Creep and Stress Rupture :

Ch. 13 : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15(optional)

Definition of Creep and Creep Curve : (13-3)

def. Creep is the time-dependent plastic strain at constant stress and temperature
Creep curve : Fig. 13-4
steady-state creep-rate ( D s or simply D ) : Temperature and Stress Dependencies
- Fig. 13-6 Fig. 13-8

- total creep curve : = o + p + s

o = instantaneous strain at loading (elastic, anelastic and plastic)
s = steady-state creep strain (constant-rate viscous creep ) = D st
p = primary or transient creep : Andrade- flow (or 1/3 rd law) : t1/3

primary or transient creep :

Andrade- flow (or 1/3 rd law) : p = t1/3 problem as t 0

>i
Garofalo / Dorn Equation : p = t (1 - e-rt ) , r is related to (~1-20)
> s

Dorn Both primary and steady-state follow similar kinetics

- temperature compensated time ( = t e- Qc/RT)
- single universal curve with t replaced by or st
D
Or, creep strain - o = t (1 - e- st ) + D st see Sherby-Dorn (Al), Murty (Zr)

Sherby-Dorn -parameter

Creep curves for Al at Sherby & Dorn (1956) A single curve demonstrating the
(3,000 psi) and at three different temperatures validity of -parameter

KL Murty MSE 450 page 1

 st
Creep data in Zircaloy at varied temperatures (F)
and stresses (ksi) fall into a single curve
demonstrating the validity of Dorn equation (K. L. Murty, M.S. Thesis, 1967)
(Murty et al 1976)
Zener-Holloman : Z = De Q / RT

Stress Rupture Test : (13-4) vs tr

Representation of engineering creep / rupture data (13-12, 13-13)
- Figs. 13-17, 13-18
Sherby-Dorn Parameter : PS-D = t e-Q/RT
Larson-Miller Parameter : PL-M = T (log t + C) Fig. 13-19-21
T - Ta
Manson-Haferd Parameter : PM-H = log t - log t
a

--- these parameters are for a given stress and are functions of (Fig. 13-20) ---

Monkman-Grant : Cs t r =
Eq. 13-24

Demonstration of Monkman-Grant
Relationship in Cu (Feltham and Meakin 1959)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 2

 Creep Under Multiaxial Loading
(text 14-14)
Use Levy-Mises Equations in plasticity
1
eff = (1-2)2 + (2-3)2 + (3-1)2
2
deff 1
and d1 = [1 - 2 (2+3) ] ,
eff
since creep is plastic deformation 1/2 appears as in plasticity.
Similarly, d2 and d3.
Dividing by dt, get the corresponding creep-rates,
eff 1
D 1 = [1 - 2 (2+3) ], etc.
eff
One first determines the uniaxial creep-rate equation,
D s = A n e-Q/RT
n
and assume the same for effective strain-rate : D eff = A eff e-Q/RT
n-1 1
so that 1 = A eff e-Q/RT [1 - 2 (2+3)] etc.

Stress Relaxation
As noted in section 8-11, the stress relaxation occurs when the deformation is held
constant such as in bolt in flange where the constraint is that the total length of the
system is fixed.

t = E + creep = const. Here, E = E .
dt 1 d d
Thus dt = 0 = E dt + D s Or, dt = - E D s = - E A n @ fixed T
Integration from o to t gives, 100

f
Data from "HW #8-8"

d t 80

n =-EA dt = - E A t

o
i
60

o
final or (t ) =
[1 + AE (n 1) on 1t ]1 /( n 1)
40

20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

time, hr

KL Murty MSE 450 page 3

 Deformation / Creep Mechanisms :
Introduction - structural changes (13-5)
- Slip (difficult to observe slip lines / folds etc are usually noted)
Subgrains
GBS
- excess (deformation induced) vacancies

Two important relationships :

2
Orowan equation : D =bv and Taylor equation : =
2G2b2

Thermally Activated Dislocation Glide (at low T and/or high strain-rates)

D = A eB e-Qi/RT where Qi is the activation energy for the underlying mechanisms

Peierls mechanism (bcc metals) Intersection mechanism (fcc and hcp metals)

Dislocation creep - (lattice) diffusion controlled glide and climb

Diffusion creep - (viscous creep mechanisms mainly due to point defects) - at low
stresses and high temperatures

Grain-Boundary Sliding - (GBS) - intermediate stresses in small grained

materials and ceramics (where matrix deformation is difficult)

Many different mechanisms may contribute and the total strain-rate :

parallel mechanism series mechanisms
(fastest controls / dominates) (slower controls / dominates)
1
D = D D = 1
i 
i i
Slip following creep deformation in -iron

Uncrept specimen Crept at 5500 psi to 21.5% strain

(K.L. Murty, MS thesis, Cornell University, 1967)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 4

 Dislocation Creep :
Pure Metals / Class-M alloys: Experiments : D = A n e-Qc/RT ,n 5, Qc QL (QD)

(edge ) glide - climb model Weertman-Climb model (Weertman Pill-Box Model)

sequential processes

L = average distance a dislocation glides
h
tg = time for glide motion
h = average distance a dislocation climbs FR L
tc = time for climb Lomer-Cottrell
Barrier

