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Understanding Thermal Equilibrium: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010
Understanding Thermal Equilibrium: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010
4.1
4 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
What is
thermal
equilibrium ?
1. (______, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold
body.
2. The SI unit for (______, temperature) is Joule, J.
3. ( Heat , _____________ ) is the degree of hotness of a body
4. The SI unit for (heat , ___________) is Kelvin, K.
5. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two
bodies is (______, equal)
6. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium.
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the ______ temperature
irrespective of shape, mass, size or type of surface.
Calibration of
thermometer
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010
Answer :
4-2
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010
Check Yourself 1
A. 273 OC
B. 0 OC
C. -273 OC
D. 100 OC
4-3
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
4.2
4 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Definition of Heat Capacity 1. Quantity of ______ energy required to raise the temperature of an object by
10C.
B
A
A
A
4. This means that the (bigger, smaller) the mass, the (larger, smaller) the
amount of heat stored.
Definition of Specific Heat 1. Quantity of ______ energy required to raise the temperature of ______of a
Capacity substance by 10C.
4. An object with high specific heat capacity takes ______ time to heat up, as it
requires more heat to increase its temperature by 10C. It is ______ to cool
down due to larger amount of heat stored in it.
Q = Pt
Pt = mc
Q = Heat supplied
P = Power of heater
T = Time in seconds
M = mass of substance
C = Specific heat capacity
= Increase in
temperature
4-4
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
2. Oil in the holes for housing thermometer and the immersion heater is to
improve the ______ of heat from the heater to the thermometer through the
aluminium block.
Pt 15000
C 937.5 Jkg-10C-1
m 1 16
4. Specific heat capacity calculated is usually ______ than the standard value
because some ______is lost to the surroundings.
Aim To investigate the relationship between temperature rise and mass of water
Experiment
Hypothesis When the mass of water ______ the temperature rise will ______ .
Fixed variable ______ duration, water, weighing scale, ______ rating of heater used
Setup
4-5
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
Procedure
Analysis
Volume of Final Initial Rise in 1/ (0C-1)
water used, temperature, temperature, temperature,
V (ml) T2 (0C) T1 (0C) = T2 T1
(0C)
100
200
300
400
500
V
Conclusion
1/
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
4. Hot water is
cooled by the
air from the
Water as a coolant in car cooling fins
and the fan 2. ______ specific heat
engine
capacity of water allows it
to absorb a large amount
of ______from the
engine
3. Cool air
2. Hot air rises up blows from
from the land the sea to
replace the
space left by
1. During the day the hot air
Sea Breeze land gets hotter and
than the sea ______
because c land c sea currents in
(wind from the sea)
the air are
formed
3. Cooler
air blows
from the 2. hot air rises
land to from the sea
replace the
space left
Land Breeze (wind from the by the hot
1. During the
land) air and
night, the sea
convection
is hotter than
currents in
the land
the air are
because
formed.
c land c sea
4-7
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
A. P A. 53 oC
B. Q
B. 60 oC
C. R
C. 66 oC
D. S
D. 70 oC
4-8
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
A. Cx > Cy
B. Cx < Cy
C. Cx = Cy
4-9
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
4.3
4 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
Definition of 1. Latent Heat is the total energy ________ or released when a substance changes
Latent Heat its ________ state completely at a ________ temperature.
2. Latent Heat of fusion is heat absorbed when ________ changes into ________ or
heat released when liquid changes into solid at constant________.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
Heating curve Fill the empty boxes for the heating curve below with the following words
Calculation of
specific latent
heat of fusion
2. What is the mass of ice melted due to the heat absorbed from the
surroundings?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
Check Yourself 1
1. Diagram below shows the cooling curve of a power of 1 kW. The beaker and its content is
Gas. Temperatures T1 and T2 represents resting on an electronic balance which
measures the mass of the beaker and its
content.
T1 T2
D. Melting Point Room temperature What is the specific latent heat of vaporization
of water ?
