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Immunization
Active (vaccination)
Passive
Adoptive
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History of vaccination
On 14th May 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox-infected material obtained from the hand of Sarah Nemes, a
milkmaid from his home village of Berkley in Gloucestershire to successfully vaccinate 8 year old James Phipps. On
1st July 1796, Jenner challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating him with material from a real case of smallpox.
The boy did not become infected!
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Vaccination
the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases
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Vaccination
mimic the course of immune response to infection without
establisment of infection
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Vaccination
induce immunological memory
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Types of vaccine: safety and efficacy
Live vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines
Inactivated (killed vaccines)
Cellular fraction vaccines
Toxoids (inactivated toxins)
Recombinant vaccines
DNA vaccines
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Attenuated vaccine
Virus attenuation by
recombinant DNA techniques
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Conjugate Vaccines
Polysaccharide antigens
are poorly immunogenic
Capsular polysaccharide is
linked to tetanus toxoid
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H. Influenzae type b
(Hib) conjugated
vaccine
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Adjuvant
Chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity
Induce antigen phagocytosis
By converting form of antigen from suluble to
particulate
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Routes of administration
Oral route
Oral polio vaccine, oral BCG vaccine
Intranasal route
live attenuated influenza vaccine
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Scheme of vaccination
Primary vaccination
Booster vaccination
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Scheme of vaccination
Primary vaccination
Booster vaccination
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The desired response to vaccination is
protection from clinical disease
http://www.suite101.com/autism http://nutritionaltherapybathandbristol.co.uk/benefits-of-nutritional-therapy/
Herd Immunity
protection in large population by limiting the spread of infection
occurs when vaccination spreads >80%
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Children from developing countries are less responsive to
standard childhood vaccines than children from
developed countries
Patriarca PA, Wright PF, John TJ (1991) Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries:
review. Rev Infect Dis 13: 926939.
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Host factors determine vaccine efficacy
Race/ethnicity Demographic and Preexisting antibody
Genetic Factors Patient Characteristics intervention
HLA type Maternal antibodies
Age Immunity to vaccine
Other immune response
genes
Gender vectors
Life style
Smoking Comorbid diseases
Nutritional status Autoimmune conditionsSLE, RA, etc
Exercise HIV
Stress Renal failure
Liver failure
Parasitic infections
Medications Malnutrition?
Obesity?
Environment Micronutrient
Geographic location supplementation?
UV light exposure
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Function of vaccination
Preventive Therapeutic
Insurance possible Insurance difficult Impossible
(Early) therapeutic = Late stage preventive
THANK YOU
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