CHAPTER

1 Functions

1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram 10. Given f(x) = 2x 5 and f(x) = 10.
Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs 2x 5 = 10
Diagram (iii): Graph 15
x =
2. (a) 3 2
15
(b) 2 Therefore, the object is .
2
(c) (i) {2, 1, 1}
(ii) {3, 3, 6} 11. h(x) = sin x
(iii) {3, 3, 6} h(90) = sin 90
(d) one-to-one = 1
3. (a) many-to-one x7
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16} 12. g(x) =
5
(ii) {9, 16}
27
4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then
(a)
5
g(2) =
(a) x = 12, = |1|
(b) y = 14. = 1
(b) g(x) = 4
5. (a) one-to-many
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object x7
in set A,

= 4
5
then y = AB 9 x7 x7
= 4 or = 4
= 3 5 5
x 7 = 20 x 7 = 20
6. (a) many-to-many x = 27 x = 13
(b) Range = {d, e, f}
13. f(x) = |x 5|
7. Diagram (i): one-to-one
When x = 2,
Diagram (ii): one-to-one
f(x) = |2 5|
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has
= |7|
no image.
=7
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is
one-to-many relation. When x = 7,
Diagram (v): many-to-one f(x) = |7 5|
=2
8. (a) 5 When x 5 = 0
(b) 4 x = 5
(c) f : x x + 3 or f(x) = x + 3
When x = 0,
(d) (i) {2, 4, 5}
f(x) = 0 5
(ii) {5, 7, 8}
= 5
9. f(x) = 3x2 =5
Image for object 1 = f(1)
= 3(1)2
=3

1 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

x 2 0 5 7 When x = 3,
f(3) = 6 1
f(x) 7 5 0 2 = 5
When 2x 1 = 0,
f (x)
1
x =
7 2
5
1
x 0 3
2 2
x
f(x) 1 0 5
2 0 5 7
f (x)
Range = 0 < f(x) < 7 0 x
1 1 3
14. (a)
2
f (x)

5
f(x) = cos x f(x) = 2x 1
1
Therefore, the range of f(x) is 5 < f(x) < 0.
x
0
90 180 270 360 17. (a) f(7) = 3(7) 1
= 20
(b) When x = 120 3
(b) f(3) = 5 +
f (120) = cos 120 3
1 =6
=
2
1 18. Since the graph is a straight line,
= 30 3
2 the gradient = = , f(x)-intercept = 3
Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 1. 0 (2) 2
3
Therefore, the equation is f(x) = x + 3.
15. (a) (i) f(x) = x2 4 2
Image for object 3 = f(3) 19. (a) fg(x) = f(1 6x)
= 32 4 = 3(1 6x)
=5 = 3 18x
(ii) Image for object 4 = f(4)
= (4)2 4 (b) gf(x) = g(3x)
= 12 = 1 6(3x)
(b) (i) = 1 18x
f (x)
(c) f2(x) = ff(x)
12
= f(3x)
= 3(3x)
5 = 9x
4 (d) g2(x) = gg(x)
0
x = g(1 6x)
4 2 2 3
= 1 6(1 6x)
Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 12. = 1 6 + 36x
(ii) f(x) = 5 = 36x 5
x2 4 = 5
x2 = 9 20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 2x)
x = AB 9 = 2(x2 2x) + 3
= 3 = 2x2 4x + 3
(b) ph(x) = p(2x + 3)
16. f(x) = 2x 1
= (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3)
When x = 0,
= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 2)
f(0) = 1
= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)
= 1

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

21. (a) fg(2) = f[1 4(2)2] y2

= + 1
= f[1 16] 10
= f(15) y+8
=
15 10
= + 3
2 x+8
9 Therefore, g(x) =
= 10
2
2 25. (a) f(x) = 2x + 1
1
(b) gf(2) = g + 3
2 2 f(2) = t
= g(2) 2(2) + 1 = t
= 1 4(2)2 t = 5
= 15 (b) f1(t) = 2

