BeginningVibration

Analysis
ConnectionTechnologyCenter,Inc.
7939RaeBoulevard
Victor,NewYork14564
www.ctconline.com
DataCollection

Loop Power Output

0.6

Velocity (inches/second peak)

Fault
0.5
Alert
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0:00:00 12:00:00 24:00:00 36:00:00 48:00:00 60:00:00
Time (minutes)

Portable
Route Based Permanent, Continuous, On-line

2015 3
PortableDataCollectors

RouteBased DataAnalysis
FrequencySpectrum History
TimeWaveform Trending
Orbits DownloadData
Balancing UploadRoutes
Alignment Alarms
Smartalgorithms

2015 4
PermanentMonitoring

Continuous DataAnalysis
Measurement History
PermanentSensors Trending
FrequencySpectrum EthernetConnection
TimeWaveform Alarms
Orbits SmartAlgorithms

2015 5
WhatsThis?
1
0.0002
inch
Peak

Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 7
FFT,FrequencySpectrum,
PowerSpectrum
1
0.0002
inch
Peak

Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 8
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0002
inch
Peak

Y
Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X
2015 9
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0002
inch
Peak
AMPLITUDE

Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz
FREQUENCY
2015 10
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0002
inch
Peak
How bad is it ?

Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz
What is it ?
2015 11
WhatsThat?
1
0.0004
inch

Real

-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s

2015 12
TimeWaveform
1
0.0004
inch

Real

-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s

2015 13
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0004
inch

Y Real

-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
X
2015 14
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0004
inch
AMPLITUDE

Real

-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
TIME
2015 15
ScalingX&Y

1
0.0004
inch
How bad is it ?

Real

-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
What is it ?
2015 16
TheXScale

What is it ?

2015
SingleFrequency
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1 55 Hz
V
rms
Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
dX:18.18848 ms dY:2.449082 mV
Time 1
1
V
18.18 ms
Real

-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 18
Frequency&Time

fHz =1/tSec

tSec =1/fHz

2015 19
Frequency&Time

FT = 1

If: F = 1/T and T = 1/F

Then: FT = 1

2015 20
Concept!

FT = 1
If: F increases
Then: t decreases
If: T increases
Then: f decreases

2015 21
SingleFrequency
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1 55 Hz
V
rms
Magnitude

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
dX:18.18848 ms dY:2.449082 mV
Time 1
1
V 18.18 ms
Real

-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 22
MultipleFrequencies
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz

X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz

X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz

X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 23
MultipleWaveforms
Time 55 1
1
55 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms

Time 78 1
1
78 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms

Time 21 1
1
21 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms

Time 42 1
1
42 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 24
RealLifeWaveform

55 Hz + 78 Hz + 21 Hz + 42 Hz = Trouble !
TIME 1
4
V

Real

-4
0 s 62.46948 ms

2015 25
FFTCapabilities
TIME 1
4
Complex time V
waveform contains
frequencies of 21,
Real
42, 55, & 78 Hz.
-4
0 s 62.46948 ms

X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
FFT separates & X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
displays individual X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
frequencies and the
FREQUENCY 1
amplitude of each 1
frequency. V
rms
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 26
LinesorBins
1
0.0002
inch
The FFT always has a Peak This spectrum has 800
defined number of lines, or the X scale is
lines or Bins. broken down into 800
bins.
100, 200, 400, 800,
1600, and 3200 lines Magnitude
are common choices.

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 27
LRF
The Lowest Resolvable Frequency is determined by:
Frequency Span / Number of Analyzer Lines
The frequency span is calculated as the ending frequency minus the
starting frequency.
The number of analyzer lines depends on the analyzer and how the
operator has set it up.
Typically, this is the value that can be measured by the cursor

Example: 0 to 400 Hz using 800 lines

Answer = 400 / 800 = 0.5 Hz / Line

2015 28
Bandwidth

The Bandwidth can be defined by:

(Frequency Span / Analyzer Lines) Window Function
Uniform Window Function = 1.0
Hanning Window Function = 1.5
Flat Top Window Function = 3.8

Example: 0 to 400 Hz using 800 Lines & Hanning Window

Answer = (400 / 800) 1.5 = 0.75 Hz / Line

2015 29
Resolution

The frequency resolution is defined in the following manner:

2 (Frequency Span / Analyzer Lines) Window Function
or
Resolution = 2 (Bandwidth)

Example: 0 to 400 Hz using 800 Lines & Hanning Window

Answer = 2 (400 / 800) 1.5 = 1.5 Hz / Line

2015 30
UsingResolution

The analyst wishes to measure two frequency

disturbances that are very close together.
Frequency #1 = 29.5 Hz.
Frequency #2 = 30 Hz.
A hanning window and 800 lines will be used.
What frequency span is required to accurately measure
these two frequency disturbances ?