2. Diagram below shows the heating curve of a
solid Y of mass 2 kg which is heated by a A. 2.10 x 106 Jkg-1
heater of 70 W power. Which statement B. 2.15 x 106 Jkg-1
below is NOT true ?
C. 2.20 x 106 Jkg-1
A. To find the mass of ice melted due to the C. To detect any changes in the melting point
heat absorbed from the surroundings of the ice
B. To find the mass of water formed by D. To find the mass of water evaporated
condensation from the vapour in the air
5.
Heat produced in an engine block of car needs to be transferred out promptly to prevent overheating. This is
done by circulating a suitable cooling liquid through the engine block.
(a) What is meant by specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1oC-1 ?
________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Based on the table above,
(i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the cooling liquid to extract heat out of an engine block.
High Specific Heat Capacity
High specific latent heat of
vaporization
High boiling point
Low rusting rate
(ii) Decide which liquid is the most suitable and give reasons for your choice.
_____________________________________________________________________________
(c) Total energy released by an engine in 1 hour = 9.0 x 107 J
Energy breakdown : mechanical 40% and heat 60%
Mass of cooling liquid circulating in 1 hour = 150 kg
Temperature of water entering the engine = 30oC
Temperature of water exiting the engine = 60oC
Based on the information above,
(i) Calculate the power of the engine
(ii) Calculate the amount of heat produced by the engine in one hour.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
(d) Suggest two ways to dissipate the heat from the cooling liquid.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
4.4
4 UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS
What is The kinetic theory of gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules),
kinetic theory all of which are in constant, _______ _______. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with
of gases ? each other and with the walls of the container. Kinetic theory explains ___________ properties of
gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and
motion.
The ___________ of an ideal __________ ____ is a measure of the average _______ _______ of its
atoms.
Graphs
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
Experiment
al set up
(a) Explain how a gas exerts a pressure on the walls of its container.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Find the volume of the gas when pressure is 2.5 x 105 Pa
(d) Find the pressure of the gas when the volume of the gas is 60 cm3.
(e) A bubble of air rises from the bottom of a pond to the surface. As the bubble reaches the
surface, its volume is double its original volume. Assume the temperature is constant, find
the depth of the pond. [Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water]
4-16
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
(a) (b)
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
(ii) Relate the information you have mentioned to form a physics concept.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(iii) Name the concept.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
(iv) Using kinetic theory of gas, explain why the pressure of a gas in a fixed container
increases with an increase in its temperature.
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4-17
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
Questions Diagram (a) shows the conditon of a snack pack kept in a refrigerator at 18oC, whereas Diagram (b)
involving shows the condition of the same snack pack in Borneo Highlands at the same temperature at 18oC.
Pressure Law.
(a) (b)
(c) With the use of appropriate apparatus, describe an experiment framework to test your
hypothesis. In your description, state clearly the following:
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_________ pressure gauge, a _______ with volume scale, rubber tube and retort
stand.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2011
(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable
100.0
(vii) The way you would analyze the data
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
Check Yourself 1
C. 5.0 x 10 -4 m3
P
D. 8.0 x 10 -4 m3
4-19
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL 2010
A. 24.0 70
B. 21.0 75
C. 22.4 80 5. Air at a temperature of 27oC is kept in a
D. 21.0 70 container at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. What
is the pressure of the air, in atmosphere, if it is
4. Diagram below shows a fan is allowed to blow heated to a temperature of 77oC ?
in a closed room for an hour. What are the A. 0.35
possible changes to the pressure and B. 0.86
temperature of the air in the room ? C. 1.17
D. 2.85
V (cm3) 50 100
T(oC) 27 x
Temperature Pressure
What is the value of x ?
A. Increases no change
B. No change increases A. 54 oC
C. Decreases increases B. 300 oC
D. Increases Increases C. 327 oC
D. 600 oC
4-20