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P-752 Unit6 PDF
P-752 Unit6 PDF
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 1
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Moment resisting frames
Braced frames
Other topics
Summary
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 2
Steel Design: Context in Provisions
Design basis: Strength limit state
Using the 2009 NEHRP Recommended Provisions,
Refer to ASCE 7 2005:
Seismic Design Criteria Chap. 11
Seismic Design Requirements
Buildings Chap. 12
Nonstructural components Chap. 13
Design of steel structures Chap. 14
AISC Seismic
and others
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 3
Seismic Resisting Systems
Unbraced Frames
Connections are:
Fully Restrained Moment-resisting
Partially Restrained Moment-resisting
Seismic classes are:
Special Moment Frames
Intermediate Moment Frames
Ordinary Moment Frames
Systems not specifically detailed for seismic response
Braced Frames
Ordinary Concentric Braced Frames
Special Concentric Braced Frames
Eccentrically Braced Frames
Buckling Restrained Braced Frames
Special Plate Shear Walls
Systems not specifically detailed for seismic response
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 4
Monotonic Stress-Strain Behavior
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 5
Bending of Steel Beam
Strain Stress
y < < sh y
u
Section near plastic
sh y
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 6
Plastic Hinge Formation
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 7
Cross - section Ductility
M Moment-Curvature Diagram
Mp
My
u u u
=
y y y
y y u
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 8
Behavior Modes For Beams
Moment
strain hardening
B
Mp D J idealized behavior
F E
H K C
A inelastic LTB G
Mr
I
elastic LTB
L
M
O Deflection
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 9
Flexural Ductility of Steel Members
Practical Limits
1 Lateral torsional buckling
Brace well
2 Local buckling
Limit width-to-thickness ratios
for compression elements
3 Fracture
Avoid by proper detailing
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 10
Local and Lateral Buckling
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 11
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Resisting
moment u
A E
Mp B L
buckling
My with
strain-
hardening inelastic buckling C
Me
elastic buckling D
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 12
Local Buckling
b Classical plate buckling solution:
k 2 E
t cr = y
12(1 )(b / t )
2 2
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 13
Local Buckling
continued
With the plate buckling coefficient, K, taken as 0.7 and an
adjustment for residual stresses, the expression for b/t becomes:
b E
0.38
t Fy
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 14
Welded Beam to Column Laboratory Test - 1960s
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 15
Bolted Beam to Column Laboratory Test - 1960s
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 16
Pre-Northridge Standard
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 17
Following the 1994 Northridge
earthquake, numerous failures
of steel beam-to-column
moment connections were
identified. This led to a
multiyear, multimillion dollar
FEMA-funded problem-focused
study undertaken by the SAC
Joint Venture. The failures
caused a fundamental
rethinking of the design of
seismic resistant steel moment
connections.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 18
Bottom Flange Weld Fracture
Propagating Through Column Flange and Web
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 19
Beam Bottom Flange Weld Fracture
Causing a Column Divot Fracture
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 20
Northridge Failure
Beam
Crack through weld web
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 21
Northridge Failure
Beam flange
Column and web
flange
Backup bar
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 22
Northridge Failures
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 23
Flexural Mechanics at a Joint
2
2
11
1 2
Cross Sections
Fw Fy
1
2
Fy
Fw
Beam Moment Fw Z1 > Fy Z 2
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 24
Welded Steel Frames
Northridge showed serious flaws. Problems
correlated with:
- Weld material, detail concept and workmanship
- Beam yield strength and size
- Panel zone yield
Repairs and new design
- Move yield away from column face
(cover plates, haunches, reduced beam section)
- Verify through tests
SAC Project: FEMA Publications 350 through 354
AISC 358
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 25
Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Test Specimen
SAC Joint Venture
)m-NM( tn em oM
2
0
-2
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4
Plastic Rotation (% rad)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 26
T-stub Beam-Column Test
SAC Joint Venture
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 27
T-Stub Failure Mechanisms
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 28
T-Stub Connection Moment Rotation Plot
FS-03 Moment-Rotation
7000
6000 700
5000 600
500
4000
400
3000 300
Moment (kN-m)
2000
Moment (k-in.)
