THE MODELING OF THE HARDENING VELOCITY

By Ph.D. Igor Bobin

The hardening is an important physical process at the industrial production.

The most famous examples are pelletizing of iron ore or briquetting of coal and peat.
We spoke about the hardening kinetics in the articles [1-3].
Analytical curves of the hardening kinetics for the ore briquetting are shown in
Fig.1.

Fig 1. The hardening kinetic curves obtained at the modeling [1-3] by formulas
(1) - artificial desiccation and (2) - native desiccation Time is presented in seconds.

Now we shall deal with hardening velocity or hardening rate. What is that?

Hardening velocity (rate) vS is ratio of the compressive strength of specimen

Rs to unit of time t. Hardening velocity is derivative of time vS = dRs /dt (Pa / sec).

Our modeling approach to the hardening kinetics allows carry direct

calculation of the hardening velocity, pioneering move. Formulas (1) and (2) of the
hardening kinetics are presented in articles [1-3].

I have proposed the following my own formula with delay for the direct
analytical calculations of the hardening velocity vS (the differential equation in the
operational form of Laplace).

1
 Operational formula of the hardening velocity.
First order

Rs max rs 0
WVs ( s ) s ( e s rs 0 )
T s 1 (3)
Ph.D. Igor Bobin, 2017

where Rs max maximum of the compressive strength of specimen (Pa); rs0 initial level of the
compressive strength of specimen (Pa); T time constant of the hardening (secs); time delay
(secs); s Laplace complex variable.

The parameters Rs max, rs0, and T are determined from an experimental data of
the hardening process.

The mathematical model (3) of the hardening velocity vS of the first order with
delay is Transfer Function W(s), which is convenient for modeling using MATLAB.
The mathematical model (3) has enough accuracy for engineering calculations.

Operational formula of the hardening velocity.

Second order

Rs max rs 0
WVs ( s ) s e s( tr ) s rs 0
(T2 s 1) 2 (4)
Ph.D. Igor Bobin, 2017
where Rs max maximum of the compressive strength of specimen (Pa); rs0 initial level of the
compressive strength of specimen (Pa); T2 time constant of the hardening (secs); time delay of
the hardening (secs); tr time of transition delay of the hardening (secs); s Laplace complex
variable.

The parameters Rs max, rs0, , tr and T2 are determined from an experimental

data of the hardening process.

The mathematical model (4) of the hardening velocity vc of the second order
with delay is Transfer Function W(s), which is convenient for modeling using
MATLAB. The mathematical model (4) provides very high accuracy of scientific
calculations and engineering.

Analytical curves of the hardening velocity are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

2
Fig 2. The hardening velocity curves obtained at the modeling by formulas
(3) - artificial desiccation and (4) - native desiccation. Time is presented in seconds.

Fig 3. The hardening velocity curves obtained at the modeling by formulas

(3) - artificial desiccation and (4) - native desiccation. Time is presented in hours.

3
 The use of I. Bobin's operational formulas of the hardening kinetics and
velocity allows:
1. Reduce the cost of obtaining products with the required strength.
2. Effectively manage the process of hardening of products.
3. Optimize the process of hardening finished products and semi-finished
products.
4. Reduce the number of production areas.
5. Reduce the cost of drying and hardening products.

In this manner the modeling of hardening kinetics is an indispensable tool for

analisis of the mineral technology and other. The immediate analytical description
and a visual representation of the hardening velocity in time are very important for
solving optimization problem of production processing. The formulas of the
hardening velocity can be used everywhere with success where a product (or semi-
product) acquires strength over time.

References
1. Igor Bobin, Natalia Petrovskaya. THE MODELING OF THE HARDENING KINETICS News aggregation
Linkedin Pulse. August 26, 2017 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/modeling-hardening-kinetics-igor-bobin-ph-d-?
lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_profile_view_base_post_details%3BFQp56PbETLirkMAYTZZg%2Fw%
3D%3D
2. Igor Bobin, Natalia Petrovskaya THE MODELING OF THE HARDENING KINETICS Web resurs "MINERAL
MODELING". August 25, 2017 https://sites.google.com/site/mineralmodeling/hardening-modeling/the-modeling-of-the-
hardening-kinetics
3. Igor Bobin, Natalia Petrovskaya. THE MODELING OF THE HARDENING KINETICS Open publishing platform
Scribd. August 25, 2017 https://ru.scribd.com/document/357243590/THE-MODELING-OF-THE-HARDENING-
KINETICS

Ph.D. Igor Bobin

September 24, 2017
bobin.igor@yahoo.com