Ag Org Farm Magazine Kenya M BV Dup en 113740

What is
Organic Farming?
produced by
HDRA - the organic organisation
Organic Farming
What is organic farming?

Organic farming works in harmony with nature rather than against it. This involves
using techniques to achieve good crop yields without harming the natural
environment or the people who live and work in it. The methods and materials
that organic farmers use are summarised as follows:
To keep and build good soil structure and fertility:
recycled and composted crop wastes and animal manures
the right soil cultivation at the right time
crop rotation
green manures and legumes
mulching on the soil surface
To control pests, diseases and weeds:
careful planning and crop choice
the use of resistant crops
good cultivation practice
crop rotation
encouraging useful predators that eat pests
increasing genetic diversity
using natural pesticides
Organic farming also involves:
careful use of water resources
good animal husbandry
page 1 HDRA - the organic organisation

Organic Farming
A modern approach to farming

Organic farming does not mean going back to traditional methods. Many of the
farming methods used in the past are still useful today. Organic farming takes
the best of these and combines them with modern scientific knowledge.
Organic farmers do not leave their farms to be taken over by nature; they use all
the knowledge, techniques and materials available to work with nature. In this
way the farmer creates a healthy balance between nature and farming, where
crops and animals can grow and thrive.
To be a successful organic farmer, the farmer must not see every insect as a
pest, every plant out of place as a weed and the solution to every problem in an
artificial chemical spray. The aim is not to eradicate all pests and weeds, but to
keep them down to an acceptable level and make the most of the benefits that
they may provide.
Combined techniques
On an organic farm, each technique would not normally be used on its own.
The farmer would use a range of organic methods at the same time to allow
them to work together for the maximum benefit. For example the use of green
manures and careful cultivation, together provide better control of weeds than if
the techniques were used on their own.
HDRA - the organic organisation page 2

Organic Farming
Why farm organically?
Organic farming provides long-term benefits to people and the environment.
Organic farming aims to:
increase long-term soil fertility.
control pests and diseases without harming the environment.
ensure that water stays clean and safe.
use resources which the farmer already has, so the farmer needs less
money to buy farm inputs.
produce nutritious food, feed for animals and high quality crops to sell at a
good price.
Modern, intensive agriculture causes many problems, including the following:
Artificial fertilisers and herbicides are easily washed from the soil and
pollute rivers, lakes and water courses.
The prolonged use of artificial fertilisers results in soils with a low organic
matter content which is easily eroded by wind and rain.
Dependency on fertilisers. Greater amounts are needed every year to

produce the same yields of crops.
Artificial pesticides can stay in the soil for a long time and enter the food
chain where they build up in the bodies of animals and humans, causing
health problems.
Artificial chemicals destroy soil micro-organisms resulting in poor soil

structure and aeration and decreasing nutrient availability.
Pests and diseases become more difficult to control as they become

resistant to artificial pesticides. The numbers of natural enemies decrease
because of pesticide use and habitat loss.

Organic Farming
Crop nutrition
To produce a healthy crop an organic farmer needs to manage the soil well.
This involves considering soil life, soil nutrients and soil structure.
Artificial fertilisers provide only short term nutrient supply to crops. They
encourage plants to grow quickly but with soft growth which is less able to
withstand drought, pests and disease. Artificial fertilisers do not feed soil life
and do not add organic matter to the soil. This means that they do not help to
build good soil structure, improve the soils water holding capacity or drainage.
The soil is a living system. As well as the particles that make up the soil, it
contains millions of different creatures. These creatures are very important for
recycling nutrients.
Feeding the soil with manure or compost feeds the whole variety of life in the
soil which then turns this material into food for plant growth. This also adds
nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Green manures also provide nutrients
and organic matter. These are plants with high nitrogen content that are sown
as part of a rotation and are dug into the soil when young.
It is important to remember, however, that using too much animal manure or

nutrient rich organic matter, or using it at the wrong time, could be as harmful
as using man-made, artificial fertilisers.
The organic farmer must cultivate the soil at the right time and in the right ways
to provide the best living conditions for the soil life and plant roots.

Organic Farming
Choice of crops
Each crop and crop variety has its own specific needs. In some places it will
grow well and others it will not. Crops are affected by;
soil type
rainfall
altitude
temperature
the type and amount of nutrients required
the amount of water needed
These factors affect how a crop grows and yields. If a crop is grown in a
climate to which it is not suited, it is likely to produce low yields and be more
susceptible to pest and diseases. This then creates the need to use agrochemicals
to fertilise the crop and control pest and diseases.
The successful organic farmer learns to grow the crops and varieties which are
suited to the local conditions. He should grow crops which are suited to his
geography and climate. He should choose varieties which are suited to the local
conditions such as local varieties.

Organic Farming
Rotations
Growing the same crops in the same site year after year reduces soil fertility
and can encourage a build up of pests, diseases and weeds in the soil. Crops
should be moved to a different area of land each year, and not returned to the
original site for several years. For vegetables a 3 to 4 year rotation is usually
recommended as a minimum.
Crop rotation means having times where the fertility of the soil is being built up
and times where crops are grown which remove nutrients.
Crop rotation also helps a variety of natural predators to survive on the farm by
providing diverse habitats and sources of food for them.
A typical 4 year rotation would include a cycle with maize and beans, a root
crop and cereals with either of the following;
1. Grass or bush fallow (a fallow period where no crops are grown).
2. A legume crop where a green manure, which is a plant grown mainly for
the benefit of the soil, is grown (more information about green manures can
be obtained from HDRA).
roots cereal
legume maize /
beans
A simple rotation that includes a legume

Organic Farming
Composting
Compost is organic matter (plant and animal residues) which has been rotted
down by the action of bacteria and other organisms, over a period of time.
Materials such as leaves, fruit skins and animal manures can be used to make
compost. Compost is cheap, easy to make and is a very effective material that
can be added to the soil, to improve soil and crop quality.
Compost improves the structure of the soil. This allows more air into the
soil, improves drainage and reduces erosion.
Compost improves soil fertility by adding nutrients and by making it easier

for plants to take up the nutrients already in the soil. This produces
better yields.
Compost improves the soils ability to hold water. This stops the soil from
drying out in times of drought.
Compost can reduce pests and diseases in the soil and on the crop.
Grass cover
Soil
Soil
Ash
Green vegetation
Soil
Manure
Mature vegetation
Coarse plant material
The layers of a compost heap

Organic Farming
Compost has many advantages over chemical fertilisers. These provide nutrients
for plants but do not improve soil structure. They usually only improve yields in
the season in which they are applied. Because compost feeds soil life and
improves soil structure, the beneficial effects are long lasting.
There are many ways to make compost depending on available materials and
climate, for example:
Indore method
Bangalore method
Heating process/Block method
Chinese high temperature stack
Pit composting
Trench composting
Basket composting
Boma composting
turn after 15 turn after 15 days

days another 15 more
days
ingredients for compost

compost ready after
4 to 5 days
Pit composting

Organic Farming
Mulching
Mulching means covering the ground with a layer of loose material such as
compost, manure, straw, dry grass, leaves or crop residues. Green vegetation
is not normally used as it can take a long time to decompose and can attract
pests and fungal diseases.
Mulches have several effects on the soil which help to improve plant growth:
Decreasing water loss due to evaporation
Reducing weed growth by reducing the amount of light reaching the soil
Preventing soil erosion
Increasing the number of micro-organisms in the top soil
Adding nutrients to the soil and improving soil structure
Adding organic matter to the soil
Alternative mulching materials include black plastic sheeting or cardboard.

However these materials do not add nutrients to the soil or improve its structure.

Organic Farming
How to use mulches
Always apply mulches to a warm, wet soil. Mulch applied to a dry soil will
keep the soil dry.
Care should be taken as to the thickness of the mulch applied. Too much
mulch will prevent air flow and encourage pests.
To allow the germination of planted seeds through the mulch, a layer of less
than 10cm should be used.
To clear an area of land of persistent weeds a layer of 10cm or more can

be used.
Mulching with large leaves

Organic Farming
Green manures
Green manures, often known as cover crops, are plants which are grown to
improve the structure, organic matter content and nutrient content of the soil.
They are a cheap alternative to artificial fertilisers and can be used to complement
animal manures.
Growing a green manure is not the same as simply growing a legume crop,
such as beans, in a rotation. Green manures are usually dug into the soil when
the plants are still young, before they produce any crop and often before they
flower. They are grown for their green leafy material which is high in nutrients
and provides soil cover. They can be grown together with crops or alone.
Green manures:
Increase and recycle plant nutrients

and organic matter
Improve soil fertility
Improve soil structure
Improve the ability of the soil to hold

water
Control soil erosion
Prevent weed growth
Stop nutrients being washed out of the

soil, for example, when the ground is
not used between main crops. Centro (Centrosema pubescens),
a useful green manure

Organic Farming
Weed control
In organic farming systems, the aim is not necessarily the elimination of weeds
but their control. Weed control means reducing the effects of weeds on crop
growth and yield.
Organic farming avoids the use of herbicides which, like pesticides, leave harmful
residues in the environment. Beneficial plant life such as host plants for useful
insects may also be destroyed by herbicides.
On an organic farm, weeds are controlled using a number of methods:
Crop rotation
Hoeing
Mulches, which cover the soil and stop weed seeds from germinating
Hand-weeding or the use of mechanical weeders
Planting crops close together within each bed, to prevent space for weeds
to emerge
Green manures or cover crops to outcompete weeds
Soil cultivation carried out at repeated intervals and at the appropriate time,
when the soil is moist. Care should be taken that cultivation does not cause
soil erosion.
Animals as weeders to graze on weeds
Weeds do have some useful purposes. They can provide protection from erosion,
food for animals and beneficial insects and food for human use.

Organic Farming
Natural pest and disease control

Pests and diseases are part of nature. In the ideal system there is a natural
balance between predators and pests. If the system is imbalanced then one
population can become dominant because it is not being preyed upon by another.
The aim of natural control is to restore a natural balance between pest and
predator and to keep pests and diseases down to an acceptable level. The aim
is not to eradicate them altogether.
Chemical control
Pesticides do not solve the pest problem. In the past 50 years, insecticide use
has increased tenfold, while crop losses from pest damage have doubled. Here
are three important reasons why natural control is preferable to pesticide use.
Safety for people
Artificial pesticides can quickly find their way into food chains and water courses.
This can create health hazards for humans.
Human health can also be harmed by people eating foods (especially fruit and
vegetables) which still contain residues of pesticides that were sprayed on
the crop.
There is also much concern for those people using chemical pesticides. The
products may be misused because the instructions are not written in the language
spoken by the person using them. This has led to many accidents such as
reports of people suffering from severe skin rashes and headaches as a result
of using chemical pesticides. There are an estimated one million cases of
poisoning by pesticides each year around the world. Up to 20,000 of these
result in death. Most of the deaths occur in tropical countries where chemical
pesticides which are banned in Europe or the USA are still available.

Organic Farming
Cost
Using natural pest and disease control is often cheaper than applying chemical
pesticides because natural methods do not involve buying materials from the
outside. Products and materials which are already in the home and around the
farm are most often used.
Safety for the environment
There are a number of harmful effects that chemical pesticides can have on the
environment:
Chemical pesticides can kill useful insects which eat pests. Just one
spray can upset the balance between pests and the useful predators
which eat them.
Artificial chemicals can stay in the environment and in the bodies of

animals causing problems for many years.
Insect pests can very quickly, over a few breeding cycles, become
resistant to artificial products and are no longer controlled. This means that
increased amounts or stronger chemicals are then needed creating further
economic, health and environmental problems.

Organic Farming
Natural control
There are many ways in which the organic farmer can control pests
and diseases.
Growing healthy crops that suffer less damage from pests and diseases.
Choosing crops with a natural resistance to specific pests and diseases.

Local varieties are better at resisting local pest and diseases than
introduced varieties.
Timely planting of crops to avoid the period when a pest does most
damage.
Companion planting with other crops that pests will avoid, such as onion
or garlic.
Companion planting
Trapping or picking pests from the crop.
Identifying pest and diseases correctly. This will prevent the farmer from
wasting time or accidentally eliminating beneficial insects. It is therefore
useful to know life cycles, breeding habits, preferred host plants and
predators of pests.

Organic Farming
Using crop rotations to help break pest cycles and prevent a carry over of
pests to the next season.
Providing natural habitats to encourage natural predators that control pests.

To do this, the farmer should learn to recognise insects and other animals
that eat and control pests.
Grasshoppers, slugs, termites, aphids Ladybirds, spiders, ground beetles,

and types of caterpillars are pests parasitic wasps and praying mantis
are predators
Through careful planning and using all the other techniques available it should
be possible to avoid the need for any crop spraying. If pests are still a problem
natural products can be used to manage pests, including sprays made from
chillies, onions, garlic or neem. Further information can be obtained from HDRA.
Even with these natural pesticides, their use should be limited as much as
possible and only the safest ones used. It is wise to check with national and
international organic standards to see which ones are allowed or recommended.

Organic Farming
Genetic diversity
Within a single crop there can be many differences between plants. They
may vary in height or ability to resist diseases, for example. These differences
are genetic.
Traditional crops grown by farmers contain greater genetic diversity than modern
bred crops. Traditional varieties have been selected over many centuries to
meet the requirements of farmers. Although many are being replaced by modern
varieties, seeds are often still saved locally.
Crops which have been bred by modern breeding methods tend to be very
similar and if one plant is prone to disease, all the other plants are as well.
Although some modern varieties may be very resistant to specific pests and
diseases they are often less suited to local conditions than traditional varieties.
It can therefore be dangerous to rely too much on any one of them.
In organic systems, some variation or genetic diversity between the plants

within a crop is beneficial. Growing a number of different crops rather than
relying on one is also very important. This helps to protect against pests
and diseases and acts as insurance against crop failure in unusual weather
such as drought or flood. It is important to remember this when choosing which
crops to grow.

Organic Farming
An organic farmer should try to:
grow a mixture of crops in the same field (mixed cropping, intercropping,

strip cropping)
grow different varieties of the same crop
use as many local crop varieties as possible
save the seed of local and improved crop varieties rather than relying on
buying seed from outside the farm every year. Exchange of seed with other
farmers can also help to increase diversity, and ensure the survival of the
many traditional crop varieties which are being lost as they are replaced by
a few modern varieties.
Strip cropping onions and tomatoes to prevent pest and disease attack

Organic Farming
Careful use of water

In arid lands the careful use of water is as much a part of organic growing as is
any other technique.
As with other resources, organic farmers should try to use water which is
available locally, avoiding using water faster than it is replaced naturally.
There are many ways to use water carefully, including:
The use of terracing, rain water basins or catchments and careful irrigation
The addition of organic matter to the soil to improve its ability to hold water
The use of mulches to hold water in the soil by stopping the soil surface
from drying out or becoming too hot
Animal husbandry
In an organic system, the welfare of the animals is considered very important.
Animals should not be kept in confined spaces where they cannot carry out
their natural behaviour such as standing and moving around in an
inadequate amount of space. However, care should be taken that animals
do not damage crops.
Food for animals should be grown organically.
Breeds should be chosen to suit local needs and local conditions and
resources
These factors help to ensure that livestock are more healthy, better able to resist
diseases and to provide good yields for the farmer.

Organic Farming
International standards
The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) has
produced a set of international organic standards, laid down by people from
many countries. These give guidelines about what organic farming is and how it
should be practised on the farm.
International standards are also used to help countries set their own standards,
which take into account different farming systems. Many countries have an
organic standards authority which lays down national standards and awards a
symbol to farms which have followed the standards. This symbol then allows
farmers to market certified organic produce. This is important, as it ensures
that people know that the food which they buy is organic.
The main principles of organic farming were laid down by IFOAM in 1992.
To produce food of high nutritional quality in sufficient quantity.
To interact in a constructive and life enhancing way with all natural systems
and cycles.
To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming system,

involving micro-organisms, soil flora and fauna, plants and animals.
To maintain and increase long term fertility of soils.
To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally organised

agricultural systems.
To work, as far as possible, within a closed system with regard to organic

matter and nutrient elements. This aims to reduce external inputs.
To work, as far as possible, with materials and substances which can be re-
used or recycled, either on the farm or elsewhere.

Organic Farming
To give all livestock living conditions which will allow them to perform the
basic aspects of their innate behaviour.
To minimise all forms of pollution that may result from agricultural practices.
To maintain the genetic diversity of the agricultural system and its

surroundings, including the protection of plant and wildlife habitats.
To allow agricultural producers a living according to the UN human rights; to

cover their basic needs and obtain an adequate return and satisfaction
from their work, including a safe working environment.
To consider the wider social and ecological impact of the farming system.
Organic food is becoming popular in Europe and America. However for food to
be sold as organic it must bear a symbol that proves that it is truly organic. This
is obtained through a certification organisation. This is quite a complex procedure
and is potentially expensive if there are not certification organisations in
your country.
Please contact HDRA for further information about how to become a certified
organic producer.