2015 31
UsingResolution

Resolution Required = 30 - 29.5 = 0.5 Hz

Resolution = 2 (Frequency Span / 800) 1.5

0.5 = 2 (Frequency Span / 800) 1.5
0.5 = 3 (Frequency Span) / 800
400 = 3 (Frequency Span)
133 Hz = Frequency Span
Therefore, the frequency span must be 133 Hz or less to measure the
desired resolution of 0.5 Hz.

2015 32
DataSamplingTime

Data sampling time is the amount of time required to take one record or
sample of data. It is dependent on the frequency span and the number of
analyzer lines being used.

TSample = Nlines / Fspan

Using 400 lines with a 800 Hz frequency span will require:

400 / 800 = 0.5 seconds

2015 33
Average&Overlap
TR#1 TR#2 TR#3

Average On
OverlapPercent 50% 0% Overlap

Overlapistheamountof 50% Overlap

olddatathatisused TR#1

TR#2

TR#3

How long will it take for 10 averages at

75% overlap using a 800 line analyzer
and a 200 Hz frequency span?

2015 34
75%Overlap?

Average #1 = 800 / 200

10Averages Average #1 = 4 seconds

75%Overlap
800Lines Average #2 - #10 = (4 x 0.25)
Average #2 - #10 = 1 second each
200Hz
Total time = 4 + (1 x 9)
Total time = 13 seconds

2015 35
FilterWindows

Windowfiltersareappliedtothetime
waveformdatatosimulatedatathatstarts
andstopsatzero.
Theywillcauseerrorsinthetimewaveform
andfrequencyspectrum.
Westilllikewindowfilters!

2015 36
Window Comparisons

Real Time

No Window
2015 37
Window Comparisons

Real Time

Hanning Window
2015 38
Window Comparisons

Real Time

Flat Top Window

2015 39
WindowFilters
Hanning(Frequency) ForceExponential
WindowFactor1.5 Force/ExpoSetup
AmplitudeAccuracy18% RequiresChannel1Input
FlatTop(Amplitude) Force(Hammer)
RequiresChannel2Response
WindowFactor3.8
(Sensor)
AmplitudeAccuracy1%
Response/Force(Channel
Uniform(Impacts) 2/Channel1)
WindowFactor1.0 Normalizesdatabasedon
AmplitudeAccuracy56% responsetoforce

2015 40
FilterWindows

UsetheHanningWindowfornormalvibration
monitoring(Frequency)
UsetheFlatTopWindowforcalibrationand
accuracy(Amplitude)
UsetheUniformWindowforbumptesting
andresonancechecks(NoWindow)

2015 41
TheYScale

How bad is
it ?

2015
Amplitude

Acceleration = gs rms. or peak

Velocity = inch/s rms. or peak

Displacement = mils peak to peak

Note: 1 mil = 0.001 inches

2015 43
PkPk(Peak Peak)

X:55 Hz Y:1.999169 V
Pwr Spec 1
The Peak - Peak value is 2
V
expressed from the peak to Pk-Pk
peak amplitude. Magnitude

0
The peak to peak value is 0 Hz 100 Hz
measured in the time X:22.43042 ms Y:-993.8563 mV
waveform. dX:9.094238 ms
Time 1
dY:1.994871 V

1
V
Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Peak - Peak. = 2 V

2015 44
Pk(Peak)

X:55 Hz Y:999.5843 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
The time wave has not Peak
Magnitude
changed. The Peak value is
expressed from zero to the 0
0 Hz 100 Hz
largest positive or negative
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
peak amplitude. dX:4.516602 ms dY:997.4356 mV
Time 1
The peak value is measured in 1
V
the time waveform. Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms

Peak. = 1 V

2015 45
RMS(RootMeanSquare)
The time wave has not
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
changed. Pwr Spec 1
1 rms. = 707 mV
The rms. value is expressed V
rms
from zero to 70.7% of the Magnitude

peak amplitude for a single 0

frequency. 0 Hz 100 Hz

X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
The rms. value is calculated dX:2.288818 ms
Time 1
dY:709.1976 mV

for the spectrum. 1

V

In a periodic time wave, the Real

rms. value must be calculated -1

0 s 62.46948 ms
in the FFT. It will represent
the overall energy of the
FFT.

