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  • Secret Book of Sewage

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    mohammadKhw
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    A book I scanned in 2014 after I found it between archived files of the company I used to work for. I cannot tell if it's a complete book or just a collection of multiple books. But I can say with confidence that it's a very good reference for sewage networks.

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    A book I scanned in 2014 after I found it between archived files of the company I used to work for. I cannot tell if it's a complete book or just a collection of multiple books. But I can say with confidence that it's a very good reference for sewage networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views131 pages

    Secret Book of Sewage

    Uploaded by

    mohammadKhw
    A book I scanned in 2014 after I found it between archived files of the company I used to work for. I cannot tell if it's a complete book or just a collection of multiple books. But I can say with confidence that it's a very good reference for sewage networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 131
    —$———L ae 4 Materials ‘THE value of an upsto-date specication was refered to in Chapter 2. 1s prepared to enable a ‘ontractor to asses the standards of materials and workmanship required bythe enginer 50th hhecan prize his tender. The specification s also legal document and must no herefore be open to imisinterpretation, Where relevant it should state quite specifically that materials or workmanship ‘hal eto a certain standard: expressions such us to be” should not appeat in the document Where che employer or the enginer is to provide a sevice, the words wil be’ of"may be cat be sed “Thecondtionsofcoatract. the specication he ils of quantitiesand he drawings form asetot a) ae) ae) ze) se) $ | 2) 88) a8 | sot] oer) Sor] 52) 200] Sez | s03 8} Bi] 8] Bh] aa] el Bi] eee] oe | tes 12 | 143 | 226] 339) 452] B65) 678) | 791 906 | 1017 | 1130 1 | MP) Be] BB | 888) $68 | 5 IBh | yee | Tate | 2ort Be] Bt) Re) es | 5 | 10h | eS | dies | Bate | 2a | Su | RA] ge] a2 [12s | san | 3688) 5488 | 38h | tee | ah B | age | gat | 4203 288s | dap | Gass | Sone | 833 | tan | gate $3 | $86 | 3808 | 3409 | Sze | 6203 | 7530 | 8796 | 10052 |11 309 | 12566 $3 | 1285 | 2858 | 2288 | BREE | SERS | tbat | Be | 120Ge | em | toes ‘By courtesy of Reinforcement Stel Services. Sheffield. es ak tag aa ie : ne |p| 96 [soos | 0 | rs | mo | amo | ao a vas; 226| te8| ser | tat 3 94 | .8) Bl Bl Bl fl Bl Bl Ble | ee |e) ee] i) LB] | ae 20 | 6288 | 3442 | 2513 | 2094 | 1795 | 1571 | 1256 | 1047 [EY YS | ee | 8k | Bb) | Se | S| By courtesy of Reinforcement Stee! Services. Sheffield MATERIALS 48 TABLE 412 STEEL REINFORCEMENT—MASS FOR A GIVEN NUMBER OF BARS IN kai RUN an zB Naber of bore S : ™ratelesyTels lel? le ]*] @ | op9al oaaa| O66) o88a| 1z00| 292] tesa] 1776] tose) 2x20 & | 8268) S480] PEE) $S85| 147s) 2540/2705) 3 1¢o| sess) 380 ab | ase! 9283| 1888) 246¢| 3693) 3b96/ 2312| aaze| seca) S160 12 | O06) 1776) pee | 35e2| 2800 | 28) 216) Fics] Sea) Sao 12 | Pei! 4725) £585) S8te| ao0| S270 | sr53| x26m2| r4201| 15700 35 | BEG) 2582) 4285] Sine| 12596 |12 790 | $7262] 18,726] 22 ge) 28.000 3 3es8| 4508 ai sez ,saie te aro 2324 | 2608] sogaa| S4ee| 435e0 3 88s |sdne|thsu0 [28250 31 09 37 ave | azo: | sosoa| seen7. asi30 3 | Sau |1858 0 Sar [35456 [40 00 |$0e4 | Goote| Te si2| gee) Ss.c0 30 188455000 [to 299 [orese| 77.065 [92.478 10786125 08 8 17 184190 By courtesy of Reinforcement Sto! Services, Shel REINFORCEMENT. HS 4489 relates to ho ole steel burs and hard-deawn ste! wire: BS 4461 relates to cold worked steel bars: and BS4883 to steel Fabric reinforcement, All see! should be fre from mil sale and loose rust, grease.ctc.and the concrete caver oll