Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C., Owens, K., Park, L., 2008; The Good
Earth; Mc Graw Hill.
9. Telford, WM., Geldart, LPm, Sherriff, RE., 1990, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed,
Cambridge University Press.
DEFINITIONS
Solid Earth Geophysics:
Engineering Geophysics:
THINK :
WHAT KIND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ?
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1st
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT
2nd
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
3rd
EXPLORATION PLAY
ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT
4th
PROSPECT
4th PROSPECT
5th DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT
6th DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
PHASE
7th PRODUCTION
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Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect
can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.
Risk
Optimization
Volumetric
4 What is the thermal history of the basin and the surrounding area?
Elements Processes
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route
Migration
Reservoir Rock
Accumulation
Seal Rock
Trap Preservation
HYDROCARBON OCCURENCE
Source rocks
Overburden rocks
Reservoir rocks & carried beds element
Sealing rocks
Kitchen PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Petroleum migration
Traps proccess
Preservation
These elements and proccesses of petroleum system should be connected in space and time
surface
trap/field preserved
seal
reservoir
kitchen overburden
migration
source
Jalur migrasi di bawah Migrasi migas (migration)
permukaan Awang Satyana (2013)
Adalah keluarnya migas dari batuan induk (ekspulsi/
migrasi primer) ke dalam batuan media migrasi (carrier
beds) kemudian melanjutkan perpindahannya menuju
perangkap/permukaan (migrasi sekunder).
Pemodelan migrasi
Visser (2011)
Cara migrasi di batuan Clayton &Fleet (1991)
Semua elemen dan proses petroleum system terdapat dan terjadi di dalam cekungan
sedimen (sedimentary basin) dan sebagian besar terjadi pada masa lalu (zaman
geologi). Cekungan sedimen adalah tempat cekung di permukaan Bumi yang berisi
sedimen lebih tebal daripada sekitarnya. Cekungan sedimen penghasil migas disebut
cekungan migas.
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How can we double the
production and still have bigger
reserve than we started with?
High Technology
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Frequently used of geophysical methods
for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical Physical property Typical applications Comment on
method measured applicability
Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of large- Gravity survey are generally
scale density anomalies in less expensive but have less
petroleum and mineral resolving power than seismic
exploration exploration.
Electrical and Rock resistivity, Mineral exploration These methods are used most
electromagnetic capacitance, and frequently in mining
surveys inductance properties exploration and well logging
(resistivity, SP, and induction
log)
Gravity Density P P S S S S U U S U
Magnetic Susceptibility P P P S U M U P P U
Seismic Refraction Elastic Moduli, density P P M P S S U U U U
Seismic Reflection Elastic Moduli, density P P M S S M U U U U
Resistivity Resistivity M M P P P P P S P M
Spontaneous Potential Potential differences U U P M P M M M U U
Induced Polarization Resistivity, capacitance M M P M S M M M M M
Electromagnetic (EM) Conductance, inductance S P P P P P P P P M
EM - VLF Conductance, inductance M M P M S S S M M U
EM Ground Penetrating Permitivity, conductivity
U U M P P P S P P P
Radar
Magneto-telluric Resistivity S P P M M U U U U U
(Reynolds, 1997)
P= primary method; S=secondary method; U=unsuitable
M=may be used but not necessarily the best approach, or has not been developed for this application
Applications:
1 Hydrocarbon exploration (coal, gas, oil) 6 Detection of sub-surface cavities
2 Regional Geological study (over areas of 100s of km2) 7 Mapping of leachate and contaminant plumes
3 Exploration/development of mineral deposit 8 Location and definition of buried metallic objects
4 Engineering site investigations 9 Archaeological geophysics
5 Hydrogeological investigations 10 Forensic geophysics
Oil and gas operational phases and Technology Involvement
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Stages in Geophysical Technology
Application for Subsurface Mapping
Data Acquisition
Survey Design
Data Processing
Data Interpretation