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Objectives
In the previous lecture, we have learnt that the radiation or light is following
the Wave-Particle dual nature
Similarly, the electrons can also be treated as particle and also as wave
corresponding to its momentum for describing the stable structure of atom.
When both of them interact with each other, we have to understand the
mechanism to follow for describing the experimental observations such as Compton
effect, absorption and emission of light by atoms.
Classical treatment:
In classical theory as shown in Figure 5.1, we model the atom as a heavy nucleus
with electron attached to it with spring the binding force between them.
E E
t t
+
Figure 5.1
The oscillating electric field will force the electron to oscillate. The displacement of
electron with respect to nucleus will produce an oscillating dipole.
It is known that an oscillating dipole emit electromagnetic radiation with the same
frequency of vibration. This emission of light is known as scattering of light by matter.
However, if the incident radiation frequency matches with the resonant frequency of
the system ( 0 ) then the resonance occurs. Energy transfer takes place.
The oscillating dipole p(t ) e x(t )
Equation 5.2
Where e is the charge of the electron and x(t) is the time dependent displacement of
electron with respect to nucleus.
When this dipole oscillates, it emits radiation. As time passes by, due to the radiation loss
the emission dies or decays. This phenomenon can be modeled as a damping oscillator
whose solution will be x(t).
The differential equation of motion of the damping oscillator with damping constant
[Cost (
(
)Sint ]
)t
x(t ) x0e 2
2
Equation 5.4
2
1
The frequency (02 2
of the damped oscillation is slightly lower than the
)
4
frequency 0 of the undamped case.
(
Taking 0 , we get x(t ) x0e Cos0t .
)t
2
Equation 5.5
The intensity
1
I ( 0 ) A( ) A* ( ) I 0
( 0 ) ( / 2)2 2
Equation 5.8
x0
e-(/2)/t I(-0)
t
0
Figure 5.2
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Momentum of a Photon
E
Momentum vector magnitude p
c
E is the energy.
E h
p h parallel to the direction of propagation.
c c
The X-ray of wavelength 0 was incident on a target. With a crystal diffractometer, the
wavelengths of the scattered X-ray were measured by changing the angle as shown in
Figure 5.3.
Scatter
(electron)
Scattering
angle ()
X-Ray
source
Scattered
Incident beam
beam Collimating
system
Crystal
(wavelength
selector)
Detector
Figure 5.3
Explanation
Elastic scattering between photons and free electrons (weakly bound to atoms can be
considered as free electrons) i.e. binding energy h 0 .
Elastic Scattering K.E. is conserved
X
Electron
O Z
Photon
h 0
Momentum =
c
Energy E h 0
Figure 5.4
We have taken into account the fact that p & E are related by relativistic invariance
E 2 p 2c2 m02 c4 .
Before Collision After Collision
Energy h 0 h c h h c
Photon 0
Momentum h 0 h h h
c 0 along Oz c
Energy m0 c 2 m c2
Electron p2c2 m02 c4
Momentum = Zero p making an angle with OZ
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h 0 h
p cos cos
c c
h
0 cos
c
h
p sin sin
c
Equation 5.12
Electron
Z
Photon
h 0
Momentum =
c
Energy E h 0
Figure 5.5
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h2 h2
p 2
2 0 cos
2
2
2 cos 2
c c
h2
c 2 02 2 cos2 2 0 cos 2 sin 2
c
02 2 2 0 cos
h2
2
p c h 2 02 2 2 0 cos
2 2
Equation 5.13
2
From 1st equation p 2c 2 h 0 m0 c 2 m02 c 4
Equation 5.14
2
h 2 02 2 2 0 cos h 0 m0 c 2 m02 c 4
h 2 0 m02 c 4 2h 0 m0 c 2 m02 c 4
2
h 2 02 h 2 2 2h 2 0 cos h 2 02 h 2 2 2h 2 0 2h 0 m0 c 2
2h 0 m0 c 2 2h 2 1 cos 0
2h 2
0 1 cos 0
2h m0 c 2
0 h
1 cos where m0 9.1 1031 Kg
0 0 m0 c 2
1 1 h
1 cos
0 m0 c 2
h
0 1 cos
m0 c
0 ; 0
h 2h
1 cos ;
m0 c m0 c
h
90 ; Compton wavelength
o
m0 c
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So, we get
h
0 1 cos
m0 c
Equation 5.15
(i) is positive.
(ii) independent of 0 .
(iii) depends on only.
1 pm
Hard X-ray
h 1 MeV
Equation 5.16
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E2
Figure 5.6
E1 h12 m2c 2
E1 h p 2 c 2 m22c 4
2
E12 2 E1h h 2 2 p 2 c 2 E1 h 12
2
h 2 2 2
2 c E12 2 E1h 12 h 2 122
c
2h 12 E1 h 12
2 2
h 12
1 12 1
2 E1h 2 E1h 12 2 E1
h 12
12 1 2
2m1c
Equation 5.19
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So the incident photon frequency must be greater than the theoretical frequency of the
E E1
spectral lines 2 12 .
h
h 12 1 to 10 eV
2 1010
m1c 10 to 100 GeV
Comment:
h 12
(i) In the optical transitions h 12 m1c 2 typically, 2
~ 1010 which means the shift
m1c
will be very small compared to other broadening 106 cannot be observed. Resonant
condition is applicable i.e. E2 E1 h .
(ii) When h 12 is not very small compared to m1c 2 , the shift is appreciable.
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Emission of Photons:
Before Collision After Collision
Energy ~ h
Photon Momentum ~ h along Oz
c
Energy E2 W P c
2 2
m12c 4
Atom 0 p along Oz
Momentum E2 E E h
m2 m1 1 2 2 2 12
c2 c c
h
p 0 p 2 c 2 h 2 2
c
E2 W h
E2 h W
E22 h 2 2 2h E2 p 2 c 2 m12 c 4
h 2 2 m12 c 4
E22 2h E2 m12 c 4 E2 h 12
2
Application to rays
rays Very High Energy
1019 to 1022 Hz
Nuclear transitions also very high frequency
h 12 m1c 2
Emission of ray photon is interpreted as the radiative transition between two energy
states of the nucleus (analogous to optical transition).
Frequency Displacement Line Width
Figure 5.7
Resonance absorption and emission is not possible as in the case of optical transition. By
increasing temperature it is possible. So to get the information about the nucleus from
this is difficult.
What Mssbaur discovered that by cooling the source and the absorber the intensity
absorption increased.
It means that, below a certain temperature emitted or absorbing nucleus is embedded in a
crystalline lattice and it is the white crystal which recoils.
Mass of Crystal Mass of Nucleus ~ 6 1023
The velocity of recoil is negligible.
No recoil energy loss extremely sharp lines (natural width) could be obtained.
Debye Waller Factor
E 3 2T 2
f exp 0
K 2
where, T Abs. Temp.
K Boltzmann ' s Const.
Degree Temp. of the Solid
Equation 5.21
There are three main hyperfine interactions that can be observed by Mssbauer
spectroscopy. They are (i) Isomer Shift, (ii) Quadrupole Splitting and (iii) Nuclear
Zeeman Splitting.
For example :
The isomer shift of Fe57 3 1 14.4 KeV in Ferricinium bromide is 2 108 eV .
2 2
h 0 h 2 108 eV
h 0 14.4 103 eV
c
0 c v
v v
0 c v c
2 108
v c 3 1010
0 14.4 103
6 102
0.04 cm
14.4 10 3 s
Figure 5.8
Recap
In this lecture, we came to know that the classical physics has limitation to describe the
several experimental observations such as Compton effect and absorption and emission
of light by atoms.