200
1000 100
0 0
-1000 -100
-2000 -200
-3000 -300
-400
-4000
-500
-5000 -600
-6000 -700
-7000
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
Rotation (rad)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 29
Extended Moment End-Plate Connection Results
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 30
Extended Moment End-Plate Connection Results
25000 25000
20000 20000
Moment at Column Centerline (in-kips)
10000 10000
5000 5000
0 0
-5000 -5000
-10000 -10000
-15000 -15000
-20000 -20000
-25000 -25000
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Total Rotation (rad) Total Plastic Rotation (rad)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 31
Ductility of Steel Frame Joints
Limit States
Welded Joints
- Brittle fracture of weld
- Lamellar tearing of base metal
- Joint design, testing, and inspection
Bolted Joints
- Fracture at net cross-section
- Excessive slip
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 33
Flexural Ductility
Effect of Axial Load
P M pc
e=
=
0 =
1.0
Py Mp L
= 7.0
rx
W12x36
P M pc
= = 0.55
e 5.10" = 0.57
Py Mp
P M pc
= = 0.76
e 1.75" = 0.28
Py Mp
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 34
Axial Strut
Laboratory test
L
= 45
r
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 35
Cross Braced Frame
Laboratory test
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 36
Tension Rod (Counter) Bracing
Conceptual Behavior
H
H
Slapback
For cycle 2
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 37
Eccentrically Braced Frame
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 38
Eccentrically Braced Frame
Lab test of link
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 39
Steel Behavior Summary
Ductility
- Material inherently ductile
- Ductility of structure < ductility of member
< ductility of material
- Achieved through detailing
Damping
- Welded structures have low damping
- More damping in bolted structures due
to slip at connections
- Primary energy absorption is yielding of
members
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 40
Steel Behavior Summary
Buckling
- Most common steel failure under earthquake loads
- Usually not ductile
- Local buckling of portion of member
- Global buckling of member
Fracture
- Nonductile failure mode under earthquake loads
- Heavy welded connections susceptible
- Net section rupture
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 41
NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Steel Design
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 42
Steel Design Specifications
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 43
Using Reference Standards
Structural Steel
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 44
Cold Formed Steel Standard
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 45
Other Steel Members
Steel Joist Institute
Standard Specifications, 2002
Steel Cables
ASCE 19-1996
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 46
NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Steel Design
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Moment resisting frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 47
Steel Moment Frame Joints
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 48
Steel Moment Frame Joints
a+b
Mu M p
b
Fy* = R y Fy
a+b 1
Fu Fy* Z 1.7 Fy*
b Af d
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 49
Panel Zones
Special and intermediate moment frame:
Shear strength demand:
Basic load combination
or
RyMp of beams
Shear capacity equation
Thickness (for buckling)
Use of doubler plates (not
economical, try to increase col.
size instead)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 50
Steel Moment Frames
Beam shear: 1.1RyMp + gravity
Beam local buckling
- Smaller b/t than for plastic design
Continuity plates in joint per tests
Strong column - weak beam rule
- Prevent column yield except in panel zone
- Exceptions: Low axial load, strong stories, top
story, and non-SFRS columns
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 51
Steel Moment Frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 52
Prequalified Connections
ANSI/AISC 358-05, Prequalified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications
- Reduced Beam Section Connections
- Bolted Stiffened and Unstiffened Extended Moment End Plate
Connections
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 53
Reduced Beam Section (RBS)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 54
Extended End Plate
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 55
Welded Flange Plates
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 56
Excellent Moment Frame Behavior
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 57
Excellent Moment Frame Behavior
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 58
Excellent Moment Frame Behavior
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 59
Special Moment Frames
Seven Story Office Building, Los Angeles
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 60
Special Moment Frame Example
Structural Materials:
Concrete (all floors) = 3.0 ksi lightweight
Other Concrete = 4.0 ksi normal weight
Steel:
Wide Flange Sections= ASTM A992 Grade 50
HSS= ASTM A500 Grade B
Plates= ASTM A36
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 61
Special Moment Frames
Plan of Building
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 62
Special Moment Frames
Elevation of Building
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 63
Special Moment Frames
Perimeter Moment Frames with RBS
7 at 25'-0"
5 at 25'-0"
N
System Designed
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 64
Special Moment Frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 65
Special Moment Frames
Building Weight:
Penthouse Roof = 94 kips
Lower Roof = 1,537 kips
Typical Floor = 1,920 kips
Total = 94 + 1,537 + 6(1,920) = 13,151 kips
Building Period:
Ta=Cthnx =(0.028) (102.3)0.8 = 1.14 sec.