Organic Farming
Further reading
Field Notes on Organic Farming (1994) JW Njoroge. Kenya Institute of Organic
Farming, PO Box 34972, Nairobi, Kenya
Natural Crop Protection Based on Local Farm Resources in the Tropics

and Subtropics (1986) G Stoll. Intermediate Technology Publications, 103-
105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK
Natural Pest and Disease Control (date unknown) H Elwell and A Mass.
Natural Farming Network, PO Box CY 301, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
Sustainable Agriculture Practices and Technologies: Guidelines for farmers

(1997). Africa 2000 Network, UNDP, PO Box 7184, Kampala, Uganda
Regenerative Agricultural Technologies - Trainors Kit (1990). International

Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Rm 38 Elena Apts, 512 Romero Salas St.,
Ermita, Manila, Philippines

Further information on organic farming can be obtained from HDRA. Other
publications include booklets covering composting, green manures, weed control
and the neem tree, as well as single information sheets about crop pests and
diseases and their control, natural pesticides and green manures. Please
write to:
HDRA - the organic organisation

Ryton Organic Gardens
COVENTRY CV8 3LG
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 24 7630 3517 Fax: +44 (0) 24 7663 9229
Email: ove-enquiry@hdra.org.uk
Website: www.hdra.org.uk
The aims of HDRA - the organic organisation are to carry out scientific research
into, collate and disseminate information about, and promote interest in organic
gardening, farming and food in the UK and overseas. For more than a decade,
HDRAs international programme has been involved in the support and extension
of sustainable farming practices; supporting research on aspects of tropical
organic agriculture, providing advice and literature on appropriate organic
techniques and providing tree seeds and technical information to organisations
involved in tree planting and research.
We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Charlton Community

Development Trust in the production of this booklet.
This material may be reproduced freely for non-profit making purposes.
1998 HDRA Publishing

Gatsby Occasional Paper
The Quiet Revolution:

PushPull Technology and the African Farmer
Cover photographs: The multiple aspects and benefits of the habitat management technology. Farmers who adopt push
pull (top right) not only reap three harvests: maize (top left), Napier grass (bottom left) and desmodium forage and seed
(bottom right); they also significantly reduce yield losses caused by stemborers and striga weed.
Gatsby Occasional Paper
The Quiet Revolution:

PushPull Technology and the African Farmer
The Gatsby Charitable Foundation

April 2005
i
Acknowledgements
The Gatsby Charitable Foundation gratefully acknowledges the support of the numerous individuals who
contributed time and materials to this publication. From the International Centre of Insect Physiology and
Ecology (ICIPE): Dr Zeyaur Khan, Professor Ahmed Hassanali, Dr Annalee Mengech, Mr George Genga,
Mr Dickens Nyagol, Mr Naphtali Dibogo, Mr Philip Akelo and Ms Esther Njuguna. From the Kenya
Agricultural Research Institute (KARI): Dr Romano Kiome, Mr Charles Nkonge, Dr Francis Muyekho,
Mr Charles Lusweti and Mr Japheth Wanyama. From Western Seed Company Ltd: Mr Saleem Esmail.
From Rothamsted Research: Professors John Pickett and Lester Wadhams. In addition, our thanks go to
Dr Hans Herren and Professor Richard Flavell who pursued the basic concept with enthusiasm.
Susan Parrott of Green Ink conducted the field research and literature review, wrote the text,
supplied the photographs and, together with other members of the Green Ink team, completed the edit,
layout and proofreading. The publication was printed in India by Pragati Offset Pvt. Ltd.
Last, but not least, we thank all the farmers who cheerfully related their pushpull experiences.
Dedication
This paper is dedicated to the late Professor Thomas Odhiambo, founder Director of ICIPE. His vision of
science in Africa has been an inspiration to many and he is responsible for the initial idea that led to the
development of the habitat management technology.
ii
Contents
Page
Foreword v
1. Push and pull: plants versus pests 1
2. Uptake and impact: knowledge is the key 7
3. Challenges and constraints: from seeds to policy 17
4. Across the spectrum: learning from experience 23
iii
iv
Foreword
The Trustees of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation have been supporting agricultural research and
development in Africa for the past 20 years. Gatsbys mission is to increase the physical yields of small
farms and the nutritional and market value of subsistence crops in ways that are both valuable to low-
income households and environmentally sustainable. Gatsby aims to achieve this by supporting projects
along a spectrum, from applied research at institute level, through the dissemination of improved varieties
and cropping systems, to adaptive on-farm activities and multiplication of improved planting material1.
Gatsby also helps small-scale enterprise through provision of micro-finance and business development
support2.
The habitat management or pushpull project illustrates how action across the spectrum can lead
to the development of a technology that markedly improves the lives of subsistence farmers. This projects
success owes much to the very high quality of research and the vision, tenacity and determination of the
principal scientists. The close working relationship that evolved between the various partners was another
contributing factor.
Pushpull is just the kind of technology needed to support a uniquely African green revolution,
as called for at the meeting of African Heads of State in July 2004. The participants agreed that efforts to
increase agricultural productivity in Africa must be based on technologies that are more environmentally
friendly and people-centred than those that fuelled the original Asian green revolution. Habitat
management fits well with this concept and is worthy of support by all who wish to see Africas declining
yields and rising poverty levels reversed.
We believe the experiences gained during this project will be of interest to others involved in
agricultural development in Africa and we hope the lessons learned will encourage further innovations in
this challenging field.
Michael Pattison CBE

Director
The Gatsby Charitable Foundation
London, April 2005
1
A review of all Gatsby-funded projects in Africa can be found in the Gatsby Occasional Paper: Raising Yields,
Creating Partnerships: Gatsbys On-Farm Work in Africa.
2
See Building from the Base: The Work of the African Gatsby Trusts for more.
Both publications are available on the Gatsby website (www.gatsby.org.uk).
v
vi
1. Push and pull: plants versus pests
The Obinga family are subsistence farmers who eke

out a living on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria.
It is not an easy life; their farm is small and rainfall
is often unreliable. Yet the Obingas are better off
than many of their neighbours: fields of tall, strong
maize plants promise ample food for the next six
months; three crossbred dairy cows enjoy a
plentiful supply of fodder brought to their stalls;
the children drink milk every day; and sales of
milk, maize and fodder grass bring in vital cash to
spend on daily necessities and to invest in farm and
household improvements.
Only two years ago, the scene was
dramatically different. Years of cereal cropping
without inputs had reduced soil fertility and the
maize plants were being attacked by insect pests
and parasitic weeds. The familys thin zebu cows
produced little milk, and herding them along the
roadside to find forage was a full-time job for the
children. Meanwhile, Mrs Obinga was constantly
engaged in the backbreaking, seemingly fruitless
task of weeding the fields. The granary was empty,
the family frequently went hungry, and there was Obinga inspects his healthy maize
crop. Inset: two years ago all his
no maize left over to sell. That meant no money to fields looked like this: the maize
invest in fertilizer or other inputs to improve the was devastated by dual enemies -
the stemborer Chilo partellus and
situation. The family seemed trapped in a the parasitic weed Striga
downward spiral of declining yields and deepening hermonthica.
poverty and hunger.
How were the familys fortunes turned
around in such a short time? The answer lies in a and attract them to other host plants, which
novel approach to crop management that exploits withstand attack better than maize. Along the way,
the natural relationships between plants and the scientists discovered intriguing new properties
insects. When scientists investigated the ecology of in the forage legume, desmodium. Besides being
a widespread cereal pest, they discovered that nutritious for dairy cows, it repels insect pests of
introducing a carefully selected mix of forage plants maize and substantially reduces damage from striga,
into maize fields had a dramatic effect on cereal a destructive parasitic weed. In short, the pushpull
yields and total farm output. The so-called push system can improve food security and farm income
pull technology that emerged from their research in an environmentally friendly way, making it an
(see box on next page) makes use of natural plant ideal ingredient in the long-term struggle to reduce
chemicals that drive insect pests away from the crop hunger and poverty in Africa.
Plants versus pests 1

What is pushpull?
The technique known today as pushpull (or stimulo-

deterrent diversion) was first documented as a potential pest
control strategy in 1987 in cotton and 1990 in onion. How-
ever, neither of these studies exploited natural enemies, using
instead an added chemical deterrent or toxin to repel or kill
the pest. In contrast, the pushpull system described here
uses no manufactured deterrents or toxins. Instead, it exploits
natural insectplant and insectinsect relationships.
Pushpull is not something scientists have invented,
says Ahmed Hassanali, Head of the Behavioural and
Chemical Ecology Department at the International Centre of
Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE). We have discov-
ered several cases of integrated use of the forces of attraction
and avoidance by different arthropods in their search for
suitable hosts, feeding areas or egg-laying sites.
Insect behaviourists and chemical ecologists tend to agree
that promising integrated pest management (IPM) tactics
based on plant chemicals frequently fail because they are
too narrowly based. They often target a single chemical and
a single phase in the life cycle of a single pest species. The
Maize field with border rows of Napier grass ICIPERothamsted approach makes use of a wider range
and an intercrop of Desmodium uncinatum.
of behaviour-affecting chemicals produced by both plants
and insects. It introduces natures built-in checks and
balances into a man-made
Pull Push environment such as a
chemicals from Napier chemicals from maize field by manipu-
border rows attract desmodium intercrop lating the habitat, relying
moths to lay eggs repel moths on a carefully selected
combination of companion
crops planted around and
among the maize plants.
Farmers using push
pull for pest control not only
reap three harvests (maize,
Napier grass and
desmodium); when they
plant a desmodium
intercrop they also dramati-
Maize Maize Maize cally reduce the devastat-
Napier grass Desmodium Desmodium Napier grass ing effects of the parasitic
weed Striga hermonthica.
(See www.push-pull.net)
This publication describes the development Starting with stemborers

of the pushpull technology and its dissemination The story begins in 1994, when the Gatsby
to farmers in eastern Africa1. We illustrate Charitable Foundation funded researchers at the
through the eyes of some of the participating Kenya-based International Centre of Insect
farmers the benefits the project has brought, Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and Rothamsted
together with the obstacles that impede more Research in the UK to investigate the ecology of
widespread impact and the strategies that could stemborers. These are the larval stages of various
help overcome these hurdles. Finally, we examine species of moth and the major insect pest of maize
why the project has been successful. and sorghum in eastern and southern Africa.
1
The full title of the project is Habitat management strategies for control of stemborers and striga weed in cereal-based
farming systems in eastern Africa. Project funding to date amounts to US$5.98 million, 65% of which was funded by
the Gatsby Charitable Foundation.
2 The quiet revolution

Stemborers naturally feed on wild grasses,
but when maize and sorghum became cultivated
crops across vast areas of Africa, the insects began
to feed on them as well. Lack of defence
mechanisms in maize and sorghum allowed insect
populations to flourish and become a problem of
economic importance. In maize Africas most
important food crop losses to stemborers average
2040% but can reach 80%. As a control method,
pesticides are expensive and harm the environment.
Since they cannot reach insects inside the maize
stem, they are often ineffective. Moreover, they kill The large stems of maize plants provide an ideal habitat
the stemborers natural enemies. Preventing crop for stemborers. Species of greatest economic
importance include Busseola fusca (native to Africa and
losses from stemborers could increase maize inhabiting higher altitudes) and Chilo partellus
harvests by enough to feed an additional 27 million (introduced from Asia in the 1930s and found at low and
mid-altitudes).
people in the region.
It used to be thought that native grasses
caused the stemborer problem and that getting rid The findings were encouraging, but the
of them would remove the stemborers too, says team knew that farmers with small amounts of land
Zeyaur Khan, entomologist at ICIPE and leader of would be unlikely to plant a wild grass simply to
the project. But, in fact, the reverse is the case; the attract pests. So farmers were consulted to find out
borers simply transfer to the maize. No one had which grasses were most useful as cattle fodder.
studied the relationship between the grasses and the Researchers at the Kenya Agricultural Research
borers in depth, so, prompted by Professor Thomas Institute (KARI) helped identify suitable farmers to
Odhiambo, then Director of ICIPE, Khan consult.
launched a survey.
The pull...
Multiple interactions Two trap crop grasses appeared particularly
The initial objective was to study the multiple promising: Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
interactions among cultivated crops, wild host and Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense). Grasses
plants, different stemborer species and their natural planted among the maize plants provide too much
enemies. This information would then be used to competition, but researchers found that when they
develop an integrated pest management (IPM) were planted in border rows around a maize field,
approach to controlling the insects. The scientists the stemborers were enticed to lay their eggs on the
studied 400 wild grasses and grouped them grass rather than the maize. The grasses were
according to their efficacy in attracting female providing a pull. These grasses also have effective
moths to lay eggs and their ability to support larval defence mechanisms to protect themselves against
development. We already knew that some wild stemborer attack. Sudan grass is an attractive
grasses act as trap plants, enticing egg-laying habitat for the parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae; these
females but depriving the larvae of a suitable tiny insects inject their eggs into the stemborer
environment, says Khan. This is often because the larvae and, when the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae eat
grasses also attract the borers natural enemies. the stemborers. Napier grass has a particularly
Other grasses simply act as reservoirs for the pests ingenious way of defending itself: when the larvae
and increase their populations. The survey results bore into the stem, the grass secretes a sticky gum,
indicated that around 30 grass species were suitable physically trapping the borer and preventing most
hosts for stemborers, but only a few of them larvae from completing their life cycle. Both grasses
attracted both moths and their enemies. These attract additional stemborer predators such as ants,
grasses were the ones with potential to be exploited earwigs, spiders and cockroaches, which are found
as trap crops to draw the borers away from the in significantly larger numbers in pushpull plots
maize and reduce their populations, adds Khan. than in control plots.

In 1997, the scientists began on-farm trials
to evaluate the benefits of Napier grass, which has
the added value of being a perennial and is already
grown widely for livestock fodder. Researchers and
farmers worked together to identify which varieties
provide both a good habitat for the stemborer and
good forage. Bana was an obvious choice, since it
has smooth, broad leaves (an improvement on
some local varieties that have rough leaves and
sometimes make cows cough) and is highly
attractive to stemborers. Besides increasing their
maize yields, the farmers planting Napier border
rows benefited from a ready supply of grass to feed
their livestock or sell to other farmers.
...and the push

Khan describes how he came across the repellent
effects of another fodder crop, molasses grass
(Melinis minutiflora), while visiting KARIs Kitale
research station. This discovery was to become the
push component of the system. Molasses grass
has a very strong, sweet smell, which caught my
attention. Quite by chance the KARI researchers
had planted a plot of molasses grass next to one of Obinga is multiplying his stocks of Napier grass by
taking cuttings from the rhizomes. He keeps a bulking
maize. There was little stemborer damage on the plot especially for this purpose.
maize closest to the molasses grass, but the other
side of the plot was heavily infested.
Khan decided to investigate further. Trials only one row is planted in every ten of maize. Even
confirmed that, indeed, molasses grass has a strong more intriguing was the discovery that, like Sudan
repellent effect on stemborer moths, even when grass, molasses grass attracts the parasitic wasp,
Cotesia sesamiae. This puzzled the scientists, who
could not initially understand why the parasite
would be drawn to a location where it was unlikely
to find its host.
Meanwhile, at Rothamsted Research, John
Pickett (Head of the Biological Chemistry
Division) and his team were helping to piece the
puzzle together by investigating the nature of the
plant chemicals (known as semiochemicals) that
attract or repel stemborer moths. The most relevant
compounds have been identified by a combination
of insect electrophysiology and mass spectrometry
and tested on the insects using bioassays. We have
discovered six host plant volatiles that attract
female stemborer moths to lay their eggs, says
Pickett.
The next step was to investigate the volatiles
Molasses grass planted around a zero grazing unit. produced by the intercrop plants the push
Farmers like Lillian Wangombe have discovered that chemicals and to find out why molasses grass
the grass not only repels stemborers, but also reduces
the number of ticks attacking their cattle. repels stemborers but attracts their natural enemies.

A nonatriene compound emerged as a key stimulus. alternatives that might add a further dimension to
The nonatriene is what we call a feeding stress the habitat management system. The team focused
chemical, explains Pickett. It is normally their attention on legumes, since these not only
produced by molasses grass, but maize plants provide nutritious food and forage but also improve
produce it when they come under attack from the soil fertility because they fix part of their nitrogen
stemborer. requirements from the atmosphere. Cowpea (Vigna
It appears that, at low concentrations of the unguiculata) and silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium
chemical, additional pests arrive, attracted to a uncinatum) looked promising candidates. Cowpea
plant that is already weakened by pest attack; but at had long been grown for grain and fodder in parts
high concentrations the pests are repelled, taking it of West Africa, while desmodium originated in
as a sign that the plant is already fully exploited. At South America and had been introduced into
high or low concentrations, parasitoids are attracted Kenya in the early 1950s.
to find their prey. Molasses grass has evolved an During this phase of the work, the Suba
ingenious defence strategy, since its release of District Agricultural Officer visited the ICIPE team
volatile chemicals mimics that of damaged plants, at their Mbita Point research station on the shores
adds Pickett. The use of chemicals by plants to of Lake Victoria. Deeply concerned about the
protect themselves from attack in this way was an devastating effects of the parasitic witchweed Striga
important discovery and was reported in the hermonthica on local maize harvests (see box), he
leading international journal Nature (14 August asked whether there was anything ICIPE researchers
1997). This work, which has led the scientists to could do. Since the team were primarily
develop a general hypothesis regarding the role of entomologists and fully occupied by their stemborer
plant semiochemicals in determining insect research, they declined his request, without
recognition of host plants, could lead to a major knowing they were on the verge of an important
new line of defence in IPM strategies in many discovery that would address his concerns.
different cropping systems. Khan and his colleagues tested desmodium
as a push intercrop with maize on-station at Mbita
Discovering desmodium Point. All our experimental plots are infested with
Molasses grass is accepted by farmers as a push striga, he says. So imagine our amazement when
intercrop since it provides fodder for cattle. But we found that maize plots with a desmodium
Khan and his colleagues were keen to find intercrop not only had little stemborer damage but
A sleeping enemy
Western Kenya is the maize basket of the country. In some

locations, two maize crops can be grown in a year. But in many
areas, as the Obinga family discovered, the parasitic weed Striga
hermonthica is taking over. The seeds are so tiny that Obinga
could have unwittingly brought them into his field and sowed them
along with the maize. Stimulated by chemicals released by the
roots of the crop plants, the seeds germinate, but instead of grow-
ing roots and drawing nourishment from the soil, they parasitise
the maize, weakening or even killing it.
Each mature plant produces around 50 000 seeds, which
remain viable in the soil for up to 20 years, awaiting a suitable
host. Recommended control methods for this sleeping enemy
include heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer, crop rotation,
chemical germination stimulants, herbicide application, hoeing
and hand-pulling, and the use of resistant or tolerant crop varieties.
These have met with scant enthusiasm from farmers who have
little cash or time to spare. Increased cropping frequency and
deteriorating soil fertility favour the growth of striga and the survival
of its seeds. Yield losses range from 30 to 100% and, in some
cases, infestation has reached such a high level that farmers The parasitic witchweed
have no choice but to abandon the land. Striga hermonthica

also became virtually free of striga after only two
seasons. In fact, eliminating the striga had an even
greater effect on increasing maize yields than
controlling the stemborers. This indeed brought a
new dimension to the pushpull technology and
posed the question how? (see box).
The effects of desmodium on striga,
combined with the potential of pushpull to
increase yields of food and fodder, were hugely
exciting, but the team was justifiably cautious.
Although farmers were already familiar with
intercrops, the idea of using them to affect insect
behaviour was new and the farmers would need
to grasp the idea and understand how it worked.
This understanding would allow them to adapt the
approach to their own needs and to changing
conditions in the future. In short, the
After just two seasons, Joseph Litunyas maize field is
free of striga and he has plenty of desmodium forage to
dissemination strategy should be based on
feed to his crossbred dairy cow. knowledge and education.
How does desmodium suppress striga?
Most legumes act as false hosts of striga in that they stimulate germination but do not support growth of the
weed. However, field trials showed that when legumes were intercropped with maize, far less striga was seen
with desmodium than with other legumes such as cowpea, soybean and sun hemp. In addition, desmodium
progressively reduced the number of striga seeds in the soil. Experiments revealed that the desmodium roots
were releasing chemicals that undermined the growth of the weed, a so-called allelopathic effect.
Work to identify the chemicals responsible has been funded by Gatsby, the Rockefeller Foundation and
the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) of the UK. The research team have
discovered three new isoflavanone compounds (uncinanone A, B and C) and a previously known isoflavanone
(genistein). They now know that desmodium not only stimulates germination of striga seeds but also inhibits
post-germination growth of the parasites radicle the part that attaches to the host plant. This is known as
suicidal germination and explains why desmodium can actually reduce the number of striga seeds in the soil.
The research work is time consuming. Hassanali at ICIPE reckons it will take another five or six years to
isolate and characterise all the compounds produced by desmodium roots and to understand their roles in post-
germination inhibition of striga.
Nevertheless, the range of
potential applications is broad
and encouraging. Witchweeds
threaten the staple food of more
than 100 million Africans. Of the
23 species prevalent in Africa,
Striga hermonthica is the most
significant, parasitising a range
of crops including maize,
sorghum, millet, rice and
sugarcane.
Investigating the effect of

desmodium on striga. Plants
on the right have little striga
infestation since they have
been exposed to root exudate
from desmodium, but those on
the left (controls supplied with
water only) are heavily
parasitised.