2015 46
UnitComparison
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
dX:2.288818 ms dY:709.1976 m Pwr Spec 1
Time 1 2
1 V
V rms
RMS Real
Magnitude

-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz

X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV X:55 Hz Y:999.5843 mV

dX:4.516602 ms dY:997.4356 m Pwr Spec 1
Time 1 2
1 V
V Peak
Peak Magnitude
Real

-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz

X:22.43042 ms Y:-993.8563 mV X:55 Hz Y:1.999169 V

dX:9.094238 ms dY:1.994871 V Pwr Spec 1
Time 1 2
1 V
V Pk-Pk
Peak - Peak Real
Magnitude

-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 47
ChangingUnits

Many times it is necessary to change between units.

Pk-Pk / 2 = Peak
Peak x 0.707 = RMS (Peak / 1.414 = RMS)

RMS x 1.414 = Peak (RMS / 0.707 = Peak)

Peak x 2 = Pk-Pk

2015 48
Convert the Unit
x2 Peak - Peak 2

Peak Peak

x 1.414 RMS x 0.707

2015 49
EngineeringUnits(EU)

Engineering units are used to give meaning to the amplitude of the

measurement.
Instead of the default volts, it is possible to incorporate a unit
proportional to volts that will have greater meaning to the user.

Examples: 100 mV / g 20 mV / Pa
1 V / in/s 200 mV / mil
50 mV / psi 10 mV / fpm
33 mV / % 10 mV / V

2015 50
EUstheHardWay

Sometimes we forget to use EUs, or just dont understand how

to set up the analyzer. The measurement is in volts!
There is no immediate need to panic if ????
You know what the EU is for the sensor you are using.
Example: An accelerometer outputs 100 mV / g and there is a
10 mV peak in the frequency spectrum.
What is the amplitude in gs ?
Answer = 10 mV / 100 mV/g = 0.1 g

2015 51
ThreeMeasures

Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
2015 52
ConvertingMeasures
In many cases we are confronted with Acceleration,
Velocity, or Displacement, but are not happy with it.
Maybe we have taken the measurement in
acceleration, but the model calls for displacement.
Maybe we have taken the data in displacement, but
the manufacturer quoted the equipment
specifications in velocity.
How do we change between these measures ?

2015 53
ConvertingMeasures
Velocity=Acceleration/2 f
Displacement=Velocity/2 f
Displacement=Acceleration/(2 f)2
Where:
Acceleration=gs
Multiplyaccelerationingsby(386.1inches/second2)/g
Multiplyaccelerationingsby(9807mm/second2)/g
Velocity=inches/secondormm/second
Displacement=inchesormm
f =frequencyinHz.(cycles/second)

2015 54
Converting Measures
386.1 Acceleration (gs) x 386.1

Acceleration Acceleration
(inch/s2) (inch/s2)

Standard Measures
x 2(Pi)f 2(Pi)f

Velocity Velocity
(inch/s) (inch/s)

x 2(Pi)f Displacement (inch) 2(Pi)f

2015 55
Converting Measures
9807 Acceleration (gs) x 9807

Acceleration Acceleration
(mm/s2) (mm/s2)

Metric Measures
x 2(Pi)f 2(Pi)f

Velocity Velocity
(mm/s) (mm/s)

x 2(Pi)f Displacement (mm) 2(Pi)f

2015 56
Acceleration Velocity

Example: Find the equivalent Peak velocity for a 25 Hz

vibration at 7 mg rms.
Velocity = (g x 386.1) / (2 f)
Velocity = (0.007 x 386.1) / (6.28 x 25)
Velocity = 0.017 inches / second RMS

Answer = 0.017 x 1.414 = 0.024 inches / second Peak

2015 57
Velocity Displacement

Example: Find the equivalent peak-peak displacement

for a 25 Hz vibration at 0.024 in/s Peak ?
Displacement = Velocity / (2 xf)
Displacement = 0.024 / (6.28 x 25)
Displacement = 0.000153 inches Peak

Answer = 0.000153 x 2 = 0.000306 inches Peak Peak

or 0.3 mils Peak - Peak

2015 58
Acceleration Displacement

Example: Find the equivalent Peak-Peak displacement

for a 52 Hz vibration at 15 mg rms.
Displacement = (g x 386.1) / (2 x f )2
Displacement = (0.015 x 386.1) / (6.28 x 52)2
Displacement = 0.000054 inches rms.

