Professional Documents
Culture Documents
April 2010
Introduction
Content
Aplikasi Pipeline
Komponen Pipeline
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Overview
Overview
Pipelines
Water Carriers
Why
Motor Carriers pipelines?
Railroads
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Bab I Introduction
Hydrocarbon Transportation
Pipeline Integrity
Overview
Practical and Safe
Replacing even a modest-sized pipeline, which might
transport 150,000 barrels per day, would require 750
tanker truck loads per day, a load delivered every two
minutes around the clock.
Replacing the same pipeline with a railroad train of tank
cars carrying 2,000 barrels each would require a 75-car
train to arrive and be unloaded every day.
Cost Efficiency
Liquid pipelines transport more than 17 percent of
freight moved in America, yet pipelines only account for
2 percent of the country's freight bill.
Only 2 to 5 cents of the cost of a gallon of gas to an end-
user can be attributed to pipeline transportation,
resulting in a low and predictable price for their
customers.
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Sejarah
Pendahuluan
Ribuan tahun yang lalu digunakan untuk mengalirkan air sebagai
kebutuhan air minum dan irigasi.
Bambu digunakan di Cina sedangkan orang Persia dan Romawi
menggunakan aqueducts sebagai bahan pipa.
400 SM Cina memakai bambu untuk mengalirkan gas alam.
Mulai awal abad ke 18 teknologi bahan pipa mengalami
perkembangan yang pesat.
Sejarah Perpipaan
1878
Pipa minyak pertama oleh Nobel bersaudara di Baku
Panjang 10 km dan diameter 8
1000 AD Mengurangi biaya transport sampai dengan 95%
Pipa Biaya perpipaan dapat kembali modal hanya dalam
pertama 1 tahun
dibuat di
Jepang
1970 1977
Trans Alaska
1970s 1990 Pipeline System (TAPS)
Spesialisasi Pipa
Perpipaan modern menjadi beragam dalam penggunaannya: Membawa 1.6 juta BPD
Mengumpulkan minyak dan gas dari dalam permukaan bumi minyak mentah
Mengumpulkan minyak dan gas di bawah dasar laut Melewati 800 mil gunung
Men-transportasi-kan fluida-fluida lain salju dan tundra
Men-transportasi-kan gas alam untuk keperluan industri
Men-transportasi-kan cairan kimia untuk industri
1950s 1960s
8 Pengembangan pipa komposit (GRP) awal
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Fungsi Pipa
Untuk mengalirkan fluida (zat cair, gas) dari satu atau beberapa titik ke
satu atau beberapa titik lainnya.
Pengaliran Fluida
Tidak boleh bocor.
Pengaliran fluida perlu ada perbedaan tekanan antara titik awal
dan titik akhir.
Gesekan antara pipa dan fluida harus di atasi.
Kedua hal di atas memerlukan energi.
Line Pipe
Piping
Lined Pipe
Pipeline
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Piping memiliki ukuran panjang total yang relatif pendek dan ditujukan
untuk proses pada suatu plant.
Pipeline relatif panjang dan lebih berfungsi untuk kebutuhan transmisi
dan distribusi antar site.
Piping Pipeline
Pipeline System
Lokasi
Onshore Pipeline
Offshore Pipeline
Fluida/Fungsi
Flow Line
Inter-field lines
Export lines/trunk lines
Water injection/gas lift
Product lines
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Offshore Pipeline
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Pipeline Aspects
Buckling Spanning
Environmental
Data Hydraulic
Analysis
Material
Selection Operating
conditon
Route Pipeline
Survey Design Installation
analysis
On Bottom-
Stability Sizing &
Wall Thickness
Cathodic
Protection Stress Analysis &
Fatigue Thermal Expansion
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TAMBANG
Slurry Pipeline
in Nusa
Tenggara
GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal Geothermal
Pipeline Pipeline &
Lahendong Separator
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WATER TREATMENT
Pipeline Components
Flange Block
Bend/
Valve
Elbow
Pig Straight
launcher pipe Tee Pig
receiver
Pig
receiver
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Straight Pipe
Dalam pipa lurus terdapat :
Diameter luar sesuai standard pipe size (NPS)-
nya.
Ketebalan pipa sesuai standard schedule-nya.
Diameter dalam.
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Flange
Jenis Flange
Digunakan pada kondisi cyclic loading,
Weld-neck Flange bending, dan fluktuasi temperatur yang
ekstrim.
Flange
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Fittings
Elbow
Digunakan sebagai
sambungan pada belokan
pipa dengan radius kecil.
Short radius elbow
adalah 1D. Long radius
elbow adalah 1,5D.
Pipe Bend
Digunakan sebagai
sambungan pada belokan
pipa dengan radius besar
(Radius > 3D).
Fittings
Miter Bend
Miter Bend adalah pipa
belok yang terbuat dari
potongan-potongan
pipa lurus. Dibuat
dengan mitering (angle
cutting) dan gusset.
Tee
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Fittings
Reducer
Reducer berfungsi untuk menyambungkan dua pipa yang berbeda diameternya.
Fittings
Coupling
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Fittings
Cap Cross
Valve
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
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Valve
Pinch Valve
Needle Valve
Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Plug Valve
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Valve
Ball Valve
Check Valve
Valve
Memiliki struktur piringan katup menyerupai sayap,
Butterfly Valve sehingga pergerakan disk memanfaatkan ruang
yang berada pada sisi pipa yang bersebelahan
dengan katup tersebut.
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Post-
Survey FEED EPC Operation
Operation
Pipeline burst
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Code:
A group of general rules or systematic standards for design, materials,
fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can
be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law.
Standard:
Documents prepared by a professional group having requirements believed
to be good and proper engineering practice and which are written with
mandatory requirements (i.e., the verb shall is used.)
Recommended Practice:
Documents prepared by a professional group indicating good engineering
practices but which are optional (i.e., the verb should is used)
Guides and Guidelines:
Documents by agencies, organizations, and committees enumerating various
engineering methods which are considered good practice, without any
specific recommendation or requirement. These guides may be used at
engineers discretation.
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Mengurangi :
- Cost
- Inconveniences
- Confusion
ASME
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Pipeline
ASME B31.4 Liquid-petroleum transportation piping system
API
API 5L : API Specification for Line pipe
API 6D : Specification for Pipeline valve, End closure, Connectors, and swivels
API 1104 : Welding of Pipeline and Related Facilities
API RP 1111 : Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines
API RP 6F : Recommended Practice for Fire Test for Valve
API RP 5L2 : Recommended Practice Internal Coating of Line Pipe for Gas
Transmission Service
API RP 80 : Guidelines for the Definition of Onshore Gas Gathering Lines
API RP 1102 : Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways
API RP 1110 : Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
API RP 1117 : Movement of In-service Pipelines
API RP 1130 : Computational Pipeline Monitoring for Liquids Pipelines
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DNV
DnV 1981 Rules For Submarine Pipeline Systems
DnV OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems
DnV RP F105 Free Spanning Pipelines
DnV Rp E305 On Bottom Stability Design of
Submarine Pipeline
DnV RP B401 Cathodic Protection Design
DnV RP F106 Coating Types
BS
BS 8010 Pipeline Sub-sea: Design, Construction and
Installation
BS 4515 Field Welding of Pipelines on Land and
Offshore
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Aturan Crossing
Klasifikasi Lokasi
Pipa
Jarak Minimum
Pendirian Pipa
Pembatasan MAOP
Thank You
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