2. Uptake and impact: knowledge is
the key
In early 1997, Khan and his colleagues began

disseminating the pushpull or habitat
management technology to farmers, aiming to
transfer both the technology and the knowledge of
how it worked. Training in scientific methods
encouraged farmers to experiment further, gain
ownership of the technology and pass on their new
knowledge to others. By training a network of
farmerteachers, the team have established a
mechanism for rapid adoption, which is the key to
widespread impact. Over 3000 farmers have now
adopted the technology (see graph) and most of
them can relate stories of major upturns in their
fortunes and living standards.
The pushpull garden at ICIPEs Thomas Odhiambo
Campus at Mbita Point, Kenya.
Seeing is believing
Although the researchers could explain the Researchers from KARI and government extension
technology with confidence, they soon discovered staff helped identify suitable areas for on-farm
that farmers remained highly sceptical unless they trials. The team chose two districts for the initial
could see a pushpull plot for themselves. The first trials: Suba, on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria,
step, then, was to establish a pushpull garden at and Trans Nzoia, further north. In both areas, there
Mbita Point, which farmers and others could visit. is a high reliance on maize and a lack of food
Next, the researchers began to establish trial and security. Livestock ownership is also widespread but
demonstration plots on selected farmers fields. good quality fodder is in short supply.
1200 Rates of adoption of the

Year pushpull technology in
1997 Kenya, 19972005.
1000 1998
1999
Number of farmers
2000
800
2001
2002
600 2003
2004
2005
400
200
0
a
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si
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Ba
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um te
Ki
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Te
ig
Ku
Su
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Bu
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Si
M Bu
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Bo
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Vi
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Tr
District
Uptake and impact 7

A map of East Africa
showing districts where
farmers have adopted
pushpull. On-farm work
Uganda commenced in Trans
Kenya Equator
0 Nzoia and Suba Districts.
Moroto
Tanzania Katawi
Trans Nzoia: wet and cool

Soroti Kitale agro-ecology, altitude
Trans Nzoia > 2000 m. Over 70% of the
Nakasongola Kumi
Kapchorwa Mt. arable land is under maize.
Elgon
Kamuli
Pallisa One crop per year. District
Bungoma Lugari
Kiboga Mbale suffers from low soil fertility
Luwero Teso
Iganga Tororo (deficient in nitrogen) and
Jinja Bugiri Busia Kakamega high levels of stemborer
Mabende Busia
Mukono
Butere Mumias attack (B. fusca). Initial
Mpigi Siaya Vihiga trials here focused on a
Kisumu single aspect, i.e., planting
Bondo
Nyando
Kisumu border rows of Napier
ICIPE Mbita grass around a maize plot.
Rachuonyo
Masaka Suba Homa
Bay
Nyamira Suba: warm, semi-arid
Kisii
Rakai
agro-ecology, altitude
Gucha approx. 1200 m. Two maize
Migori
harvests are possible, but
Trans
Kuria Mara the October short rains can
be very unpredictable.
Striga and stemborer (C.
partellus) constrain yields.
Mara
Initial trials focused on the
use of border rows of
Kagera
Napier grass around the
Year started
maize with an intercrop of
1997 desmodium.
2000
2001
Mwanza
2002
2003
2004
2005
The success of the dissemination tactics grass variety Bana, although many farmers already
employed in the first two districts led the team to grow Napier and can multiply their own stocks.
replicate the system elsewhere. In each new location After the first season, most trial farmers are
the researchers begin by inviting local farmers to a keen to expand their pushpull plots, while field
baraza (public meeting), publicised through local days and informal contacts attract additional local
chiefs, district agricultural officers and church interest. If farmers can show a degree of
leaders. The researchers listen to farmers problems commitment to the project by planting border rows
and explain the benefits of the pushpull of Napier, the project will supply desmodium seed
technology. Based on criteria such as willingness to for the intercrop. In all areas, ICIPE and KARI
experiment, having enough land and cattle, technicians and Ministry of Agriculture staff are
availability of Napier grass and extent of the available to advise and help with keeping records.
stemborer and/or striga problem, farmers are asked The demonstration plots proved to be a
to nominate their own representatives, normally 10 powerful advertisement for the technology and
per district. These guinea pig farmers test the word spread quickly. Despite recruiting additional
technology in their own fields. In exchange, they technicians, the researchers realised they needed to
receive free desmodium or molasses grass seed. In provide more extensive help and support if new
some areas they are also given stocks of the Napier project farmers were to acquire sufficient

knowledge to apply the technology correctly. The improving agriculture. Habitat management or
solution was to recruit some of the more pushpull features regularly and many farmers who
experienced farmers as teachers to help their have adopted the system heard about it here. The
colleagues (see box). An internal review of the use of drama to convey educational messages is
farmerteacher system suggests it is working well, popular in western Kenya and can be highly
but needs close supervision from ICIPE or KARI effective. Some of the younger community
technicians to ensure the teachers visit their members in Vihiga and Butere Mumias Districts
students regularly and give good advice. Some have written a pushpull play, which they perform
farmerteachers already have long waiting lists of for their peers, entertaining and educating at the
prospective students. Indeed, Musa Aluchio in same time. Researchers hope to spread the idea to
Butere Mumias District has 87 farmers queuing up other districts.
for his services. Analysis by KARI of the flow of
information about pushpull indicates that
Information and awareness multiple communication channels are involved in
Every Thursday and Sunday evening, more than spreading awareness of the technology. In addition
five million Kenyan farmers listen to Tembea na to ICIPE and KARI field technicians (and in the
majira (Follow the path), a rural soap broadcast absence of a fully functioning government
on national radio. Like the original concept for the extension service), these channels include
UK radio programme The Archers, the storyline unofficial ones such as non-government
introduces new ideas and technologies for organisations (NGOs), community-based
Farmerteachers spread the word
Peter Koinange is a respected elder in his village of Wamuini, 10 km southeast of Kitale in Trans Nzoia.
Although there is no striga here, stemborers cause considerable damage and the soils are poor and lack
nitrogen. Koinange was one of the first farmers to host on-farm trials in 1997, when he planted Napier grass
around his maize plot. It was incredible, he remembers. Before, I had to spend a lot of money on insecticide
and fertilizer. Adding the grass meant I could use fewer inputs and still get a better yield. He later added a
desmodium intercrop and established a seed multiplication plot.
Koinange is one of a rapidly growing group of farmerteachers who are spreading the word about push
pull. When he had successfully managed his pushpull plot for three years, he was given a bicycle, a notebook
and a small allowance of KSh750 (about US$5) per month. He visits five farmers every two weeks to give
advice and guidance. Visits and progress are recorded by both teacher and students and regularly reported to
ICIPE technicians.
Training in scientific methods has encouraged farmerteachers to experiment further, equipping them
with new skills so they can expand the range of options they offer to other farmers. For example, Koinange
has experimented with molasses grass, discovering that it not only repels stemborers from maize but also
keeps ticks off his cattle. He has since planted a border of molasses grass around his zero grazing unit and
some of his neighbours have copied the idea.
Cecilia Ogony (22) is the youngest farmerteacher

(pictured with two of her trainees). She has almost
quadrupled her maize yields using pushpull and is
saving the money she earns from sales of maize and
Peter Koinange shows off his desmodium crop. fodder grass to buy a dairy cow.
Uptake and impact 9

A basket of options
A striking aspect of the habitat management
technology is the wide range of benefits it provides
farmers and its adaptability to individual needs. In
addition to raising crop yields, it addresses issues of
soil fertility, erosion and moisture conservation,
and provides a reliable source of good-quality
fodder. With pushpull, farmers struggling to make
ends meet on as little as 0.25 ha of land can grow
enough to eat, build a livelihood and start to
accumulate assets.
Although dissemination efforts focus mainly
Some of the educational leaflets produced by ICIPE on small-scale farmers, where the need for food
and KARI.
security and income generation is greatest, the
technology has been enthusiastically adopted and
organisations, traders and fertilizer or seed sellers, adapted by medium-scale farmers too (see box).
particularly in the more remote areas. To ensure Some farmers plant only border rows of Napier
consistent and correct messages, KARI and ICIPE grass around their maize plot, utilising the pull
have jointly produced a range of information part of the technology. Those adopting both pull
leaflets in English and local languages. These are and push can choose to plant either desmodium or
being widely distributed as part of the educational molasses grass between the rows of maize. The
dissemination strategy. planting scheme can be varied too desmodium
Meeting different needs
At first glance, the Gumo family farm in Kiminini (Trans Nzoia) has
little in common with that of the Chapya family, who live in Ebukanga
(Vihiga). The Gumos have 40 ha, keep ten crossbred dairy cows
and earn money by selling milk. The Chapyas, with ten people to
feed, have to survive on only 0.25 ha of land.
Both families, however, have adopted pushpull and have seen
a dramatic increase in their farm output. Due to shortage of
desmodium seed, Livingstone Chapya planted only a small plot
(measuring 35 x 15 m) with the technology but was amazed at the
result. Before, the farm was purple with striga, he says. But after
planting pushpull, I harvested two sacks (180 kg) of maize. I was
only getting a quarter of that from the same area before. He has
since expanded the size of his pushpull plot and feeds the Napier
grass and desmodium to his zebu heifer. He also sells forage when Livingstone Chapya currently has a
zebu heifer but will soon have
he has enough. He no longer has to buy maize or seek off-farm
sufficient forage to support a
work; instead, he can invest time and resources in improving his
crossbred animal.
farm and household assets.
Josephine Gumo is relieved she no longer needs to apply

expensive fertilizer and pesticide to get an adequate maize
yield. With pushpull, I get a bigger harvest even without
using inputs and the stemborers have all gone. She plants
border rows of Napier and one row of desmodium to every
five of maize, to allow for mechanised ploughing. Despite
having a relatively large farm, she used to struggle to feed
the cows in the dry season. Now that she has solved her
fodder problem, she keeps new heifer calves and has noticed
an increased milk yield from 8 litres per cow per day to 12.
Within five years she hopes to have 20 cows and will need
to employ six full-time staff to manage the workload.
Josephine (a farmerteacher) and Charles
The contrasting stories of these two families show that
Gumo grow desmodium as a sole crop,
the pushpull technology is widely applicable across a range
harvesting fodder and seeds.
of farm sizes and socio-economic circumstances.

can be planted either in alternate rows (the most and some may even be able to sell part of their
effective way to deal with striga) or, if there is no harvest. Yield gains are due not only to the control
striga, in one row for every three or five of maize, to of pests; the desmodium intercrop also improves
allow for easier ploughing by ox or tractor. soil fertility (see Safeguarding the environment).
Molasses grass can be planted at a range of densities Furthermore, the Napier border rows help protect
and provides an effective push even at only one the maize from lodging (falling over) in strong
row in ten of maize. winds.
The robustness and flexibility of the system Market forces play a large part in the
is demonstrated by successful adoption in different adoption of any new agricultural technology.
agro-ecologies. The system is used, for example, in Although farmers recognise the value of the push
the lakeshore region, where two rainy seasons allow pull approach in controlling stemborers and striga
two crops of maize and where striga is the main to boost maize production, many cite the
threat to food security. It is also highly effective in additional income-generating opportunities offered
the highlands of Trans Nzoia, where there is no by growing forage as their main incentive to switch
striga but farmers experience serious stemborer and to the new system. Sales of Napier grass and
soil fertility problems. Plans for the systems desmodium to neighbours with stall-fed cattle
adaptation to more arid conditions, where sorghum provide a new source of income and, since the
is the main cereal and striga is rampant, are forage can be harvested regularly, this brings in
discussed in Chapter 4. money when there are no other crops to sell.
Home-grown forage also obviates the need to
Food to eat, money to spend spend many hours each day either gathering forage
Farmers adopting the habitat management for stall-fed cattle or herding the animals as they
technology have increased their maize yields by an graze.
average of 30% in areas affected by stemborers, and Some farmers have made enough profit
by over 100% where both stemborers and striga from the sale of forage to buy a dairy cow; others
occur (see graph). The Obinga family now harvest now have sufficient fodder to upgrade their cows by
two bags of maize (180 kg) from a pushpull plot crossing their native zebus with exotic breeds (such
of only 20 x 30 m, while the same area before as Ayrshires and Friesians), thereby increasing milk
would have given them only half a bag (45 kg). yields. A regular supply of milk not only raises farm
Cecilia Ogony, a farmerteacher in Siaya, reports a income, it also improves the nutritional status of
similar yield improvement. Many families, even on the farming family, especially the children (see box
quite small farms, are now self-sufficient in maize on next page).
Maize yield Average maize yields in

(t/ha)
Pushpull pushpull fields in 12
6 districts of western Kenya
Control in 2004.
5
All areas are affected by
stemborers and striga
4 except for Trans Nzoia,
where there are
stemborers but no striga.
3
0
zo s
ba
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ria
i
si
or
N ran
Ba
ny
si
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um te
Ki
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Ku
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Su
Bu
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District
Uptake and impact 11

Milk to spare
Lillian Wangombe farms 1 ha in Wamuini, near Kitale in Trans Nzoia

with her husband John. As her maize crop used to be infested with
stemborer, there was barely enough to feed the family and none left
over to sell. She heard about pushpull from her mother and was
impressed by the way the technology got rid of the stemborers with-
out using insecticide. After planting Napier grass and desmodium,
Wangombe found she had enough maize to feed her five children
for the whole year and still had a surplus for market. Within one sea-
son she had enough Napier grass to give some to her mother, in
return for milk. Before long, it was obvious that there was enough
fodder to keep a cow and, after selling the surplus maize, she was
able to buy her first crossbred cow and pay a deposit on a second.
Wangombe now has three cows, two of which are due to calve. When
they do, there will be enough milk for the household and to sell. The Lillian Wangombe feeds her cross-
children eat well and the family has been able to buy schoolbooks, bred dairy cows with home-grown
medicines and furniture. Some people laughed at us when we first Napier grass.
planted Napier grass without cows on such a small farm, but now
they come to us for advice! she says.
In Suba District, farmers currently produce of the Suba farmers who upgraded his cattle. He
7 million litres of milk per year, far short of the used to keep zebus and obtained a meagre 300 ml
estimated annual demand of 13 million litres. Most of milk per cow per day. With crossbred cows he
cattle are the indigenous zebu type and a major now gets five times as much.
constraint to keeping crossbred dairy cattle is the Sale of desmodium seed is another income-
seasonal shortage and generally poor quality of generating opportunity. This came to light when
available feed. The pushpull technology, adopted the speed of adoption of the pushpull technology
by over 400 farmers in this district, is having a big led to a serious seed shortage. In 2003, with Gatsby
impact. The number of crossbred dairy cattle in funding, ICIPE launched a seed multiplication
Suba rose from only four in 1997 to 350 in 2002 project, and this has now developed into a
(see graph), putting the district well on the way to commercial enterprise (see Chapter 3).
self-sufficiency in milk production. Obinga is one
Asset acquisition
Making the difficult transition from subsistence
farming to earning a cash income allows farmers to
start acquiring assets and so to increase the income-
generating potential of their farms still further.
Accumulating assets also gives farmers some
insurance against hard times or for when family
needs arise. For example, Samuel Ndele, who lives
on a 1.2 ha farm in Ebukanga, Vihiga, was
experiencing diminishing maize yields due to the
combined effects of stemborers, striga and
declining soil fertility. When he heard about push
pull on Tambea na majira he thought it might help
him. He tried it and was delighted when he
harvested twice as much maize from his first plot
than he had previously. With the money he earned
from selling Napier grass and maize, he bought a
sow and fed her on maize and desmodium forage.
When she farrowed, he sold all six piglets and
Napier grass being sold by traders (KSh50 per bundle)
on the roadside in Luanda, western Kenya. bought a zebu heifer and a new roof. Now that he

