>
,r;bra;a[spd; Mrphpah; ef;fz;izahh;Mthh;.
,) ahh; Tw;whf mike;Js;sJ>
,`J njhHp Tw;whf mike;Js;sJ.
<) ahhplk; Twg;gl;lJ>
njhHp jiytdplk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
VI. 22. fz;lbdd; vdj; bjhl';Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy mogpwHhky; vGjp/
mjd; ghtifiaa[k; vGJf. 4+2=6
fz;lbdd; fw;gpDf; fzpiaf; fz;fshy;
bjz;oiu miyfly; ,y';ifj; bjd;dfh;
mz;lh;eh af,dpj; Jwj;jp IaKk;
gz;Ls JaUbkd; wDkd; gd;Dthd;.
ghtif: ,g;ghly; fyptpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
23. kwtw;f vdj; bjhl';Fk; Fwisa[k;/ bjhHpy; vd Koa[k; Fwisa[k;
mogpwHhky; vGJf. 2+2=4
m) kwtw;f khrw;whh; nfz;ik Jwtw;f
Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghah; el;g[.
M) m";Rt j";rhik ngijik m";Rt
j";ry; mwpthd; bjhHpy;.
287
VII. 24. vitnaDk; ,uz;L brhw;fSf;F cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf. 2+2=4

m) J}w;Wk; - J}w;W + ck;
J}w;W - gFjp
ck; - bgabur;rtpFjp
M) te;jdd; - th(t) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
th - gFjp t vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;
md; - rhhpia
md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp
,) bra;f - bra;f + f
bra; - gFjp
<) nfl;o - nfs; (l;) + l; + ,
nfs; - gFjp s fuk; l fuk; MdJ tpfhuk;
l; - vGj;Jg;ngW
, - Vty; tpidKw;WtpFjp
c) MLfpd;w - ML + fpd;W + m
ML - gFjp
m - bgabur;rtpFjp
C) tpLthh; - tpL + t; + Mh;
tpL - gFjp
Mh; - bgabur;rtpFjp
25. gpd;tUk; fPH;f; nfhol;l bjhlh;fSs; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
vGJf. 3x2=6
m) jpdk; jpdk; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
M) glh;Kfpy; - tpidj;bjhif
,) khkzp - chpr;brhw;bwhlh;
<) nrto - gz;g[j;bjhif
c) Kl;g[jh; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhif
C) mtpah kjptpsf;F - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;.
26. vitnaDk; ,uz;L bjhlh;fSf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf. 2x2=4
m) gfYiw - gfy; + ciw
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
288
<w;Wbka;a[k; (y;) tUbkhHp Kjy; caUk; (c) g[zh;e;J (y; + c Y) gfYiw

vd;whdJ.
M) khrw;whh; - khR + mw;whh;

te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W cfuk; (r; + c - R) bfl;L khr; + mw;whh;
vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (r;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (r; + m r) khrw;whh;
vd;whdJ.
,) epd;dUs; - epd; + mUs;
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy;
caph; (m) te;jjhy; epiybkhHpf;Fwpiy (ep) mLj;J xw;W (d;) ,ul;oj;J (d;d;)
epd;d; + mUs; vd;whdJ.
bka;a[k; (d;) tUbkhHp Kjy; capUk; (m) g[zh;e;J (d; + m d) epd;dUs;
vd;whdJ.
<) fw;nfho fy; + nfho
ysntw;Wikapy; wlt[k;vDk; tpjpg;go tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; (nfh f;
+ X) te;jjhy; epiybkhHp <w;W y fuk; w fukha;j; jphpe;J fw; + nfho
fw;nfho vd;whdJ.
c) jPf;Fr;rp jP + Fr;rp
,ay;gpdk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp
<w;W caph; (jP j; + ,) Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdk; (F f; + c)
kpFe;J jP + f; + Fr;rp jPf;Fr;rp vd;whdJ.
C) g{";nrhiy g{ + nrhiy
g{g;bgah; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk; vDk; tpjpg;go epiybkhHp g{
vd;Dk; brhy;Kd; tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F (r; + X + nrh) ,dkhd
"- fuk; njhd;wp g{ + "; + nrhiy g{";nrhiy vd;whdJ.
27. rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff. 1x4=4
ghiyj;jpiz
1) Kjw;bghUs;:
289
epyk; : btg;gk; kpFe;j RuKk; ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk;.

bghGJ : rpWbghGJ ez;gfy;
bgUk;bghGJ ntdpy;/gpd;gdp.
2) fUg;bghUs;:
bja;tk; - bfhw;wit/ Jh;f;if
kf;fs; - vapdh;/ vapw;wpdh;/ kwth;/ kwj;jpah;
gwit - fGF/ gUj;J/ g[wh
tpy';F - typik ,He;j g[yp/ bre;eha;

Ch; - FWk;g[
ePh; - ePh;tw;wpa Rid/ ePh;/ tw;wpa fpzW
g{ - kwh/ Fwh/ ghjphp
czt[ - tHpg;gwp bra;j bghUs;
ahH; - ghiyahH;
bjhHpy; - epiufth;jy;/ r{iwahly;
3) chpg;bghUs; - gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkj;jKk;.
4) rhd;W:
kWtpy; J}tpr; rpWfU'; fhf;if
md;g[il kugpdpd; fpisnah lhug;
vd;W I';FWE}w;Wg; ghly; ghiyj;jpizf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
(my;yJ)
bghUz; bkhHpf; fh";rpj;Jiw
Jiwtpsf;fk;:
Jiwtpauhfpa bka;a[zh;e;njhh; fz;lbghUs; ,Jbtd mjd; ,ay;ig
czh;j;jpaJ. bghUz; bkhHpf;fh";rp vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
vhpe;jp y';F rilKo Kdpth;
g[hpe;j fz;l bghUz;bkhHpe; jd;W
(g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy)
rhd;W:
(g[wehD}w;Wg;ghly;)
tpsf;fk; :
290
ey;yJ bra;atpy;iy vd;whYk;/ jPad bra;tijf; iftplntz;Lk;.

mJnt vy;nyhUk; tpUk;g[tJk; c';fis kWikapy; ew;fjp nrh;f;Fk;
tHpahFk;.
bghUj;jk; :
ey;yJ bra;jy; ,ayhtpoDk; jPaJ bra;jiyf; iftply; ntz;Lk; vd;w
bka;g;bghUis czh;j;jpaikahy; ,`J bghUz;bkhHpf; fh";rpj;
Jiwahapw;W.
28. mfH;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik

,fH;thh;g; bghWj;jy; jiy 1x4=4
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;j mzpiar; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
mzptpsf;fk;:
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctk cUg[k;
btspg;gilaha; mike;jpUf;Fkhapd; m`J ctikazpahFk;.
ctik: mfH;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk;
ctnkak;: jk;ik ,fH;thiug; bghWg;gth;.
ctk cUg[ : nghy
tpsf;fk;:
g{kp jd; kPJ epd;W jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiua[k; tpHhky; jh';fpf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mJnghyj; jkf;F Fw;wtw;iwr; bra;J/ jk;ikg;gw;wp Fw;wkhdtw;iwg;
ngrp ,fH;thiua[k; bghWj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
bghUj;jk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; g{kpapd; bghWik ,fH;thiug; bghWg;gtUf;F xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(my;yJ)
brhw;bghUl; gpd;tU epiyazp tpsf;Ff.
brag;gl;lhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazpahFk;.
mzptpsf;fk;:
te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; te;J je;j bghUisna kPz;lk; jUkhapd; mJ
brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazpahFk;.
291
tpsf;fk;:
cjtpapd; mst[ vd;gJ cjtpapd; kjpg;igg; bghUj;jd;W. cjtpapd;
mst[ mijg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;lthpd; gz;igg; bghWj;nj mika[k;.
bghUj;jk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; cjtp vd;Dk; brhy;Yk; cgfhuk; vd;Dk; mjd;
bghUSk; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g gy Kiw te;Js;sjhy; ,J brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
vd;gjhFk;.
(my;yJ)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp tpsf;Ff.
td;ik klthh;g; bghiw
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpahFk;
mzptpsf;fk;:
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctnkak; kw;nwhU thf;fpakhft[k; mike;J
nghy/ nghd;w ctk cUg[fs; kiwe;J tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp MFk;.
ctik: ,d;ika[s; ,d;ik tpUe;bjhuhy;

ctnkak;: td;ika[s; td;ik klthh;g;bghiw
ctk cUg[ : nghy kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
tpsf;fk; :
jd;id ehotUk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpf;f KoahjthW tWikg;
gw;wpapUj;jy; kpft[k; bfhoJ. mJnghy mwptpyhh; bra;j jtW jdf;Fg; bgUe;jP';F
tpistjhapDk; mJ fUjp mth;fisj; jz;of;Fk; typik jdf;fpUe;Jk; jz;of;fhky;
bghWj;jny typikapd; rpwe;j typikahk; vd;gjhFk;.
bghUj;jk;
tWika[s; bfhoa tWik tUk; tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpf;fhky; ePf;Fjy;/
mJnghy typika[s; rpwe;jJ mwptw;wth; jPikiag; bghUj;jy;.
292
VIII. bghUj;Jf: 4x1=4

E}y; - Mrphpah;
29) ,uhruhrnrhHDyh - gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh;
30) jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp - FkuFUguh;
31) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; - Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy
32) Kf;Tlw;gs;S - xl;lf;Tj;jh;
- fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;
[
tpilfs; : 29) xl;lf;Tj;jh; 30) gps;isg;bgUkhs; Ia';fhh; 31) FkuFUguh;
32) Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy
IX.chpa tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. 16 x 1 = 16
33. jkpHurp Fwt";rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
m) rptd; M) jpUkhy; ,) KUfd;
34. g[wehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfs;
m) 11 M) 65 ,) 75
35. mfehD}W kzpkpilg; gtsj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 100 M) 120 ,) 180
36. ew;wpiziaj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd;
m) Mhpag;gil fle;j ghz;oad; beL";brHpad;
M) xy;iya{h; je;j g{jg;ghz;oad;
,) gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd;tGjp
37. fgpyiu tha;bkhHpf; fgpyh; vd;W nghw;wpath;
m) ef;fPuh; M) bgU';Fd;W}h;f; fpHhh; ,) khnwhf;fj;J eg;griyahh38.
Fwl;gh vd;gJ
m) ehyo btz;gh M) \to btz;gh ,) <uo btz;gh
39. jpUf;Fwspd; bgUikia czh;j;JtJ
m) gHbkhHp M) jpUts;St khiy ,) ehyoahh;
40. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; cl;gphpt[
m) glyk; M) ,ay; ,) fhij
41. rpwpa jpUto vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth;
m) fUld; M) mDkd; ,) tPlzd;
42. tPukhKdpth; bjhFj;j mfuhjp
m) rJufuhjp M) ngufuhjp ,) mUk;gj mfuhjp
43. gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; tlbrhy; czh;j;Jk; bghUs;
293
m) eifr;Rit E}y; M) ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ ,) mwpt[iu E}y;
44. ghujpjhrd; btspapl;l ,jH;

m) njd;kiH M) Fapy; ,) bjd;wy;
45. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;od; ,yf;fpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lth;
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd; , )ehkf;fy; ftp"h;
46. ctikf;ftp"h; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;lth;
m) Rg;gpukzpa ghujp M) Rujh ,) fz;zjhrd;
47. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lth;
m) fk;gh; M) tPukh Kdpth; ,) vr;.V.fpU#;zg;gps;is
48. Re;juh; njthuk;
m) Kjyhk; jpUKiw M) VHhk; jpUKiw ,) gd;dpuz;lhe;jpUKiw
tpilfs;: 33. ,) KUfd; 34. M) 65 35. ,) 180

36. ,) gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd;tGjp 37. m) ef;fPuh;
38. ,) <uo btz;gh 39. M) jpUts;St khiy 40,) fhij
41. M) mDkd; 42. m) rJufuhjp 43. M) ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ
44. M) Fapy; 45. m) ghujpahh; 46. M) Rujh
47. ,) vr;.V.fpU#;zg;gps;is 48. M) VHhk; jpUKiw
X. nfhol;l ,l';fis Vw;w brhw;fshy; epug;g[f. 2+2=4

49. ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;f;Fk; ..................................... ca;tpy;iy
bra;e;ed;wp ................................. kfw;F.
50. vz;bghUs; thfr; ................................. jhd;gpwh;tha;
Ez;bghUs; ............................. jwpt[.
tpilfs; : 49. ca;t[z;lhk;/ bfhd;w 50. bryr;brhy;yp/ fhz;g
294
muR bghJj;njh;t[ tpdhj;jhs; kw;Wk; tpilfs;

jkpH; ,uz;lhk; jhs;
fhiy : 3.00kzp kjpg;bgz; : 80
mwpt[iu: (1) midj;J tpdhf;fSk; rhpahf gjpthfp cs;sjh vd;gjid
rhpghh;j;Jf;bfhs;st[k;. mr;Rg;gjptpy; FiwapUg;gpd;/ miwf;fz;fhzpg;ghshplk;
cldoahfj; bjhptpf;ft[k;.
(2) ePyk; my;yJ fUg;g[ ikapid kl;Lnk vGJtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;
Fwpg;g[: tpilfs; bjspthft[k;/ Fwpg;gpl;l mstpdjhft[k; kw;Wk; brhe;j
eilapYk; mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
I. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F kl;Lk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; gj;J
thpfspd; kpfhJ tpil vGJf. 3 x 4 = 12
1. jkpH;bkhHpapd; kPJ gw;Wf; bfhs;shj jkpH; kf;fisg; ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;
foe;Jiug;gJ v';'dk;>
,f;fhyj;jpy; M';fpy bkhHp fw;w jkpH; kf;fspy; gyh;/ jkJ jha; bkhHpahfpa
jkpiHg; gof;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak; ,y;iy vd;Wk;/ jkf;F ntz;oa
tp#a';fs; aht[k; M';fpy bkhHpapnyna mfg;gLfpd;wd vdt[k; gythW
TWth;.
mth;fs; M';fpy bkhHpapd; rpwg;gpid kl;Lnk Twpaiktnj ey;yJ. mijj;
jtpu jkpH; fw;f ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy vd;W TWtJ mwpahiknahL Toa
Jzpt[iuahFk;.
,t;thW TWjy; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk; jha;bkhHpg; gw;Wk; ,y;yhjth;fspd; Tw;whFk;.
ehl;Lg;gw;Wk; jha; bkhHpg;gw;Wk; kpf;f M';fpnyah; ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,y;yhjth;fis
vt;thW kjpg;gh;>
M';fpnyah; gyh; jkpiHf; fw;gJld; jkpH; E}y;fisj; j';fs; bkhHpfspy;
bkhHpbgah;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. mjid cw;W nehf;fpahtJ jkpH;f;fy;tp
mtrpakd;W vd;ghh;f;Fg; g[j;jp tul;Lk; vdg; ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; foe;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
2. ekJ ehl;oy; ePz;l fhykhf epfH;e;J tUk; bgU';bfhiy vd;W jpU.tp.f. tUe;jp
ciug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
bghpnahh; mwpt[Wj;jpa bfhs;iffisf; FHpbtl;og; g[ijj;J/ mth;jk;
cUtj;Jf;F kl;Lk; te;jid/ tHpghL bra;tJ ePz;lehs; tHf;fpy; ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ.
rhj;jpuk; gyngRk; rHf;fh;fhs; nfhj;jpuKk; FyKk; bfhz;L vd;bra;tPh; vd;Wk;
295
rhjpFyk; gpwg;bgd;Dk; fHpg;gl;Lj; jLkhWk; vd;Wk; mUspa bghpnahiu

tHpgLtjpy; gadpy;iy.
rhjpiaf; flt[shft[k;/ rkakhft[k; bfhz;Ls;sdh;.
btWk; cUtj;ij tHpgLtJ tHpghL MfhJ. bghpnahh; mwpt[Wj;jpa bewp
epd;W xGFtnj cz;ikapy; tHpghlhFk;.
3. ftpijf;Fhpa ey;ypay;g[fisf; fk;gd; ciuf;FkhW ah';'dk;>

ftpij vd;gJ cyfpw;F ey;ynjhh; mzpfydha;j; jpfH;jy; ntz;Lk;.
rpwe;j bghUs; tsk; cilajha[k;/ ed;F jd; fUj;ij btspg;gLj;Jtjha[k;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
mfk;/ g[wk; vd;Dk; bghUs; ,yf;fzf; TWghLfisg; bgw;wpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
Fwp";rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy vd;Dk; Ie;J jpizfspd; xGf;fj;ijf;
bfhz;oUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
bjspt[k;/ kdk; FspUkhW/ mw xGf;f';fis cilajha;r; rhd;nwhuhy;
,aw;wg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;.
g[tpapDf; fhzpaha; Md;w bghUs; je;J g[yj;jpw;whfp
mtpafj; Jiwfs; jh';fp Ie;jpiz bewpa shtpr;
rtpa[wj; bjspe;J jz;bzd; bwhGf;fKk; jGtpr; rhd;nwhh;
ftpbadf; fple;j nfhjh thpapid tPuh; fz;lhh;
4. gHe;jkpH; kf;fs; nkw;bfhz;l bjhHpy;fisg; gw;wp vGJf.

kiy thH; kf;fs; :(Fwp";rp)
njbdLg;gJ
jpid tpijg;gJ
fpH';F mfH;tJ
fhl;L thH; kf;fs; : (Ky;iy)
epiu nka;g;gJ
ghy; filtJ
tuF tpisg;gJ
tay; thH; kf;fs; : (kUjk;)
cHt[ bra;tJ
efh; mikg;gJ
Ml;rp g[hptJ
fly; thH; kf;fs; : (bea;jy;)
296
Kj;Jf; Fspg;gJ
cg;g[ tpisg;gJ
kuf;fyj;jpy; Vwp miyflypy; brd;W thzpfk; bra;tJ
5. <ifg; gz;gpy; jkpH;kf;fs; rpwe;J tps';fp jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
jkpH; kf;fs; bjhhpy; bra;J bghUs; njLk; bfhs;if cilath;fs;.
,uj;jiy ,Hpthff; fUjpdh;
,uthky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyiag;
gpwd;filr; bryhmr; bry;tk;vdf; Twp kfpH;e;jdh;.
Ma;t[f;F ePh; ntz;Lbkd;W ,ug;gjida[k; ,Hptha;f; fUjpdh;.
kwth;fs; Kaw;rpapd;wpg; gpr;ir vLj;J cz;qk; ,HpbjhHpiy vs;sst[k;

tpUk;gpdhuy;yh;.
vj;jifa Kaw;rpa[k; bra;a ,ayhj CdKw;nwhh;/ gpzpahsh;fs; gpwhplk; bghUs;
vjph;ghh;g;gJ xUtifahy; bghUe;Jk;.
fhzhh;/ nfshh;/ fhy;Kilg;gl;nlhh;
ngzh kf;fs;/ ngrhh;/ gpzpnahh;/
got nehd;gpah;/ grpneha; cw;nwhh;/
koey; Th;e;j khf;fs; ahtUk;.
II. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs;; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F kl;Lk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; gj;J
thpfspy; tpil vGJf. 3 x 4 = 12
6. khL vd;gJ bry;tk; nghyf; fUjg;glf; fhuz';fs; ahit>
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; cyfk; KGtJk; khnl bry;tkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
bry;tk; khLvdg;gl;lJ.
ts;Sth;
nfoy; tpGr; bry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F
khly;y kw;iw ait
khl;od; ghYk; CDk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
njhy;/ bfhk;g[/ nuhrid (curid) thy;kaph;/ rhzk; Kjypa gpwt[k;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
tPl;ilj; Jg;g[ut[ bra;at[k; mLg;bghpf;ft[k; gapUf;F cuk; ,lt[k; rhzk;
cjt[fpwJ.
Rpwe;j czt[k; kUe;Jk; Mfpa japh;/ nkhh;/ btz;bza;/ bea; nghd;wit ghypy;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
297
czit tpistpg;gJk;/ jhDk; cztspg;gJk; Mfpa cjtpfs; bra;a[k; khl;il

kf;fs; nghyf; fUjp te;jdh;.
ghy; Kjy; bea; <whf cs;s Ie;Jk; IaKjk; (g";rhkph;jk;) vdg;gl;lJ.
7. bry;tk; epiyngW cilajd;W vd;gij ehyo v';'dk; eak;gl etpy;fpwJ>
mWRit a[z;o mkh;e;jpy;yhs; Cl;l
kWrpif ePf;fpa[z; lhUk; - twp"uha;r;
brd;wpug;gh; Xhplj;Jf;TbHdpy; bry;tbkhd;W
cz;lhf itf;fw;ghw; wd;Wehyoahh;
mWRit cz;oia cz;L fspj;j bgU";bry;tUk; xU fhyj;jpy; TiH
,ue;Jz;z neh;e;jhYk; neUk;. Mjyhy; bry;tj;ij xU bgUk; bghUshf
kjpf;f ntz;lh vdf; TWfpwJ.
,jDs; xd;wpDf;F xd;W kWjiyahf itj;Jj; bjhFj;J ,Ug;gjpy; mHF
jpfH;fpwJ.
md;W ,d;W
mWRit czt[ cz;ltd; cg;gpy;yhf; TH; Fof;fpwhd;.
M md;W mkh;e;J cz;ltd;;. ele;J bfhz;nl TH;Fof;fpwhd;.
i kidtp Cl;l cz;ltd;. jdpna Xhplj;Jf; Fof;fpwhd;.
f kWgpo nrhW ntz;lhk; ntz;lhk;. czt[ xUgpoapd;wp twp"hfp
,uf;fpwhd;.
a vd;W cz;ltd;.
h
y; cs;s nghnj mwk; bra;f.
,t;thW bry;tk; epiyngW cilajd;W vd;w ePjpia ehyoahh;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
8. njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t. ciug;gdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
kf;fs; ehl;il Ms;tjw;Fj; jFjpa[ila xUtiuj; njh;e;bjLf;f tpUk;gpdh;.
ifia cah;j;JtJ \ykhft[k;/ Fl Xiy Kiw \ykhft[k; njh;jy; Kiw
,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
298
Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;w rpwg;ig ntW ,U fUtpfs; fhyg;nghf;fpy; bgw;Wtpl;ld.

mit bry;tKk;/ bry;thf;Fk; MFk;.
guk;giuahfr; bry;thf;F cilath;fSk;/ epyg[yk; gilj;j bry;th;fSk;
njh;jypy; epd;W/ btw;wp bgw;Wj; jiytuhf tu Koe;jJ.
Koa[k; br';nfhYk; rpwg;ghfg; nghw;wg;gl;lJ nghynt/ bry;tKk; bry;thf;Fk;
kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLtJ khwp/ ehl;Lkf;fs; midtUk; xU rpyUila
bry;tj;ija[k; bry;thf;ifa[k; fhg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gl;ldh;.
kdpjh; thH;tpw;F cjtpg[hpa te;j Koa[k; nfhYk; bgw;w ,lj;ijr; bry;tKk;/
bry;thf;Fk; njh;jypy; bgw;wjhy; njh;jYk; xU jLkhw;wnk vd;W K.t.
ciuf;fpd;whh;.
9. nrhHh; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfspd; jpwikiag; g[yg;gLj;Jf.
nrhHh; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfspd; rpw;g';fspy; fiyaHif mjpf mstpy;
fhz;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
nfhtpy;fspd; mjpl;lhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpWrpw;g';fs;/ nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;gpfspd;
jpwikiag; g[yg;gLj;Jtd.
,uhkhaz/ rptg[uhzf; fhl;rpfisr; rpW rpW g[ilr;rpw;g';fshf
brJf;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.
mit rpw;gf;fiyj; jpwDf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
flt[sh; cUt';fs;/ mur murpah; cUt';fs; mtw;wpy; fhzg;bgWk; cUt
mikg;g[/ Kfg;bghypt[/ flt[s; jd;ik/ tpHpnahl;lk;/ g[Ut bespt[. If mirt[
Mfpait neh;j;jpaha; mike;Js;sd.
gy;ytr; rpw;gpfis tpl nrhHh;fhyr; rpw;gpfs; rpw;gf;fiyapy; ty;ytuha;j;
jpfHe;jdh;.
10. brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfspd; bghw;fhyk; vJ> Vd;>

brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfspd; bghw;fhyk; nrhHh; fhykhFk;.
nrhHh; fhyj;jpy;jhd; mjpf mstpYk; vz;zpf;ifapYk; brg;g[j;jpUnkdpiar;
bra;J mspj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
nrhHg; nguurpahd brk;gpad; khnjtp nghd;nwhh;/ brg;g[j;jpUnkdpfisr;
bra;jspg;gijj; jhk; gpwe;jjd; gadhf vz;qfpwhh;fs;.
brg;g[j;jpUnkdpfs; fiy mHFk;/ flt[s; jd;ika[k; bfhz;L kpsph;git.
caph;bgw;W vGe;jdnth vd;W kjpf;fj;jf;f cahpa gilg;g[fs;.
rptd; \h;j;j';fSk;/ jpUkhy; \h;j;j';fSk; Mfk E}y;fspy; Fwpf;fg;bgw;wd
nghd;W bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
xt;bthU brg;g[j; jpUnkdpfspYk; mf;fhyr; rpw;gpfspd; iftz;zk;
gspr;rpLtijf; fhzyhk;.
299
III. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSs; VnjDk; xd;wDf;F kl;Lk; ,UgJ thpfspd; kpfhJ