tel including sterups) should not be less than 36mm. During recent years there has been an increasing wse of high-temsile steel in preference to lds bars, Ecomtom inthe oie and on site can be obiined by limiting the number of bent shapes othe preferred shapes set out in BS4466. “Bending Dimensions and Scheduling of Bars for the Reinforcement of Concrete. and by standardizing bar-bending schedules. Sestonal areas rs reas of steel per mete width and weights of scl bars are given in Tables 4.10.41) and 4.12. BS preferred types of see fabric are given in Table 413. BRICKWORK AND BLOCKWORK (C2005 recommends that bricks for lining sewers and inverts should preferably: comply with [BS 3921 "Bricks end Blocks of Fired Brckearth, Clay or Shale. The sandard brick dimensions of BIS « 102-5 x 65mm, together with mortar joints of 10mm thickness. give working brickwork Format sizeof 238 1125 x 15mm (ce BS 3921, Part I) Precast concrete blocks to BS 2028 and 1368, “Spcification fo Precast Concrete Blocks are of tiroe types. Types A and B are suitable for vse below damp-proot course level A number of ‘manufacturers prodice blocks 200mm wide by 400, S00 and 600mm long. wth thicknesses of [00mm and other dimensions to meet performance requirements, The standard size for precast ‘onerst facing blocks 200 % 100 = 7Smm nominal: ther sizes are produced. BS 2028 specifies densities and compressive strengths as set out in Tuble 4.14 Lightweight load-bearing insulating building blocks to type “BY of the BS are used extensively to provide the fie resistance and insulation reared by the Building Regulations, 36 a SEWERAGE TABLE 413 [BS PREFERRED TYPES OF STEEL FABRIC Womins! | Site of | Crost-ssctonal ‘och wires | Sree per meve Rot ‘mm ‘nm —_| wc ‘Main | Crass | Main | Gross | Moin [Grose ‘393 | 200 | 200 | 10 | 10 | 303 | 08 ‘aso | 200 | 200 | ‘a | "e | dep | deo tea | 200 | 200 | > | 5 | tea | tea ‘Ataz | 200 | 200 | 6 | 6 | tao | tea a5, | 200 | 200 | 8 | § | los | "op Bias | 700 | 300 | 12 | 8 |aaa1 | 25 B7as'| 100 | 200 | 10 | & |"7a5 | 352 8303 | too | 300 | "3 | & | 503 | 359 8385 | 100 | 200 | 7 | 7 | Sa5 | 193 8263 | 100 | 300 | 6 | 7 | 363 | is Bise | io | 300 | § | 7 | tee | iss Gres | 100 | 400 | 19 | 6 | es | ‘toe Geas | too | aoa | 's | & | gss0| Joe 50s | too | oo | 8 | S| S09) 490 eas | 100 | 00 | 7 | 8 | 3a | doo 23 | 100 | S09 | 6 | 8 | 3a | aso bas’ | 100 | too | 35] 25| “aor | Soy Bst_| joo | tao | 20] 20] Sra} Sra With acknowledgements othe Brish Standards Institution TABLE 4.14 PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS TO 85.2028 AND 1364 Density of “Minimum wverege | Stengih—iowest Block ype | lock compressive sucrath | indicus ock gine ‘imme ‘Nim a "Not les han 7600 38 28 70 be 108 ea oa 210 ise | wo | Ba eo Bo 5 Les on 1 500, bt 28 225 ‘more tan 625 70 58 ‘eas than 625 28 228 © Less than 1800, ba hore then 625°" | Transverse beskng ood i spied 7 ‘aes wan swf toe) [Less thon 625 MATERIALS so A st of safe load tables for conerete blockwork tothe design requirements of CP 111 has been published by the Cement and Concrete Assocation [96] TIMBER ‘When a ptched-roofconsiructon is proposed for a pumping station building, timber is generally ‘employed forthe roof members, Timber i, ofcourse, also sedi ling and in coneret formwork The structural us of timber is controlled by CP 112, Part 2, while BS 497 specifies the varios limber grades for structural usage Hardoods are availublein hiknesses from 19 to 100 mm, and in widths from S040 300 mm (see 'BS 5480), Other dimensions are available on request. Soflwoods are available in vasious basic lengths from 1-80 to 630 m and in the basi sizes given in Table 4.15.1 should be noted that the Timber Trude Federation has stated thatthe 36: and 40-mm thicknesses may not be realy availble. A further thickness of 47 mm may’ be available in some localities. Siress-praded imbe to