350 Increase in numbers of
Number of pushpull farmers crossbred dairy cows in
Suba District (19972002).
300 Number of crossbred dairy cows
Since 2002, diseases
carried by biting flies have
250 killed many crossbred dairy
cattle in Suba and the total
number in 2004 had
200 declined to 150. This and
other constraints are
discussed in Chapter 3.
150
100
50
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
has plenty of forage, he can return more of his crop them to livestock. Zero grazing units are an
residues (and the manure from the pigs stall) to the excellent source of farmyard manure that farmers
soil, improving the fertility of his farm. This year can use to enrich the soil either by applying it
he hopes to build a bigger house and next year he directly or using it to make compost. Many apply
will buy a crossbred cow. Now every year gets farmyard manure to their Napier grass, which
better instead of worse, he says. grows faster allowing more frequent harvesting.
Improving soil fertility is especially important in
Safeguarding the environment Trans Nzoia, where non-pushpull farmers have to
Many farmers comment on the beneficial effects of use inorganic fertilizer and pesticides if they are to
the habitat management technology on soil fertility, obtain a reasonable maize yield. Farmers like the
soil erosion and soil moisture. In addition, the Wangombes and the Gumos have discovered that
improved availability of forage allows them to with pushpull they can get sizeable yields without
return crop residues to the soil instead of feeding adding chemicals.
Monocropping and the use of chemical
inputs are strongly correlated with the loss of
biodiversity. By introducing a mixture of crop
species into the farm environment and reducing
the need to use pesticides, this project reverses that
trend. In addition to increased numbers of natural
enemies of stemborers, researchers found
significantly more beneficial soil organisms in
maizedesmodium fields than in maize crops
alone. Reducing the use of pesticides and inorganic
fertilizers has important benefits for human and
environmental health and, of course, releases
farmers cash for other purposes. Another benefit
with far-reaching implications is the ability of the
system to improve livelihoods on even very small
farms. This has the potential to reduce human
pressure on the land, thereby slowing human
Sale of piglets and, eventually, milk will allow Samuel migration to the cities and to marginal or
Ndele to continue to invest in his farm and improve his
income over the longer term. protected areas.

demonstration plots in Tanzania in 2003. The
technology is being tested by 20 farmers in the
lakeshore region and 30 more in the coastal region
of eastern Tanzania. Both areas are characterised by
low-input maize-based croplivestock farming and
maize yields are adversely affected by striga,
stemborers and declining soil fertility.
New zones, different crops

Although developed initially for maize, the habitat
management technology can also benefit sorghum-
and millet-based farming systems. These cereals are
more tolerant of drought than maize and are grown
in areas where rainfall is scant and unreliable. Striga
and stemborers can also be severe constraints in
Bilia Wekesa shows researchers how she makes such areas. Researchers have found that, when these
compost in her zero grazing unit. Farmyard manure, cereals are intercropped with the drought-tolerant
household waste and crop residues are piled up and
covered with maize stover and will make good compost greenleaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum) and
after about three months. bordered by rows of Napier grass, the effects of
striga and stemborer can be greatly reduced. This
adaptation of the technology will be particularly
Extending the benefits applicable for arid and semi-arid regions
With Gatsbys help, the ICIPE team is linking with throughout Africa, says Khan.
national scientists to introduce the technology in
Tanzania1 and Uganda. Dissemination efforts in A good return?
Uganda began in 2001 and, after some initial Although the long-term benefits are clear, the early
difficulties with trial design, made good progress. stages of establishing a pushpull plot place heavy
Ugandan researchers selected study sites, visited demands for labour on participating farmers. (This
farmers, identified their problems and exchanged and other constraints are discussed in Chapter 3.)
visits with ICIPE staff. They also conducted So, does the technology offer farmers a good return
laboratory-based studies to determine which fodder on their investment?
grasses the local stemborer moths find most A formal costbenefit analysis, performed
attractive. Nevertheless, adoption was by the projects socio-economist, Esther Njuguna,
disappointingly slow until the ICIPE team had the has helped to answer this question. Njuguna
idea of taking the Ugandan farmers to Kenya to collected data from 25 farmers in Suba and 45 in
visit demonstration plots. Since then, the pace has Trans Nzoia, measuring their income, expenditure,
quickened and 159 farmers in five districts are now use of inputs and labour. Overall, the technology
testing the technology. Field days held on-farm in has a benefit-to-cost ratio in excess of 2.5 when
Uganda, managed by National Agricultural evaluated over several years. This indicates that it
Research Organisation (NARO) staff and is efficient and consistently gives farmers a good
government extension officers, have increased the return on their investments, she says. Economic
farmers knowledge of striga and stemborer biology gains are greatest in areas where both striga and
and have given them more confidence to adopt the stemborers pose a constraint to growing maize.
technology and explain it to other farmers. Returns are good even for farmers who have small
A similar initiative involving farmer plots and little money to invest and these, after
exchange visits helped establish trial and all, are the ones who need help the most.
1
The work in Tanzania is funded by the Maendeleo Agricultural Technology Fund.

Project Leader, Zeyaur
Khan, illustrates the
beneficial effects of push
pull on sorghum crops in
a trial at Mbita Point.
Good results have also
been achieved on-farm in
Suba District.
It is important to emphasise that the high and Fertility (TSBF) Programme2 has revealed that
labour inputs for establishing the Napier border the gross margins of pushpull can be greater than
rows and desmodium intercrop are a one-off, while those of other striga control strategies. The
the benefits continue for many years. Hence, the scientists studied combinations of desmodium,
benefit-to-cost ratio is likely to increase as time soybean or sun hemp and local maize or imazapyr
goes on. herbicide resistant (IR) maize, developed by
A collaborative project between ICIPE, the CIMMYT. IR maize has a low dose (30 g/ha) of
International Maize and Wheat Improvement imazapyr herbicide added as a seed coat to
Center (CIMMYT) and the Tropical Soil Biology herbicide-resistant maize. The herbicide attacks the
striga seedling before or at the time of attachment
to the maize root and any imazapyr not absorbed
by the maize seedling diffuses into the soil, killing
non-germinated striga seeds. The various options
were tested with or without fertilizer.
The results showed that pushpull with local
maize and no fertilizer gave the best return. Adding
fertilizer is inappropriate in dry areas since drought
frequently affects crop growth and the investment
cannot be recovered. The high gross margins of
pushpull are related to the low input costs, since
Napier and desmodium are perennial crops and,
once planted, provide income for several years.
Christian Were is one of the farmers
comparing these options. Although she found that
a combination of pushpull with IR maize and
fertilizer provides the best control of striga, her
preferred option is to grow local maize in a push
pull plot. With this system I dont have to buy
fertilizer or seed, she explains. And I get more
Christian Were (pictured with Dickens Nyagol from ICIPE), maize when I plant a desmodium intercrop than I
is testing various crop rotations together with IR maize and
the pushpull technology on her farm in Siaya District. do with the other legumes.
2
TSBF is a programme coordinated by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). This work was not
funded by Gatsby.

3. Challenges and constraints: from
seeds to policy
As they start to be adopted, new technologies often began clamouring for seed, creating a serious
encounter obstacles, some of which may have been shortage. Although the Kenya Seed Company was
unforeseen at the outset of the project. Hurried importing seed from Australia, the price was high
dissemination, without first addressing these and availability limited. Gatsby responded by
obstacles, may lead to failure. For example, providing additional funds for a seed
desmodium is labour-intensive to establish since the multiplication project. Initially, this was
plot requires frequent and thorough weeding if the implemented by informal groups of farmers, who
emerging seedlings are not to be overcome by planted desmodium bulking plots primarily for the
weeds. Until farmers have seen desmodium seed harvest. The activity proved lucrative, with
seedlings growing, they cannot tell the weeds from seeds fetching a high price in the market between
the crop. This is where visits to Mbita Point and US$15 and 20 per kg.
help from farmerteachers prove invaluable. The The quantities produced, however, were
high incidence of HIV/AIDS in some areas is rather small and in 2003 Khan sought help from
another factor contributing to shortage of labour. the private sector. He approached the Kitale-based
Here too, farmerteachers or farmer groups may be Western Seed Company to undertake commercial
able to help by mobilising support within the local seed production through contracts with local
community. farmers and community groups. The initiative
began with 300 farmers in Bungoma and Trans
The need for seed Nzoia, who were trained in seed production and
As word spread about desmodiums ability to preparation and given 250 g of seed each to
suppress striga, farmers throughout the trial districts multiply (see box overleaf ).
Harvested desmodium
seed before (left) and
after on-farm processing.
Challenges and constraints 17

Turning a tidy profit
A worsening stemborer problem and the high cost of fertilizer

and insecticide meant that Bilia Wekesa could no longer rely
on maize as the main source of income from the 1.6 ha she
farms near Kitale in Trans Nzoia. She heard about push
pull on the radio and thought it sounded too good to be true.
But after attending a baraza she decided to try the system.
Wekesa collected enough seed from her initial
desmodium intercrop to plant her own bulking plot and is
now a contract producer for Western Seed. She harvests
weekly and prepares the seeds by placing them on a large
stone and threshing them with a piece of rubber. Establish-
ing the plot and collecting and cleaning the seed are hard
work and take a lot of time, but the profit is good, so its
worth it, she says. I make more money from selling Bilia Wekesa harvesting desmodium seed.
desmodium seed than from maize or Napier grass, from a Her homemade overall prevents the hairy
much smaller area of land. And the money is available all seed pods sticking to her clothing.
year round.
Western Seed undertakes to buy the harvest pockets. Esmail believes that, by raising farmers
from all its contract farmers. It then cleans the seed, out of poverty, his company can lead them into the
checks germination and viability, and packs and cash economy so that they become tomorrows seed
stores the seed. In 2004 the number of contract buyers.
farmers increased to 450 and, by the end of 2005, Linking a commercial seed company with
there should be over 700 farmers involved. While numerous small-scale farmers can cause logistical
the company currently sells most of its packaged problems, which is why the scheme is restricted to
seed to ICIPE (for distribution to new project only two districts at the moment. ICIPE is
farmers), after 2005 it hopes to sell seed on the currently covering the cost of seed inspection and
open market. In conjunction with ICIPE, the certification, which are required by law and
company has started a promotional scheme, conducted by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate
whereby a 100 g pack of desmodium seed is given Service (KEPHIS). Once seed production is on a
away with every purchase of a bag of hybrid maize purely commercial basis, it will benefit farmers to
seed. This scheme could reach up to 3000 new
farmers each year, considerably expanding the
market for desmodium seed. Sufficient information
to enable farmers to adopt the technology and
make contact with Western Seed and/or ICIPE will
be included in the package, together with
suggestions for contacting local farmerteachers.
Although busy with his own maize
development programme, Saleem Esmail, Chief
Executive of Western Seed, was keen to assist
because he was convinced of the benefits of the
habitat management approach. But did it make
good business sense to become involved? Yes,
probably there will be long-term benefits, he
replies cautiously. There is an element of risk. In
fact, profitability is not the immediate reason for
his involvement. There is a need to address the
whole sustainability of farming in Africa, he
continues. We cannot sell to farmers who have no Saleem Esmail, Chief Executive of Western Seed
cash first we have to help put money in their Company.

form groups so that they can reduce inspection has ceased, there is hope that the success of push
costs, ease the work of seed preparation (possibly by pull may encourage ministers to reinstate it.
using simple hand-driven threshing machinery) and Meanwhile, farmers can apply to similar NGO-run
get a better price from the seed company. If schemes such as the Rural Outreach Programme
additional private seed companies become involved (ROP) and Heifer International (see box). The role
(one in Maseno has expressed interest), of the project in this respect is restricted to the
competition will help keep seeds affordable. provision of information, but once farmers are
aware, they can take advantage of such
Credit and cows opportunities. Furthermore, the technology helps
The second major constraint preventing farmers them meet the most essential entry criterion,
from capitalising fully on the pushpull technology namely a reliable source of high-quality forage.
is the lack of cash or credit to buy crossbred dairy When adapting pushpull to sorghum- and
cattle. Although some (like the Wangombes) have millet-based farming systems in the drier areas, an
saved money from sales of forage, this is not obstacle that has yet to be overcome is the need to
possible for all farmers, particularly those with large protect the intercrop and border rows from herds of
families and small farms. Development schemes cattle, which traditionally graze freely on crop
and programmes are available, but have no formal residues after the grain has been harvested. Here,
links to ICIPE or its partners. For example, the farmers will incur additional input costs (for
Kenya Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock fencing and/or labour) to protect their forage crops.
Development previously gave farmers an in-calf Costbenefit studies may be needed to determine
heifer if they had a zero grazing unit and year- whether this issue is likely to deter adoption. In
round supply of quality forage. The farmer then current project areas involving maize cropping
undertook to pass on an in-calf heifer to the next systems, most cattle are stall-fed, tethered or herded
farmer in the scheme. Although this programme and free-grazing cattle are uncommon.
The gift of hope
A cow named Zawadi (meaning gift) represents Joseph Litunyas aspirations for the future of the farm he
shares with his parents and five brothers. Since adopting the pushpull technology, his family have not only
doubled their maize yield but also satisfied the criteria for the local Rural Outreach Programme (ROP), which
helps farmers without cash or access to credit to acquire a crossbred dairy cow. Zawadi is 75% Ayrshire, and
when she calves, Litunya hopes she
will give over 6 litres of milk per day,
which will provide the family with
much-needed income. As a farmer
who would otherwise have had no
opportunity to obtain a crossbred
cow, Litunya is only too glad to help
someone else in his situation by
offering them his first in-calf heifer
and sharing his knowledge of dairy-
ing with them.
Litunya has also helped found the
Busia Farmers Group, which is
helping all its members to acquire
crossbred dairy cows. Registered
with the Ministry of Social Services,
this formal group has better access
to credit and development funds than
Thanks to a plentiful supply of forage grass and a home-built zero individuals, and the members may
grazing unit, Joseph Litunya has met the criteria for a livestock have better status with schemes such
scheme that provides crossbred dairy cows to farmers who lack the as ROP. In time, the members also
required cash or credit. hope to win a contract for commer-
cial production of desmodium seed.

in Bungoma and Busia Districts have already noted
an insect-borne disease of Napier grass that causes
the plants to become yellow and stunted.
Interestingly, a local variety appears to be resistant.
KARI plant breeders are therefore working to
incorporate this source of resistance into the
popular Bana variety. Potential insect pests on
desmodium include the pollen beetle (Mylabris
spp.) and the pod borer (Maruca vitrata). Scientists
at ICIPE and Rothamsted are working on a defence
strategy targeted on these insects, which involves
traps baited with floral volatiles. The idea is that
farmers could make their own traps with the
appropriate flowers.
Another pest that threatens the success of
the project is the tsetse fly, which transmits nagana
disease (trypanosomosis) to cattle. Crossbred
animals are particularly susceptible and several
project farmers in Suba have lost their newly
acquired crossbred animals to the disease. Control
Adopting pushpull has doubled the Wekesas maize
harvest, but pests and diseases mean that much of the
programmes are in operation (funded by the
harvest is lost while stored in the granary. Kenyan Government and the European Union),
but have met with difficulties. A large-scale
eradication programme has yet to gather significant
Storing the surplus momentum and is unlikely to provide a long-term
Overcoming the major constraints to growing solution, while local control approaches have not
maize is certainly a good starting point, but it is led to sustained area-wide suppression. Meanwhile,
frustrating for farmers when they cannot store the the lack of effective control may deter farmers from
surplus grain. Post-harvest losses caused by pests investing in crossbred dairy cattle.
and diseases are extremely high in maize. Together
with acute cash shortages, the risk of such losses
often forces farmers to sell their crop immediately
after harvest. Improved storage conditions would
not only increase the amount of maize available to
eat but also enable farmers to sell their surplus later,
when prices are higher. While research institutes
such as CIMMYT are investigating this problem
generally, the ICIPERothamsted project is hoping
to secure additional funding for research into
potential solutions that would be particularly
appropriate for pushpull farmers.
Pest defence strategies

Because it increases crop diversity on the farm, the
habitat management approach might be expected
to minimise the risk of pest and disease attack.
Pod borer (Maruca vitrata) found on a desmodium seed
However, the success of both desmodium and
production plot at KARI, Kitale. The insect is not
Napier grass as cash crops means that many farmers currently an economically significant problem. However,
are planting them as sole crops, where there is a risk the project team needs to be proactive in investigating
control measures to combat the threat of attack from
of pest and disease outbreaks. Indeed, project staff this and other pests of desmodium and Napier grass.

Entomologists at ICIPE believe that area-
wide efforts managed by local communities offer
the best hope for successful control. Establishing
such initiatives is not easy; a community-based
suppression programme using baited traps in the
Lambwe Valley collapsed after a few years because
farmers lost interest following low catches of flies
and reduced incidence of disease. But there is
potential for educating and empowering
communities to implement their own control
measures. ICIPE scientists have helped establish
several successful community-based programmes,
in Kenya in the 1980s and more recently in
Ethiopia.
Promoting policy change

In Butere Mumias, project activities are in their ICIPE technician, George Genga, advises farmer
teacher Musa Aluchio when to harvest his desmodium
second season. The team expects to see a rapid seed. At present, the harvest from an intercrop can only
increase in adoption here, since the local member be sold through unofficial channels.
of parliament, the Honourable Julius Arunga, is a

devotee of the technology. The advantages of
having a politician involved include greater chances major breakthrough when they influenced a change
of raising funds, such as money from the of policy regarding the distribution of seed that was
Constituency Development Fund, which is the product of KARI research. Until 2000, such
allocated by local MPs and could be used to seed could only be distributed through the Kenya
establish additional demonstration plots. Interested Seed Company. The problem was that this public
politicians like Arunga may also be able to tackle sector organisation did not perceive a demand for
long-standing policy constraints, such as desmodium and was unwilling to distribute the
regulations concerning seed supply and seed. Since the change of policy, the private sector
certification. (Western Seed) has been allowed to distribute seed
Seed supply regulations have placed several originating from KARI and the project team have
obstacles in the projects path, but the team made a begun to address the desmodium seed supply
problem.
The team has had less success with seed
certification regulations. Seed must receive
KEPHIS certification if it is to be sold
commercially. Current rules state that all certified
seed must be grown as a sole crop. This precludes
seed from desmodium intercrops from being sold
through approved channels. Although seed yields
from sole crops are often better than from
intercrops, there is greater risk of pests and diseases.
Farmers do harvest intercropped desmodium for
seed for their own use and to distribute
informally. But if they could sell certified seed,
their profit would be greater and this would
represent another significant benefit for the push
pull system. The project team and the Director of
Western Seed are working to change the regulations
Harvesting desmodium seed is time-consuming, but the
profit is good. but it is proving to be a slow process.