tpil vGJf. 1x6=6
11. ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpH; tifik Fwpj;Jg; ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;
ciug;gdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J tiuf.
(i),ay; jkpH;:
midtUk; bghJthfg; ngRfpd;w/ vGJfpd;w/ ciueila[k; bra;a[Sk;
,ay; jkpHhFk;. ,jpy; ,yf;fpa';fSk;/ ,yf;fz';fSk; ml';Fk;. ,ay;
jkpiHr; bre;jkpH;/ bfhLe;jkpH; vd ,Utifg; gLj;JtJz;L. ,tw;Ws;
bre;jkpH; vd;gJ ghz;oa ehl;oy; tH';Fk; ngr;R bkhHp vd;gh;.
bre;jkpH;ehL
bre;jkpH; ehnl
re;jdg; bghjpar; bre;jkpH; KdptD";
brse;jpu ghz;oa bdDe;jkpH; ehlD";
r';fg; g[ytUe; jiHj;jpdp jpUf;Fk;
k';fyg; ghz;o tseh bld;g
bfhLe;jkpH;ehL:
bre;jkpH; epyj;ijr; nrh;e;j gd;dpuz;L FWepy';fSk; bfhLe;jkpH;
ehlhFk;. mit
1) bjd;ghz;o ehL 2) Fl;l ehL 3) Fl ehL 4) fw;fh ehL
5) ntzhL 6) g{HpehL 7) gd;wp ehL 8) mUth ehL
9) mUth tljiy ehL 10) rPj ehL 11) kiyakhd; ehL 12) g[dy; ehL
(ii) ,irj;jkpH;: gz; + jhsk;
gz;bzhL fye;Jk; jhsj;bjhL Toa[k; ,a';Fk; bre;jkpH;g; ghl;Lf;fshDk;
bfhLe;jkpHg; ghl;Lf;fshDk; ,ad;w ,yf;fpa';fSk; mtw;wpd;
,yf;fz';fSk; MFk; E}y;fspd; bjhFjpahk;.
,irj;jkpH; ml';Ftd:
1) fPh;j;jidfs; 2) thpg;ghl;Lfs; 3) rpe;J
4) Mde;jf; fspg;g[ 5) Fk;kp 6) bjk;gh';F
Kw;fhyj;J E}y;fs;:
1) bgUehiu 2) bgU';fUF 3) ,ir Eqf;fk; 4) jhstifnahj;J
,ilf;fhyj;J E}y;: 1) njthuk;
,f;fhyj;j E}y;fs;:
1) fe;jg[uhzf; fPh;j;jid 2) bghpag[uhzf; fPh;j;jid 3) r';fPj re;jphpif
300
(iii) ehlfj;jkpHpd; nehf;fk; :

ifapy; E}byLj;Jg; goj;jw;Fhpa mtfhrk; ,y;yhj ntiyf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;
gof;fj; bjhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpt[ g[fl;Lk; nehf;fj;njhL tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
1) ehlfj;jkpH; nfl;gth;f;Fk; fhz;gth;f;Fk; ,d;gk; jUfpd;wJ.
2) cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sij cs;sthnu g[ide;J fhl;LtJ
ehlfj;jkpH;/
3) ehlfj;jkpH; - ,aw;wkpH; + ,irj;jkpH;
4) ,ay; jkpGk;/ ,irj;jkpGk; nfs;tp ,d;gk; kl;Lnk jUfpd;wd.
5) ehlfj; jkpH; nfs;tp ,d;gKk; fhl;rp ,d;gKk; cld; jUfpd;wJ.
6) ,jd; rpwg;g[ fUjpna gpwbkhHpg; g[yth;fSk; ehlf';fis kpf;f
nkd;ika[iladthf kjpf;fpd;wdh;.
12. kdpj thH;nt bghpaJ vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; K.t. ciuf;Fk; vjph;fhyf; fdt[
ahJ>
kd;dh; Ml;rpiaf; fhf;fg; gad;gl;lijg;nghy; ,d;iwa Ml;rpiaa[k;
fhf;fg; gilfSk; gilf;fUtpfSk; gad;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; kjpg;g[k;
rpwg;g[k; Fiwe;Js;sd. ,`J xUgo Kd;ndw;wkhFk;.
,d;iwa kf;fs; gj;jhpiffisa[k;/ nkilg; ngr;Rf;fisa[k; fw;Wk; nfl;Lk;
ka';Ffpwhh;fs;. ,it cz;ik my;y.
nkilg; ngr;RfSk; cz;ikay;y vd;w bjspt[ kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; fhyk;
te;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
kdpj thH;tpd; tsh;r;rpapy; nghh;g;gilfisf; fz;L ka';fhjJ nghy;/
fl;rpj;njh;jy;fisf; fz;Lk; kf;fs; ka';f khl;lhh;fs;.
nghh; ntz;oajpy;iy vd;W mwp"h;fs; KH';FtJ nghy;/ Vkhw;Wj;
njh;jy; Kiwna ntz;oajpy;iy vd;W czh;thh;fs;.
Ko/ nfhy;/ gzk;/ gjtp/ fl;rp vDk; ve;jg; bgaiua[k; brhy;yp kf;fis
Va;f;f KoahJ.
,it vy;yhk; rpwpait; kdpj thH;nt bghpaJ. kdpj thH;tpw;F cjt
te;j fUtpfs; Tl;Lwt[k; ciHg;g[k; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; MFk;.
Tl;Lwt[f;F ,ila{W te;jhy; mij bty;y mwg;gil ntz;Lk;.
ciHg;g[f;Fg; g";rk; te;jhy; mij bty;y cGepyk; ntz;lk;.
301
,e;epiy cUthdhy; Ruz;LnthUk; Ruz;lg;gLnthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp/ rka/

fl;rp ,y;yhj. Vw;wj;jhH;t[ ,y;yhj rKjhak; miktjw;F tHp fpilf;Fk;.
IV. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fs; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; ,uz;L gf;f';fSf;F kpfhky; tpil
vGJf. 2 x 10 = 20
\f;fg;gps;is
twpath;f;F xd;W <tnj <if

CUld; xj;J thH;
fijkhe;jh;fs;:
\f;fg;gps;is/ thahog;bgz;/ rptg[uk; Rfthrpfs;/ MWKfk;/ jtrpg;gps;is 2ngh;
tHf;F:tl;lhu tHf;F
\f;fg;gps;isapd; <ifFzk;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;:
Kd;Diu
\f;fg;gps;isapd; neh;ik
kdr;rhl;rpa[ld; nghuhl;lk;
gj;jphpiffspy; te;j bra;jpfs;
xJ';fp thH;jy;
Ch; tHf;fk;
\f;fg;gps;isapd; kWg;g[
\f;fg;gps;isapd; tpUe;J Vw;ghL
tpUe;Jk; Vkhw;wKk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu
ty;ypf;fz;zd;/ Ch; kug[fspy; fye;J bfhs;s \f;fg;gps;is vd;gthpd;
vz;z';fisa[k;/ mth; xU tpUe;J itj;j nghJ Cuhh; ahUk; tpUe;Jf;Fr; bry;yhky;
mtiu mtkjpj;jija[k; Rit Fd;whky; g[ide;Js;shh;.
\f;fg;gps;isapd; neh;ik
302
rptg[uk; vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; thH;e;jth; \f;fg;gps;is. ,th; kpft[k; neh;ikahdth;

gugug;g[ kpFe;j filfspy; rhkhd;fs; th';fptpl;L/ gpy; go gzj;ijf; bfhLf;fhky;
ierhf eGtpajpy;iy. nehl;Lf;Fr; rpy;yiw bfhLf;fpw nghJ Xl;ly; fhundh
#hg;fhundh my;yJ ntW vtnuh ftdg;gprfhf mjpfg;goahf xU +gha;/ ,uz;L
+gha; jhs;fisf; bfhLj;J tpl;lhy; mJ ek; mjph;#;lk; vd;W vz;zp/ mij
mKf;fpf; bfhz;L tukhl;lhh;. bghJr; brhj;J vija[k; Ruz;oajpy;iy. jdp egh;
vtiua[k; mth; Vkhw;wpajpy;iy.
tha;ikna bty;Yk;
kdr;rhl;rpa[ld; nghuhl;lk;:
,t;tst[ neh;ikahd mth; cs;sj;jpy; bfh";r fhykhf xU FWFWg;g[/
nghuhl;lk;/ mjw;Ff; fhuzk; gj;jphpiffspy; te;j rpy bra;jp jhk;.
Fw;wKs;s be";R FWFWf;Fk;
gj;jphpiffspy; te;j bra;jpfs; :

tlf;nf Xh; Chpy; vtndh xUtd; vg;nghnjh xU rkak; uapypy; of;bfl;
th';fhky; gazk; bra;jhdhk;. gy Mz;Lfs; fHpj;J ,g;bghGJ mtd; jdJ jtw;iw
czh;e;J tUj;jg;gl;L/ uapy;nt fl;lzKk; mguhjj; bjhifa[k; nrh;j;J uapy;nt
eph;thfj;Jf;F mDg;gp/ ey;y ngUk; gj;jphpifapd; thapyhfg; g[fGk; bgw;whd;.
bjw;nf xU egUk; mnj khjphp/ kdr; rhl;rpf;Fg; gzpe;J ve;jf; fhyj;jpnyh
,ytrkhfr; bra;jpUe;j gazj;jpw;F chap gzj;ija[k; mjw;fhd tl;oiaa[k; nrh;j;J
uapy;ntf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;. ,e;jg; gj;jphpif bra;jpfs; \f;fg;gps;is kdj;jpy;
gjpe;J cs;ns ntiy bra;ayhapd.
cg;g[ jpd;wtd; jz;zPh; Fof;fqk;
jg;g[ bra;jtd; tUe;jp Mfqk;.
.xJ';fp thH;jy; :
\f;fg; gps;is r\fj;njhL xl;o cwthl tpUk;ghjth; nghy; tpyfpapUe;jhh;.
kw;wth;fnshL beU';fpg; gHFtjpy;iy/ Ch;g; bghJ tptfhu';fspy; mf;fiw
bfhs;tjpy;iy. nfhapy; jpUtpHhf;fs;/ tpnr# g{irfs; nghd;w re;jh;g;g';fspy; CnuhL
nrh;e;J nfhtpYf;Fg; nghtjpy;iy.
Ch; ,Ht[/ fy;ahzk; nghd;w epfH;r;rpfSf;Fj; jiyiaf; fhl;l ntz;Lk; vd;w
r\f epajpf;F ntz;lh btWg;ghf \f;fg;gps;is ngha; tUthh;;.
303
CUld; xj;J thH;

Ch; tHf;fk;:
\f;fg;gps;is tHf;fk; rpytw;iwj; jl;l Koatpy;iy. xU tPl;oy; jpUkzk;
ele;jhy; ey;y khrj;Jg; gHk; vd thiHg; gH';fisf; bfhz;L te;J Cuhh;
midtUf;Fk; jUth;/ kW tPl;Lg; gyfhuk; vd;W ,dpg;g[g;g gz;l';fs;
brhe;jf;fhuh;fspd; tPl;Lf;F tUk;. Bghpath; ahuhtJ ,we;J nghdhy;/ kfs; my;yJ
ngj;jp fliy nghLtJ tHf;fk;. xU rpyiuj; jtpu mnefkhfg; gyUk; mtw;iw
th';fpf; bfhs;thh;fs;.
\f;fg;gps;isapd; kWg;g[ :
\f;fg;gps;isaplk; Rk;kh th';fpj; jpd;D ita[';f/ Ch; tHf;fj;ij
tpLthndd; vd;W bfhz;L te;jij tPl;onyna itj;J tpl;L nghdhs; thahog;
bgz;. \f;fg;gps;is kWj;jjd; fhuzk; kidtp ,we;J gy Mz;Lfs; Mfptpl;ld.
thhpRk; ,y;iy. ve;jr; rl';Fk; mth; tPl;oy; epfHg; nghtjpy;iy. Cuhh;f;F mth;
bra;a ntz;oa epiy vJt[k; ,y;iy.
\f;fg;gps;isapd; tpUe;J Vw;ghL:

\f;fg;gps;is jhKk; Cuhiuf; Tl;o tpUe;J itj;Jf; flidj; jPh;j;jpl
ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpdhh;.
rpj;jpuh bgsh;zkp rpj;jpuhd;dk; rpwg;g[ Vw;ghL
\f;fg;gps;is tPl;ow;F vy;nyhUk; tUf.
vd MWKfk; vd;gtid mDg;gp miHf;fr; brhd;dhh;. tPl;oy; tpsf;Ffis
Vw;wp itj;Jf; bfhz;L ,iyfisj; jahh; gz;zp itf;fr; brhd;dhh;. Ml;fs; VG
kzp tiu jahuhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
tl;oapy;yhf; fld;
tpUe;Jk; Vkhw;wKk;
Cuhh; ahUk; \f;fg;gps;isapd; tpUe;Jf;F tutpy;iy. tpUe;Jf;F tur;brhy;yp
rpy jpd';fs; Kd;dnu chpath; miHf;f ntz;Lk;. Kjy; ehs; miHf;f ntz;Lk;.
rhg;ghl;L neuj;jpy; ,iy nghl;lhr;R thU';fs; vd;W miHf;f ntz;Lk;
,itbay;yhk; gps;is mth;fSf;Fj; bjhpahJ.
,td; Ms; \yk; brhy;yp mDg;g[thd;/ ehk; nrhj;Jf;F Xog; nghfqkh>
bgsh;zkp md;W ahuhtJ nrhW jpd;Dthh;fsh> mtd; ahh; tPl;L tpUe;Jf;Fg;
nghdhd;> ehk; mtd; tPl;L tpUe;Jf;Fg; nghtjw;F>,it Cuhh; tpkh;rd';fs;.
Ch; thia \l ciy\o cz;nlh>
Kot[iu :
304
tlf;Th;/ fP=h; kf;fis/ ViHfis tpUe;Jf;F miHf;f cj;jutpl;lhh;.
ePjp : twpath;f;F xd;W <tnj <if

cyfj;njhL xl;l xGFjy; ntz;Lk;.
(my;yJ)
rl;il
fijf;fU: gpwUf;fhf thGk; thH;nt jwt[.
fij khe;jh;fs;:
g{e;njhl;lr;rhkp/ nfhapy; FUf;fs;/ khzpf;fk; brl;oahh;/ tPl;lk;khs; (bghparhkp)
gl;lhsj;Jg; gps;is/ nrhkehjd;/ bfshp/ gz;ojh;.
tHf;F: tl;lhu tHf;F
gps;isapd; ehl;Lg;gw;W
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;:
Kd;Diu
ahh; Jwtp>
g{e;njhl;lr; rhkpahhpd; kdf;FHg;gk;
rhkpahhpd; ciHg;g[k; cs;sKk;
,uhqtr; bra;jp
fPij cge;epahrk;
epidt[ Th;jy;
rhkpahh; ,uhqt tPuh; Mjy;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
b$afhe;jd; rpf;fyhd thH;f;ifj; jj;Jt';fis vspikahf tpsf;ff; Toath;.
gog;nghh; cs;sj;jpy; cah;e;j Fwpf;nfhisg; gjpar; bra;gth;.
ahh; Jwtp>
cyfpaiyg; g[hpe;Jbfhz;L thH;tpd; bgha; kaf;fjpw;Fs; rpf;fhky; thH Kay;tJ
jhd; Jwt[ thH;f;if/ btWknd thH;f;ifia btWg;gJ Jwt[ MfhJ.
305
Xl;ilr; rlyk; cg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;

vd;w rpj;jh;fspd; Tw;iwg; ghpfrpf;fhky;/ fhuz';fis Muha;e;J/ mjpy;
cz;ikapUf;ff; fz;lhd;. mtd; gf;jpapd; fhuzkhfnth/ nkhl;rj;ij milanth
Jwt[ g{ztpy;iy. xt;bthd;iwa[k; mwpe;J bfhs;s tpUk;gpdhd;. mDgtpf;f
Mirgg;ltpy;iy. mtd; rptd; nfhapiy thH;tplkhff; bfhz;lhd;. nfhapy; FUf;fs;
je;j cztpid cz;lhd;. miuapy; fl;oapUe;j xU Jz;Lk;/ be";Rf;FHp tiu
mlh;e;J bjh';fpa jhoa[k;/ jPl;rz;akhd fz;fSk; mtidg; g{e;njhl;lj;Jr;
rhkpauhhf;fptpl;ld.
mfj;jpd; mHF Kfj;jpy; bjhpa[k;
g{e;njhl;l rhkpahhpd; kdf;FgHg;gk; :
xU ehs; fhiyapy; rptd; nfhapy; g{e;njhl;lr; brofSf;Fj; jz;zPh; Cw;wpf;
bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;nghJ mUnf ,Ue;j tpehafh; re;epjpapy; khzpf;fk; brl;oahhpd;
kidtp mGifa[k; tpk;kYkhf kz;oapl;L/ jd; kfd; v';nf ,Ue;jhYk;/
ey;ygoahf ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W xU fLjhrp nghl;lhnghJk; flt[ns vd;W
ntz;of; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. me;jr; Rk';fypf; fpHtpapd; Vf;fKK; JaUk;
g{e;njhl;lr;rhkpapd; fz;fisf; fyf;fpd. tpf;nd!;tuhh; JizapUg;ghh;/
ftiyg;glhjP';f vd;W g{e;njhl;lr; rhkp MWjy; Twpdhd;.
Fk;gplg; nghd bja;tk; FWf;nf te;jJ nghy

rhkpahhpd; ciHg;g[k; cs;sKk; :
fPij brhw;bghHpt[f;fhff; nfhapy; gpufhuj;jpy; bfhl;lif nta;e;J bfhz;oUe;jdh;.
g{e;njhl;lr;rhkp mth;fSf;F cjtp bra;J bfhz;oUe;jhd;. ahh; vj;jifa ntiy
bfhLj;jhYk; XahJ ciHg;gJ mtdJ ,ay;g[.
kf;fs; bjhz;nl knfrd; bjhz;L
mg;nghJ mtidj; njote;j jh;kfh;j;jh/ rhkp gl;lhsj;jhh; tPl;ony fy;ahz
rKf;fhsk; ,Uf;fhk;. ehd; nfl;ljhr; brhy;yp mij th';fpl;L th';f vd;whh;/
gl;lhsj;jhh; tPl;Lj; jpz;izapy; xnu Tl;lk;. gj;jphpif bra;jpiag; gl;lhsj;jhh;
gof;f/ midtUk; nfl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jdh;. me;jr; bra;jpiaj; bjhpe;J bfhs;sg;
g{e;njhl;lr; rhkpa[k; mUnf epd;whd;.
,uhqtr; bra;jp:
brd;w gjpd;\d;whk; njjpad;W rpahy;nfl; mUnf ele;j lh';fpg; nghhpy;
gifth;fshy; Rlg;gl;l nk$h; KfkJn#f; tPukuzk; va;jpdhh; vd;gijg; goj;J tpl;L
bksdkhfj; jiyFdpe;jhh; gps;is/ a[j;jj;jpy; kuzk; mile;j jk; kfd;
306
nrhkehjidg; bghparhkpg;gps;is xU fzk; epidj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. brl;oahhpd; kfd;

ntiy bra;a[k; tp#ak; gps;isapd; epidt[f;F te;jJ. gf;fj;jpypUe;j brl;oahhpd;
njhisg; gpoj;J mtUf;F MWjy; Twpdhh; gps;is.
cz;ikahd ez;gid Mgj;jpy; mwp
gj;jphpifr; bra;jpiag; ghh;j;J Ianh* vt;tst[ mHpt[* vd;W KqKqj;jhh;
n$hrpah;. clnd gps;is mtiug; ghh;j;J/ mHpahl;og; nghdh tsh;r;rp VJ>
mjh;Kk; mf;FWk;g[k; jhd; rz;il te;jh mHpa[k;/ jh;kk; kl;Lk; mHpahJ.
rz;ilapy;yhj fhynk bfilahnj Iah* uhkhaz fhyj;jpny/ kfhghuj fhyj;jpny
Tj;jhd; rz;il ,Ue;jpUf;F nahrpr;Rg; ghUk;. ve;jr; rz;ilapnyahtJ mepahak;
b$apr;rpUf;fh> brhy;Yk; vd;W Twpdhh;. Te;j fhhpaj;ij kwe;J tpl;Lg; gps;isapd;
gpur';fj;ij ypaj;Jf; nfl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jhd; g{e;njhl;lr; rhkpahh;.
jh;kk; jiy fhf;Fk;
jf;f rkaj;jpy; caph; fhf;Fk;
fPij cge;epahrk; :
,e;j clk;g[ ek; Mj;khtpd; rl;il* rl;il gHrhdJk; Mj;kh ,ij
cjwptpLfpwJ. vy;yh $Ptd;fSk; jkJ ,r;irapd;wpna VjhtJ xU bjhHpnyhL
g{l;lg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd. xd;Wnk bra;ahky; xUtDk; ,Uf;f KoahJ vd;w
cge;epahrk; g{e;njhl;lr;rhkpf;Fg; g[Jikahft[k;/ gpoj;jkhft[k; ,Ue;jd. mof;fo
nrhkehjdpd; Kfnk vjphpy; te;J njhd;wpaJ.
epidt[ Th;jy;
cgnjrk; bra;a[k; me;jg; gz;ojiu tplj; jd; xnu kfidg; gwpbfhLj;j
gpd;Dk; bgUiknahL mjid epidt[ TUk; gps;is cah;e;jth; vd;W vz;zpdhd;.
thH;t[f;F mh;j;jk; g[hpe;jJ mtDf;F*
vLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gsp';F nghy

rhkpahh; ,uhqt tPuh; Mjy; :
nfhtpy; FUf;fsplk; Tlr; brhy;ypf; bfhs;shky; xog; nghd g{e;njhl;lr;
rhkpahh; ,uhqt cila[ld; xU ehs; ,uhqt yhhpapy; te;J ,w';fpdhd;.
vy;nyhUf;Fk; mjph;r;rp/ Mj;kht[f;F clk;ng xU rl;il jhq';fns* ,e;j
Mj;kht[f;F ntW ve;jr; rl;ilnahLk; rk;ge;jk; ,y;ny* mJf;F nkny ve;jr;
rl;iliag; nghl;lhy; vd;d> thH;f;if vd;gJ gaDw thH;tJ jhd; vd;gJ
rhkpahhpd; Tw;W.
Kot[iu:
307
vjida[k; vjph;ghuhky; vy;yhUf;Fk; bjhz;L bra;a[k; gz;gpida[k;/ ehl;Lf;fhff;

fhf;fpr; rl;il mzptJk;/ Jg;ghf;fp Ve;JtJk; Tlj; Jwt[ jhd; vd czh;j;jpa
gz;g[k; ed;F g[yg;gLk;.
ePjp: gad;fUjhj bjhz;L rpwg;ghdJ.
(my;yJ)
ghy;tz;zk;gps;is my;yJ ntyp vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; ,lk; bgWk; VnjDk;
xU epfH;r;rpia ehlfkhf vGJf.
ghy;tz;zk;gps;is
fhl;rp 1
,lk; : khtl;l Ml;rpah; mYtyfk;.

g';FbgWnthh; : ghy;tz;zk; gps;is/ mtUila ez;gh;
gh.gps;is : vd;d ez;gnu mikjpahf ,Uf;fpwPh;>
ez;gh; :vijg;gw;wp ngRtJ> ntiy neuj;jpy; ngRtJ ntiyf;Fj; jilahf
,Uf;Fk; vd vz;qfpnwd;.
gh.gps;is : c';fs; vz;zk; jtW.
ez;gh; :mg;gona> ngr;ir eP';fns Muk;gpa[';fs;*
gh.gps;is : ,d;W bra;jpj;jhspy; bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s bkf;!pnfhitg; gw;wp
goj;njd;/
ez;gh; :vd;d* bkf;!pnfh bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpy; cs;sjh>
gh.gps;is : Mkhk;* mjpbyd;d re;njfk;>
ez;gh; : eP';fs; ,g;go brhy;fpwPh;fs;. Mdhy; g{nfhs rh!;jpuk; ntW khjphp
my;yth TWfpwJ.
fhl;rp 2
,lk; : ghy;tz;zk; gps;is tPL
g';FbgWnthh; : ghy;tz;zk; gps;is/ mth; kidtp
gh.gps;is : Vl;o ......... mu';Fr; rhtp v';nf* [jhk; gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;gpy; goj;Jg;
gj;jpukhfg; ghJfhj;J itj;Js;s g{nfhsg; ghlE}iyj; njLfpwhh;]
kidtp : vd;d njLwP';f/

gh.gps;is : xU g[j;jfk;. v';nf rhtp>
kidtp : ,e;jhU';f. c';ffpl;l xU bra;jp brhy;yqnk.
gh.gps;is : tPl;Lf;F te;jt[lnd cd; ,uhkhazj;ij Muk;gpj;J tplhnj* bfh";r
neuk; bghW. (g{nfhsg; ghlE}iyf; fz;Lgpoj;J mjpy; bkf;!pnfhitj;
308
njLfpwhh;. bkf;!pnfh tl mbkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;jJ)