Answer = (0.000054 x 1.414) 2 = 0.000154 inches Peak-Peak

or 0.154 mils Peak - Peak

2015 59
Radians,Degrees,
2
orTime
900

3600 = 2 Radians
1800 00 0
3600 / 2 Radians
3600 2
57.3250 / Radian

2700

3
2
2015 60
Radians, Degrees, 2
or Time
900

1800 00 0
3600 2

2700

3
2
2015 61
Radians,Degrees,
orTime 2
900

0 00 1800 3600 2

Period (seconds/cycle)

2700

3
2
2015 62
Sensors

Speed

Displacement

Frequency

2015 64
Accelerometers

IEPE ChargeMode
IntegratedAmplifier ExternalAmplifier
Industrial HighTemperature

2015 66
Accelerometer
RequirementsandApplications
Requirements
Functionality
Durability
Affordability
Applications
Trending
Alarming
Diagnostics
Remember
Onesensordoesnotfit
allapplications
Fit,Form&Function

2015 67
AccelerometerAdvantages

Measurescasingvibration
Measuresabsolutevibration
IntegratetoVelocity
DoubleintegratetoDisplacement
Easytomount
Largerangeoffrequencyresponse
Availableinmanyconfigurations

2015 68
AccelerometerDisadvantages

Doesnotmeasureshaftvibration
Sensitivetomountingtechniquesand
surfaceconditions
Difficulttoperformcalibrationcheck
Oneaccelerometerdoesnotfitall
applications

2015 69
Mass&Charge

Relative movement
Mass
between base & mass
Ceramic
creates shear in ceramic
Base
producing a charge
output.

2015 70
TypicalAccelerometer
Parameters/Specifications
Specification Value AlternateValue
Sensitivity 100mV/g+/5%
FrequencyResponse+/
30 900,000CPM 0.5 15,000Hz
3dB
Frequency Response+/
60 420,000CPM 1.0 7,000Hz
10%
FrequencyResponse+/
120 240,000CPM 2.0 4,000Hz
5%
DynamicRange +/ 80gpeak
ResonantFrequency 1,560,000CPM 26,000Hz

2015 71
TypicalAccelerometer
FrequencyResponse
Amplification Isolation
Region Region
The natural frequency is Phase between
Transmission Region excited causing gain sensor & machine
The usable frequency range of the accelrometer around resonance is shifted by 180
Amplitude

based on acceptable amplitude limits degrees and signal

rolls off to zero

+/- 3dB

+/- 10%

+/- 5%

Frequency

2015 72
AccelerometerMounts

2015 73
RealisticMounting

2015 74
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 10 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 500 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
They are typically used for machinery
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC that is generating high amplitude
vibrations. With the large dynamic
range, they are much less likely to
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC become saturated as a result of the
high amplitude vibrations.

500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC

2015 75
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 50 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 100 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
They are typically used for general
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC purpose machinery measurements,
and are sometimes offered as standard
sensors for data collectors.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC

500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC

2015 76
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 100 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 50 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
Approximately 90% of all vibration
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC analysis and data collection is
accomplished with a 100 mV/g
accelerometer.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC Some sensors are also available with
a +/- 80g dynamic range for measuring
larger signal amplitudes.
500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC

2015 77
Sensitivity,Range
&Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 500 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 10 gs, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
This high output sensor is typically
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC used for low speed equipment, low
frequency measurements, and low
amplitude analysis.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC The high output provides a much
better signal to noise ratio for low
amplitude signals.
500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC

2015 78
Mounting Locations
These mounting
locations also conform Vertical (Y)
the the right hand rule
for phase analysis.
(Cartesian Coordinates)

Horizontal (X)

Load Zone Axial (Z)

2015 79
MountingLocations

Load Zone
Axial (Z)
Radial
Vertical (Y)
Horizontal (X)

2015 80
VelocitySensors
SelfGenerating nopowersupply
required
Magnetinsidecoilgeneratesvelocity
proportionaltovibration
Springmasssystem
10Hz.to1000Hz.
Phasechange900
Directionalmounting
Large&Heavy
Output=mV/inch/sec

2015 82
PiezoVelocitySensors

Remembereverythingthatyoujustlearnedaboutan
accelerometer
Theoutputoftheaccelerometerhasbeenintegratedto
velocityandhasa900phasechange
100mV/inch/sec(4mV/mm/sec)
500mV/inch/sec(20mV/mm/sec)

2015 83
ProximityProbes,
Cables,&Drivers

2015 85
5,7and9MeterSystems

AA = No Thread Length
BB = Case Length
CC = Total Length

2015 86
5,7&9MeterSystems

Extension Cable

Probe Length + Extension Cable Length

must equal 5, 7 or 9 meters in system
length

2015 87
5,7and9MeterSystems
Driver

Electronics tuned for 5, 7 or 9 meter

systems
2015 88
Application
MeasureDisplacement
Plainbearingapplications

NonContactSensor

Idealformeasuring:
Shaftvibration
Shaftcenterlineposition(Gap)
Shaftaxialposition(ThrustBearing)
Roddrop
Speed(Gear)
Trigger(KeyorKeyway)