4. Across the spectrum: learning
from experience
The story so far is one of success. Thousands of if real improvements in rural livelihoods are to be
Kenyan farmers have adopted pushpull and most achieved. This action ranges from strategic research
have experienced impressive gains in their food (building knowledge), through applied research
security and incomes. The research team and the (developing new technologies), to adaptive on-
farmers they have worked with have learned much farm research (fine-tuning technologies to local
about plant and insect chemistry and the principles conditions) and to scaling up and out (involving
that underlie environmentally friendly pest control. intensive programmes to educate farmers).
Constraints to adoption have been identified and The pushpull project provides a good
strategies for addressing them have been devised. illustration of the need to base new agricultural
The key question now is how widely can the technologies on sound science. Detailed knowledge
technology be applied elsewhere in Africa? of the chemical mechanisms responsible for the
Experience shows that out-scaling of projects in pushpull effect helps to ensure the continuing
African agriculture is difficult and requires efficacy of the system and allows it to be adapted to
considerable investment of time, money and other new situations. As Pickett says: Science-based
resources. Local adaptation is also essential if new solutions are more robust. Understanding the
technologies are to reach their full potential in underlying mechanisms means that if the
different areas. technology ceases to work, we will be able to find
The pushpull technology is flexible and can out why and take appropriate action. Knowledge
be successfully adapted and introduced to new also gives researchers and farmers confidence to
cropping systems and agro-ecologies. Habitat experiment further with the technology.
management options can be developed and fine- Linking the science with the results is a
tuned for a range of cereal crops, while introducing deliberate feature of many Gatsby-funded projects,
the genes that code for stemborer-repellent and and one that other donors find attractive. Indeed,
striga-inhibiting chemicals into food legumes could the habitat management project has secured
extend the reach of the technology still further, to significant funding from sources other than Gatsby,
areas where striga affects food security but where including the UKs Department for International
few people keep livestock. Perhaps most Development, the Rockefeller Foundation and the
importantly, the technology points the way to a Global Environment Facility of the United Nations
much broader approach to IPM than previously Environment Programme, among others.
attempted an approach that sets pest and disease
management in the context of the health of the A flexible agenda
whole agro-ecosystem. In 1994, when Gatsby began supporting research
on maize stemborers, pushpull was little more
From science to impact than a promising idea in the minds of an informal
When Gatsby began supporting agricultural global network of chemical ecologists. That it has
research in Africa 20 years ago, the prime objective now become mainstream thinking in several
was to alleviate hunger by raising the yields of key national research systems is due in large part to the
crops through the transfer of existing technology to freedom enjoyed by the scientists involved to
farmers fields. However, action across the whole pursue new research directions as these arose and
research and development spectrum is still needed in particular the links between the environmental
Across the spectrum 23

Participating farmers have a sense of ownership and
feel pride in what they have achieved, which
encourages them to learn more and pass on their
knowledge to others. They also have increased
confidence and this is demonstrated when they
form farmer groups, which have a louder voice
and can attract more resources than individuals.
Teaching farmers to experiment and innovate
makes them inherently more adaptable and resilient
in the face of changing conditions whether these
are economic forces, such as from globalisation, or
William Abonyo Seko, a farmerteacher, passes on his ecological, as a result of climate change.
knowledge of striga control to other farmers. The team has high hopes that farmer
teachers will eventually accept much of the
aspects of the technology and its implications for responsibility for passing on knowledge. Currently
poverty eradication. When Professor Odhiambo there is still a need for technical backstopping from
and his colleagues at ICIPE decided to focus on trained ICIPE or KARI scientists. Indeed, Pickett
developing a strategy to attract stemborers away believes the project will need careful stewardship
from maize, they never anticipated that one of the for some time to come. Pushpull is a highly self-
push plants would also suppress the parasitic weed reliant technology and it is really up to the farmers
striga and that a major benefit of the technology to make it work for their own situations, he says.
would be improved livestock production. The But because it is so flexible, it needs some kind of
flexibility of the projects funding mechanisms was anchor point. For example, if farmers start planting
a key factor in maintaining the open-ended nature field beans in the space between the maize and the
of the work. Napier, someone has to remind them that this may
interfere with the pull of the Napier grass and
Investing in farmers upset the balance of the system. It is also important
Although a knowledge-intensive technology is at this stage to spot new challenges quickly for
expensive to disseminate, the projects focus on example the dangers of disease in Napier grass or
farmer participation and training has sown the insect pests on desmodium. The need for
seeds of widespread and self-sustaining impact. backstopping also extends to quality control, for
Training in scientific
methods has helped Mary
Rabilo (pictured with
ICIPE technician George
Genga) to develop her
own forage ration for dairy
cows, which contains
ground maize and dagaa
(small fish from Lake
Victoria) mixed with
chopped desmodium leaf.
She has evaluated
different combinations of
ingredients and
developed a mix that
costs less than bought
concentrate feed, yet
gives a higher milk yield.

example the monitoring of desmodium seed today is highly interdisciplinary, says Hassanali.
produced by farmers to prevent a shift in its genetic We can no longer work in isolation. When people
make-up and/or loss of the active chemical stimuli. are asked to contribute intellectually they develop
more enthusiasm and motivation. The two
Building partnerships and institutions have also fostered close links through
institutions exchange visits of research students.
Adopting a partnership approach to R&D increases The team have succeeded in involving a
motivation and speeds up progress. It can also allow wide range of stakeholders. They have conducted
for a gradual exit of the initial funding and workshops at Mbita Point for government
managing institutions, which can pass on extension officers, farmers, teachers and
responsibility to national organisations. The community opinion leaders such as chiefs and
ICIPERothamsted collaboration has worked well, church ministers. The project experience highlights
due mainly to good communication. The lead the need to recognise the interdependent but
scientists talk to each other weekly and will soon separate roles of scientists, extension workers and
have a dedicated low-cost telephone line installed farmers. Although farmers can and should be active
between their desks in Kenya and the UK. They do partners in research, they will often need continued
not compete for funds and neither organisation support from trained researchers.
considers itself the leader, but each has a clearly Eventually, it is expected that KARI and the
defined role. The partnership is based on mutual government extension service will take on
benefit: while ICIPE researchers benefit from responsibility for supporting technology
Rothamsteds advanced equipment, Rothamsted dissemination in Kenya. For this transition to be
scientists rely on the ICIPE teams local knowledge successful, ICIPE must continue working closely
and field experience. Both sides appreciate the with KARI, helping to build capacity through
exchange of experience and the challenging of training and collaborative research. The process was
existing ideas that the partnership entails. Science given a boost at the 2004 KARI conference (see box).
Pushpull proves to be a winner
In November 2004, the KARI team involved with the

project were awarded the KARI Best Scientific
Programme award. This is presented at KARIs
biennial scientific conference and generates intense
competition among the 26 regional centres.
Each centre may submit up to three projects, which
are judged on scientific merit, benefits to rural com-
munities, impact on the ground, sharing of informa-
tion, participation of stakeholders, sustainability and
other criteria. The idea is to encourage competitive-
ness and focus on research that works towards the
mission, vision and objectives of KARI, while creating
local impact and improving research management,
says Charles Nkonge, Director of the Kitale research
centre, where the project team is based. The push
pull project was a clear winner and met all the judges
criteria.
Winning the award has raised national awareness
of the technology and attracted the attention of
government ministers who attended the conference.
There is now more hope that policy constraints will be
addressed, for example by making the rules govern-
Charles Nkonge, Director of KARIs Kitale research
ing small-scale seed production more flexible. The
centre, and his team congratulate each other on
award has also attracted additional donors: for
winning the Best Scientific Programme trophy.
instance, Oxfam have pledged funds to support
technology dissemination in Kenyas Central region.
Across the spectrum 25

continuing under-investment in national
agricultural research and development, the lack of
agricultural credit for small-scale farmers and the
frailty of public sector seed supply systems could
well frustrate widespread impact if they are not
dealt with soon. In addition, poor market access
and inadequate post-harvest processing are likely to
cause problems in the future when districts become
self-sufficient in commodities such as maize. All
too often in the past, these factors have led swiftly
to the collapse of prices once surpluses have been
achieved in a given area.
If these problems can be tackled, the habitat
management technology will make a substantial
contribution to the uniquely African green
revolution called for by Kofi Annan, United
Nations Secretary-General, at a meeting of African
Heads of State in July, 20041. The technology also
fulfils several of the agriculture-related
recommendations of the United Nations
Millennium Projects Task Force on Hunger2.
Global opinion is now united in the belief that
efforts to improve Africas agricultural productivity
must be based on technologies that are highly
environmentally friendly and people-centred, in
comparison to those that fuelled the Asian green
revolution. Pushpull is one of these technologies:
it is a new and much healthier approach to pest
Environmentally friendly and people-centred management; it teaches farmers how to become
technologies like pushpull are the key to Africas food-secure and build a livelihood on just a small
unique green revolution.
piece of land, without demanding inputs of cash or
labour that are beyond their resources; in providing
The big picture forage for livestock it contributes directly to
The experience of the pushpull project confirms poverty eradication, since it enables farmers to meet
that science can successfully support the interests of Africas rapidly rising demand for milk and meat;
small-scale farmers and promote food security and and in protecting and enhancing soil fertility it
sustainable livelihoods. With the essential tackles what is perhaps the most fundamental
ingredients of commitment, drive and enthusiasm, constraint of all to the development of African
much can be achieved on a local scale. Thanks to agriculture.
pushpull, more and more families like the If pushpull continues to spread and
Obingas are finding a means to escape from the achieve a positive, long-term impact, it will play a
trap of diminishing yields and deepening poverty vital part in helping African countries reverse their
and hunger. backward slide and set themselves on the path
That is not to say that the technology will towards achieving the Millennium Development
continue to spread unchecked. Issues such as a Goal of halving poverty and hunger by 2015.
1
www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=1010
2
www.unmillenniumproject.org

Websites
Green Ink Publishing Services Ltd. www.greenink.co.uk

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) www.icipe.org
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) www.kari.org
Rothamsted Research www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk
THE GATSBY CHARITABLE FOUNDATION
Allington House (First Floor)
150 Victoria Street
London SW1E 5AE
Tel: 020 7410 0330
www.gatsby.org.uk
ISBN 1 901351 53 X
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 6 Sept./Oct. 2005
Dear farmers,
As you can see we have additional pages in
this issue of our newspaper. We have
made a double issue for September and
October. We are taking a break for one
month in order to reflect on what we have
already done. This period will give us a
good opportunity to go out and meet as
many farmers as possible and hear their
views. It will enable us provide better
service to you. We also will use this break
to streamline the distribution of the paper
and ensure it reaches farmers in every
corner of the country. The aim is to
empower them with the relevant
information on agriculture and organic
crop and animal production in particular.
We are so disappointed that some of the
people we have entrusted with the
responsibility of passing on the copies of
The Organic Farmer to fellow farmers
have not done so. Instead we have at times
Dairy goats are becoming popular with many farmers, page 4,5 found the copies stacked in an office. This
is sad taking into consideration the
number of farmers who are calling us
Fighting the potato disease daily, requesting for copies of the
newspaper. One cannot understand why
New approaches are being used to control these people would not like farmers to
issues. But all the copies were sent out benefit from this useful information. Are
bacterial wilt and to increase to farmers. That's why we decided to
production of clean potato seed. give farmers once again the most they not happy when farmers are
important tips they can apply to enlightened? Farmers, if you have not
The Organic Farmer control the disease. (See page 12). received a copy, approach the chairman of
Apart from the disease we your group and ask him why your copy for
In the May and June issues of The the month is missing!
Organic Farmer, we gave you tips on mentioned that the country faces an
how to control the devastating potato acute shortage of clean potato seed Going by the response we are getting
bacterial wilt. Following the story, for sale to farmers. daily from the farmers, demand for the
many farmers have written to us newspaper is higher than we are able to
requesting for copies of the two Positive selection meet. We will have achieved our objectives
To address this problem, the in information dissemination if every
government with assistance from the farmer who gets a copy of the paper is
International Potato Centre (CIP) and willing to share it with a neighbour, discuss
the German Technical Cooperation the content, may it be an important tip on
In this issue (GTZ) is using two approaches. One how to control a particular pest, where one
of these is to use selected farmers could get seeds for a particular fodder crop
Natural pesticide across the country to produce clean or even how to prepare farm yard manure
Diatomite is a useful powder that seed for sale to other potato growers.
The other is to train the potato in the right way.
controls pests. Page 2
farmers on positive selection of As we have mentioned many times, the
Farmers bank healthy potatoes in their farms, which responsibility of improving agricultural
Sacco are a souce of cheap credit for they are encouraged to use as seed the productivity in the country falls squarely
rural farmers. Page 3 following season. The method has on the farmers themselves. We will do our
been found to increase the overall best to provide you with the relevant
The saviour of cabbage yield by about 50 per cent. The two information to help you improve organic
A wasp stops destruction of cabbage approaches could greatly reduce the agricultural production.
by Diamondback moth. Page 8 spread of the disease while increasing
potato yield for farmers. The Editors
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 6 September/October 2005
MY OPINION
By John Kariuki
The powder that kills pests
Are we Kenyan farmers serious Diatomite is an effective powder for pest substance to each ton of maize, barley,
with farming? I doubt it! If you control, its deadly to insects and completely buckwheat, wheat, oats, rice, rye,
want to find out yourself, just harmless to animals. sorghum or mixtures of these grains
walk to the small garden behind directly after harvesting. Coating the
your house. Chances are that The Organic farmer grain's outside surface can be done
your bean or vegetable garden is when the grain is being moved into
overgrown with weeds. It sounds Diatomite is a powder made up of storage.
very good to blame the fossilized microscopic plants called Diatomite is ground and graded for
government and urge it to diatoms. The plants once lived in the various uses, which include filtration in
support agriculture. Or to blame oceans and lakes, which covered much beer industry. It is also used for the
the extension officers and the of the world in prehistoric times. Today same purpose in sugar syrup making,
Non-governmental organisations they remain as deposits of soft porous water, fruit juices, swimming pools and
staff for sitting only in their offices white rock. In Kenya the African lubricating oils among others. And you
instead of visiting you. Do not Diatomite Industries Company mines can find it in toothpastes and plastics.
rely on them, depend on yourself! diatomite at Kariandusi near Gilgil and Following strict rules on use of
It is up to us farmers to work Soysambu. chemicals in agricultural produce
hard. In this way you and your This porous white rock is pounded to exported to European Union markets
families will move forward. extremely fine powder, consisting of
millions of small particles which have
John Kariuki is farmer in Nakuru very sharp edges. If you would see
diatomite under a microscope, its
The Organic Farmer particles resemble broken glass. How
does diatomite work against insects,
Nr. 6, September/October 2005 and why is it deadly to them? This is
The Organic Farmer is an easy to explain. Most insects have a
independent newspaper for the waxy outer shell covering their bodies.
Kenyan farming community. It When diatomite's sharp edges come
promotes organic farming and into contact with an insect or a parasite,
supports discussions on all aspects of the protective coating is pierced,
sustainable development. The causing the insect to dehydrate and die.
Organic Farmer is published This makes diatomite an excellent and
monthly and distributed free to totally natural pest control, with no risk
farmers. of chemical damage to animal tissue. in the last few years, Kenyan companies
The reports of The Organic Farmer By rubbing the dust into an animal's growing flowers for export to this
do not necessarily reflect the views coat, it can be used as a control for market are increasingly turning to
of ICIPE. fleas, lice and other external pests. diatomite for pest control. According
When used correctly, diatomite is to Rogers Oluchiri, the sales and
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by effective against ants, aphids, marketing manager at Diatomite
BioVision, a Swiss based foundation bollworm, salt marsh caterpillar, Industries, one of the major customers
for the promotion of sustainable cockroaches, maize worms, earwigs, for diatomite is Home Grown-Kenya, a
development. houseflies, fruit flies, leaf perforators, flower company based at Naivasha
www.biovision.ch leaf hoppers, lygus bugs, mites, pink which is now using diatomite for pest
boll weevils, red spider mites, slugs, control.
Publisher snails, termites, Japanese beetle (grub Even Su Kahumbu who is answering
International Centre of Insect stage) and many other insects. the farmer's questions in The Organic
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Farmer is using diatomite. She is
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi Useful for stored maize applying it on her animals and
KENYA Australian and American farmers have vegetables. Diatomite can be mixed
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 for decades relied on diatomite to with water and sprinkled over the
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org control pests in both cattle and plants. vegetables.
homepage: http://www.icipe.org The very strict US health laws do not
require products containing the Available and cheap
Editors substance to carry a warning, but one In Kenya diatomite is on the market
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner should avoid breathing in diatomite under the name KensilF. Phillip Sudi,
Secretariat dust. of the quality control section of
Lucy W. Macharia Diatomite, a naturally occurring Diatomite Industries, says the KensilF
Advisory Board siliceous sedimentary mineral grade of diatomite is specifically suited
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE compound, is relatively unknown in for agricultural application. A
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE Africa. Not even in South Africa do the Kilogramme of KensilF goes for Ksh
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE farmers know about Diatomite, even 20. For trade enquiries farmers
Address though the country boasts some top interested in buying diatomite should
The Organic Farmer quality diatomaceous earth, all of get in touch with the company:
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi which is mined in the Northern Cape.
KENYA Diatomite can also be used as a natural African Diatomite Industries Compay.
Tel. 020 445 03 98 preservative for protecting stored P.O. Box 32 Gilgil, Tel.050-4015209 or
e-mail : info@organickenya.com grains. You apply 3 kilos of the 050-4015209
The Organic Farmer Nr. 6 September/October 2005 3
Sacco loan has improved our farm
Co-operative societies are beneficial to farmers' produce. In addition to the
farmers. In this issue we provide an produce which guarantees a certain
example of the Mathira Co-operative amount of money regarded as shares,
Sacco. farmers may also choose to increase
their shares by depositing them in the
By Eric Lumosi Asiligwa bank.
Mzee Zacharia Kanyotu is a small Credits
scale farmer whose life has greatly All Sacco members are entitled to
improved thanks to loans he received loans. These may be given out to pay
from the Savings and Credit Co- for school fees, improve farms, and
operative Societies (Saccos). "If it was repay debts, capital to start a business
not for the loans we receive from the or to buy assets. In the Mathira Sacco
co-operative societies, we would not branch alone, the total loan given out
be able to send our children to school, for 2005 amounted to Ksh 5.1 million.
developed our homes, pay for un- "We have been having cases of
foreseen urgent needs or improve our defaults where farmers defect to other
farms", he says. Co-operative Sacco groups without re-
Mzee Kanyotu is one of thousands paying our loans", complained Mr
farmers in rural Kenya who has seen Githinji. He said this was a big hitch in
the benefits of Saccos. For farmers in the development of the bank.
the rural areas, hard cash is normally However, a debt collectors' group has
difficult to come by except through been formed to follow up on those
ventures like these. Saccos are a who default. Alternatively, those who
concrete process of fighting against guaranteed for the loans will be
poverty by developing the hidden and required to re-pay the loans
non-productive financial resources of themselves. According to Mr Wamae
the rural populations. Saccos provide Wanjau, the Baricho Farmers Co-
financial self-help to its members who operative Society accountant, "the Co-
eventually learn to tap their potential. operatives Law Act does not allow one
to join two societies at the same time.
90'000 members This is a punishable offence with up to
For over 30 years, Nyeri Farmers two years imprisonment or a fine of
Sacco has served the farmers in Nyeri Ksh 50,000. When farmers default due
District making a big difference in to bad weather which results in poor
farming. As a result, Karatina is harvest, the farmer will be given an
recognised for its agricultural indefinite time to re-pay the loan".
achievements. The society which
started in 1974 as a union banking Management
section of Nyeri District Co-operative The Saccos are managed by the
Union was transformed to a farmers themselves. They hold an
cooperative society in 1998. "This was annual general meeting to discuss
done specifically to mobilise savings matters arising from the running of
for its members", said the operations the societies. A team of 60 delegates
bank manager Karatina branch, Mr. are elected to spearhead the running
George Githinji. The other nine co Karatina town which is the main of the societies. These then elect
operative branches include: Nyeri, branch. within themselves nine directors who
Mukurweini, Othaya, Ruringa, Mwiga, The Nyeri Farmers Savings Society run the Saccos. They arrange and
Naromoru, Nanyuki including boasts of hosting over 90, 000 organise several meetings through out
members in all of its branches. A lot the year and do not earn a salary for
Saccos to be regulated of water has passed under the bridge their work. Instead, they receive a
In Kenya there are more than 4200 since its conception. Now it has a high seating allowance. "The elected
Saccos, controlling about Kshs110 capital base and a share value of over delegates must meet certain criteria.
billions in members savings and shares. 50,000 members who pay Ksh 100 This includes having shares
There has been no adequate framework membership fee. "At the moment, the amounting to Ksh 50,000 in value.
or legislation to safeguard member's society is stable and has assets such as Without proper management, the
savings and stop mismanagement. As a buildings and land which appreciate in society may end up splitting and
result the Ministry of Cooperative value", Mr. Githinji said. forming other societies. At one time
Development and Marketing is working The Sacco serves coffee farmers, tea we only had one Savings and Credit
on Sacco societies regulatory bill, which farmers, dairy farmers, businessmen Society serving the big Mathira
is currently at the drafting stage. The bill and women, and other small co- Division, but it was split into 13
is intended to regulate Saccos and operative societies. These include the different societies", said Mr Githinji.
ensure they are well managed to serve Baricho Farmers Co-operative Society, "Sacco has to work competitively to
members and protect their savings. It is Kiama Farmers Co-operative society, attract farmers", he adds.
expected that if regulatory mechanisms Mathira Farmers Co-operative Society
are put in place Saccos can move higher among others. The co-operative Savings in the club are foresight's granary
and provide long term financing. (TOF) societies specifically help in marketing and drop by drop, palm wine fills the canary.
Goats improve income for rural women