kidtp : gps;isfSf;Fg; ghy; bryt[ mjpfkhfg; nghr;R. xU gRkhL th';fpdh
ey;yJ*
gh.gps;is : (nfhgj;Jld;) khL fPL vJt[k; th';f KoahJ. vk; gps;isa';f
ePuhfhuk; Foj;nj tsul;Lk;.
kidtp : (jdf;Fs;) ,j;jid ehSk; bghJkUj;Jt kidapd; kUe;Jj; jz;zPUk;
ePuhfhuKk; jhnd gps;isfs; grpahw cjtp tUfpwJ.
fhl;rp 3

g';FbgWnthh; : ghy;tz;zk; gps;is/ mth; kidtp
gh.gps;is : (mYtyfj;jpypUe;J te;jJk;gRita[k; fd;iwa[k; ghh;j;J) Vl;o
..........,';nf th* khL vg;bghGJ te;jJ> ahh; th';fpf; bfhLj;jh>
kidtp : nky tPl;L mz;zhr;rp th';fpf; bfhLj;jh';f. vd; iffhg;g[fis tpw;W
th';fpndd;. FHe;ijfSf;Fg; ghy; bryt[ Fiwa[k;. nky; tUkhdKk;
tUk;.
gh.gps;is : ck; (jk; nfhgj;ij btspna fhl;lhky; mlf;fpf; bfhz;lJld;/
md;wpype;J fhgpa[k; nkhUk; mUe;;jhky; jtph;f;fpwhh;)
kidtp : (kdJf;Fs;) xU gf;fk; FHe;ijfs;* ,d;bdhU gf;fk; ,th;* ehd; vd;d
bra;a Koa[k;> tk;rtpUj;jp vd;gJ jtph;f;f Koahj tpjp Mapw;nw*
fzth; nghf;Ff;F tise;J bfhLf;f ntz;oaJ jhd;.
fhl;rp 4
g';FbgWnthh; : gps;is/ mth; kidtp/ \j;j kfd;/ Rg;g[f;nfhdhh;.
gh.gps;is : (Rg;g[f; nfhdhUld; tpl;oDs; EiHe;jthW) khl;ilg;ghUk; ;
,Ugj;ije;J +gha; jhd;.
Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; : rhkp* khL mWgJ +gha; bgWnk*
gh.gps;is : ,Ugj;ije;J jhd;. cdf;fhf Kg;gJ +gha;. Mdhy;/ ,g;bghGnj
gpoj;Jf;bfhz;L nghf ntz;Lk;.
Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; : rhkp* khL mWgJ +gha; bgWnk*
Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; : rhkp* ,e;j uhj;jphpapyh> ehis tpoaypy; gpoj;Jf;bfhz;L
nghfpnwnd*
309
gh.gps;is : ,y;iy .......... ,g;gnt. (Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; khl;il mtpH;f;fpwhh;)

gh.gps;isapd;
kidtp : (jaf;fj;Jld; te;J) khL vGgJ +gha; Mapw;nw* FHe;ijfs; ,ij
th';fpd rpy ehshj;jhd; ey;y ghiyf; Fof;fpwhh;fs;.
gh.gps;is : vd; gps;isfs; ePuhfhuk; Foj;nj tsh;e;J tpLthh;fs;.
\j;j kfd; : (Rg;g[f;nfhdhh; fd;Wld; gRit Xl;of;bfhz;L bry;fpwhh;. mg;nghJ
mGJbfhz;L) mk;kh* vd; fd;W.
gh.gps;is : Rk;kh fpl rtnk.
310
(my;yJ)
ntyp
g';FbgWnthh; : khyjp/ khkpahh; nfhkjp/ jkf;if Uf;Fkzp/ mj;jhd; bry;yg;gd;
Uf;Fkzp : khY .................>
khyjp : thf;fh mj;jhDk; te;jpUf;fpwhh;fsh> thU';fs;. (FHe;ijiag; ghh;j;J)
ml* nghf;fhp uh$h*
Uf;Fkzp : eP jhd; mUk;ghf;fk; g!;i!na kwe;jpl;nldhYk; eh';f kwf;f Koa[kh>
............... vj;jid khjk; ,J khY.
khyjp : vd;d mj;jhd; epw;fpwPh;fs;> cl;fhU';fs;. (FHe;ijiaj; J}f;fpf; bfhz;L
Kj;jkiH bghHpe;jhs;/ (mg;nghJ khkpahh; nfhkjp tUfpwhs;)
Uf;Fkzp : Rfkhk;kh> khjkha; ,Uf;fpwha; vd;W nfs;tpg;gl;L te;njhk;.
nfhkjp : (nghypr;rphpg;g[ld;) thU';fs;.
Uf;Fkzp : mk;khtpd; clk;g[ Rfkha; ,y;iy. khY .............. khY............... vd;W
ve;neuKk; g[yk;g[fpwhh;fs;. mJt[k; KGfhky; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;W
jtpf;fpwhh;fs;.
nfhkjp : mth;fisa[k; miHj;J te;jpUf;fyhnk. mtSf;F clk;g[ ed;whf
,y;iy. g!;!pny mt;tst[ J}uk; myf;fHpf;fg; gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kfd;
,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ,ts; MgP!; nghtjw;F rk;kjpj;jpUf;f khl;lhd;. mtSk;
tPl;oy; bfhl;L bfhl;ld;W jdpna ,Ug;ghs; vd;Wjhd; ngha; tu
mDkjpj;njd;. ehd; ,tis khoia tpl;Lf; fPnH ,w';f tpLtjpy;iy.
mg;go ,Uf;Fk; nghJ ,ts; 15 fy; g!;!py; miyayhkh>
Uf;Fkzp : g{ Kog;g[ ........ tisfhg;g[ vd;W eP';fs; bra;tbjd;why; mk;kh
c';fisf; nfl;Ltpl;L tur; brhd;dhh;fs; vd;W ,Gj;jhs; ..............
nfhkjp : vy;yhk; bra;tJ thf;fk; jhnd gpwe;j tPl;oy; bghd; tisay; nriy
vy;yhk; th';FtJ cz;nl.
Uf;Fkzp : fy;ahze;jhd; vg;gonah Mfp tpl;lJ. mtd; kdJk; ,e;j ehspy;
kfpH;r;rpaha; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. c';fisf; nfl;LtUk;go mk;kh
brhd;dhs;. vd;d cz;nlh eh';fs; gzk; jUfpnwhk;. eP';fs; xU
ehisf; Fwpj;J bra;J bfhs;S';Fs;.
311
nfhkjp : mjw;bfd;d bra;Jtpl;lhy; nghapw;W ghh;f;f ntz;Lbkd;why; c';fs;

mk;khita[k; Tl;of; bfhz;L th(mg;nghJ nfhkjpapd; kfs; g';f$k;
,uz;L lk;gshpy; fhg;gpf; bfhz;L te;J bry;yg;gDf;Fk; Uf;Fkzpf;Fk;
bfhLf;fpwhs;).
Uf;Fkzp : ,g;nghJ .............. vd;dj;jpw;F fhg;gp ..........> tisay; vg;gor; bra;a
ntz;Lnkh> eP';fs; bra;J bfhs;tjdhy; ............. gzk; jUfpnwhk;
Vdk;kh khY ............>
khyjp : (Kfk; rpte;jJ) ,e;j rk;gpujhabky;yhk; vjw;F mf;fh>
nfhkjp : (fz;og;ghd Fuypy;) tHf;fj;ij Vd; Fiwf;f ntz;Lk; mth;fs;
brhy;tijg; nghy fy;ahze;jhd; xd;Wkpy;yhky; ele;J tpl;lJ gpwf;Fk;
FHe;ij ey;y tpjkha; ,Uf;f ntz;lhkh> (Uf;Fkzp bry;yg;gidg;
ghh;f;f mts; Fwpgwpe;J ,uz;L E}W +gha; jhs;fis vLj;J
Uf;Fkzpaplk; bfhLj;jhd;)
Uf;Fkzp : ,e;jh';fs; mk;kh* (gagf;jpa[ld; ,UE}W +gha; jhs;fisa[k;
nfhkjpaplk; bfhLf;fpwhs;)
nfhkjp : (mjid myl;rpakha; ehd;fha;; koj;J ,Lg;gpy; brhUfpf;bfhz;lhs;)
Vnjh rtud; vz;gJ +gha; vd;W tpw;fpwJ. ghh;f;fyhk;. Fhgpia
Fonad;. (Uf;Fkzp ghjp fhgpia FHe;ijf;F g[fl;o tpl;L ghjpiaj;
jhd; Foj;J tpl;L lk;gsiu fGtp itf;f vGe;jhs;).
khyjp : (vhpr;rYld;) ,Uf;fl;Lk; mf;fh eP fGt ntz;lhk;.
Uf;Fkzp : guthapy;iy khY ........... (kyjp lk;gsiug; gpL';fp fPnH itj;jhs;. gpwF
bry;yg;gDk;/ Uf;Fkzpa[k; Fk;gpL nghl;L tpl;L tpil bgw;W
bfhz;lhh;fs;).
14. kz; my;yJ gHpf;Fg;gHp vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; Ek;kdk; fth;e;j fijkhe;jh;

Fwpj;Jj; jpwdha;t[ bra;f.
kz;
Mrphpah; - ma;f;fz;
kz; vd;Dk; ,f;fijpay; vd; kdk; fth;e;j fij khe;jh;fs; hpr;rh;l; - yp!p
jk;gjpapdnu*
312
hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdhplk; cs;s ew;Fz';fs; vd;idg; bghpJk;

fth;e;Js;sd.
njhd;wpd; g[fbHhL njhd;Wf m`jpyhh;
njhd;wypd; njhd;whik ed;W.
vd;w jpUf;Fws; gz;gpw;F Vw;g/ g[fiHg; bgw;Ws;s hpr;rh;;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdhpd;
gz;g[ eyd;fis ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
jj;bjLj;jy; Fzk;
jkpiHg; nghw;Wjy;
kz;zpd; bgUik czh;j;Jjy;
gpwe;j kz;zpw;F miHj;J tUjy;
cjt[k; cahpa gz;g[
jkpHh; gz;igg; nghw;Wjy;
jj;bjLj;jy; Fzk;:
bgw;W vLj;jts; jhd; vd;ida[k;
jj;Jf; bfhLj;J tpl;lhs;.
kJiug; gf;fj;jpYs;s R{ug;gl;oapy; gpwe;j bgz; rpRf;fisf; fs;spg;ghy;/ fLf;fha;/
bey; vd;W VjhtJ xd;W bfhLj;Jr; rhfoj;J/ kz;zpy; g[ijg;ghh;fs;. me;j
Chpy; uhkhap fUg;igah jk;gjpapdh; ,e;jf; bfhiyf;F cl;glhJ/ bgz;

FHe;ijfis tsh;j;J te;jhh;fs;. mth;fsplj;jpy; jha;ikg; gz;g[ Fo bfhz;oUe;jJ.
,';fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;j hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpaUf;F kf;fl; bry;tk; ,y;yhjjhy;
jkpH;ehl;L FHe;ij xd;iwj; jj;bjLf;f tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. r\fj;bjhz;lh; nfhtpuh$;
cjtpa[ld; R{ug;gl;oapy; thGk; uhkhap fUg;igah jk;gjpahpd; \d;whtJ bgz;
FHe;ijiaj; jj;bjLj;jhh;fs;. hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdh; mf;FHe;ijia mth;fs;
jhafkhd ,';fpyhe;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L brd;wdh;.
jkpiHg; nghw;Wjy;:
ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp
nghy; ,dpjhtJ v';fk; fhnzhk;
vd;gjw;nfw;g hpr;rh;l; - yp!p FLk;gj;jpdh; j';fs; jha;bkhHpa[ld; jkpiHa[k;
fw;wth;fs;. mf;FHe;ijf;F mts; ghl;oapd; bgauhfpa rpd;dj;jhapvd;Dk; bgaiuna
R{l;odh;.
lhf;lh; $p.a[.nghg; jkpH;ehl;ow;F te;J jkpiHf; fw;Wj; jpUf;Fwisa[k;
jpUthrfj;ija[k; M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;jth;. hpr;rh;l; FLk;gj;jpdh; $p.a[.nghg;
kugpdh;. Mjyhy; jkpiHg; nghw;wpwf; fw;wdh;. mth;fs; jj;bjLj;j rpd;dj;jhapf;Fk;
313
jkpiHf; fw;gpj;jdh;. mth;fs; jkpH; bkhHpaplj;Jk;/ jkpH; kf;fsplj;Jk; kjpg;g[