T=CuTa = (1.4)(1.14)=1.596 sec.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 66
Special Moment Frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 67
SMF Example Preliminary Member Sizes
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 68
SMF Example Check Member Local Stability
f b
Check beam flange: = 6.01
(W33x141 A992) 2t f bf
E tf
Upper limit: 0.3 = 7.22 OK
Fy
tw
hc
hc
Check beam web: = 49.6
tw
E
Upper limit: 2.45 = 59.0 OK
Fy
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 69
SMF Example RBS Details
a=0.625bf
b=0.75db
c=0.20bf
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 70
SMF Example Check Deflection and Drift
The frame was checked for an allowable story drift limit of
0.020hsx. All stories in the building met the limit. Note that the
NEHRP Recommended Provisions Sec. 4.3.2.3 requires the
following check for vertical irregularity:
Cd x , story 2
=
(1.2 )
= 0.67 < 1.3
Cd x , story 3 (1.8)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 71
SMF Example Check Deflection and Drift
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 72
SMF Example Check Torsional Amplification
The torsional amplification factor is given below. If Ax < 1.0
then torsional amplification is not required. From the
expression it is apparent that if max / avg is less than 1.2,
then torsional amplification will not be required.
2
max
Ax =
1.2 avg
The 3D analysis results, as shown in FEMA P-751,
indicate that none of the max / avg ratios exceed 1.2;
therefore, torsional amplification is not required.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 73
SMF Example Member Design NEHRP Guide
Member Design Considerations - Because Pu/Pn is
typically less than 0.4 for the columns, combinations
involving 0 factors do not come into play for the
special steel moment frames (re: AISC Seismic Sec.
8.3). In sizing columns (and beams) for strength one
should satisfy the most severe value from interaction
equations. However, the frame in this example is
controlled by drift. So, with both strength and drift
requirements satisfied, we will check the column-
beam moment ratio and the panel zone shear.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 74
SMF Example Column-Beam Moment Ratio
Per AISC Seismic Sec. 9.6 M *pc
> 1.0
M *pb
where M*pc = the sum of the moments in the column above and
below the joint at the intersection of the beam and column
centerlines. M*pc is determined by summing the projections of the
nominal flexural strengths of the columns above and below the
joint to the beam centerline with a reduction for the axial force in
the column.
M*pb = the sum of the moments in the beams at the intersection of
the beam and column centerlines.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 75
SMF Example Column-Beam Moment Ratio
Column W24x146; beam W21x73
M *pc
= Z c Fyc
Puc
+
(M BF i
+ M BF i +1
) d b
A hc 2
g
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 76
SMF Example Column-Beam Moment Ratio
For beams:
d c
M *
pb = M pr + Ve S h +
2
= 17749 in. - kips
where
Mpr=CprRyFy Ze
Ze = effective Z (RBS)
Ve= 2 Mpr / L
Sh= dist. from col. centerline to plastic hinge
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 77
SMF Example Column-Beam Moment Ratio
M *
39400 in. - kips
Ratio = = = 2.22 > 1.0
pc
M *
pb 17749 in. - kips
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 78
SMF Example Panel Zone Check
The 2005 AISC Seismic specification is used to check the panel zone strength. Note
that FEMA 350 contains a different methodology, but only the most recent AISC
provisions will be used. From analysis shown in the NEHRP Design Examples volume
(FEMA 451), the factored strength that the panel zone at Story 2 of the frame in the
EW direction must resist is 794 kips. The shear transmitted to the joint from the story
above, Vc, opposes the direction of Ru and may be used to reduce the demand.
Previously calculated, this is 102 kips at this location. Thus the frame Ru = 794 102 =
692 kips.
3bcf tcf2
Rn = 0.60 Fy d c t w 1 +
ddt
b c w
= 547 kips
Since v = 1, vRb = 547 kips, which is less than the required resistance, 692 kips.