22. (a) fg(x) = 4 26. (a) g1(5) = 0

f(1 3x) = 4 (b) g(r) = 8
5(1 3x) = 4 5 + 2r = 8
5 15x = 4 2r = 3
15x = 1 3
1 r =
x = 2
15 (c) Let g1(7) = x,
(b) gf(x) =
3 + x then 7 = g(x)
g(5x) =
3 + x = 5 + 2x
1 3(5x) =
3 + x 2x = 2
1 15x =
3 + x x = 1
16x =
4 Hence, g1(7) = 1
4
x =
16 27. (a) Let f1(x) = y,
1 then x = f(y)
=
4 = 2y
f2(x) =
(c) 8x + 1 x
y =
ff(x) =
8x + 1 2
x
f(5x) =
8x + 1 Hence, f1(x) =
5(5x) =
8x + 1 2
25x =
8x + 1 (b) Let g1(x) = y,
17x =
1 then x = g(y)
1 y
x = =
17 5
y = 5x
23. hg(x) = 4x2 2x + 5 Hence, g1(x) = 5x
3g(x) 1 = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) = 4x2 2x + 6 (c) Let h1(x) = y,
2 then x = h(y)
g(x) = (2x2 x + 3) = 3y + 1
3
3y = x 1
x x1
24. gh(x) = + 1 y =
2 3
x x1
g(2 + 5x) = + 1.........................1 Hence, h (x) =
1
2 3
Let 2 + 5x = y (d) Let p1(x) = y,
y2 then x = p(y)
x =
5 y
= + 1
From 1, 2
y
y2 = x 1
1
5 2
2
y = 2(x 1)
g(y) = + 1
2
Hence, p1(x) = 2(x 1)
= 2x 2

3 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

28. (a) t 3 = 0 8
n = 4 +

t = 3 3
(b) Let f1(x) = y, 20
then x = f(y) =
3
2
= 6. fg(5) = f(5 + 4)
y3
= f(9)
2
y 3 = x 9
=
2 29+3
y = x +3 9
2 =
Therefore, f1(x) = 21
x + 3, x 0 3
(c) Let g (x) = y,
1 =
7
then x = g(y)
y 7. (a) hf(3) = 2
=
y+1 (b) h1(2) = 6
x(y + 1) = y
xy + x = y 8. Let f1(x) = y,
y xy = x then x = f(y)
y(1 x) = x = 3 4y
x 4y = 3 x
y =
1x 3x
x y =
Therefore, g1(x) = , x 1 4
1x 3x
Therefore, f1(x) =
4
29. (a) The inverse function of f, f1, does not exist
Hence, f1g(x) = f1(1 + 2x)
for the domain 5 < x < 5 because f1 is a
many-to-one type of relation. 3 (1 + 2x)
=
(b) The inverse function of f, f1, exists because f1 4
is a one-to-one type of relation. 3 1 2x
=
4
2 2x
=
4
2(1 x)
1. (a) a =
4
(b) r 1x
(c) one-to-one =
2
2. (a) f(2) = 1 9. f2(x) = ff(x)
(b) g(1) = 3 = f(p qx)
(c) gf(2) = g(1) = p q(p qx)
=3 = p pq + q2x
\ f2(x) = q2x + p pq.................1
3. fg(x) = f(x2 5) Compare 1 to the f2(x) = x + 2.
= 3(x2 5) + 1
= 3x2 15 + 1 Therefore, q2 = 1
= 3x2 14 q = 1
and p pq = 2
4. (a) one-to-one
When q = 1, p p(1) = 2
(b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2
0 2
xn Therefore, q = 1 is rejected.
5. f(x) =
x
2 When q = 1, p p(1) = 2
f (4) = p + p = 2
3
2 2p = 2
4 n
= p = 1
4 3
8 Hence, p = 1 and q = 1.
4 n =
3

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 4

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

10. (a) Let p1(x) = y, (c) hg(x) = 6 5x

then x = p(y) x
=
4 2 1 2
h 1 = 6 5x.................1
y+1 x
x(y + 1) = 4 Let 1 = y,
2
4 x
y + 1 = x then = 1 + y
2
4 x = 2 + 2y................2
y = x 1
4 Therefore, 1 becomes h(y) = 6 5(2 + 2y)
Hence, p1(x) = 1, x 0 = 6 10 10y
x
4 = 4 10y
(b) p1(5) = 1 Hence, h(x) = 4 10x
5
1
=
5

11. Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y) 1
1. (a)
= p 3y 2
3y = x + p (b) x = 12 since element in set B is half of set A.
x p
y = + 2. (a) f1(15) = 3
3 3
x p (b) codomain = {10, 15, 20, 30}
\ f (x) = + ......................1
1
3 3
q 2 3. Let f(x) = y,
Compare 1 to the f1(x) = x + then x = f1(y)
2 3
q y+1
1 x =
Therefore, = 4
2 3
2 y + 1 = 4x
q = y = 4x 1
3
and p = 2 Hence, f(x) = 4x 1

12. (a) Let f1(x) = y, x

then x = f(y)
1
4. fg(x) = f + 3
2 2
x
= 4 + 5y
x4
=1+5+3 1
2 2
y = 5
5 = 1 + x + 15
x4 2
Hence, f (x) =
1
5 5
= x + 16
2
x4
1
(b) gf1(x) = g
5 2 5. gf(3) = g(5)
x 4
1

5 2 =6
= 1
2 6. (a) many-to-one
x4 (b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2
= 1
10
x 4 10 7. f(x) = 2x 2
= f (2) = 2(2) 2
10
= 6
x 14
= = 6
10
Therefore, the range is 2 < f(x) < 6.

5 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

x+5 g1(x) = y,
(ii) Let
8. h(x) =
2 then x = g(y)
h(q) = 8 y
= 1
q+5 2
= 8 y
2 = 1 x
q + 5 = 16 2
y = 2 2x
q = 11
g1(x) = 2 2x
x hg1(x) = h(2 2x)
9. fg(x) = + 7
4 = 4(2 2x) 3
x = 8 8x 3
3g(x) 1 = + 7
4 = 5 8x
x
3g(x) = + 8 (b) gh(x) = g(4x 3)
4
x 8 4x 3
= 1
g(x) = + 2
12 3
3
10. h2(x) = hh(x)
1
= 1 2x
2 2
= h(ax + b) 3
= 1 2x +
= a(ax + b) + b 2
5
= a2x + ab + b................................... 1 = 2x
2
Compare 1 with h2(x) = 4x + 9 5 4x
= ............................ 1
Therefore, a2 = 4 2

a = 2 m nx
and ab + b = 9....................................... 2 Compare gh(x) = with 1,
2
Since a . 0, Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.
hence a = 2
13.
Substitute a = 2 into 2, 2
x 1 0 4
2b + b = 9 3
3b = 9 f(x) 5 2 0 10
b = 3
f(x) = 2 3x
Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.
When x = 1,
x f(1) = 2 3(1)
1 2
11. hg(x) = h
2 = 2 + 3
x =5
1 2
=3 1
2 When x = 4,
3 f(4) = 2 12
= x 1
2 = 10
Hence, p(x) = hg(x) = 10
12. (a) (i) Let h1(x) = y, When f(x) = 0,
then x = h(y) 2 3x = 0
= 4y 3 2
x =
x+3 3
y =
4 When x = 0,
x+3 f(0) = 2 0
h (x) = 1
4 =2
2 f (x)
h1g(2) = h1 1
2 3 4 10
= h1(0)
0+3 5
=
4 2
x
3 1 0 2
= 4
4
3

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 6

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

(a) The range for 0 < x < 4 is 0 < f(x) < 10. Therefore, 1 becomes f(y) = 4(y + 3) 7
(b) When f(x) = 5 = 4y + 12 7
2 3x = 5 or 2 3x = 5 = 4y + 5
3x = 3 7 Hence, f(x) = 4x + 5
x =
x = 1 3
(b) Let f1(5) = p,
7
Therefore, the domain is 1 < x < . then 5 = f(p)
3
= 4p + 5
14. (a) f(2) = 7 p = 0
2

a + b = 7.................................... 1 Therefore, gf1(5) = g(0)
=03
f(2) = 2 = 3
2
+ b = 2.................................. 2
(c) Let g1(x) = y, and Let f1(x) = y,
a
then x = g(y) then x = f(y)
1 + 2, 2b = 9
= y 3 = 4y + 5
9
b = y = x + 3 x5
2 y =
g1(x) = x + 3 4
9 x5
Substitute b = into 1, f 1
(x) =
2 4
2 9 f1g1(x) = 2x 9

+ = 7 f (x + 3) = 2x 9
a 2
1

2 9 (x + 3) 5
= 2x 9
a = 7 2
4
14 9 x 2 = 8x 36
=
2 7x = 34
5 34
= x =
2 7
5a = 4
16. (a) f2(x) = ff(x)
4
a = x
5 1
= f
x+2 2
x 9 x
(b) f(x) = +
4 2 1

x+2 2
5 =
x
= +
5x 9 1
x+2 +22
4 2 x

Let f1(4) = p, x+2
=
then 4 = f(p) x + 2(x + 2)