bfhz;oUe;jdh;.
kz;zpd; bgUik czh;j;Jjy;
rpd;dj;jhapf;F mts; gpwe;j ehl;ilg; gw;wpa[k; bgw;nwhiug; gw;wpa[k; tphptha;j;
bjhptpj;jdh;. mts; cs;sj;Jf;Fs; mtisg; bgw;wtiug; gw;wpa[k;/ gpwe;j kz;zpd;
bgUik gw;wpa[k; Twp/ ghrk; bfhs;SkhW tsh;j;jdh;.
gpwe;j kz;zpw;F miHj;J tUjy; :
,Ugj;njhuhz;Lfs; fHpe;jnghJ rpd;dj;jhap jd;idg; bgw;wtiua[k; gpwe;j
kz;iza[k; fhz tpUk;gpdhs;. mts; tpUg;gj;ijj; jd; tsh;g;g[g; bgw;nwhhplk;
bjhptpj;jhs;. mth;fs; mjid epiwntw;w mtis ,';fpyhe;jpypUe;J jkpH;ehl;ow;F
miHj;J te;jdh;. ,j;jifa
gue;j nehf;fKilatnu vd; be";rk;
fth;e;j fij khe;jh;.
cjt[k; cahpa gz;g[:
hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdh; uhkhap FLk;gj;jpd; tWikiaf; fz;L mth;fSf;F
,uz;L yl;rk; +gha; cjt Kd; te;jdh;. Mdhy; mth;fs; v';fsplk; ,Ue;j
FHe;ijr; bry;tj;ijj; jhdkha; mspj;njhk;. tpiyf;Ff; bfhLf;ftpy;iy vd;W Twp
mj;bjhifia th';f kWj;jdh;.
ey;yh bwdpDk; bfhsy;jPJ nkYyfk;
,y;bydpDk; <jny ed;W.
xUthplk; th';fk; bghUshy; ed;ik cz;L vd;whYk;/ mij th';FtJ jPik

vdf; fUjp kWj;jnghJ uhkhap FLk;gj;jpdhpd; cahpa gz;ig tpae;J ghuhl;odhh;fs;
hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdh;.
jkpHh; gz;igg; nghw;Wjy;
jd;idg; bgw;w bgw;nwhh; tWikapy; thoaijf; fz;l nghJk; mth;fSf;Fg;
bghUshjhu cjtp bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W hpr;rh;l; jk;gjpapdhplk; rpd;dj;jhap
Twtpy;iy/ mth;fspd; mDkjp ,y;yhkny rpd;dj;jhap jd;idg; bgw;wth;fSf;F
cjtp bra;jpUf;f Koa[k;/ Mdhy; mg;gor; bra;atpy;iy. vdnt mtsJ cj;jkg;
gz;igg; ghh;j;J hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdh; bgUikg;gl;ldh;.
bgWktw;Ws; ahkwpt jpy;iy mwptwpe;j
kf;fl;ngW my;y gpw.
vd;w FwSf;F Vw;g mtis eh';fs; kfsha;g; bgw;wjw;F cz;ikapnyna
bgUik bfhs;fpnwhk; vd;wdh;. rpd;dj;jhap bgw;nwhh; gzj;ijj; jpUk;gf; bfhLj;jhy;
mth;fs; rpdKk; bfhs;stpy;iy. khwhf mth;fs; gz;igg; nghw;wpdh;. ,j;jifa ey;y
314
gz;g[fs; tha;f;fg; bgw;w hpr;rh;l; - yp!p jk;gjpapdh; ek; kdk; fth;e;jth;fs; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy.
bra;ag;gl;lhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J.
(my;yJ)
gHpf;Fg;gHp
j.eh.nrdhjpgjp
vd; kdk; fth;e;j fijkhe;jh; fpl;Ltpd; mz;zd; Mthh;.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
jk;gpiag; ngzp tsh;j;jy;
jhapd; md;g[k; je;ijapd; fz;og;g[k;
gHpf;Fg;gHp
jk;gpia fhzhky; jtpg;g[
fpl;Ltpd; Fuy;
jk;gpapd; kPJs;s ghrk;
jk;gpiag; ngzp tsh;j;jy;:
mg;gh mk;kh ,y;iy vd;w Fiw bjhpahky; jk;gp fpl;Lit ghrj;njhL tsh;j;J
gof;f itf;fpwhd;. mtuJ kidtpa[k; fpl;Lit Mjut[ld; ftdpj;J te;jhs;.gs;sp
,Wjp tFg;g[ btw;wp bgw;whd;.
jhapd; md;g[k; je;ijapd; fz;og;g[k; :
jk;gp fpl;Lit gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hpapy; nrh;j;J gof;f itf;fpwhh;. mtDk; ed;
Kiwapy; goj;J Kjyhkhz;Lj; njh;tpy; btw;wp bgWfpwhd;. jhd; fy;Y}hpapy;
gof;fhtpl;lhYk; jk;gpis ,s';fis tiu gof;f itj;J ey;y ntiyapy; mkh;j;jp
g';fhspfs; fz; vjphpy; Kd;Df;Ff; bfhz;L tuntz;Lbkd Mirg;gLfpwhh;.
,uz;lhkhz;L fpl;L chap neuj;jpw;F tPl;ow;F tUtjpy;iy. rhpahfg; gog;gjpy;iy
vd;gij fz;l mz;zd; jk;gpiaf; fz;of;fpwhd;. md;g[ fhl;LtJ jhiag; nghd;W;
fz;og;ghy; je;ijiag; nghyt[k; ,Ue;J jk;gp fpl;Lit mth; mz;zd; ghrKld;
tsh;f;fpwhh;.
gHpf;Fg; gHp:
fpl;L mz;zd; fz;og;g[f;Fg; gpwF vg;nghJk; nghy; ed;whfg; gof;fpwhd;
fpl;Lf;F bghJ mwpt[ tsut[k; bghGijf; fHpf;f rpy ehty;fisf; bfhLf;fpwhh;. fpl;L
jpthd; gfJ}h; fz;zg;gd; Kjypahh;vGjpa gHpf;Fg;gHp vd;w ehlfj;ij tpUk;gpg;
gof;fpwhd;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp mij eoj;J jahh; bra;fpwhd;.
315
jk;gpiaf; fhzhky; jtpg;g[:

jk;gp fpl;Litf; fhz xU ehs; khof;F bry;fpwhh;. fpl;L m';F mnl J#;lh*
Jd;khh;f;fh* vd; Foiaf; bfLj;j ghtp*vd;W rj;jk; nfl;fpwJ. fpl;L m';F
,uhkehjdpd; fGj;ijg; gpoj;J mGj;jpf; fj;jpahy; bfhy;yg; nghfpwhd;. Clnd mth;
Inah* fpl;L* mtidf; bfhy;yhjlh* vd;W fj;Jfpwhh;. gpd; ka';fp tpGfpwhh;.
jk;gpapd; kPJs;s ghrk; :
fpl;L kPJ mth; mz;zd; itj;Js;s ghrk; cz;ikahdJ. mjdhy; fpl;L
bfhiy bra;a[k;nghJ mtd; thH;t[ tPzhfp tpLk; vd;W Jof;fpwhh;. Mjd; gpwF
ehlfj;jpw;fhf bra;j xj;jpif vd mwpe;J kdepk;kjp milfpwhh;. vdnt jhd;/ mth;
mz;zd; vdf;Fg; gpoj;j fijkhe;juhfj; jpfH;fpwhh;.
(my;yJ)
fpHpry; vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; neh;ik jtwhj khzpf;fk; jd; gz;gpy; cah;e;J
thH;f;ifapy; rpwe;jjhff; fw;gidf; fij vGJf.
fw;gidf; fij
rpWtd; khzpf;fj;jpw;Fj; jd; je;ij Vd; ,g;go ele;J bfhz;lhh;> vd;gJ
g[hpatpy;iy. Mdhy; mth; bra;jJ jtW vd;W kl;Lk; g[hpe;jJ. ,uz;L +gha;
bjhz;q}W igrhtpw;Fj; njhir/ til/ fhg;gp vd ,UtUk; rhg;gpl;L tpl;L/ vl;lzh
kl;Lk; filf;fhuhplk; bfhLj;J/ ,uz;L O kl;Lk; Foj;jjhfj; ej;ij bgha; brhy;yp
Vkhw;wpaij/ khzpf;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf; bfhs;s Koatpy;iy. ,uz;L ehl;fs; brd;wd.
mtd; tFg;g[j; jkpHhrphpah;
jd;bd"; rwptJ bgha;aw;f bgha;j;jgpd;
jd;bd";nr jd;idr; RLk;
vd;w FwSf;F tpsf;fk; je;jhh;. ahUk; ghh;f;ftpy;iy vd;W bgha; TWtnjh/
jtW bra;tnjh TlhJ. Vbddpy; xUtiu mtuJ kdr;rhl;rpg; ghh;j;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mJ bgha; brhy;gtiu cWj;jpf; bfhz;nl ,uf;Fk;. nkYk;
mhpr;re;jpudpd; tuyhw;iwa[k; rhd;whff; Twpdhh;. xU bgha; brhd;dhy; mtd; ,He;j
kidtp/ kfd;/ ehL/ gil/ Fo vy;yhk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w nghJk; mtd; bgha; brhy;y
kWj;J tpl;lhd;. mhpr;re;jpud; ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;jJ Kjy; fhe;jpaofs; xUnghJk;
bgha; brhy;y khl;nld;vd;W cWjpg{z;lhh;.
jkpHhrphpahpd; thh;j;ijfs; gRkuj;jhzp nghy; khzpf;fj;jpd; kdjpy; gjpe;jd.
jhDk; xU ey;y kdpjdhf thH ntz;Lk; vd;W jPh;khdpj;jhd;.
316
khzpf;fk; khzth;fs; jtwtpl;l rpWrpW bghUl;fs;/ ghlE}y; Kjypatw;iw

fz;blLj;jhy; chpathplk; xg;gilj;jhd;. vy;nyhUk; mtdJ neh;ikiag;
ghuhl;odhh;fs;.
gs;spg; gog;ig Koj;j gpd; mUfpy; cs;s bkf;fhdpf; fil xd;wpy; ntiyf;Fr;
nrh;e;J ntiyiag; ghh;j;jhd;.
mtd; Kjyhsp mtd; kPJ kpFe;j ghrk; bfhz;oUe;jhh;. MW khj';fs; m';F
ntiy ghh;j;jhd;. Kjyhsp thof;ifahshplk; Vkhw;wp mjpf gzk; th';Ftij
khzpf;fj;jhy; $Puzpf;f Koatpy;iy. khzpf;fk; ,J jtW vd;W gy Kiw Rl;of;
fhl;odhd;. Mdhy; Kjyhsp/ gpwF ehk; vg;go gpiHg;gJ> vd;W Twp ,dp/ eP
,';F ntiy bra;tjpy; gadpy;iy vd;whh;.
khzpf;fk; jhnd xU bkf;fhdpf; fil bjhl';fpdhy; vd;d> vd;W rpe;jpj;jhd;.
ez;ghpd; cjtpa[ld; Xh; bkf;fhdpf; fil bjhl';fpdhd;. bkf;fhdpf; filapy; rpwpJ
mst[ ,yhgnk itj;J thof;ifahsh;fir; rk;ghjpj;jhd;. tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
mtDila neh;ikahy; fpilj;j gzj;jpy; xU gFjpia Kjpnahh; ,y;yk;/
mehij ,y;yk;/ fz; ghh;itaw;nwhh;/ fhJ nfshnjhh; nghd;wth;fSf;Fg; gytiffspy;
cjtpdhd;.
jd; filf;F tUgth;fs; jtwp tpl;Lg; nghd bghUl;fisg; ghJfhj;J/
chpath;fsplk; xg;gilj;jhd;. ,t;thW khzpf;fj;jpd; neh;ikiag; ghuhl;o mt;t{h;
kf;fs; mtidg; g";rhaj;Jj; jiytuhf epakpj;jdh;. Cuf eyg;gzpf;F vd
xJf;fg;gl;l gzj;ij kf;fs; eyDf;Fr; brytpl;lhd;. khzpf;fj;ijg; bgw;bwLj;j
bgw;nwhh;/ mtid epidj;Jg; bgUikg;gl;ldh;.
(my;yJ)
jdf;bfd;W xU tPL fl;Lfpw bghGJ Vw;gLfpw ,d;dy;fSk;/ mjpypUe;J kPz;L
fl;oa g[jpa tPl;oy; kfpH;thd thH;f;if mike;jijg; nghy; fw;gidf; fij xd;W
tiuf.
xz;of; Foj;jd tPl;oy; thH;e;jJ nghJk; vd;W epidj;J jdptPL vd;W
ngha;tpl;lhy; kidtp kPJk; gps;isfs; kPJk; gphpakhf ,Uf;f Koa[bkd;W
njhd;wpaJ. Fl;Lkhd; gzp Koe;j epiyapy; ? byl; ml;ilnahL xU tPL
,Ue;jJ. ifypa[k;/ gdpaDkha; ntiy bra;J bfhz;oUe;j Ml;fspd; eLtpy; ngz;l;
rl;ilnahL ifapy; xU nQz;l; ngf;nfhLk; Kfk; epiwaf; ftiynahLk; xUth;
epd;W bfhz;oUe;jhh;. Mth; jhd; tPl;od; chpikahsbud czh;e;J mthplk; tPL
thliff;F vd;W ngr;irj; bjhl';fpdhh;. clnd tPl;L chpikahsh; mtiuj; jdpna
miHj;Jr; brd;W tPL vg;nghJ ntz;Lk;>vd;W tpdtpdhh; ngz;l;fhuh;.
,d;idf;Fd;dhyk; rhp jhd;Mdhy; ntiy/ Koahk ,Uf;Fnjd;D
ghh;f;fpnwd;vd;whh; ngz;l;fhuh;. clnd Kofpw mst[ jhd; ntiy Koa[k;/
kpr;rbky;yhk; bflf;Fk; mJ c';f gphpak; thlif vt;tst[d;W brhy;Y';f>
317
thlif Ke;E}W +gha;/ ml;thd;!; \thapuk; +gha;*clnd thilff;fhuh; ,uz;Lnk