Therefore, doubler plates are required. The required additional strength from the
doubler plates is 692 547 = 145 kips. The plates must be at least thick as the
strength of the double plates is:
v Rn = 0.6t doub d c Fy
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 79
SMF Example Connection Configuration
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 80
SMF Example Connection Configuration
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 81
Special Moment Frames
Summary
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 82
NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Steel Design
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Seismic design category requirement
Moment resisting frames
Braced frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 83
Concentrically Braced Frames
Basic Configurations
X Diagonal K
Inverted V V K
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 84
Braced Frame Under
Construction
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 85
Braced Frame Under Construction
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 86
Concentrically Braced Frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 87
Concentrically Braced Frames
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 88
Concentrically Braced Frames
Special and Ordinary
Bracing members:
- Compression capacity = cPn
- Width / thickness limits
Generally compact
Angles, tubes and pipes very compact
KL E
- Overall <4 < 200 for SCBF
r Fy
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 89
Concentrically Braced Frames
Special concentrically braced frames
Brace connections
Axial tensile strength > smallest of:
Axial tension strength = RyFyAg
Maximum load effect that can be transmitted to
brace by system
Axial compressive strength 1.1RyPn, where Pn is the
nominal compressive strength of the brace.
Flexural strength > 1.1RyMp or rotate to permit
brace buckling while resisting AgFCR
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 90
Concentrically Braced Frames
V bracing:
Design beam for D + L + unbalanced brace forces,
using 0.3Pc for compression and RyFyAg in tension
Laterally brace the beam
Beams between columns must be continuous
K bracing:
Not permitted
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 91
Concentrically Braced Frames
Built-up member stitches:
Spacing < 40% KL/r
No bolts in middle quarter of span
Minimum strengths related to Py
Column in CBF:
Same local buckling rules as brace members
Splices resist moments
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 92
Special Concentrically Braced Frame Example
Seven Story Office Building, Los Angeles
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 93
Concentrically Braced Frame Example
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 94
E-W Direction Framing
and Preliminary Member Sizes
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 95
N-S Direction Framing
and Preliminary Member Sizes
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 96
CBF Example
Building Weight:
Penthouse Roof = 94 kips
Lower Roof = 1,537 kips
Typical Floor = 1,920 kips
Total = 94 + 1,537 + 6(1,920) = 13,151 kips
Building Period:
Ta=Cthnx =(0.02) (102.3)0.75 = 0.64 sec.
T=CuTa = (1.4)(0.64)=0.896 sec.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 97
CBFF Example Check Deflection and Drift
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 98
CBF Example Connection Detail
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 99
Eccentrically Braced Frames
Link
Brace
Beam
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 100
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
(BRBFs)
Type of concentrically braced frame
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 101
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
(BRBFs)
Buckling- Restrained
Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing
Casing
Steel Core
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 102
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
(BRBFs)
Buckling-
A
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
A
Casing
Section A-A
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 103
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
(BRBFs)
P P
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 104
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
(BRBFs)
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing
Steel Core
Yielding Segment
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 105
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
Py Conventional Brace:
yields in tension
(ductile)
buckles in compression
(nonductile)
significantly different
PCR
strength in tension and
compression
P
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 106
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading
P
Py Buckling-Restrained Brace:
yields in tension (ductile)
yields in compression
(ductile)
similar strength in tension
and compression (slightly
PCR
stronger in compression)
Py
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 107
Bracing Configurations for BRBFs
R=8
Plan View 3rd Level (roof of podium, base of tower)
ASCE 7 2005
Indicates extent of tower floorplate (above)
AISC Seismic 2005
Indicates bay of BRBs in tower (above)
Indicates bay of BRBs in podium (below)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 109
Base Shear
Hazard
V Sds = 0.859
Sd1 = 0.433
Ta = 1.32 sec.