The goats have helped improve
nutritional levels and
income for families of Nakuru
women group
By Peter Kamau, Ngorika
Eight years ago, 42-year-old Margaret
Wanjiru together with other women
from Ngorika village in Nakuru
District formed a women's group. The
women who started off by raising
money among themselves would each
take turns to receive a lump sum of
money to cater for their urgent needs
such as paying school fees or buying
household goods.
A local Non Governmental
Organisation (NGO), Farming Kunyotoka Group members at their goat demonstration shed. (Photo TOF)
Systems-Kenya who heard of the produced five kids which are all doing farmers in the province on the
group, advised the women to try zero well. techniques of dairy goat keeping. For a
grazing cattle. They took the advice and day of training, a farmer pays Ksh50.
formed the Kunyotoka Zero Grazing Built a house Each year, the group takes part in the
Women's Group. "After paying Ksh "Dairy goat keeping has brought a big annual Agricultural Society of Kenya
2,000 to the group, a member would change in my life", Wanjiru says. After (ASK) shows where it competes with
receive a heifer whose offspring would selling some of the goats, she was able other breeders. The group has often
be given to the next member who to pay school fees for her children, buy taken trophies home with them.
would also pay Ksh 2,000. But we soon a water tank and build a new house. Unlike cattle rearing, dairy goat
realised that the size of land was too With the income, she is able to take keeping does not require much care but
small to adequately cater for cattle care of her parents. Each goat owners are advised to keep proper
rearing. Many of us then switched to produces an average of three liters of records to ensure cases of inbreeding
dairy goat rearing instead", Wanjiru milk per day. Her family now has more are reduced. To start with, the women
says. milk than it need and the surplus is group had to qualify for membership
usually sold. Apart from milk of the Nakuru Sheep and Goats
Multiple births production, the goats have provided Association, a local body that helps
Wanjiru was lucky. In 2000, when she her with good quality manure which maintain standards for all hybrid sheep
heard about the benefits of dairy goats, has helped improve the quality of soils and goats in the district. After being
she sold her only cow and bought a on her 3-acre-farm. As compared to trained on how to care for the goats,
female goat. On first conception it keeping cows, Wanjiru says that goats the group received four female goats
produced triplets. On second require a small land area to graze. and a male. In 2001, the Kenya
conception, it produced quadruplets "Anybody can rear goats as they Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
and all the kids survived. By the end of consume as little as 5 kilogrammes of recognized the group's effort and
the year, she had seven goats after feed per day," she says. donated four more goats.
giving up one of the kids to another Grace Wacuka, 41, is the group's "When the goat produces a female kid
group member. By last year, this goat chairlady and a single mother of two. it is given to another member who pays
She says that most of the group a deposit of Ksh1,000. As a result, all
Interested in goat breeding? members do not own land because our members have within a short time
most families have not yet sub-divided managed to own and keep a number of
If you need more information, the land among their children. She says goats", says Wacuka.
contact: this is the reason why goat keeping is
Kenya Diary Goats Breeders popular among the group members as Good earnings
Association, P. O. Box 2816, Nakuru, it does not require a big piece of land. Like Wanjiru, most women in the
Tel: 051 22 111 77 "The goats have not only helped us group have made progress in their lives
improve our diet and nutrition, but since joining the group. Many of them
There are two publications: have also become our major source of have bought plastic water tanks, iron
- Keeping goats in Kenya, by Ian Skea, income. We are now able to supply sheets, TV sets, cooking gas and even
published by Ministry of Livestock goats to farmers in many parts of the purchased farm inputs with earnings
Development, copies are available at Rift Valley Province who want to start from the goat sales. Most members sell
Agricultural Information Center, rearing goats", she says. up to three goats in a year. A female
Waiyaki Way, P. O. Box 14733, 00800 goat sells for 8,000. For each goat sold,
Nairobi A model for goat farmers five per cent is deposited to the group's
- Training Manual for keeping and The Kunyotoka Women Group which account. In addition, the Breeders
breeding goats, by Farming Systems now comprises of 25 members is one Association which regulates and helps
Kenya, P. O. Box 2816, Nakuru, Tel of the most successful dairy goats maintain quality standards in the dairy
051 2111 77, farming project in the country. The goat project charges a levy of 10 per
e-mail: fsk@africaonline.co.ke group provides training to many cent for every goat sold.
Dairy goat
farming is easy
The dairy goats need good shelter and
care. In addition, the farmer has to keep
proper records. Benefits
The Organic Farmer of a goat
Except for pastoral communities in
Northern Kenya many people in the
country do not like goat milk. Farmers
keep or buy goats for meat. But goat Felistas Kibutha from
milk is nutritious and unlike cow milk, Ruthimiti village in
it contains fats and proteins in a more Wangige likes goat
refined form that is easily digested by
children and adults. milk. Her extended
That is why it is recommended for family consumes much
infants, sick people and those
recovering from illness. Indeed many of the milk from her
children are often weaned on goat 3 goats. She sells the
milk when they reject cow milk. surplus at Ksh 50 a
Unlike cow milk, goat milk is said to
be free from most of the disease half litre. She prefers
causing pathogens which are goats, since they are
responsible for tuberculosis. not heavy feeders and
Breed are easy to sell when
The most common dairy goat breed in she needs money.
the country is the Swiss or British
Toggenburg. The British type is bigger
and can attain up to 70 kg with some (Photo by TOF)
males growing to 100 kg. The Swiss
type is smaller, ranging between 50-70 own hybrid goats and other livestock. Record Keeping
kg. The goats are brown or grayish The goats are inspected regularly and The farmer should ensure the goats
brown with white stripes on the face farmers issued with certificates to are regularly de-wormed. They should
and legs. The Swiss type is longhaired. show the animals meet set standards. also be de-horned and their hooves
The Toggenburgs are intelligent and trimmed regularly with a sharp knife.
are easy to handle and train. However Housing Good husbandry practice involves the
they must be well fed to produce milk. Farmers are advised to avoid keeping maintenance of records on each goat
The other popular breed is the the goats on free range. They should to help in their management. Details
German Alpine. be properly housed in well-ventilated such as the name of goat, breed, date
Farmers wishing to buy these hybrid sheds with slanted floor to allow flow of birth, parent information, date of
goats are advised to do so from of urine and other waste. The shed service in case of does, including milk
breeders who are registered with the must be kept clean. Structures made records are important. The goats also
Kenya Stud Book (KSB). This is a of cedar posts or any strong material need branding with tattoos, ear tags or
secretariat of the Kenya Livestock are recommended. The farmer should notches. This depends on methods of
Breeders Organisation (KLBO) that use corrugated iron sheets for the roof identification recommended by the
maintains records of farmers who and timber offcuts for the walls. rules of the Kenya Stud Book.
How to build a goat shed

Front View GI Sheet or Side view GI Sheet or
Thatch roof
Thatch roof
2 ft
6 ft Wiremesh or
Hay
Wood offcuts
rack
Water
bucket Feed box outside
outside outside to Head space
to prevent prevent
in wiremesh
soiling soiling
Ramp Feed boxes
Ramp in outside
2 ft 8 ft Droppings pit
2 ft
Ground level Ground level
8 ft
Why maize has black tassels

Nyuthe Nduati and fellow humans animals etc creating
farmers in Ngorika area in havoc in their path and may
Nakuru are concerned stay in the soil for many years.
about a disease which is The solution to this problem is
devastating their maize crop: to identify infected plants very
A black lump grows on the early before the pouches burst
tassels and the maize ear or and to destroy them by fire. Do
cob. All that remains is a not put this affected material
black powder on the cob into compost pits. There is no
and the tassel. What can we known cure or prevention
do to control this disease or other than vigilant crop
eradicate it altogether? husbandry, where soils are kept
at optimum fertility through
The maize sample sent to me good crop rotation in order to
from the farmers in Nakuru prevent re-infection.
was infected with Smuts. Smuts This fungus also affects
is a fungal infection which Sorghum with similar
affects the cobs and tassels of symptoms thus neither of these
crops should be grown in an
affected area for a minimum of
Sus answers three years. Take note of
neighbouring fields of crops as
this disease can spread between
the maize plant. The affected shambas. It is important to
areas look like white swollen note that Smut can originate
pouches which if left later turn from poor maize seed, thus it is
black and burst releasing advisable to buy seed from a
myriads of black spores into reputable source. Do not plant
the environment. The maize your own seed if you have this
plant becomes non productive problem.
and in fact a cause of A maize plant affected by smuts: the
contamination for the entire
maize crop. The fungal spores disease has caused huge losses to the
may be carried by wind, water, farmers in Nakuru. (Foto TOF)
Stalk borer becoming a threat Control the weevils

Duncan Mwangi of Ngorika wants of the same. His solution now is to John Kiragu of Molo would like to
to know what methods he can use look at bio pesticides such as Neem know the causes of weevil
to control stalk borer which is cake, Pymac and diatomite all of infestation of maize while still in
devastating the maize crop. He has which when sprinkled into the funnel the shamba. Is there a way we can
tried all pesticides but they are not of each maize plant, will control the control the weevil at this stage?
working. problem. Sprinkling must be done at
early symptom stage and carried out Firstly, weevils affect drying or dry
again when symptoms reappear. maize. There is no way of controlling
Stalk borer is a serious pest in all maize weevils in the field because they hide
growing areas in Kenya. It is identified Store at a dry place inside the cob leaves. Therefore to
by perforation of the upper leaves It is very important to keep close control weevils, the crop must be
caused by the larva of the borer which vigilance on our crops as organic harvested at maturity and sun dried as
sit inside the funnel of the maize stalk, farmers knowing prevention and early quickly as possible with leaves stripped
feeding off the new tender leaves. intervention is crucial. Secondly, at off the cobs. Then same treatment as
Early infestation will cause stunting of maturity the crop must be harvested as above for storage applies for weevils -
the maize plant and if left untreated soon as possible and all cob leaves dusting with diatomite. Also putting
will result in the larva progressing to must be removed. This is because the leaves of Neem trees or Lantana in
infecting the newly formed cobs, borer may still be present in the leaves between layers of maize cobs will help,
drastically reducing yields and storage covering the cobs. The cobs must then store in a well ventilated maze store
quality of the maize. be sun dried and stored in a well protected from rodents, and your yield
ventilated maize storage area. At this of maize will keep for a long time.
To effectively treat this pest, the larva stage, diatomite should be sprinkled
must be eradicated at an early stage. It on the cobs to prevent infestation of Storage of grains
appears from the question posed by both the borer and weevils. Diatomite All grains must be stored with a
Duncan Mwangi of Ngorika that he is locally available as Kensil. It is non maximum moisture content of 13% to
has finally created a resistant borer toxic and therefore very safe to use. It avoid the on set of moulds which ca n
that is not affected by conventional does not need to be removed before cause serious health consequences e.g
pesticides, caused by his continual use cooking of the maize. Continued on page 7
Earthworms
Take care of your chicken and Termites
Ronald Mokaya Nyabuya, P.O Box Joseph Gachie Kiragu from Nyeri
995, Kitale is asking for information will know more about earthworms
about chicken (Hens) diseases and termites.
affecting them, and medicine used. Termites require a high, possibly dry
Hens like plants must be given carbon content in their feeding material.
adequate nutrition and conditions for They are not likely to be found in a very
their survival. It is very important that wet manure.
the hen housing is dry as bacteria Termites are regarded as pests in
breeds in moist conditions. It is also situations where they destroy wooden
important that the temperatures of structures, However, in the organic
the hen house are neither too warm garden, they are very useful and
nor too cold as this will affect the necessary in speeding up the first stages
energy levels of the hens. Conditions of decomposition of organic matter
that are too hot result in more water with a high carbon content, e.g. straw
consumption than feed and constant and wood shavings. Where they are
heat stress of the hens. This applies to pests they can be controlled by
both, broilers that are grown for meet sprinkling diatomite directly onto their
and layers grown for egg production. bodies, or in an area they must pass (see:
Chickens that are kept in housing Diatomite, page 2).
that is too cold will burn their energy
trying to keep warm. The resulting Earthworms
effects will be stress and low egg Earthworms are a good sign. They do
production, weight gain and a reduced not eat roots, but rather digest
immunity to disease. As with plants we decomposing organic matter and make
try to create strong immunity, so too it readily available for plant uptake.
with hens, in fact any and every vary in degree of severity and a visit They also help to aerate the soils they
livestock, in fact any living organism, from a vet will help in identifying inhabit. They are a sign of healthy soil,
life in general. absolute problems. If medication is compost or manure. They will be found
A happy hen must have access to necessary ask your vet for natural where conditions are right, soil acidity,
clean drinking water, dry grains free of alternatives if any. temperature, humidity and availability
fungus, fresh organic greens, sunlight of food. The conditions of the manure
and an area to run and play. In the case We use EM in which they were present, suggests
of layers, a comfortable private To ensure our chickens have strong optimum conditions were present. In
slightly dark laying area is essential too. immunity, we add EM to their
Sick poultry can spread disease very drinking water and have done so from
quickly. Sick chickens must be day 7 of their lives. This helps them
quarantined from the rest of the flock with better feed conversion, vitality
as soon as illness is realised. Diseases and strength. We also feed them loads
of organic green materials from the
farm. Sometimes we do have a chicken
Continued from page 6 that succumbs to illness. More often
than not, we remove this bird from the
Aflatoxins. Some simple guide lines can flock immediately. In quarantine if the manure where they are absent, the
help us determine the correct moisture bird does not show signs of recovery, opposite is true.
content. we cull it, cook it and feed it to the Prove it yourself: Sift 2 square feet of
1. If you can bite through already dried dogs. soil from your best farm area. Count
grain, it is not yet dry enough. If you have a continuous problem the earthworms. Do the same with soil
2. If you CANNOT bite through a with disease and chickens, it is from your worst area. Count the earth
grain kernel, chances are it is dry advisable to get rid of the entire flock. worms. Earthworms = healthy soil =
enough for storage and will not develop Before starting a new flock, clean out healthy crops = healthy YOU!
fungal growth. and rest the chicken housing for at
These very simple details could be life least 2 months. Or try something new.
saving. If you can eat an uncooked I have just read a story about a farmer
grain, so can a fungus. in the States who rotates his livestock!
Diseases in our crops become more Every 6 months he rotates his
Su Kahumbu
common as we upset the natural livestock into a different housing area.
answers your
balances of nature. We must strive to He moves his pigs to the chicken area,
questions
create healthy soils by the incorporation cows to pigs and chickens to cows. He
of nutritious organic matter as well as believes the disease and bacteria that Write to:
crop rotation so that at every level, effect one group of animals cannot The Organic Farmer
starting with the soil, there is a balance. survive or cause damage to another. P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi
When this is achieved, ours will just be And it works ! We rotate our plant KENYA
a matter of scouting and slight groups for exactly this reason!! Tel. 020 445 03 98
intervention as our crops will be healthy Be sure to let us know the action and e-mail : info@organickenya.com
and able to resist most problems. results with your chickens!
Farmers can control potato bacterial wilt