mjpfe;jhd;vd;W brhd;dhh;.
brhe;jkh xU tPL ntqnk';fpwJf;fhf CU g{uh flid th';fp ,e;j tPl;ilf;
fl;ol;nld; ehd; ,g;g ,Uf;fpw tPL mLj;jth; tPl;oy; jhd; ,Uf;fpnwd; brhe;jk;/
ge;jk; vd;W vy;nyhplKk; fld; th';fptpl;L tPl;ilf; fl;o tpl;L ehd; glhj
Jd;gg;gl;L/fl;oa tPl;oy; To Fonaw Koahky; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Mshfp tpl;nld;
vd;W kdf;Fkwypy; Twpdhh; ngz;l;fhuh;.
kPz;Lk; fl;oa tPl;ow;fhf ,d;dygl;lJ nghJk; vd;W fod ciHg;ghy; th';fpa
flidj; jpUg;gpf; bfhLj;J jd; brhe;j tPl;ow;F Fonaw tUfpwhh;. Mdhy; fld;gl;L
tPL fl;o vt;tst[ Jd;gk; gl;nlhnkh mijtpl brhe;j tPl;ow;F tUk; nghJ mst[
fle;j kfpH;r;rpia milfpnwhk;. vd;d jhd; ,Ue;jhYk; fld; th';fp tpl;nlhnk vd;W
tUj;jg;gl;L gyd; ,y;iy. me;j ,d;dypUe;J tpLgl ntz;Lk;vd;fpwhh;fs;
ngz;l;fhuuk;/ xz;of; Foj;jdf;fhuUk;/ xz;of; Foj;jdj;jpd; nghJ Vw;gl;l
,d;dy;fspypUe;J tpLgl;lhh;/ gpwUila ngr;Rf;Fk;/ Vr;Rf;Fk; ,dp Mshfkhl;nlhk;
vd kfpH;e;jhh;. D; FHe;ijfs; Rj;e;jpukhf Xo tpisahLtijf; fz;L kfpH;e;jhh;.
cwtpdh;fs; jd; tPl;ow;F te;J j';fpr; bry;tijg; ghh;j;J bgUk; kfpH;r;rpaile;jhh;.
fztd;/ kidtp/ FHe;ij vd mtuJ FLk;gk; kw;wth;fSf;F xU
tHpfhl;oahft[k; jpfH;e;jJ.
V. 15. gpd;tUk; bra;a[isg; goj;Jzh;e;J/ mjpy; mike;Js;s ikaf; fUj;ij

eaj;Jld; vLj;Jiuj;J mjpy; mike;Js;s vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/
mzp/ re;jr;Rit/ ctik/ cUtfk;/ fw;gid Mfpatw;Ws; Vw;g[ilatw;iwr; Rl;o
vGJf. 1 x 10 = 10
fdpapil Vwpa Risa[k; - Kw;wy;
fiHapil Vwpa rhWk;
gdpkyh; Vwpa njDk; - fha;r;Rg;
ghfpil Vwpa Rita[k;
edpgR bghHpa[k; ghYk; - bjd;id
ey;fpa Fsphps ePUk;
,dpad vd;ngd; vdpDk; - jkpiH
vd;Daph; vd;ngd; fz;Oh;
- ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrd;.
Kd;Diu:
cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij - ,d;g
cUbtLg;gJ ftpij
bjs;sj; bjspe;j jkpHpy; - cz;ik
bjhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpij
th
318
vd;w thpfSf;F Vw;g ,g;glhypy; g[ul;rpf; ftp"h;/ g[Jitf;Fapy; vdj;

jkpHh;fshy; nghw;wg;bgWgth; ghujpjhrdhh;. mth;fs; jk; cs;sf; fUj;ij
,dpikahft[k; midj;J ea';fSs; njhd;wr; rpwg;ghff; Twpa[s;shh;.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ :
jkpH; v';fs; ,sikf;fFg;ghy; - ,d;gj;
jkpH; ey;y g[fH;kpf;f g[yth;f;F nty;
vd;W cyfpd; ftpnkilapy; jkpiH cah;j;jpl cjpj;bjGe;jth; ghnte;jh;
ghujpjhrd; Mthh;. ew;wkpH;r; brhw;fshy; eak;glf; ftp g[ide;J r\f mGf;Ffis
mwnt ePf;fg;gho te;j g[ul;rpf;fftp"hpd; g[fH;bgw;w ftpijfSs; xd;whd
,f;tpijapd; ,yf;fpa ea';fisf; fhz;nghk;.
ikaf;fUj;J :
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mGF fUj;J
kdijf; ftUtJ ikaf;fUj;J
g[Jitf;Fapy; vGjpa ,r;bra;a[spy; eht[f;F ,dpik jUtJ fdpapd; Rita[k;/
fUk;gpd; rhWk;/ kyhpd; njDk;/ bty;yg;ghfpd; Rita[k;/ gRtpd; ghYk;/ bjd;id jUk;
,sePUk; nkw;Twpaitbay;yhk; ,dpaj vd;W TwpdhYk;/ jkpH; mtw;wpDk;
,dpikahdJ. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp vd;Dapuha; tps';FtJ vd;W fhl;Lk; ghujpjhrd;
jkpHpd; ,dpikia kl;Lkh tpsf;Ffpwhh;> jkpHpd;wpj; jkpHdpd; thH;t[k; ,y;iy vd;W
cah;e;j fUj;ijf; Twp ek; cs;sj;jpy; gjpa itf;fpwhh;.,`J vt;tst[ eakhd fUj;J*
brhy;eak; :
gl;lj;J uhzpf;F gy;yHF
brk;ikahd bra;a[Sf;F brhy;yHF
,g;ghl;oy; mike;j brhw;fs; aht[k; ek; kdjpw;F ,dpa bre;jkpH;r;r brhw;fsha;
mikj;Jg; ghoa[s;shh; Mrphpah;. Fdpapd; Ris/ fiHapd; rhW/ kyhpd; njd;/ ghfpd;
Rit - ,it vy;yhk; ,ay;gha; mike;Js;sikia Vwpa vd;Dk; brhy;yhy; mHfha;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ftp"h; fiH fUk;g[. Kw;whj fUk;gpd; rhW ,dpf;fhJ. gf;Ftkha;f;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ftp"h; ghF Ritf;fhJ. Mjyhy;/ Kw;wy; fiH ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.
bjd;id jhSz;l ePiuj; jiyapny jhd; jUjyhy; ey;fpa FspUs;s ePUk; vd;whh;.
,sePh; cs;sj;Jf;Fk; Fsph;r;rpiaj; jUtJ Mjyhy;/ Fsphy; ,sePh; vd mil
bfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;.
bjhil eak;:
bjhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg;nghFk;
th
319
vd;gjidf; fUj;jpy; bfhz;L ghujpjhrdhh; ,g;ghlypy; vJif nkhidfisj;

jpwk;gl mike;Js;shh;.
nkhidj;bjhil:
nkhid ,y;yhj ghl;L
Njidr; Ruf;fhj g{g; nghd;wJ
vd;gjw;nfw;g xU ghlypy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J
xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidj; bjhilahFk;.
,g;ghlypy; fdp/ fiH/ gdp/ghF edp/ ey;fpa ,dp/vd;/vd KjbyGj;J
xd;wpte;J rPh;nkhidj; bjhil mike;J bra;a[Sf;Fr; rPh;ik jUfpwJ.
vJif:
kJiuf;F mHF itif
bra;a[Sf;F mHF vJif
vd;w thpfSf;F Vw;g xU glypy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J

msbtLj;J ,Uf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifahFk;. (v.fh) fdp/
gdp/ edp/ ,dp vd mo vJif te;J Mis kaf;Ffpd;wd.
re;jk;:
re;jkpF ftpijfns
,d;gkJ rpe;Jk;
vd;w thpf;fSf;nfw;g ,g;ghly; ,ira[ld; ghLtjw;nfw;g rpe;Jg;ghitf; bfhz;L
tps';Ffpd;wJ.
mzp:
fhiykyUf;Fg; gdp mHF
ftpij kyUf;F mzp mHF
vd;w thpfSf;F Vw;g ,g;ghlypy; czt[g; bghUis ,dpaJ vd;W Twpj;
jkpiH caph; vd cah;j;jp ntw;Wikg;gLj;jpajhy; ntw;Wik mzpahFk;.
Vwpa/ bghUe;jpa vd;Dk; bghUs;gl gyKiw brhw;fs; gapd;WtUtjhy;
brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzpa[k; cs;sJ.
Rit:
tpUe;Jf;F mWRit
th
320
bra;a[Sf;F xd;ghd; Rit

eifna mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/
mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ ctif/ btFsp vd
mg;ghy; vl;nl bka;g;ghbld;g
vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpah; bka;g;ghl;ow;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jjd; mog;gilapy;

,g;ghlypy; Rit epiwe;Js;sJ. Mifahy; ,jpy; jkpiHg; bgUkpjg;gLj;Jtjhy;
bgUkpjr;Rit cs;sJ vdyhk;.
jiyg;g[:
clYf;Fj; njit ciHg;g[
bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit jiyg;g[
,dpikj; jkpnHvd;w jiyg;g[ ,g;ghlYf;Fg; bghuj;jkhFk;.
epiwthf:
xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhWgjk; vd;gJ nghy ,g;ghly; midj;J
ea';fisa[k; ,dpajha; bgw;W bghGJ nghf;Fg;ghlyhf mikahky; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;
mHpahJ nt+d;wp epw;Fk; tpGJg; ghlyhf cs;sJ vd;gJ cs;s';if
bey;ypf;fdpad;nwh.
VI. gpd;tUk; bkhlh;fspy; vitnaDk; \d;wDf;F kl;Lk; jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
16. Man Proposes God disposes. 3x2=6
ehk; xd;W epidf;f bja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;.
17. To the good people world appears good.
ey;yth;fSf;F vy;yhk; ey;ynj elf;Fk;.
18. Time and tide wait for one.
Iah; tUk; tiu mkhthir fhj;jpUf;fhJ.
19. One flower makes no garland.
jdpkuk; njhg;g[ MfhJ.
20. Think before you speak.
rpe;jpj;Jr; bray;gL.
21. Many thanks for your kind message of greetings.