V = 0.057 W
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 110
Load Combinations
Basic Special (Amplified Seismic Load)
1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + E 1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + Em
0.9D E 0.9D Em
f1 = 0.5
E = QE + 0.2SDS D Em = o QE + 0.2SDS D
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 111
Vertical Distribution of Forces
Story Story
Diaphragm Brace % of Total
Force Shear
Level Level Base Shear
(kips) (kips)
Roof 210 10 210 24%
10 152 9 362 42%
9 126 8 488 56%
8 102 7 590 68%
7 80 6 670 77%
6 60 5 730 84%
5 43 4 772 89%
4 28 3 800 92%
3 51 2 851 98%
2 14 1 865 100%
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 112
Preliminary Design of Braces
F
Pu Design braces
Asc = precisely to
Fy calculated capacity
(Pu = Pn = FyAsc)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 113
BRB Design Gridline D
Brace Brace Required Provided
Brace
Angle Force Pu Core Core
Level
(deg) (kips) Area Asc Area Asc
10 26.6 142 4.21 4.5
9 45.0 126 3.71 4.0
8 45.0 133 3.98 4.0
7 45.0 141 4.12 4.5
6 45.0 151 4.42 4.5
5 45.0 170 5.12 5.5
4 45.0 197 5.70 6.0
3 45.0 210 6.26 6.5
2 50.1 187 5.76 6.0
1 50.1 195 6.81 7.0
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 114
NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Steel Design
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Moment resisting frames
Braced frames
Other topics
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 115
Special Truss Moment Frame
Buckling and
yielding in special
section
Design to be elastic
outside special
section
Deforms similar to
EBF
Special panels to
be symmetric X or
Vierendeel
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 116
Special Truss Moment Frame
Geometric Limits:
L 65' d 6'
Ls
0.1 < < 0.5
L
2 Lp 3
< <
3 d 2
b
Flat bar diagonals, 2.5
t
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Special Truss Moment Frame
2 M pc
V p = 2 + sin ( Pnt + 0.3 Pcd )
Ls
F h = V
i i p L
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Special Truss Moment Frame
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Special Truss Moment Frame
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General Seismic Detailing
Materials:
Limit to lower strengths and higher ductilities
Bolted Joints:
Fully tensioned high strength bolts
Limit on bearing
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General Seismic Detailing
Welded Joints:
AWS requirements for welding procedure specs
Filler metal toughness
CVN > 20 ft-lb @ -20F, or AISC Seismic App. X
Warning on discontinuities, tack welds, run offs,
gouges, etc.
Columns:
Strength using o if Pu / Pn > 0.4
Splices: Requirements on partial pen welds and
fillet welds
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Steel Diaphragm
Example
Vn = (approved strength)
= 0.6
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Steel Deck Diaphragm
Example
L = =
L 80' d 40'
w=
D w=
L 0 w=
E 500 plf
d wE L 20000
=
VE = 20 kip; =
vE = 500 plf
VE VE 2 40
wE vE 500
= =
vSDI = 417 plf
2 2 ( 0.6 )
Deck chosen:
1, 22 gage with welds on 36/5 pattern and 3
sidelap fasteners, spanning 5-0
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Shear Stud Strength - AISC 2005 Specification
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Shear Studs Group Adjustment Factor
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Shear Studs Position Adjustment Factor
No Deck Deck
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Shear Studs Strength Calculation Model
Comparison
35
30 S Studs
2S Studs Virginia Tech strength model
Experimental Stud Strength, Qe (k)
25 W Studs
Qe=QN
20
25
20
10
15
5
Qe=Qsc
0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
AISC Predicted Stud Strength, QN (k)
5
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Shear Studs Diaphragm Applications
Shear studs are often used along diaphragm collector
members to transfer the shear from the slab into the
frame. The shear stud calculation model in the 2005
AISC specification can be used to compute the
nominal shear strengths. A strength reduction factor
should be used when comparing these values to the
factored shear. There is no code- established value
for the strength reduction factor. A value of 0.8 is
recommended pending further development.
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Inspection and Testing
Inspection Requirements
Welding:
- Single pass fillet or resistance welds
PERIODIC
- All other welds
CONTINUOUS
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Inspection and Testing
Shop Certification
Domestic:
- AISC
- Local jurisdictions
Foreign:
- No established international criteria
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Inspection and Testing
Base Metal Testing
Lamellar tearing
Ultrasonic testing
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NEHRP Recommended Provisions
Steel Design
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Moment resisting frames
Braced frames
Other topics
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Questions
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Title slide.