2015 89
CommonApplications

Compressors PlainBearings
SteamTurbines JournalBearings
Pumps FluidFilmBearings
Fans BabbittBearings
Blowers SleeveBearings
Generators TiltingPadBearings
GearBoxes Recips (crosshead)

2015 90
DisplacementProbeAdvantages
Noncontact
Measurerelativeshaftvibration
Measureshaftcenterlineposition(DCgap)
Measureaxialposition(Thrust)
ProvideSpeedorTrigger
Flatfrequencyresponsedc 10KHz
Simplecalibration
Suitableforharshenvironments
2015 91
DisplacementProbeDisadvantages

Probecanmove(vibrate)
Doesntworkonallmetals
Platedshaftsmaygive
falsemeasurement Plated shaft is
Measurementisaffectedby round, but core
scratches&toolmarksinshaft material is not..
Availablesystemlengths(probe,cable&driver)
5,7,or9meterarestandard
Musthavereliefatsensingtipfromsurroundingmetal
(counterbore)

2015 92
TechnicalBackground

Driver The tip of the probe emits a radio

frequency signal into the surrounding
Cable area as a magnetic field

Probe
As a conductive target intercepts the
magnetic field, eddy currents are
generated on the surface of the target,
and power from the radio frequency
Shaft signal changes

2015 93
TechnicalBackground
Power varies with target movement
Driver
in the magnetic field creating a
Cable variation in the output voltage of the
driver
Probe - A small DC voltage indicates that the target is
close to the probe tip
- A large DC voltage indicates that the target is
far away from the probe tip
- The variation of DC voltage is the AC dynamic
Shaft signal indicating the vibration (displacement)

2015 94
Sensitivity,Range,
&Response
Driver

Cable
Typical non-contact
displacement sensor for
measuring shaft vibration on
a sleeve or journal bearing.
Probe
Sensitivity 200 mV/mil
(8 V/mm)
Eddy Currents Dynamic Range 10 90 mils
(.25 2.3 mm)
Shaft
Frequency Response DC 10 kHz
Journal/Sleeve

2015 95
Linearity
Gap Gap Output
ProximityProbeLinearity mils mm VDC
NomialOutput=200mV/mil(8V/mm)
20 10 0.25 -2.00
18 20 0.51 -4.00
16
30 0.76 -6.00
14
40 1.02 -8.00
12
VoltsDC

10
50 1.27 -10.00
8 60 1.52 -12.00
6 70 1.78 -14.00
4
80 2.03 -16.00
2
90 2.29 -18.00
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100 2.54 -20.00
mils

2015 96
Materials&Sensitivity
Typical
200mv/mil
Note:
(7.87V/mm)
4140Steel Iftheshaftortargetmaterialis
not4140steel,thenatestshould
Dependsonprobe, beruntodeterminethesensitivity
cable(length),and ofthematerialbeingmeasured.
driver.
Targetmaterialvaries
output.

2015 97
DurabilityisRequired
Proximity probes lead a
rough life. Installation,
maintenance and
overhauls require trained
analysts, technicians, or
mechanics to properly
install and remove the
probes. Some probes are
actually encapsulated
inside the fluid film
bearing, and are exposed
to the lubrication and
heat generated by the
bearing. Proper handling
and durability are key
performance factors.
2015 98
DrivertoDrivenOrientation

2015 99
APIStandard670

Industry Standard for Proximity Probes

American Petroleum Institute
(5th Edition ) 01 November 2014
www.techstreet.com $200.00 USD/copy

2015 100
ProbeOrientation

Vertical (Y) 900 (X) Horizontal

Probe orientation
Gap
based on facing
Driver to Driven Shaft
Lubricant
Sleeve

2015 101
DCGap&DynamicAC
Time Record 1
-9.75
DC Gap
V
A negative voltage
level proportional to
30 mV p-p VAC the gap spacing
Dynamic
-10.00 Dynamic AC
Real

VDC Varying DC voltage

simulates dynamic
DC Gap AC voltage for
vibration output
-10.25 30 mV/(200 mV/mil)
0 s 79.96092 ms
= 0.15 mils p-p

2015 102
DCGap&DynamicAC

Positive Peak =
- 48.57 mils

DC Gap =
- 56.08 mils

Negative Peak =
- 63.59 mils

2015 103
DynamicOutputs
Note: The shaft
diameter needs to be
greater than 2 inches to
prevent interference
between the two probes.
900

Vertical for Horizontal for

Amplitude Time Base
Y X

2015 104
TheOrbitDisplay
Y

2015 105
RollingtheScope

Machine
Vertical

Machine
Horizontal

450
 Machine
Orbit

Vertical
Correction

Machine
Horizontal
Orbits&Instrumentation

Modern instrumentation can

compensate for the location of the X
and Y probes providing a true machine
vertical and horizontal measurement.
Clearancevs.Vibration

Diametrical Clearance Peak - Peak Displacement

If the (Peak Peak Displacement / Diametrical Clearance) x 100% > 50% then
the vibration of the shaft is using more than half of the bearing clearance and
additional analysis may be required to identify and reduce the vibration amplitude.