j';fSila gzpthd tuntw;g[ bra;jpf;F thH;j;Jf;fs;.
321
VII. 22. gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfSs; xd;wpid tpsf;Fk; tifapy; thH;f;if epfH;tpy;

mikj;Jg; gj;J thpfspy; vGJf. 1x4=4
m) EzYk; jd; thahy; bfLk;.
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
mstwpe;J ngRtJ mwpt[ilik
mstpd;wpg; ngRtJ jPik tpistpf;Fk;
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
jtis ,Uf;fpwnj jtis/ mJ Rk;kh ,Uf;fhJ mJ vg;nghJk; ju/ ju
vd;W fj;jpf;bfhz;nl jhd; ,uf;Fk; ,lj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk;. grpnahL nghfpw ghk;g[f;F
mJ ,iiuahfptpLk;. mJnghyj; jhd; mUzpd; epiyik/ ntof;if tpghPjkhfpg;
ngha; fl;rpr;rz;il/ fj;jpr;rz;ilahf khwpaJ. mUzpd; murpay; vjphp Kj;ijah/ xU
rkak; mUz; Kj;jiahit tahj;jfuhhpy; Fj;jpf; bfhiy bra;J tpLntd; vd;W
brhy;y/ vd; jiytid vg;goj; jpl;lyhk; vd;W Twptpl;Lr; brd;W tpl;lhh;
\d;whtjhf ,Ue;j rpd;dg;gd;.
xUehs; cz;ikahfnt Kj;ijahit ahnuh xUth; bfhiy bra;ag; ngha; mJ
mUiz Mgj;jpy; khl;otpl;lJ. gpwF fhty; epiyak;/ ePjpkd;wk; vd;W miye;J
filrpapy; btspUtjw;Fs; nghJk; nghJk; vd;whfptpl;lJ mUqf;F.
ePjp:
ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpe;jpj;J thh;j;ijiag; gpwhplk; Twntz;Lk; ,y;iybad;why;
gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Mshf nehpLk;.
[
[
EzYk; jd; thahy; bfLk;;
- vd;gJ ,g;gHbkhHpapd; fUj;jhFk;.
M) Rlh; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;Lnfhy; ntz;Lk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
tpsf;F jhnd vhpe;J bfhz;nl ,uf;Fk; vd;W ,Ue;Jtplf; TlhJ jphp
vhpa vhpa xsp k';Fk;. mg;nghJ jphpiaj; J}z;otpl;lhy; jhd; xsp gpufhrpf;Fk;. ,J
jpwik kpf;fth;fSf;Fk; tHpfhl;Ljy; ey;y gad;jUk; vd;gij tpsf;f ,g;gHbkhHp
gad;gLfpwJ.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkh; $tfh;yhy; neU Mthh;. mtUila je;ijahh;
g[fH;bgw;w tHf;fwp"Uk; njrgf;jUkhd nkhjpyhy; neU mth;fs; jd; xnu ike;jd;
$tfiuf; fz;qk; fUj;jkhf tsh;j;jhh;. ,aw;ifahfnt Ez;zwpt[ gilj;jth; $tfh;/
gps;isfnshL ge;J tpisahof; bfhz;oUf;ifapy; mJ xU rpWFHpf;Fs; ge;J
tpGe;Jtpl;lJ. ifia tpl;L vLf;f Koatpy;iy. gps;isfs; jpiff;f $tfh; xU
thsp jz;zPiuf; FHpapy; Cw;wpdhh;. ge;J nkny te;jJ/ ,j;jifa Ez;zwpit $tfh;
bgw;wpUe;jhh;.
322
ePjp:
mnjg;nghy; khzth;fs; vt;tst[ Ez;zwpt[ bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mtd; tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtp bra;a Mrphpah; njit vd;gJ Rlh; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;Lnfhy; ntz;Lk; vd;w
gHbkhHpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tps';FfpwJ.
,) To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
jdp xUtdhy; rhjpf;f Koahj gy fhhpa';fisf; Tl;L Kaw;rpapdhy; btw;wp
bgwr; bra;a Koa[k; vd;gJ ,g;gHbkhHpapd; fUj;jhFk;.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
xU Chpy; gy rkaj;jhh;fs; xd;W To thH;e;J te;jhh;fs;. me;j Chpy; ey;yJ
bfl;lJ vJ ele;jhYk; xw;Wika[ld; bray;gLthh;fs;. ,g;gog; gy ehl;fs;
fHpe;Jtpl;ld. gpwF xUtUf;bfhUth; rpy fhuzj;Jf;fhf tha;r;rz;ilahfp/
ifrz;ilapy; ngha; filrpapy; capiug; gwpf;ff; Toa rz;ilahf khwptpl;lJ. ,e;jr;
braiyg; ghh;j;J gf;fj;J Ch;f;fhuh;fSk; ,th;fisj; jhH;thf epidj;jhh;fs;. ,Wjpapy;
xUtUf;bfhUth; gpur;ridapy; khl;of; bfhz;L fhty; epiyak;/ ePjpkd;wk; vd;W
ngha;/ jd;dplk; ,Uf;Fk; gzj;ij vy;yhk; tpuak; bra;J filrpapy; jd; FLk;gj;ijr;
nrhfj;Jf;Fj; js;sptpl;lhh;fs;. gpwF xt;bthU rkaj;jhUk; jd; epiyiaj; bjhpe;J
bfhz;L/ ehk; xw;Wika[ld; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; thH;f;ifapy; brk;ikia milnthk;
vd;W brhy;yp/ xw;Wika[ld; thH;e;jhh;fs;.
ePjp:
xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[ vd;w gHbkHpf;nfw;g njiu ,Gg;gjw;Fg; gy
kdpjh;fs; njit. mJnghy xUth; kl;Lk; njiu ,Gf;f KoahJ vd;gJ nghyf; To
thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ikahFk; vd;gij ,g;gHbkhHp czh;j;JfpwJ.
(my;yJ)
fly; my;yJ mUtp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ckJ brhe;jg; gilg;ghff; ftpij xd;iw
vl;L mofSf;Ff; FiwahJ gj;J mofSf;FkpfhJ vGJf.
fly;
flypd; fhl;rp ftpd;kpF fhl;rp

cyfpd; gFjpapy; bgUk;g';F khl;rp
tpiyapy;yh mHif miyapy; fhz
tpj;jfh; gyh; tpUk;gp XLfpd;whh;
cliy eidj;j ctif milfpd;whh;
323
glfpy; gazpj;J gutrk; fhz;fpd;whh;

fz;qf; bfl;oa J}uk; tiu tphpe;J
tpz;qf;Fk; Tl tpe;ij fhl;LJ fly;
mUtp
,aw;ifad;id je;j mHF mUtpna

ghtj;ijg; nghf;Fk; <rnd
kiynky; ,Ue;J kz;zpy; jht[k;
fiykhd; nghy; Js;sp tUk;
fhL fHdp jhz;o tUk;
\ypif jh';fp kUj;Jtk; bra;a[k;
kf;fs; thH tha;f;fhyhfp
tay; ts';fs; brHpf;fr; bra;a[k;.
VIII. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fmilg;g[f; FwpfSf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW tpil
vGJf. 10 x 1 = 10
23. ey;yitfSk; bfl;litfSk; gj;jphpiffspy; btspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
tpil: ey;ydt[k;/ bfl;ldt[k; gj;jphpiffspy; btspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
24. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;z brwpt[k; Xtpa bghypt[k; ek;ik fth;fpd;wd.
(njitahd ,l';fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;L vGJf)
tpil: ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; mike;j tz;zr; brwpt[k; Xtpag; bghypt[k; ek;ikf;
fth;fpd;wd.
25. thH;fj; jkpH; vd;W mtdhr; brhd;dhd; mwpe;Jr; brhy; vdf;F.
(njitaw;w ,l';fspy; mike;j ty;ypd bka;fis ePf;fp vGJf)
tpil:thH;f jkpH; vd;W mtdh brhd;dhd; mwpe;J brhy; vdf;F.
26. ,e;j br";Rhp bld;#d; epiwe;jJ.
(M';fpyr; brhw;fis ePf;fp ,dpa jkpHpy; vGJf)
tpil:,e;j E}w;whz;L kd mGj;jk; epiwe;jJ.
27. nrhW jpd;W gHk; cz;L ghy; rhg;gpl;Lg; gLj;jhd;.
(kug[ t=cr; brhw;fis ePf;fp jpUj;jkhf vGJf)
tpil:nrhW cz;L gHk; jpd;W ghy; gUfpg;gLj;jhd;.
28. guit ,iwahf gapUtiffisj; jpz;qk;.(vGj;Jg; gpiHfisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
tpil: gwit ,iwahf gapWtiffisj; jpd;Dk;.
324
29. ciy cis my;yJ Jzp Jdp

(brhw;fspd; bghUs; ntWghl;il czh;j;Jk; tifapy; thf;fpa';fspy; mikj;J
vGJf)
tpil:ciy ciyf;fsk; - vd;jha;/ tpwF mLg;gpy; ciy itj;jhs;.
cis gplhpkaph; my;yJ nrhW Fjpiuapd; cis mHfhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(my;yJ)
Jzp rPiy gUj;jpj;Jzp tpah;itia cwp";Rk; jd;ika[ilaJ.
Jdp Jd;gk; - khhp khuilg;ghy; Jdpa[w;whd; (Jd;gk;)

(bfhr;irr; brhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf)
31. re;epjpapy; rfy $d';fSk; cge;epahrk; nfl;fj; jpuz;oUe;jhh;fs;.
(tlbrhw;fis ePf;fp ey;y jkpHpy; vGJf)
tpil: nfhtpy; gpufhuj;jpy; midj;J kf;fSk; rka brhw;bghHpitf; nfl;ff;
ToapUe;jhh;fs;.
32. fk;gidf; fw;ff; fw;f mtdJ ftpij jkpHh;fs; bfhz;l ,yl;rpaj;ij czh;j;jp
mth;fsJ gz;ghl;od; cr;rj;ija[k; bjhl;LtpLjy; ekf;Fg; g[ydhfpd;wJ.
(bghUj;jkhd epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,l;blGJf)
tpil: fk;gidf; fw;ff; fw;f/ mtdJ ftpij jkpHh;fs; bfhz;l ,yl;rpaj;ij
czh;j;jp/ mth;fsJ ghz;ghl;od; cr;rj;ija[k; bjhl;LtpLjy; ekf;Fg; g[ydhfpd;wJ.
&&&&&
325

12th STD Tamil Notes of Lesson

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12th STD Tamil Notes of Lesson

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

ghujpjhrdhh; bkl;hpf; nkdpiyg; gs;sp

1 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

ghujpjhrdhh; bkl;upf; nky; epiyg;gs;sp-muf;nfhzk;

3 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

tpdhj;jhs; mikg;g[ Kiw & neug; g';fPl;L Kiw

4 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

5 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

miuahz;Lj; nju;t[ ghlg;gFjpfs;

7 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

8 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

(c) kdpj neak;

9 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

10. gHpf;Fg; gHp

,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;ly;

1. flt[s; thH;j;jhf mike;j ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}Yk;/ fsKk; ahit>

2. fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fisf; TWf.

3. fk;gd; ,aw;wpa ntWE}y;fs; ahit>

11 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

,iwtd; fjputidg; nghyg; ngbuhsp bfhz;ltdh/ epytpidg; nghd;W

12 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

11. g[ytnuW vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg; bgw;wth; --------(tuj e";irag; gps;is)

m) ,g;ghly; Mrphpah; ahh;> ------------ (tuje";irag; gps;is)

13 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

2. tuj";irag; gps;is vf;fhuz';fshy; jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtk; vd;W

14 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

I. nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.

11. te;jth; nghdth; ahiua[k; ek;gp

tpil: m) ,e;jpa ehL vd;Dila ehL vd;w vz;zj;ijf; bfhs;sntz;Lk;.

15 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

ehkf;fy; ftp"hpd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwg; nghw;Wk; tifapy; khepy muR mtiu

2. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; rpiw bry;yf;fhuzk; vd;d>

5. ehk; thoajw;Ff; fhuzk; vz;z>

16 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

,J ,e;jpa ehL. ,e;ehL v';fSf;nf chpikahd ehL vd;W ehs;njhWk;

te;jth; nghdth; ahiua[k; ek;gp

17 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

VI. gphpj;Jg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

2. ehbdd;W ehd; + vd;W

3. jpde;jpdk; - jpdk; + jpdk;

4. xd;nw + vd;dpd; - xd;nwbtd;dpd;

5. xd;nw + vd;dpd; - xd;nwbad;dpd;

19 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

13. Tw te;j bghUs; btspg;glhJ kiwthf ,Uf;f mjid czh;j;j ntbwhU

14. g[wehD}w;wpd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoath; (ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;)

1. ew;wpiz 2. FWe;bjhif 3. I';FEW}W 4. fypj;bjhif

7. gadpy;yhj KJika[ilahhplk; ehpbt+cj;jiyahh; ntz;Ltd ahit>

kPdpd; Ks;isg; nghy; btz;ikahd eiukapiua[k;/ njhy; RU';fpa

gadpd; \g;gpw; gy;rhd; wPnu

IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

VI. gphpj;J g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.

23 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd efu bky;ypdk; njhd;wp fL + e; + jpwy; -

12. mfehD}w;W kUjj; jpizg; ghly;fspd; thpir --------(6/16/26)

(tpid Kw;wpa jiykfd; njh;g;ghfw;Ff; TwpaJ)

24. fhyk; - jp';fs;

25 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

Fwp";rp btw;gd;/ Fwth;

26 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson

btsthypd; fUikahd rpwFfs; <uk; bghUe;jpa njhypidf; bfhz;lJ.

mj;jifa fhh;fhyk; te;j gpd;g[k; jk;kplk; tUtjha;f; Twpr; brd;w jiytd;

27 Bharathidhasanar Matriculation Higher Secondary School-12th std Tamil Notes of lesson