= strain during glide-climb event = g + c g = b L

h
t = time of glide-climb event = tg + tc tc = v , vc = climb velocity
c
b L L
D = t = h/v = b ( h ) vc
c

where vc Cv e-Em/kT , Em = activation energy for vacancy migration

+ - o o o V
Here, Cv = Cv - Cv = Cv eV/kT - Cv e-V/kT = Cv 2 Sinh( kT )
L L V
D = b ( h ) vc = b ( h ) Cov e-Em/kT 2 Sinh( kT )
At low stresses, Sinh() so that Garofalo Eqn.
L V D = A D (sinhB)n
D = A1 b ( ) Cov e-Em/kT
h kT
L V L
D = A1 b ( ) DL A (
h kT 2 h ) DL

Or D = A 3 D natural creep-law
L
Weertman: h 1.5, D = A 4.5 D as
experimentally observed in Al
In general D = A(T) n Power-law also known as Nortons Equation
- n is the stress exponent (n is Norton index)
{f(xal structure, )}

At high stresses ( 10-3 E), Sinh(x) ex, D = AH eB D (Power-law breakdown)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 5

 Experimental Observations - Dislocation Creep

Fig. 13-13 (Dieter) (Sherby)

What happens if we keep decreasing the stress, say to a level at and below the FR?
As is decreased reach a point when FR ,
dislocation density would become constant (independent of ): D
- viscous creep known as Harper-Dorn creep

Harper-Dorn creep occurs at

10-5 , o 106cm-2
E b
ln 2
H-D creep is observed in large grained 1
materials (metals, ceramics, etc.)

D HD = AHD DL
ln
Characteristics of Climb Creep (Class-M) :
large primary creep regions
1
subgrain formation ( )

dislocation density 2

independent of grain size

KL Murty MSE 450 page 6

 Effects of Alloying : (class-A)
Solid-solution - decreases rate of glide
glide controlled creep although
annihilation due to climb still occurs (micro-creep / viscous glide creep)
viscous glide controlled creep : (decreased creep-rates)
(Al)
D g = Ag Ds 3 , Ds is solute diffusion
class-M
little or no primary creep 5 (Al-3Mg)
no subgrain formation 1 class-A
3
2
1
grain-size independent
log(stress)
At low stresses (for large grain sizes), Harper-Dorn creep dominates
what happens as grain size becomes small
As grain-size decreases (and at low stresses) diffusion creep due to point defects
becomes important : (due to migration of vacancies from tensile boundaries to
compressive boundaries)

Nabarro-Herring Creep (diffusion through the lattice) : D NH = ANH DL 2
d

Coble Creep (diffusion through grain-boundaries) : D Co = ACo Db 3
d
Nabarro-Herring Creep vs Coble Creep :
Coble creep for small grain sizes and at Coble
3
low temperature
1
NH creep for larger grain sizes and at N-H
2
high temperatures Harper-Dorn
1
at very large grain sizes, Harper-Dorn
creep dominates
log (grain-size)

At small grain-sizes, GBS dominates at intermediate stresses and temperatures :

2
D GBS = AGBS Db 2 superplasticity
d

KL Murty MSE 450 page 7

 Effect of dispersoids : Dispersion Strengthening / Precipitate Hardening
- recall Orowan Bowing
at high temperatures, climb of dislocation loops around the precipitates
controls creep D ppt = Appt D 8 - 20

Rules for Increasing Creep Resistance Formability Improvement

Large Grain Size
(directionally solidified superalloys) Small (stable) Equiaxed Grain Size
(superplasticity)
Low Stacking Fault Energy
(Cu vs Cu-Al alloys) Strengthen Matrix
(i.e., increase GBS - ceramics)
Solid Solution Alloying
(Al vs Al-Mg alloys) Stoichiometry
(especially Ceramics)
Dispersion Strengthening
(Ni vs TD-Ni)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 8

 1
1 1
Summary of Creep Mechanisms: D t = D N-H + D Coble + D H-D + D GBS + +
c  g
n
kT
Dorn Equation : = A
DEb E

Mechanism D n A
Climb of edge dislocations DL 5 6x107
(Pure Metals and class-M alloys) (n function of Xal structure & )*
Low-temperature climb D 7 2x108
Viscous glide (Class-I alloys - microcreep) Ds 3 6

b
Nabarro-Herring DL 1 14 (d )2
b
Coble Db 1 100 (d )3
Harper-Dorn DL 1 3x10-10

b
GBS (superplasticity) Db 2 200 (d )2
DL = lattice diffusivity; Ds = solute diffusivity; D = core diffusivity;
Db = Grain-Boundary Diffusivity; b = Burgers vector; d = grain size;
Gb 2
= subgrain size = 10
and = G2b2 where G is the shear modulus
*n increases with decreasing (stacking-fault energy)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 9

 Deformation Mechanism Maps
Visual picture of the domains (, T) where various mechanisms dominate

Ashby-Map

Lead pipes on a 75-year-old building in southern England

The creep-induced curvature of these pipes is typical
of Victorian lead water piping. (Frost and Ashby)

Other examples :
W filament (light bulbs)
turbind blade {Ni-based alloy DS by Ni3(Ti,Al)}

KL Murty MSE 450 page 10

 WEERTMAN PILL-
BOX MODEL
Pure Metals - Glide faster
Climb-controlled creep (n5)

1
1 1
t = +
c g

Alloys - Glide slower

Glide-controlled creep (n3)

Solid Solution Alloys

-6
10

Pb 9Sn
d = 0.25 mm
-8
10
IV

-10
10
III
kT
ln (
D b
)
-12
10

II

-14
10

I
-16
10
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2
10 10 10 10 10

ln ( )

Creep Transitions for Alloy Class Murty and Turlik (1992)

KL Murty MSE 450 page 11