2015 109
AbsoluteShaftDisplacement
Velocity

Displacement
1. Measure the
vertical shaft
displacement. Vertical Measures
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
2. Measure the
V = 0.24 IPSpk @ 2110
vertical casing
velocity.
3600 RPM
3. Include phase

2015 110
GraphicalAddition
Vertical Measures
900
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
V = 0.24 IPSp @ 2110 3.86 milsp-p
@ 1520
Velocity leads
displacement by 900 1.27 milsp-p
@ 1210
2110 - 900 = 1210 1800 00
2.85 milsp-p
Dp-p = 2[0.24/(2f)] @ 1650

Dp-p = 2[0.24/(6.28x60)]
D = 1.27 milsp-p @ 1210
2700

2015 111
MathematicalAddition
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650 900
D= y2 + x2
D = 1.27 milsp-p @ 1210
D= 1.832 + (-3.40)2
y = 2.85 milsp-p x sin 1650
D = 3.86 milsp-p
y = 0.74 milsp-p
y = 1.27 milsp-p x sin 1210 3.86 milsp-p

y = 1.09 mils p-p @ 1520 1.83 milsp-p

1800 00
y = 0.74 + 1.09 = 1.83 milsp-p -3.4 milsp-p
x = 2.85 milsp-p x cos 1650
x = -2.75 milsp-p 900 + acos 1.83/3.86

x = 1.27 milsp-p x cos 1210 900 + 620 = 1520

x = -0.65 milsp-p
x = - 2.75 + - 0.65 = - 3.40 milsp-p 2700

2015 112
ShaftCenterline

Bore Dia.

Shaft Dia.
On CCW
Centers Rotation

CW
Zero Diametrical
Rotation
RPM Clearance

2015 113
PlottingShaftPosition
Y -450 0 X +450

At Running Speed
CCW Rotation
Y = -1 mil
X = +2 mils
Shaft Change = 2.24
mils @ 71.60

2015 114
AxialThrustorPosition

Two axial oriented probes are used for

redundancy to monitor the axial movement
of the shaft or thrust collar.
Shaft
RodDrop

2015 116
2015 117
NaturalFrequency
AresultoftheMass(m)andStiffness
(k)ofthemachinedesign
Resonanceoccurswhenanatural
frequencyisexcitedbyaforce
Criticalspeedoccurswhenthe
machinespeedmatchesthenatural
frequencyandcreatesresonance

2015 118
NaturalFrequency
X:164.0625 ms Y:1.379613 G
dX:554.6875 ms dY:-729.2974 mG Time Waveform
Time Record 1 TIME1.63
2
G

Real

-2
0 s 8 s

X:109.125 Hz Y:214.7374 mG Frequency Spectrum

Auto Pwr Spec 1 HZ1.63
0.3
G
rms

Real

0
50.00001 Hz 150 Hz
2015 119
 INCREASEthe INCREASEthe
stiffness(k) mass(m)

INCREASEthe DECREASEthe
frequency(f) frequency(f)

2015 120
NaturalFrequency

10 lbs. 30 lbs. 50 lbs. 95 lbs.

Pull Strength
Frequency Response 2000 Hz.
k/m k/m k/m k/m

2015 121
BumpTestingSetup

UNIFORMWINDOW
Takeyourtime Bumparound
Donotoverrangeorcliptheinputsignal
800 1600linesofresolution
Trysomedifferentfrequencyspans
Only1bumpforeachtimerecord
About4averages(dependsonnoise)

2015 122
UniformWindow

The Uniform window

Uniform should be used for
bump testing.