Note that this example is based on Chapter 6.2 of the FEMA 751
Examples document.
6
Structural Steel Design
Rafael Sabelli, S.E., and Brian Dean, P.E.
Originally developed by
James R. Harris, P.E., PhD, Frederick R. Rutz, P.E., PhD, and Teymour Manouri, P.E., PhD
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 1
Context in Provisions
Steel behavior
Reference standards and design strength
Moment resisting frames
Braced frames
Other topics
Summary
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Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 5
y < < sh y
u
Section near plastic
sh y
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M Moment-Curvature Diagram
Mp
My
u u u
y y y
y y u
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Moment
strain hardening
B
Mp D J idealized behavior
F E
H K C
A inelastic LTB G
Mr
I
elastic LTB
L
M
O Deflection
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Mp B L
buckling
My with
strain-
hardening inelastic buckling C
Me
elastic buckling D
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Local Buckling
b Classical plate buckling solution:
k 2 E
t cr y
12(1 2 )(b / t ) 2
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Local Buckling
continued
With the plate buckling coefficient, K, taken as 0.7 and an
adjustment for residual stresses, the expression for b/t becomes:
b E
0.38
t Fy
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Pre-Northridge Standard
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Northridge Failure
Beam
Crack through weld web
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Northridge Failure
Beam flange
Column and web
flange
Backup bar
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Northridge Failures
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2
2
1
1 1 2
Cross Sections
Fw Fy
1
2
Fy
Fw
Beam Moment Fw Z1 Fy Z 2
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4
Mo me n t (M N-m )
2
0
-2
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4
Plastic Rotation (% rad)
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FS-03 Moment-Rotation
7000
6000 700
5000 600
500
4000
400
3000 300
2000
Moment (kN-m)
200
Moment (k-in.)
1000 100
0 0
-1000 -100
-2000 -200
-3000 -300
-400
-4000
-500
-5000 -600
-6000 -700
-7000
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
Rotation (rad)
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25000 25000
20000 20000
Moment at Column Centerline (in-kips)
10000 10000
5000 5000
0 0
-5000 -5000
-10000 -10000
-15000 -15000
-20000 -20000
-25000 -25000
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Total Rotation (rad) Total Plastic Rotation (rad)
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Bolted Joints
- Fracture at net cross-section
- Excessive slip
Multistory Frame
Laboratory Test
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Flexural Ductility
Effect of Axial Load
P M pc
e 0 1.0
Py Mp L
7.0
rx
W12x36
P M pc
e 5.10" 0.55 0.57
Py Mp
P M pc
e 1.75" 0.76 0.28
Py Mp
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Axial Strut
Laboratory test
L
45
r
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H
H
Slapback
For cycle 2
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Steel Cables
ASCE 19-1996
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ab
Mu M p
b
Fy* R y Fy
ab 1
Fu Fy* Z 1.7 Fy*
b Af d
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Panel Zones
Special and intermediate moment frame:
Shear strength demand:
Basic load combination
or
RyMp of beams
Shear capacity equation
Thickness (for buckling)
Use of doubler plates (not
economical, try to increase col.
size instead)
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Prequalified Connections
ANSI/AISC 358-05, Prequalified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications
- Reduced Beam Section Connections
- Bolted Stiffened and Unstiffened Extended Moment End Plate
Connections
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Structural Materials:
Concrete (all floors) = 3.0 ksi lightweight
Other Concrete = 4.0 ksi normal weight
Steel:
Wide Flange Sections= ASTM A992 Grade 50
HSS= ASTM A500 Grade B
Plates= ASTM A36
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7 at 25'-0"
5 at 25'-0"
System Designed
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Building Period:
Ta=Cthnx =(0.028) (102.3)0.8 = 1.14 sec.
T=CuTa = (1.4)(1.14)=1.596 sec.
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E tf
Upper limit: 0.3 7.22 OK
Fy
tw
hc
h
Check beam web: c 49.6
tw
E
Upper limit: 2.45 59.0 OK
Fy
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a=0.625bf
b=0.75db
c=0.20bf
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Cd x , story 2
1.2 0.67 1.3
Cd x , story 3 (1.8)
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where M*pc = the sum of the moments in the column above and
below the joint at the intersection of the beam and column
centerlines. M*pc is determined by summing the projections of the
nominal flexural strengths of the columns above and below the
joint to the beam centerline with a reduction for the axial force in
the column.
