Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTE Physical-Layer Overview: Peter Wang
LTE Physical-Layer Overview: Peter Wang
Peter Wang
UL
Cell search: UE acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
the cell ID
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel)
signals.
P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio
frame (10 ms) for FDD
Cell search procedure
5 ms timing identified using P-SCH
Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH
Full cell ID found from DL RS
Decode BCH
UE Measurements (1/4)
In cellular networks, when a mobile moves from cell to cell and performs cell
selection/reselection and handover, it has to measure the signal strength/quality of
the neighbor cells.
In UMTS, a UE measures Carrier RSSI, CPICH RSCP, and CPICH Ec/No on preamble.
In LTE network, a UE measures two parameters on reference signal: RSRP (Reference
Signal Received Power) and RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality).
UE Measurements (2/4)
3GPP TS 36.214 V9.2.0
Definition Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over
the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-
specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency
bandwidth.
For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 according TS
36.211 [3] shall be used. If the UE can reliably detect that R1 is available it may
use R1 in addition to R0 to determine RSRP.
The reference point for the RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches.
diversity branches.
Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-
UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI
measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear
average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols
containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement
bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources,
including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel
interference, thermal noise etc.
The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches.
Applicable for RRC_IDLE intra-frequency,
RRC_IDLE inter-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
UE Measurements (4/4)
For example, assume that only reference signals are transmitted in a
resource block, and that data and noise and interference are not considered.
In this case RSRQ is equal to (1/2) or -3 dB. If reference signals and
subcarriers carrying data are equally powered, the ratio corresponds to
(1/12) or -10.79 dB.
RSRQ is not suitable for LTE measurement. We use RSRP and s/Iot measurement defined in TS
36.133 to determine the intra frequency cell delectability.
An intra frequency cell is considered to be detectable if: RSRP|dBm > -124 dBm for Bands 1, 4, 6,
10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and RSRP s/Iot -4 dB,).
s: Received energy per RE (power normalized to the subcarrier spacing) during the useful part of the symbol,
i.e. excluding the cyclic prefix, at the UE antenna connector.
Iot: The received power spectral density of the total noise and interference for a certain RE
(power integrated over the RE and normalized to the subcarrier spacing)
as measured at the UE antenna connector.
CPICH RSCP: Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH.
UMTS FDD carrier RSSI: The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver,
within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter.
CPICH_Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. If receiver diversity is not in use
by the UE,
the CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI.
Reference Signal with 6 frequency-shift
predefined pattern
D F E
A F E A
C B C
A B
D C B D
F E F E
D
A F E
A
C B C B
A
C B D
F E
Conclusions
= 100800 bits
* If 4x4 MIMO is used, then the peak data rate would be 4 x 100.8 Mbps = 403 Mbps.
* If 3/4 coding is used to protect the data, we still get 0.75 x 403 Mbps = 302 Mbps as data rate.
3G LTE specification overview (1/2)
LTE can be seen for provide a further evolution of functionality, increased speeds
and general improved performance.
WCDMA HSPA
HSPA+ LTE
(UMTS) HSDPA / HSUPA
Max downlink
speed 384 k 14 M 28 M 100M
bps
Latency
round trip time 150 ms 100 ms 50ms (max) ~10 ms
approx
OFDMA (Downlink)
Access schemes
SC-FDMA (Uplink)
Modulation types supported QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and downlink)
OFDM offers distinct advantages compared to
the CDMA technology
When compared to the CDMA technology upon which UMTS is based,
OFDM offers a number of distinct advantages:
OFDM can easily be scaled up to wide channels that are more resistant
to fading.
OFDM channel equalizers are much simpler to implement than are
CDMA equalizers, as the OFDM signal is represented in the frequency
domain rather than the time domain.
OFDM can be made completely resistant to multi-path delay spread. This
is possible because the long symbols used for OFDM can be separated
by a guard interval known as the cyclic prefix (CP). The CP is a copy of
the end of a symbol inserted at the beginning. By sampling the received
signal at the optimum time, the receiver can remove the time domain
interference between adjacent symbols caused by multi-path delay
spread in the radio channel.
OFDM is better suited to MIMO. The frequency domain representation of
the signal enables easy precoding to match the signal to the frequency
and phase characteristics of the multi-path radio channel.
OFDM does have some disadvantages
3. SIB2 contains radio resource configuration information common for all UEs, including:
The uplink carrier frequency and the uplink channel bandwidth (in terms of the number of
Resource Blocks, for example n25, n50)
The Random Access Channel (RACH) configuration, which helps a UE start the random access
procedure, such as preamble information, transmit time in terms of frame and subframe number
(prach-ConfigInfo), and powerRampingParameters which indicates the initial Tx power and
ramping step.
The paging configuration, such as the paging cycle
The uplink power control configuration, such as P0-NominalPUSCH/PUCCH
The Sounding Reference Signal configuration
The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) configuration to support the transmission of
ACK/NACK, scheduling requests, and CQI reports
The Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) configuration, such as hopping
LTE system information (3/3)
4. SIB3 contains information common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and/or inter-RAT
cell reselection. This information does not necessarily apply to all scenarios; please refer to
3GPP TS 36.304 for the details. The basic parameters include:
s-IntraSearch: the threshold for starting intra-frequency measurement. When s-ServingCell
(i.e., cell selection criterion for serving cell) is higher than s-IntraSearch, the UE may choose
not to perform measurement in order to save battery life.
s-NonIntraSearch: the threshold for starting inter-frequency and IRAT measurements
q-RxLevMin: the minimum required Rx level in the cell
Cell reselection priority: the absolute frequency priority for E-UTRAN or UTRAN or GERAN or
CDMA2000 HRPD or CDMA2000 1xRTT
q-Hyst: the hysteresis value used for calculating the cell-ranking criteria for the serving cell,
based on RSRP.
t-ReselectionEUTRA: the cell reselection timer value for EUTRA. t-ReselectionEUTRA and q-
Hyst can be configured to trigger cell reselection sooner or later.
5. SIB4 contains the intra-frequency neighboring cell information for Intra-LTE intra-
frequency cell reselection, such as neighbor cell list, black cell list, and Physical Cell Identities
(PCIs) for Closed Subscriber Group (CSG). CSG can be used to support Home eNBs.
6. SIB5 contains the neighbor cell related information for Intra-LTE inter-frequency cell-
reselection, such as neighbor cell list, carrier frequency, cell reselection priority, threshold used
by the UE when reselecting a higher/lower priority frequency than the current serving
frequency, etc.
(Note that 3GPP states that LTE neighbor cell search is feasible without providing an explicit
neighbor list. Since the UE can do blind detection of neighbor cells in LTE, the broadcast of LTE
neighbor cells is optional.)
RSRQ reporting range and RSRQ relationship to Es/Iot