CONSONANT CHART

POINT OF ARTICULATION
MANNER OF Palato-
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
ARTICULATION Alveolar
voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced

Plosive p b t d k g

Affricate

Fricative f v s z h

Nasal m n

Lateral L

Continuant r

Semivowel w j

VOWEL CHART DIPHTHONG CHART

 CONNECTED SPEECH

Assimilation: is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby
sound. This can occur either within a word or between words. In rapid speech, for example,
"handbag" is often pronounced [hmb]. As in this example, sound segments typically assimilate
to a following sound (this is called regressive or anticipatory assimilation), but they may also
assimilate to a preceding one (progressive assimilation). While assimilation most commonly occurs
between immediately adjacent sounds, it may occur between sounds separated by others
("assimilation at a distance").

p p p
p b
b b b m

T+ k D+ k N+ m Z+ S+
k g j j
g g k

m p m b g

Linking r: linking r is found when a word with a final r in the spelling is followed by a word starting
with a vowel.
Elision: is quite common in rapid casual speech. The /h/ is often elided in the pronouns he/him and
in the verb Have/has. There is also elision when the last sound in a word is a /t/ and is followed by a
word beginning with a consonant.
Coalescent assimilation: may happen when a word ends with a /d/ and the next word starts with a
/j/ as in Could you? /ku/. In the case of do, the vowel may be elided in every quick speech and
so Do you like? could be pronounce /ulaik/
Juncture: is when the sequence of phonemes is the same but the way they are pronounced are
slightly different. For example, might rain has the same phonemes as my train but they are
pronounced slightly different
Intrusive sounds: these are sounds that are not found in spelling. So words ending in a but
pronounced as // such as diva when followed by a vowel might have an intrusive r. For example,
The diva owed me money / di:vrd mi mni/. Also words ending in the vowel /:/, like paw,
when followed by a vowel might have an intrusive r as in /his p:riz wet/. Similarly some people may
pronounce words ending in a /u(:)/ sound followed by a vowel with an intrusive w as in too awful
/tu:w:fl/ or words ending in an /i:/ sound followed by a vowel with an intrusive /j/ as in See and
hear /si:jnd hi/
Function words: are normally weak. They are strong when:
o We talk about them: Is to a preposition?
o We contrast them: Did you say for or from?
o At the end of a clause: Who are you looking at?
o Auxiliary verbs in short answers: Yes, I can
o There is emphasis: Is that the Michael Jackson?