M*pb = the sum of the moments in the beams at the intersection of
the beam and column centerlines.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 75
P M BF i M BF i 1 d b
M *pc Z c Fyc uc
Ag hc 2
39400 in. - kips
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d
M *pb M pr Ve S h c
2
17749 in. - kips
where
Mpr=CprRyFy Ze
Ze = effective Z (RBS)
Ve= 2 Mpr / L
Sh= dist. from col. centerline to plastic hinge
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547 kips
Since v = 1, vRb = 547 kips, which is less than the required resistance, 692 kips.
Therefore, doubler plates are required. The required additional strength from the
doubler plates is 692 547 = 145 kips. The plates must be at least thick as the
strength of the double plates is:
v Rn 0.6t doub d c Fy
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X Diagonal K
Inverted V V K
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Brace connections
Axial tensile strength > smallest of:
Axial tension strength = RyFyAg
Maximum load effect that can be transmitted to
brace by system
Axial compressive strength 1.1RyPn, where Pn is the
nominal compressive strength of the brace.
Flexural strength > 1.1RyMp or rotate to permit
brace buckling while resisting AgFCR
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CBF Example
Building Weight:
Penthouse Roof = 94 kips
Lower Roof = 1,537 kips
Typical Floor = 1,920 kips
Total = 94 + 1,537 + 6(1,920) = 13,151 kips
Building Period:
Ta=Cthnx =(0.02) (102.3)0.75 = 0.64 sec.
T=CuTa = (1.4)(0.64)=0.896 sec.
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Link
Brace
Beam
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Casing
Steel Core
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 102
A
Restrained Brace:
Steel Core
+
A
Casing
Section A-A
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P P
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Steel Core
Yielding Segment
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R=8
Plan View 3rd Level (roof of podium, base of tower)
ASCE 7 2005
Indicates extent of tower floorplate (above)
AISC Seismic 2005
Indicates bay of BRBs in tower (above)
Indicates bay of BRBs in podium (below)
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Base Shear
Hazard
V Sds = 0.859
Sd1 = 0.433
Ta = 1.32 sec.
V = 0.057 W
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Load Combinations
Basic Special (Amplified Seismic Load)
1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + E 1.2D + f1L + 0.2S + Em
0.9D E 0.9D Em
f1 = 0.5
E = QE + 0.2SDS D Em = o QE + 0.2SDS D
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F
Pu =
Assume braces resist
100% of story shear
2 cos
Pu Design braces
Asc = precisely to
Fy calculated capacity
(Pu = Pn = FyAsc)
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Buckling and
yielding in special
section
Design to be elastic
outside special
section
Deforms similar to
EBF
Special panels to
be symmetric X or
Vierendeel
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Geometric Limits:
L 65' d 6'
Ls
0.1 0.5
L
2 Lp 3
3 d 2
b
Flat bar diagonals, 2.5
t
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Structural Steel Design - 117
2 M pc
V p 2 sin Pnt 0.3 Pcd
Ls
F h V
i i p L
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Bolted Joints:
Fully tensioned high strength bolts
Limit on bearing
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Steel Diaphragm
Example
Vn = (approved strength)
= 0.6
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wD wL 0 wE 500 plf
d w L 20000
VE E 20 kip; vE 500 plf
VE VE 2 40
wE vE 500
vSDI 417 plf
2 2 0.6
Deck chosen:
1, 22 gage with welds on 36/5 pattern and 3
sidelap fasteners, spanning 5-0
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No Deck Deck
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30 S Studs
2S Studs Virginia Tech strength model
Expe rimental S tud S treng th, Q e (k )
25
W Studs
20
Qe=QN
25
Experimental Stud Strength, Qe (k)
15
20
10
15
5
Qe=Qsc
0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
AISC Predicted Stud Strength, QN (k)
5
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Welding:
- Single pass fillet or resistance welds
PERIODIC
- All other welds
CONTINUOUS
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Domestic:
- AISC
- Local jurisdictions
Foreign:
- No established international criteria
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Lamellar tearing
Ultrasonic testing
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Questions
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