BS 4973) is eferred to in CP 112 and also in Schedule 6 ofthe Building Regulations, TABLE 435 BASIC SIZES OF SAWN SOFTWOOD (CROSS-SECTIONAL SIZES)-~854471 Wisin mm Thicket in | — 75 [ro] 250] 175] 200] a8 al 1 courtesy ofthe Tonber Trade Federation STRUCTURAL STEEL ‘BS. Par | (with amendments) gives the dimensions and other properties of Hot Rolled Sections ‘opether with deals of rong tolerances. Safe Load Tables have been incorporated imo & I -- 8 SEWERAGE Handbook on Structural Stet [98] pubbished by the British ConstructonalStesivork Asoociston in i971 Alt srfaces of strvtural sce! members shoud be given a coat of red lad punt before assembly ‘at the manufacturers works. Any scl delivered to the site unpainted should be cleaned! and a cined witha cou ofte ead pint ascarlyas posible Siteboltsandrvetsshould be painted after earrjon und any damage tothe primingcoat should then be touched up. Surfaces tobe welded on Sree gurface to be joined with high slength fition grip bolts should, however, be let unpainted STEEL PLATES FOR FLOORING “Twotypesof flooring platesareincommon use for punpingstations and similar buildings —open- {ype and sold plating with raised non-slip puters, TaBLe 416 OPEN-TYPE STEEL FLOORING—SAFE LOADING kg/m? (STEELWAY TYPE 1 ‘FLOORING) iat] i Te] Sac eo) aRE en [aaa ‘| 78 5 as 7] Fa] 20 Tre aoe | see af ne Pela) ‘tiaction ited 10 spen/200 ar 10 mm whichever ose. Detgcton ied oa FA hep tne ate low the minimum requvements of 8 4582: 1970. TiNime a 10h svTekgtime ~ 208866 bf ee aay of Steeey (elymwed Integrated Services Lia) TABLE 417 DURBAR FLOOR. PLATES—DIMENSIONS ND WEIGHTS: Thickness | Standard | Standard | Weight conta \fenath mn | ws men | Role wer a4 boas aris 10077 By courtesy af the British Stee! Corporation. \ MATERIALS » Tague 418 DURBAR PATTERN STEEL PLATES: SAFE LOADINGS~SIMPLY ‘SUPPORTED ON TWO SIDES, Kgin™ “Thiekness | ‘Span in metres Er — vale oa [oa [ro [v2 | v4 | v6 | 70 [70 | 7 | 4a7| 310] 228] 176) 137 | 112 ii) $2] Be] AE) oe) | ie 3340| toa) 962 | 707) Sb | 434 | 350 Suet | 798 | 152| 1121 | Bee 677 | Ges Bes | Sase | 2880 | 1984 | 1355 | 1080 | By courtesy ofthe Betsh Steel Corporation TABLE 4.19 DURBAR PATTERN STEEL PLATES. SAFE LOADINGS—SIMPLY SUPPORTED ‘ON FOUR SIDES. kai? Brevath om aa ap Trcknese Saaninm as) aes) 1934) 1409) tata) 241260" 1256 1351/06 | 1983) “eeel “Bs| "592 Tez | 720, 'Fie| os I 38a) 002, bea as Mao) are Go aaoal 2999 24901 23a2| 2779 2248 2230 2721 08 3808 3599 Gas tare ta? izes 1272 08 || Aer sy ae es) aa Hio2| Bes | 725660) 62212 Go 7836) S184 4477) 4193) e052 geg3 39051 3950, OF $1881 Sag) Suse eae eet 22st 2260 8 Bani) 2008 |i 798 1625 15441488, 10 | Fse5|1o1o 1288 1393/1107 | 12 Vise Vaz ‘oes "ae3 | 14 700 12360) 8654| 6916) G54 e390 6280 S198 6170] Ce 886%) Gees) 2¥28 Gaus Sone S380 3as2| 08 Ho) $265 (2799 2538 213 2809 10 | 3500/2368 2013 Tazz \t723 | 12 | 900° 234s tyes 1836 (1308 | 14 TZe 19440/12590]10810 10160 e885 e750 gee | 9042 | 0 13560 "Seen “eas ges [S716 S54 |2820 0% /[79| Gass) Grae |aaea | 3967 3770 | Ses9 | 2763 |3687 |3147 i } : | PIS seta 2a | 280 | 2179 ‘By courtesy ofthe Bech Steel Corporation at «0 SEWERAGE Open type flooring ismanufacturedin various types and in depths to suitthe loading, Table 4.16 tives the weights and safe loadings for Steiway open-ype flooring, ‘The “Admiralty” diamond pattern steel fooring which was used for many years has been ‘superseded by the ‘Durbar’ patter plates which are slf-draning and easier to clean, Table 4.17 ves lengths and weighs of Durbar pattern plates, while Tables 418 and 4.19 pve ste uniformly ‘isuibuted loads, GLAZING ‘Thesubject of glazingiscovered very ullyina Glazing Manual published by the Glassnd Glazing Federation (87). This deals withthe types of glass available glazing materials and technigues, end ‘general information on design, TABLE 4.20 SHEET GLASS “Nominai |Thikness | Aporox | Normal ies | ange | “| alte saa | "aot | age | mena 3 [2032 | ze | 2px ie 2 | 383 a8 | doaes 1s SES | Seca f | SS | 48S | 823283 (00 ordinary alzing quaiy—torgenoral purposes Inlectores housing exates, te SO— selected glazing astty tor gazing in build Inge reauing 8 eter qvaty of las: ‘S80 Spi slocted qattyYor hgh grade work ‘teh bs pleues eater wor te {By courtesy of the Glass and Glazing Fedeaion TapLe 421 FLOAT OR POLISHED PLATE GLASS ‘Nominat | Thickness | Aporox | Normal tmichness | “Tange | “ise, | maximum size ‘mm | “mm _| apie | 3 | 2e32 | 75 | a1a0 1320 2 | 3842 | 105 | 276021320 8 | 8882 | 128 | 3teo7 2100 8 | S882 | 383 | deo: sie 19 | 874¢3| 380 | sooo 3300 12 -h1B3 | 00 | S000 < 3300 35 tages | 378 | $080 < 3000, 38 186.300 | 378 | 3000 3800, 2 [286260 | 638 | 3000x2000, ‘8y courtesy of the Gloss and Glazing Federation. $$ MATERIALS. 41 ‘Sheet glass is available in the thicknesses and sizes set out in Table $20, while oat glass sizes ae sven in Table 4.2, For pumping stations and similar buildings it would be normal toune ordinary Blazing quality (OQ) sheet glss or float glass. The thickness of lass should be caleulsed according tothe wind loading tobe expected (suitably corrected for height above ground) and the type of lass to be used, ‘Various types of translucent and other glasses are available, and float gles can be obtained ither clear oF tinted, Polished wired glass is available in 6m thickness, ab has Sin Ei toe Edi oat bor of ene oes 1 for wil ‘0 SEWERAGE SITE RECORDS AND DRAWINGS ‘an important part of the resident engineers dts isthe maintenance of proper records througout hc conract. Drawings mest Boke upo-ttoshow work seta needa y- toy airy mune ogee corde on he progress chars an (mos mporan) ‘Score ie maitaimed she ts of payment othe contactor for work doe Trav abou ems fo be corded and fe To sy Ferenc inde Details of strat through which wrenches, et. ae excavated Any sil tests caried out “Tes ress on pipelines Test reslis on completed water-retaning siructres, Tes cubes for concrete {acauon book ving accurate etal of postions junction other fitness that thes en be located ffom rlrence points onthe surface ltt date 7. Dawns of ulings. elds arden, fencing, ec, before work sartssuppored by otogaphs white rppable Baa any ces ordre wage rales of cos of materia. These wil 01 Be flea for he uit rats inte bl of quien the vaiton of pie elas nt “ppl to the contac. ut they wil robubly et payment for dayworks 6 Surface Water Sewerage SURFACE water sewers provide the means fr collection and discharge of natural precipitation. ‘rainfall, snow, et. They may ether form a par of acombined sewerage system to ext foul domestic wastes in addition tothe surface water or they may be"separate. Inthe late case, 3 further completely independent sytem of sewers is provided 10 deal with the fou sewage. Surace water sewers are usually designed to discharge othe eutest convenient watercourse when they are part oF a'Separate system, If they form part of "combined sewerage system they wil normally ‘ischargetoa sewage treatment works:in thiscase storm sewage overflows may then be provided at suitable points lng the sewers so tit excess Rows can be diverted to neighbouring watercourses intimesof storm. As these overflows can be sources of pollution na steam. the present tendency towardsseparat'rather thn ‘combined’ sewers, bu many existing systemsareeither combined oF a best only partially separate ‘The design ofa surface water sewerage system begins with study ofthe urea to be druined. The limits oFthisarea ae usualy set by natural physical features, and may extend wellbeyond the iis ‘of any specific development projet. The bisic requirement sa map! thearea toa scale of no ess than 1-2500, and preferably to 1-1000, with contours atleast at every mete. Existing natural

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