Crop rotation and careful potato seed maize, cabbages, sorghum, wheat, water or irrigation water spreads the
selection are the best measures which onions, carrots, sweet potatoes or disease. Infected soil on shoes and
farmers can take to control the grass. farming tools such as jembes, fork or
disease. even tractors can transmit the disease.
Positive selection Pests and insects in the soil also spread
The Organic Farmer Farmers should always ensure they get the disease.
good seeds from established seed Affected plants wilt may appear like
Many farmers across the country are growers working with the Kenya those lacking water; farmers can
still unable to control bacterial wilt in Agricultural Research Institute's confirm the disease's presence by
their farms. As a result the disease is National Potato Research Centre cutting a tuber from the wilted plants
still affecting production in many (KARI-NPRC) at Tigoni. Where a and squeezing it. If a white creamy
potato-growing areas. However, it is farmer has no way of getting clean liquid (which contains the bacteria)
important for farmers to know that seeds, he can practise what is called comes out, this confirms the disease's
although the disease has no known positive selection. This involves presence.
cure, it can be easily controlled or even marking healthy potato plants with Many weeds serve as alternative
eradicated if only they can follow pegs at flowering stage, after harvest hosts for the bacteria. They must be
simple rules to manage it. these are stored as seed to be planted removed to reduce its presence in the
As we said in our May issue, potato in the next season. soil. Volunteer potatoes (potatoes
growers should ensure that where the Selecting the best potato plants for from the previous harvest which grow
disease is identified, they should never seeds has been found to increase on their own) should be removed.
replant the same field with potatoes or potato production by 50 per cent in
any other crop in the potato family. areas affected by bacterial wilt. But In cool areas of the country with an
This includes tomatoes, bananas, farmers should know that this method altitude of 2,500 metres, the bacteria
eggplant, capsicums, pepper and only reduces the disease's prevalence can hide itself in healthy plants only to
groundnuts. Fields affected by the and does not eradicate it. re-emerge when potato seed from
disease should never be planted with these areas is replanted in warmer
these crops for a period of up to four Mode of infection lowlands. Buying certified seed and
years. During this period, farmers can Farmers should ensure that infected planting these on uninfected soil is
plant other crops that are not attacked plant material such as tubers, crop perhaps the best way to avoid the
by the disease. These include beans, residues, contaminated surface run-off disease.
Important tips for bacterial wilt control Useful addresses
How to identify the wilt How to select good seed Farmers can buy clean potato seed
In rapid disease development, the Use clean seed or tubers of tolerant from the following producers:
potatoes do not change colour. varieties bought from reliable sources Central Province
In the long term, the potato leaves such as Kenya seed Company or 1.Gathaithi Pioneers Group,
turn yellow. recognized seed growers. Tel: 0721 341 655, Kiambu
The plant is stunted. Sections of Disinfect all tools with household 2.Mr. Kelly Ndung'u, Tel: 0722834 725
the diseased plant may wilt bleach (Jik solution) before and after 3.Mr. David, Tel: 0720 376 478, Meru
completely and dry up, while the rest use. 4.Midland Ltd., P.O Box 20529,
appear healthy. Avoid planting in low-lying and Nairobi, Tel: 045 40206, 41209
There is a dark brown colour in the waterlogged areas. Central Rift
inner section of the stem. Plant only whole undamaged tubers. 1.ADC Marindas Farm, Molo
Heavily infected tubers have soil Weed regularly and cover the potato 2.Samwel Ketyenya, P.O Box 104,
stuck to the tuber eyes. crop properly with soil. Keringet, Tel: 0722 898 805
Taking care not to damage roots South Rift
How to handle infected plants and stems. 1.Sara Macharia, Tel: 0735 263 607,
Remove all infected plants and Ensure that farmyard manure and Trans-Mara
tubers with surrounding soil and put compost are fully decomposed to 2.John Maleke, Tel: 0735 589 294,
them in a 2 feet deep pit and cover avoid spreading the disease. Trans-Mara
with clean soil or burn them. Check field regularly for wilt and North Rift
Do not put diseased plants in your other diseases. 1.Kerio Trade Winds, Mr. Moiywo,
compost heap. Do not put diseased plants tubers Tel: 0720 220 641
The plants next to the diseased on your compost heap. 2.Philip Ruto, Tel: 0721 918 667
plants should be harvested only for Do not buy potatoe seed from 3.Mr. Powon, c/o KARI, P.O Box 450,
consumption, not for seed. neighbours. Kitale, Tel: 0733 893 140
Letters to the editor
Change attitudes
I salute the editorial board of organic farmer magazine for
the good job you are continuing doing in bringing to our
attention about organic farming. It is now five months from
the time the magazine was launched i.e. April 2005. Here in
Nakuru and Nyandarua districts farmers, frontline extension
officers, farm manager and other relevant learning
institutions have been receiving all the five copies and are
quite happy for the good formative information concerning
organic production and opening other channels in organic
value chain. The magazine has reached over 10,000 farmers,
through farmer groups in our region.
The magazine has been an eye opener for all players in
organic production. It is now high time farmers and other
organic experts join hands and pull resources together for
example in information sharing on production, value adding,
marketing and other new Bio-products, also looking for It takes two days to sort, package and send out The Organic
appropriate techniques or measures to reduce the cost of Farmer newspaper to farmers throughout the country. Last time
production. Farmers require to be given the right and
relevant information which is applicable and realistic. Swiss Journalist Rudolf Kueng passed by to do a story on the
May I extend my thanks to all other players who are newspaper. Here he is seen talking to Eric Lumosi, one of our
promoting organic production to mention but a few, organic writers who is also helping in the distribution. In the foreground
farmer magazine, KIOF, SACDEP, Baraka college, Manor is our office secretary Lucy Macharia sorting out the newspapers
house and others for their noble efforts. It is through
participatory approach and serious training and campaign for despatch. (Foto TOF)
that will help in spreading and expanding of organic
production in this country. It has come a time when farmers Cooperation Valuable
have to change attitudes toward farming and take farming as Mwakamuki small farmers I write to request for The
other business. Experts need to re-double their efforts and organization is a Organic Farmer monthly. I
reach about 80% of the rural small and medium scale community-based have read the last several
farmers who are still in the dark as regards modern farming. organization (CBO). It issues with my friends and
If the above measures are consistently put in place the draws its membership from found it very valuable and
problem of unhealthy food in many regions shall be solved. small-scale farmers at impressive especially on
The future seems brighter with organic farming. Kakuzi division in Thika. how to make liquid
Daniel Njoroge Kamau, 0721 350796 It has a membership of 70 manure and use it to top
members (families). We are dress out plants in shamba.
Very realistic More copies pleased to send you this I am a catholic justice and
Greetings from agriculture and rural letter to cooperate with you peace commission Kabula
I thank you for your the way in which we can
development programme (ARDP) organic farmer parish chairman and a
Catholic Diocese of Nakuru. I hope get more advise on organic coordinator of Namawana
magazine and farming and the way we
and trust you are fine. I would like to request you to be Sub-location Self Help
acknowledge with sincere thanks can control the pest. Thank Group. We find that the
sending me at least 2 you in advance and looking
receipt of The Organic Farmer copies for the nearby organic farmer would be
magazines that you have been forward to your positive of much help to us.
groups and schools. response and also your
sending to us on monthly basis. I Thanks alot.
thank you very much on behalf of John Chege Mungai cooperation. Cosmas Khaemba, P.O Box
the programme staff and the farmers P.O Box 136 Mrs. Margaret Waringa, P.O 13, 50124, Kabula Via
we are working with. Ithanga Via Thika Box 48, Ithanga Bungoma
The magazine is very realistic and
applicable to the farmers. I want to Form your own farmer group to get copies
assure you that we are trying our best I have the pleasure to say thanks for looking forward to the next issue of
to make sure that all the magazines your July issue and this is my first time the newspaper.
reach the farmers. We will also in to receive your newspaper. And I am
future try and contribute to the saying thanks for your services. I want Eustus Gakere, P.O Box 33, Kiganjo,
magazine. Kind regards. to ask you some questions: 0721 588163
Daisy Rono, ARDP Coordinator 1) I want you to explain well about
the organic farmer services? Dear Mr. Gakere,
Visit us We are encouraging farmers to form groups
I hereby kindly request you to visit our 2) In your letter, I saw you are dealing for the purposes of receiving the newspaper
group. Our group holds its meetings with the groups and my question is, through one address- NOT officially
on Wednesday every week, so we would you like to organize my group registered groups. The reason we are doing
expect your visit. Thank you. here? this is to help cut the cost of sending the
Alex Makau, P.O Box 1232, Kangundo, I hope you will answer my questions paper to each individual farmer. In this way
0735565849 and thank you in advance. I am we can be able to reach more farmers.
The wasps that save farmers cabbage

ICIPE introduces farmer-friendly
alternatives with biological control to
protect the cabbage against the
Diamondback Moth.
By Liz Nganga
Cabbages and kales are the most
important vegetables in the region,
especially for lower income groups.
The importance of these vegetables is
probably greater in Kenya than other Larva of Diamondback moth. . . . . .and its enemy, the wasp
African countries. According to the
Ministry of Agriculture, in Kenya they a diamond pattern on its back, seen that will provide farmers with
occupy over 18,000 hectares. when its wings are closed at rest. affordable solutions to the moth
Eaten daily, either raw in salads, problem.
steamed, boiled or fried, cabbages and Small insect, big damage
their cousin kale serve as important Despite its minute size - 8 mm in Biological control
cash-generating crops in many length with a wingspan of about 15 Intensive studies carried round the
households, and are used as fodder for mm - the moth causes damage often world found biological control - the
animals. Grown in all of Kenya's eight sufficient to ruin cabbage heads to a use of a living organism to control
provinces, with Rift Valley and Central level where they are no longer pests, implemented through
province jointly making-up 82% of marketable and contaminates the conservation, augmentation and
the total production, cabbages have heads with larvae or faecal waste. The important and importation of natural
the potential of being an economic moth's destruction to the cabbage, enemies - of the Diamondback Moth
enterprise, and could contribute to and other host plants such as safe and sustainable.
poverty reduction. cauliflower, broccoli, radish and Use of chemical pesticides for
turnip, is felt at all stages of its 15-17 control often leads to serious
Low returns day lifespan. Feeding by the larvae environmental problems, besides
So far, however, cabbage production damages leaves, making them appear affecting the health of users and
has generated less than satisfactory skeletonised. consumers. In addition, chemical
income. The average yield of 13.8 Control of the moth has remained a pesticides eliminate the natural
tonnes per hectare per year is very low, tricky issue. This completely enemies of the moth, thereby creating
and at an estimated Ksh10 per kg cosmopolitan pest, which tolerates the the need for more pesticides and
generates about Ksh 138,000 per tropical, subtropical and temperate causing the build-up of considerable
hectare, working out to Ksh 2.61 climates, extending as far north as the residue levels in subsequent cabbage
billion per year for the entire Arctic Circle in Europe, is notorious production. This in turn increases
production in Kenya. for developing pesticide resistance. In production cost and development of
Various factors have contributed to Kenya and the East Africa region, resistance. Ironically, in order to
the low yield and returns, the most ICIPE, the International Centre for overcome resistance, farmers have
important being insect pest damage, Insect Physiology and Ecology, is resorted to applying higher doses of
which can lead to up to 100% loss if making great strides in the control of insecticide cocktails more frequently,
not controlled. One of the cabbage's the moth as part of the Centre's making control more complicated.
major devastating pests is the research into the pests of staple food In 2000, ICIPE started a project to
Diamondback Moth (Plutella crops and horticultural crops. ICIPE introduce parasitoids (natural
xylostella DBM), a small greyish- is working with partners to develop
brown insect which gets it name from Integrated Pest Management strategies Continued on page 11
Nothing left to harvest: Infested cabbage Cabbage crop 2 years after releasing wasps (Photos courtesy of ICIPE)
Continued from page 10 the wasps were released in November Climate change
enemies), which are a major feature of 2003 and data collection will begin
Integrated Pest Management. The soon. Uganda was also the second a threat for Africa
project commenced with a survey in country in Africa to have a second
the major cabbage growing areas in natural enemy released - the Cotesia Climate change threatens to increase
Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, which plutellae, which is appropriate for the number of the world's hungry by
showed that existing enemies were not semi-arid areas. reducing the area of land available for
providing a big enough impact in farming in developing countries, a
control of the Diamondback Moth. KARI takes over report of the UN-Agriculture
ICIPE therefore imported an exotic Rearing, release and monitoring Organizations says. "In some 40 poor,
parasitoid, a parasitic wasp (Diadegma activities are now in the hands of the developing countries, with a combined
semiclausum), already being used in a Kenya Agricultural Research Institute population of two billion, including
number of countries in South East (KARI) Muguga Biological Control 450 million undernourished people,
Asia (Taiwan, Indonesia, Mainland Station. Several districts in Kenya have production losses due to climate
China). The wasp stings the benefited from the release of the change may drastically increase the
Diamondback Moth larvae, lays its wasps, mainly Meru, Nyeri, Embu, number of undernourished people,
eggs, which hatch into larvae, which Maragua, Kiambu, Naivasha and parts severely hindering progress in
feed on the internal organs of the of Nakuru and Nyandarua. combating poverty and food
moth causing death. The wasp's larva In most situations, the released insecurity".
pupates in a cocoon inside the loosely parasitoid will completely control the The severest impact was likely to be
pest without any additional activity in sub-Saharan African countries, which
required by the farmer. However, says are the least able to adapt to climate
ICIPE-Scientist Dr. Bernhard Loehr, change or to compensate for it through
"farmers should regularly scout their increased food imports. In Africa are
fields as there are other pests like 1.1 billion hectares of land with
aphids that might require treatment. growing period of less than 120 days.
Spraying against Diamondback Moth Climate change could, by 2080, result in
is only necessary when there is an an expansion of this area by 5 - 8
average of more than two pests on the percent, or by about 50 - 90 million
scouted plants in the dry season, and hectares, the UN-organization said.
more than three in the wet season". Sixty-five developing countries, home
There are a number of neem-based to more than half the developing
products available in Kenya which can world's total population in 1995, risk
be used in organic agriculture and give losing about 280 million tonnes of
a satisfactory control of potential cereal production as a result of
Diamondback Moths and aphids. climate change. (TOF)
Managing pests, diseases and weeds

The biological pest control as explained webs, predators, life cycles and other
on page 10 is important for organic aspects of the ecosystem. In the
farming. There are many ways to manage natural balance, each organism,
Releasing wasps in the field near Karatina pests, diseases and weeds. including pests, diseases and weeds,
serves one or more functions. If an
spun webbing of the moth larva and The Organic Farmer organism appears not to be useful, it is
remains stuck to the leaves. The adult usually because all its roles in the
parasitic wasp then emerges after a The approach described here is to system have not been discovered or
few days. protect crops from damage caused by acknowledged. The terms 'pest' and
some pests, diseases and weeds by 'weed' need to be redefined to include
Good results in Taita Hills strategically placing other pests and the positive roles these plants and
A number of trials were conducted at weeds to serve as predators or organisms sometimes play in
the Centre's laboratories before a deterrents. For commercial and agriculture.
permit was given for the release of the conventional farming, a low incidence For example, weeds may serve as a
wasps in Kenya, which was initially of all pests, diseases and weeds is resource for production because they
done in July 2002 in Kisii, Taita Hills considered necessary for maximum can be used for composting or
and Muguga. Sites were visited every yields and product quality. Relatively mulching. Their presence in a field is
fortnight and data collected to find large sums are spent on buying and indicator of healthy soil. A few
out if the natural enemy was getting chemicals and on research to find new pests on crops are needed to keep the
established. Results showed a chemicals to sanitize fields. Many predator population functioning in the
reduction on the number of pests and disease have developed process of biological control without
Diamondback Moths in the fields, and resistance to the chemicals used causing a significant reduction in yield.
of the damage on crops. In Taita Hills making more research and chemicals It is important to understand the
the wasp destroyed the Diamondback necessary. Other pests and diseases are cycles of pests, diseases and weeds to
Moth at a rate of 60 %, and in able to develop because their natural find out when dertain natural control
Tanzania areas visited after eight enemies have been killed. This methods are needed.
months were observed to have the approach is short sighted and does not
natural enemy spread widely with an take natural systems into account. Source: Production without Destruction,
average 30% parasitism, though some For sustainable agriculture, the Natural Farming Network Zimbabwe,
recorded as high as 80%. In Uganda, approach is to control stressed food 1995
Farmers can do a lot to control spider mites