If you use the

Hanning or Flat Top
Hanning windows, they will
filter out the response
from the impact

Flat Top
2015 123
BumpIt!
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
dX:76.17188 ms dY:-1.36474 G
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2
G

Real

-2
0 s 1 s

X:58.75 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Frequency Spectrum

X:65.5 Hz Y:12.23725 mG
X:70.75 Hz Y:8.475402 mG
Auto Pwr Spec 1 HZ4.63
0.015
G
rms

Real

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 124
MentalHealthCheck!
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
dX:76.17188 ms dY:-1.36474 G
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2
G 76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec

The frequency Real

measured in the F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz

time waveform -2
0 s 1 s
should be the X:58.75 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Frequency Spectrum
same frequency in X:65.5 Hz Y:12.23725 mG
X:70.75 Hz Y:8.475402 mG
the FFT. Auto Pwr Spec 1 HZ4.63
0.015
G 65.5 Hz
rms

Real

0
0 Hz 100 Hz

2015 125
TimeWaveform
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
X:99.60938 ms Y:268.2297 mG
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2 A0 = 1.633 G
G F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz
An = 0.268 G
Real n = 5 cycles
LN = natural log
-2
0 s 1 s

1. Log decrement = (1/n)[LN(A0/An)] = (1/5)[LN(1.633/0.268)] = 0.36

2. Damping ratio = Log dec/2Pi = 0.36/2Pi = 0.36/6.28 = 0.057
3. Amplification factor = 1/(2*Damping) = 1/(2*0.057) = 8.68

2015 126
FFTorSpectrum
X:58.75 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Frequency Spectrum
X:65.5 Hz Y:12.23725 mG
X:70.75 Hz Y:8.475402 mG
Auto Pwr Spec 1 F = 65.5 Hz HZ4.63
0.015
G
rms f1 = 58.75 Hz f2 = 70.75 Hz

Real

-3dB
0
0 Hz 100 Hz

1. Find the 3dB points = AF * .707 = 12.24 mG * .707 = 8.65 mG

2. Find the frequencies at the 3dB points (f1 and f2)
3. Amplification factor = F/ (f2 - f1) = 65.5/(70.75 58.75) = 5.46

2015 127
BumpTestingSummary
Takeyourtime Calculatethe
Chooseyourweapon amplificationfactor
Bumparound Changethemass
UniformWindow Changethestiffness
Lookatthetime Adddamping
waveform
Bumparound
Lookatthefrequency
spectrum Compareandverify
Doamentalhealth resultsafterchangesto
check themachine
2015 128
1x(RunningSpeed)

MassUnbalance1x
CriticalSpeed1x
Misalignment1x,2x,3x
Looseness1x,2x,3x,4x,5x,.
Runout 1x

2015 129
1xMassUnbalance
X:30 Hz Y:584.5464 minch
X:60 Hz Y:88.18431 minch
FREQ 1 1600 Lines
0.7 1x
inch Good resolution
rms & presentation
Magnitude
2x of the FFT
0
0 Hz 100 Hz

TIME 1
1.5
inch

Real

-1.5
0 s 15.99609 s
2015 130
1xMassUnbalance
FREQ 1 1600 Lines
0.7
inch
rms

Magnitude

0
0 Hz 6.4 kHz

TIME 1
1.5
inch
Good resolution
& presentation of
the Time
Real
Waveform

-1.5
0 s 249.939 ms
2015 131
1xMassUnbalance
X:30 Hz Y:584.5464 minch
X:60 Hz Y:88.18431 minch
FREQ 1
0.7 1x
inch
rms
Magnitude
2x Two measurements
0 will provide good
0 Hz 100 Hz resolution &
TIME 1 presentation of
1.5 Primarily 1x both the FFT &
inch Time Waveform

Real

-1.5
0 s 249.939 ms
2015 132
1x,2x,3x Misalignment
1x

2x

1x

2x

2015 133
1x,2x,3x Misalignment

1x 2x
Angular Offset
Misalignment Misalignment
Look for a 1800 phase shift across the coupling in axial
vibration measurements. Be careful with the way you
mount the accelerometer. Dont create the 1800 phase shift
by flipping the accelerometer around.
2015 134
RollingElement
Bearings

Rollingelementbearingswillnot generate
frequenciesthatareevenmultiplesofrunning
speed.Theyarenonsynchronous.
Theyoftengeneratelowamplitudes
Theyhavestagesoffailurestartingwithhigh
frequencystresswavesdeterioratingtolow
frequencycomponents.
Whenthevibrationgetsbetter shutthemachine
offimmediately!
2015 135
RollingElementBearing
FrequenciesInnerRaceRotates
FTF = (Hz/2)[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps
N = number of rolling elements
Inner race and shaft rotate.
B = ball diameter
Outer race is held or fixed.
P = pitch diameter
CA = contact angle
RollingElementBearing
FrequenciesOuterRaceRotates
FTF = (Hz/2)[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
No
Rotation BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps

Inner race and shaft fixed. N = number of rolling elements

Outer race rotates. B = ball diameter
P = pitch diameter
CA = contact angle
 RollingElementBearings(BPFI)
9 - CENTER ROLL
532E044D -MIH MOTOR INBOARD HORIZONTAL
1.2
Route Spectrum
21-Feb-04 08:37:46