5 9 x+2
= p +
4 2 x

5 9 x+2
p = 4 =
4 2 3x + 4
1
= x+2
2 x 4
= ,x
1 4 3x + 4 3
p =
2 15 2 1 2
(b) Let f1(x) = y,
2
= then x = f(y)
5
y
2
Hence, f1(4) = =
5 y+2
x(y + 2) = y
15. (a) fg(x) = 4x 7 xy + 2x = y
f(x 3) = 4x 7........................... 1 y xy = 2x
Let x 3 = y, y(1 x) = 2x
then x = y + 3 2x
y =
1x
2x
Hence, f1(x) = , x 1
1x
7 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

17. (a) f(x) = x Hence, f30(x) = x 2 30

x2 3x = x = x 60
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0, 4
(b) f(x) = 2g(x)
1. f(x) = |1 x|, 0 < x < 2
x2 3x = 2x2 + 2
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x 0 1 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0
f(x) 1 0 1
x = 1, 2
f(x)
x+1
18. (a) f(x) =
2
f(r) = 4
r+1 1
= 4
2
r + 1 = 8 x
0
r = 7 1 2

g(4) = p
(b)
4 = g1(p) f(x) = 7 3x, 2 , x < 3
p
4 = + 5 7

4 x 3
p 3

4 = 1 f(x) 0 2
p = 4
f(x)
(c) Let g(x) = y,
then x = g1(y) x
y 0 7 3
= 4 +5

3
y
4 = x 5
2

y = 4x 20
g(x) = 4x 20
When f(x) = 0,
x+1 7 3x = 0
gf(x) = g 1
2 2 x =
7
x + 1 3
1
= 4 20
2 2 The graph of the function is
= 2(x + 1) 20 f(x)
= 2x + 2 20
= 2x 18 1

x
19. (a) f(x) , 8 0 1 27 3

x 5 + 1 , 8 1 3
x 5 , 7 2
7 , x 5 , 7
7 + 5 , x , 7 + 5
Therefore, the range is 2 < f(x) < 1.
2 , x , 12
(b) (i) f2(x) = ff(x) 2. f(x) = 2x + 1
= f(x 2) f 2(x) = ff(x)
= (x 2) 2 = f(2x + 1)
= x 4 = 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3
(ii) f3(x) = f2f(x)
= f2(x 2) f 3(x) = ff2(x)
= (x 2) 4 = f(4x + 3)
= x 6 = 2(4x + 3) + 1
= 8x + 7

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 8

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

f 4(x) = f2f2(x) 4x 3
Compare to f1(x) =
= f2(4x + 3) x2
= 4(4x + 3) + 3 (4x + 3)
=
= 16x + 15 (2 x)
Therefore, fn(x) = 2nx + 2n 1 4x + 3
=
2x
3. Since f2(x) = 4x + 9 is a linear function. Hence, a = 2, b = 3

Let f(x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants. f (x) = 3x

f (x) = ff(x)
2 2x 3
= 3x
= f(ax + b) x+4
= a(ax + b) + b 2x 3 = 3x2 + 12x
= a2x + ab + b 3x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
Compare to f2(x) = 4x + 9 3x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
a2 = 4 and ab + b = 9 1 or
x = x = 3
a = 2 3
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9 6. g(1) = 5
3b = 9 5
= 5
b = 3 1 b(1)
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9 5 = 5(1 b)
b = 9 1 b = 1
b = 9 b = 2

Therefore, the possible expressions are f(x) = 2x + 3 f(1) = 5

or f(x) = 2x 9. a(1) + b = 5
a + 2 = 5
4. f(x) = px q a = 3
Given f(4) = 5 5
4p q = 5...................................... 1 Therefore, g(y) = and f(y) = 3y + 2
1 2y
Given f1(9) = 6 Function which maps z onto x is
9 = f(6) z2 z2
9 = 6p q 1
gf1(z) = g
3 2 f1(z) =
3
6p q = 9................................. 2
5
=
2 1, 2p = 4 z2
p = 2 1
1 2
3 2
5
Substitute p = 2 into 2, =
6(2) q = 9 3 2z + 4

q = 12 9 3
= 3 15 7
= , z
7 2z 2
5. Let f1(x) = y,
then x = f(y) 7. (a) f(x) = 1 2x
ay b x1
= f 1(x) =
y+4 2
xy + 4x = ay b 1x
=
ay xy = 4x + b 2
y(a x) = 4x + b g(x) = 4 + x
4x + b g1(x) = x 4
y = ax
4x + b
Therefore, f (x) =
1
ax