SKF 6326 OVERALL= 5.20 V-AN

PK = 2.13

0.9 7.66 FTF LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 1174. (19.57 Hz)

43.01 BSF
PK Velocity in mm/Sec

61.31 BPFO
0.6 95.26 BPFI

0.3

0
Freq: 589.03
0 300 600 900 1200
Ordr: 30.10
Frequency in Hz Spec: .289
Dfrq: 94.91

2015 138
RollingElementBearings(BPFI)
9 - CENTER ROLL
532E044D -MIH MOTOR INBOARD HORIZONTAL
20
Route Waveform
21-Feb-04 08:37:46
15
RMS = 3.52
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1506. (25.09 Hz)
10 CF ALARM
PK(+) = 17.23
PK(-) = 17.94
CRESTF= 5.10
Acceleration in G-s

PK ALARM
0
Angel Fish !
PK ALARM

-5 Impacts Create
Resonance of
-10
CF ALARM
Inner Ring
-15

-20
0 50 100 150 200
Time in mSecs

2015 139
RollingElementBearings
Earlystageelectricalfluting
ft =1?
tisverysmall

Fisveryhigh

F max

2015 140
RollingElementBearings
Innerracepitting
ft =1?
tislonger

fislower

F max

2015 141
RollingElementBearings
Totalbearingfailure
ft =1?
Tisreallylong

fisreallylow

F max

2015 142
RollingElementBearings
Asthefrequencygetslowerbad
thingsarehappening!
RollingElementBearings

Nolubrication!

Novibration
program!

NoReliability!

2015 144
RollingElementBearings?

Youneedallofthe
rollingelements,inthe
sameorientation,a
goodcage,andasolid
innerracetohavea
qualitybearingand
goodvibration
measurement!
RollingElementBearings
Severe
Electrical
Fluting

2015 146
GearMesh

NumberofTeethxSpeedoftheShaftitis
mountedon.
Sidebandsaroundgearmeshwillbespaced
attheshaftspeedthegearismountedon.
Typicallythevibrationwillbeintheaxial
direction

2015 147
GearMesh&ShaftSpeeds
1770 RPM
21T 27T
(29.5 Hz)
13.18 Hz (790.85 RPM)

47T 2.42 Hz (145.25 RPM)

147T

Shaft Speeds Gear Mesh

Inter Speed = 29.5(21/47) = 13.18 Hz GMH = 29.5 x 21 = 619.5 Hz

13.18 x 60 = 790.85 CPM 619.5 x 60 = 37,170 CPM
Output Speed = 13.18(27/147) = 2.42 Hz GML = 13.18 x 27 = 355.88 Hz
2.42 x 60 = 145.25 CPM 355.88 x 60 = 21,352 CPM

2015 148
GearMeshwithSidebands
ofShaftSpeed

X:30.59605 Hz Y:31.80463 mpsi

X:31.82788 Hz Y:89.65971 mpsi
Gear Mesh = 31.828
X:33.05971 Hz Y:25.62417 mpsi
1 Hz
0.1
psi Sideband spacing = 1.232 Hz
rms 1.232 Hz x 60 = 73.9 CPM
Magnitude
73.9 RPM = Shaft Speed
0
20 Hz Zoom Window 40 Hz

2015 149
Fans

BladePass
NumberofBladesxSpeedoftheShaftthe
rotorismountedon.
Lookatthedamperandductworkforflow
andrestrictions.
Bladeclearance,dischargeangle,wear&tear
Unbalance,misalignment,bearings

2015 150
Pumps
VanePass
NumberofVanesxSpeedoftheShafttherotorismountedon.
Lookattheinputandoutputpressures
Vaneclearance,dischargeangle,wear&tear
Recirculation
RandomnoiseinFFT&TimeWaveform
Axialshuttling,Highbackpressure,Lowflowrate
Fluidbeingforcedbackintopump
Cavitation
RandomnoiseintheFFT&TimeWaveform
Audiblenoise,Lowbackpressure,Highflowrate
Airentrainedinfluid
Unbalance,misalignment,bearings

2015 151
Motors
SynchronousSpeed
(2xLineFrequency)/numberofpoles
Stator
2xLineFrequencyandMultiples
Rotor
SidebandsAroundRunningSpeed=Slip
FrequencyxNumberofPoleswith
Multiples
Unbalance,Misalignment,Bearings

2015 152
ThankYou!
Youcanfindtechnicalpaperson
thisandothersubjectsat
www.ctconline.com
intheTechnicalResourcessection
ConnectionTechnologyCenter,Inc.
7939RaeBoulevard
Victor,NewYork14564
Tel:+15859245900
Fax:+15859244680

2015 153