9 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

1x When fg = gf
1
g1f1(x) = g1
22 2a + abx 1 = 2 + abx b
1x 2a 1 + abx = 2 b + abx
= 4 \ 2a 1 = 2 b
2
1x8 2a + b = 3
=
2
12. f2(x) = ff(x)
x 7
= x
2 1
= f
x3 2
(b) gf(x) = g(1 2x) x

= 4 + (1 2x) x3
=
x
= 5 2x 3
Let (gf)1(x) = y, x3
x
then gf(y) = x
x3
5 2y = x =
2y = x 5 x 3(x 3)

5x x3
y = x
2
5x x3
Therefore, (gf)1(x) = =
2 x 3x + 9

x3
8. hg(x2) = 41 x
=
h(3x2 2) = 41 9 2x
4(3x2 2) + 1 = 41 Let f1(x) = y,
4(3x2 2) = 40 then x = f(y)
3x2 2 = 10 y
3x2 = 12 =
y3
x2 = 4 xy 3x = y
x = 2 xy y = 3x
y(x 1) = 3x
9. gf(x) = g(x 3) 3x
= a(x 3)2 b y =
x1
= a(x2 6x + 9) b 3x
= ax2 6ax + 9a b Therefore, f1(x) =
x1
Given gf(x) = 2x2 12x + 13 When f2(x) = f1(x)
Therefore, a = 2 x 3x
=
9a b = 13 9 2x x1
9(2) b = 13 x(x 1) = 3x(9 2x)
18 b = 13 x2 x = 27x 6x2
b = 5 7x 28x = 0
2

7x(x 4) = 0
10. gf(x) = x2 4x + 8 x = 0 or x 4 = 0
g(x 2) = x2 4x + 8 x = 4
= (x 2)2 4 + 8
g(y) = y2 + 4 13. f(x) = x
Therefore, g(x) = x2 + 4 2x 1
= x
x+3
11. fg(x) = f(2 + bx) 2x 1 = x2 + 3x
= a(2 + bx) 1 x2 + x + 1 = 0
= 2a + abx 1
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1)
gf(x) = g(ax 1) =14
= 2 + b(ax 1) = 3 , 0
= 2 + abx b Hence, f(x) = x has no real root.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

14. gf(x) = g(2x 1) y

4
= y = g(x)
a(2x 1) b 7
11
4 y = f(x)
= 2
2ax a b 7

2
4
2
2 1
= x
2ax a b 0 1
3 4
2
2
2
= x 7
a+b (b) + = 1 2x
ax 12 2 2 2
x + 7 = 2 4x
2 5x = 5
Compare to given gf(x) = ,
3x 1 x = 1
a + b = 1
a = 3 and
2 x 7
+ =
(1 2x)
3 + b = 1 2 2
= 1 + 2x
2
x + 7 = 2 + 4x
3 + b = 2
3x = 9
b = 1
x = 3
15. y = h(x) x 7
For + > |1 2x|, 1 < x < 3.
y = x2 + 3 2 2
y = fg(x)
= f(x + 1) 17. (a) y = f(x)
= 3(x + 1) = |x2 4|
= 3x + 3 x 4 2 0 2 4
y
f(x) 12 0 4 0 12
y = fg(x)
f(x)
y = h(x)
3
y = f(x)
x 12
1 0

The number of solutions for h(x) = fg(x) is two.

4
16. (a) y = f(x) 1 y = g(x)
x 7 x
=+ 4 2 0 2 4
2 2

x 3 0 4
7 11 (b) |x2 4| 1 , 0
f(x) 2 |x2 4| , 1
2 2
x2 4 = 1
y = g(x)
x2 = 5
= |1 2x|
x = AB 5
1
x 3 0 4 x2 4 = 1

2
x2 = 3
g(x) 7 1 0 7
x = AB3
For |x2 4| 1 < 0,
AB
5 , x , AB
3, AB
3 , x , AB
5

11 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.