In the August-issue of The Organic
Farmer we wrote about pyrethrum.
ICIPE-Scientist Dr. Markus Knapp
gave us some more tips how to control
spider mites.
By Markus Knapp
In the last issue The Organic Farmer
pointed out very clear, that early
recognition is very important for
controlling spider mites. The spider
mites prefer the lower side of the
leaves and only go to the upper site,
stems and later even fruits of the
lower leaf surfaces are over-crowded. Spider mite web on a tomatoe plant. The red points on top are female adult mites waiting to
The spider mites can be reddish be blown by the wind to the next plant for getting more food. (Photo courtesy of ICIPE)
brown, bright red, orange, greenish or
yellowish. Spider mites are very small. was introduced accidentally. We do not mite in Kenya. However, these natural
What you can see without a magnifier know exactly where it comes from but enemies are usually more susceptible
are only the adult females. If you we suspect that its home is South to pesticides than the pest. You should
check with a magnifier you will see America. It was found for the first therefore use pesticides (botanical or
many smaller mites (these are their time in Kenya in 2001. This mite synthetic) only when it is really
children) and eggs, which look like prefers tomatoes and its relatives like necessary. This is of special
small white or yellowish balls. potatoes and eggplants but it can now importance with pyrethrum because it
also be found on beans. kills all bugs, good ones and bad ones.
Support tomatoes with sticks Predatory mites are the most If you want to use neem to control
Because the spider mites are on the important natural enemies of spider spider mites, look for a product that
lower side of the leaves it is very mites. They are also small and usually contains a high proportion of neem
important that you cover these places whitish to yellowish in colour. They oil because it is more effective.
when you spray. This is very difficult move much faster than spider mites However, it might also damage your
in tomatoes, which are not staked. because they have to hunt for their plants. Therefore try it on one plant
Putting a stick and tying the plant to it food while the spider mites just walk before you spray the whole field.
lets the tomato grow more upright and around slowly and prick the leaves. To reduce spider mite pressure on
makes spraying easier. Pruning However, we have never seen your farm remove and burn or
(removing shoots that are not predatory mites feeding on the tomato compost all plant leftovers
necessary) helps even more. Then turn red spider mite. This is very common immediately after harvesting in
the lance of your sprayer around and when pests are transferred from one terminated. Don't leave them in the
spray from below to reach the lower area of the world to another. The field until you need it again to plant
side of the leaves. It is also very native natural enemies do not attack it something else. These old plants are
important to have the right sprayer because they are not used to it. ideal breeding grounds for spider
nozzle and make sure that it is working ICIPE has therefore established mites. When there is nothing to eat
well. Replace the sprayer nozzle every contacts to research institutions in any more the mites will move to your
year. Never use a piece of wire or any Brazil to search for natural enemies in new crops. Because they are small and
other thing to clean a clogged nozzle. South America. Early last year cannot walk far, they use the wind for
It will not work properly afterwards. predatory mites were found on tomato distribution. When the host plant is
For efficient spider mite control the plants infested with the spider mites. exhausted they move up the plants
plant must be covered completely with These predatory mites were further and wait to be blown away. That is the
the spray solution, of whether you use tested in the laboratory in Brazil and reason why you sometimes can find
a botanical or a synthetic pesticide. found to do very well. ICIPE has now huge numbers of orange mites on the
Scientists have shown that surviving obtained a permit from KEPHIS to web on top of plants or even on the
mites can find small areas that were import this mite and keep it in the top of sticks used for staking
not covered during the spraying and quarantine laboratory at ICIPE for tomatoes. From there they are blown
feed and lay eggs there until the further testing. Before it can be into your new crops by the wind.
pesticide is not effective any more. In released into the field another permit
Zimbabwe it was found that yield and from KEPHIS is needed. The Organic Farmer
quality of staked and pruned tomatoes Take care with pyrethrum in November
was much higher than of the one The two-spotted spider mite has many
grown without a stick. more host plants. It can be a problem
on beans, eggplants, cucumber, Why not
Terrible pest from Brazil squash, pawpaw, okra, roses, carnation
The two most important spider mite and other flowers, even maize and plant
species (types) in Kenya are the many other plants. There are
tomato red spider mite and the two- predatory mites and other natural Soya
spotted spider mite. The tomato red enemies (e.g. small ladybird beetles) beans?
spider mite is not native to Africa. It feeding on the two-spotted spider
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 18 November 2006
Its harvesting time, farmers! Dear farmers,

There is a widespread view among farmers
Delays in payment, exploitation by
middlemen, storage problems that farming has become a loss making
harvesting time is a real challenge to venture. Many will sit back and remem-
maize farmers. ber the good old days when they could sell
their agricultural produce at good prices
Peter Kamau which were regulated by the Govern-
ment. But things have changed with the
It is once again that time of the year when liberalisation of the market, together with
farmers are harvesting their maize. competition from other producers of the
They are doing this with great expecta- same goods. Competition is stiff and only
tion that markets will be available and the best can meet the demands of the ever
the prices favourable to them. changing market.
The harvesting time is a difficult
period for farmers. Although the How can farmers really survive in this
National Cereals and Produce Board environment? In this issue (see page 4)
has somewhat stabilised prices, delays we have a story on farmers in Meru, who
in payment has often forced farmers have, against all odds, managed to start
and rotting. Storage structures in most a factory to process their farm produce.
to sell the produce to middlemen who
farming areas today are made of timber This is a major step in the right direction
buy it at throwaway prices and sell at
off-cuts which provide a good haven because the farmers will now earn more
a premium in maize deficit areas. At
for weevils. A store made of wire mesh from their farm produce. For many years,
least the NCPB has already opened
is ideal as it gives adequate space Kenyan farmers like their counterparts
their depots which will enable farmers
for air circulation. The use of chemi- in the rest of Africa, have been primary
to deliver the produce on time.
cal pesticide dusts in Kenya is tricky. producers of agricultural goods which do
Another problem among farmers
Many dusts are no longer effective not fetch good prices because they are not
is their tendency to wait for too long
against weevils and other dangerous processed.
before they start harvesting. By this
pests such as the Larger Grain Borer
time, most of the maize cobs have Sometimes when we visit farmers in
(). Experts now suspect the products
opened, exposing the grain to weevils the field, we are shocked to learn that
are faked. Unless farmers use the avail-
able organic they do not have even the most basic
Good response to our methods of tools, yet the same people can spend large
plant extracts special pest control, sums of money on ceremonies which do
We have received numerous letters, preventive not promote their farming activities. It
telephone calls and SMS messages measures is often surprising to find a farmer who
from farmers commending us on seem to be the does not even possess a wheelbarrow for
our September / October 2006 issue only option carrying fodder for their cattle or who
that featured plant extracts. That available to does not have even milk cans to deliver
is why we have decided to make a them. their milk to KCC. Some of these items
reprint in English. Farmers inter- can even be bought on credit.
ested in getting copies of the reprint
What we are saying is that farmers have
can get in touch with us through our
Harvest early and to do more. They should be well orga-
usual address. We thank you all for
your positive comments. store properly. nized and be able to plan ahead. Farming
See page 3 should be viewed as an investment that
can bring good returns and help raise
in this issue Sus organic shop the standards of living for the majority
now open in Nairobi of rural people. Some farmers have bor-
rowed money from Savings and Credit
Organic food consumers in Nairobi Cooperatives (SACCOs) in their areas
Value addition 4 finally have a shop where they can
Meru farmers earn more after and used it wisely to develop their farms.
get fresh supplies: Su Kahumbu, well
processing their farm produce. known to readers of the The Organic We keep our word. Some months ago, we
Pest control 5 Farmer, opened the Shop at Gigiri promised you that we would increase the
ICIPE develops a natural method Shopping Center near the UNEP head- number of copies of The Organic Farmer
for control of termites. quarters on September 2 this year. The following the great demand from farmers
shop is stocked with lots of certified across the country. With the support
Organic seed production 6 of BioVision Switzerland we have now
Kenya is yet to produce organic products from farmers' groups
trained through the TOF Support Pro- increased the number of copies from
organically certified seeds.
gramme. See page 8 12,000 to 14,000. Karibuni, wakulima!
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 18 November 2006
MY OPINION How to prevent water loss

Every month I look forward to receiv- There are many ways a farmer can
ing a copy of The Organic Farmer. conserve run off water for use in crop Our series on water
The reason for this is simple, TOF production, even during the dry In the August 2006 issue of The
is not an ordinary newspaper. Every season. Organic Farmer, we introduced drip
issue comes with something new irrigation, which can help farmers
for the farmer. It is so exciting to try The Organic Farmer grow crops using very little water. In
new methods of farming which help
increase production on my farm, at this issue, we will provide you with
With the increasing frequencies of
the same time cutting the cost of cheap and easy methods of retaining
drought and water scarcity in many
using expensive and harmful chemi- water in the soil as long as possible.
parts of the country, farmers need
cals. Since most of the farmers in In December, we will share the expe-
to know and practise water conser-
my locality do not receive a copy, I riences of farmers in Lare Division
vation methods in order to make
always share this information with in Nakuru District who have learned
maximum use of the available water
them and also encourage them to various methods of water harvesting
resources on their farms. Water con-
try new ideas. I feel this is the only for agricultural production, livestock
servation involves trapping as much
way information on organic farming and domestic use.
water as possible and storing it on the
can get to as many farmers as pos-
sible. surface or allowing it to sink into the
soil in order to raise the water table the hole and seeps slowly into the
Robert Mukhwana, Bungoma and increase the soil moisture level. plant. (Sketch)
A protective vegetation cover on the Fanya juu method: Fanya juu terraces
soil surface helps to slow down the are made by digging a trench along
The Organic Farmer flow of running water before it settles the contour and throwing the soil
on pits and dams. Contour ditches are uphill to form an embankment. Fodder
The Organic Farmer is an indepen- grasses are then planted to stabilize
dent newspaper for the Kenyan then dug to help spread the water all
over the farm. the embankment. It later develops
farming community. It promotes into bench terraces which harvest and
organic farming and supports dis- As we mentioned in previous edi-
tions, keeping the soil covered pre- conserve water (see sketch).
cussions on all aspects of sustainable
vents soil erosion and water loss, and Bench terraces: Bench terraces are level
development. The Organic Farmer
is published monthly by in the process improves the overall
ICIPE and distributed free productivity of the soil. One method
to farmers. The reports of doing this is the use of mulch; this
of The Organic Farmer do is the use of dry plant residue to cover
not necessarily reflect the the soil. Mulch keeps the soil under-
views of ICIPE. neath moist, which is not possible if
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by the soil is left bare. It also suppresses
BioVision, a Swiss based founda- weeds and promotes a healthy plant
tion for the promotion of sustain- growth. Mulching also reduces soil
able development. erosion and provides plant nutrients
as the material decomposes.
www.biovision.ch
Water conservation methods
Publisher
International Centre of Insect Contour ploughing: Contour farming
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) involves ploughing, planting and
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi weeding along the contour, which is
KENYA across the slope rather than up and
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 down. (see photo)
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org Tumbukiza method: In this method, a
homepage: http://www.icipe.org hole 60 cm and 60 cm wide is dug steps constructed on the contour and
Editors and filled with compost mixed with separated by embankments. They
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner soil and planted with maize or Napier can be formed by excavation or may
Secretariat grass. Water from run off collects in develop over time from a grass strip
Lucy W. Macharia or fanya juu.
Advisory Board Stone Terraces: Stone terraces are
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE useful in areas with steep slopes.
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE The terrace walls are made of stones
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE collected from the land. However
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige many farmers do not prefer them as
Address they provide shelter to rats and other
The Organic Farmer rodents which eat the crops.
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi Intercropping: Planting maize as an
KENYA intercrop between the rows of the
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 main crop such as beans, cabbages,
e-mail : info@organickenya.com sukuma wiki (Kales) or potatoes pro-
Layout vides shade which helps reduce water
In-A-Vision Systems(k) A garden with terraces Photo TOF loss and also protects from the wind.
Nr. 18 November 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Harvesting early cuts down losses
Every year, farmers lose a large
portion of their harvest due to poor
timing, pests and lack of proper
storage facilities.
Peter Kamau
Once again farmers are harvesting
their maize crop. It is the dream of
every farmer to harvest much more
than they did last year. But this may
not be the case for many of them.
Although the crop may look healthy
while still in the shamba, much of the
crop will be lost due to pest damage
and the rains. Every year farmers A large portion of maize harvested every year is lost to pests and rotting. Photo TOF
either lose a huge portion of their the shelling. The maize should then ensure infestation of the maize does
harvest, not because they did not use be dried in the sun for a further 3 to not occur during storage. Cow dung
the right inputs but because they did 4 days after shelling. Direct sunlight and fresh eucalyptus leaves can be
not harvest at the right time or take kills weevils which have not entered burned to keep away any pests before
the necessary measures to reduce pest the maize grain; the maize should be storage. Granary floors and walls can
damage. turned and stirred to ensure it dries also be plastered with cow dung for
As we have said before in this news- evenly. Drying also helps bring down the same purpose.
paper, losses to farmers always begin the moisture level to 13 %, which is
in the field. The maize crop is the Natural pest control methods
ideal for long term storage of grain.
most affected, due to poor timing and Construction of store: A good store Diatomite: Diatomite is one of the
poor storage methods and facilities should be well constructed. It should most effective of natural pest control
used by farmers across the country. have adequate space for air circula- compounds. It is a natural preserva-
Many farmers tend to leave the crop tion at the base and also on the upper tive that does not affect the quality
too long in the field where rains and part; pests prefer a warm environ- of grain. It is made up of millions of
pests attack the crop even before it is ment and will keep away if the store fossilized microscopic plants, called
harvested. Most of the maize varie- is well ventilated. It is recommended diatoms, which have sharp edges
ties grown at the beginning of the that a store should have 40 to 50 % which pierce insects, killing them. It
rainy season in mid-March and April open space for the stored grain to dry is not poisonous to both animals and
are ready for harvest by October and properly. The store platform should human beings. The Kensil F grade
November. In areas where the crop be raised up to 60-90 cm above the of diatomite is the most appropri-
has been knocked down by wind ground to allow for air circulation. ate (it costs Ksh 350 for a 20 kg bag).
and has come into contact with the Cleaning: Weevils reside in cracks The recommended application rates
wet ground, decay and pest damage in the wood of the store; they can are 3 kg of diatomite to one tonne of
is always faster. Right now, weather remain there until the next harvest. maize, wheat, oats, rice or sorghum.
forecasts indicate that rains will Thorough cleaning is therefore nece- It is applied directly to the grain and
increase in November and December. ssary before fresh grain is stored to mixed with a shovel.Wash off the diat-
This means that farmers who harvest omite and dry the grain before con-
late will lose a considerable portion of Battle sumption.
their crop. against rats Various plants can also be used to
control pests in stored grain. Research
Reducing post harvest losses
Farmers should take the following shows that neem oil can repel The
Apart from wee- Larger Grain Borer. When applied at
measures to reduce losses during vils, rats and
harvest and storage: the rate of 20ml/ kg of maize neem
mice are trou- oil has been found to prevent repro-
Sorting: Before storage, the maize blesome pests
should be sorted out to remove the duction of the LGB and to drastically
that bring huge reduce damage to stored maize. The
cobs that have already been damaged losses to farmers
by insects and mildew (mould). effect of neem oil has been found to
because they eat large quantities
Research shows that sorting can help last for up to 6 months.
of maize especially during storage.
reduce the damage by up to 36 %. Pyrethrum dust (Crysanthemum
Rats can be controlled by use of Cinerari): Flowers can be picked
Drying: The maize should be dried traps and rat poison. Fixing of rat during a hot day and dried in the
for a few days before storage. Drying guards on raised stores can stop shade. They are then crushed into
gets rid of excess moisture which is the rodents from access to the store. powder and mixed with grain. Pyre-
responsible for decay during storage. The rat guards look like a collar thrum powder from plants in general
Shelling: Shelling helps to check fitted around the pole (see photo). are said to reduce pest damage to
pest damage. Since most pests prefer Farmers should take great care when maize and other cereals. Wash the
maize which is still on the cob for easy using rat poison to ensure children, grain and dry before consumption. The
movement. If a farmer has to apply pets and livestock do not come into ashes mixed with grain are known to
pesticides, this should be done after contact with the chemicals. give 4 to 6 months protection.
Value addition helps Meru farmers

This farmers group can now sell a
wide range of farm products after pro-
cessing them in their factory.
Jane Kigo, Meru
Stanley Mukuru, a farmer from Chuka,
Meru South, practised farming like
any other farmer in his village- that
was to provide food for his family
and sell the surplus whenever he
could get a buyer. It was very hard
for him to depend on farming as a
source of income. This was due to
the fact that many people in the area
were farmers and did not require Products ready for the market (left), farmer S. Mukuru tends his arrow roots. Photos: TOF
farm produce. The market, too was
overflowing with the same products, of the trench. Through this method, marketing strategy to expand their
pushing the prices down. arrow roots and other crops can be reach. They have also incorporated
But all this changed in the year 2003, planted throughout the year bringing other farmers' groups into their pro-
when the Ministry of Agriculture a steady income. The water supply to duction and marketing chain. The
introduced the National Agriculture the garden is replenished from a tap products will in future sell under the
and Livestock Extension Programme in the homestead. brand name VACID. To retain the
(NALEP1). Mukuru and 15 other The other portion of Mukurus land group identity however, each of the
farmers from his village formed the is covered by a healthy crop of maize, groups will also have a brand name
Mungoni Focal Area Organic Group. sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes and under which they will market their
They were trained by the Kenya Insti- a small banana plantation. On the products.
tute of Organic Farming (KIOF) under lower side next to the river is a planta-
Invested in training and marketing
the NALEP programme. The group tion of Napier-grass, coffee trees and
tea bushes. Although production has been going
members were trained on compost on for the last one year, the members
making, use of plant extracts for pest Factory for value addition plough back their profits into the
control, value addition through pro- Mukuru and his group members rea- factory for expansion and other pur-
cessing and how to practise farming lized that their main difficulty was poses such as registration, licenses
as a business. marketing of their produce. They and purchase of production equip-
It was not hard for many of us, therefore decided to go into value ment. Following their success with
because our farms are not contami- addition using the knowledge they the factory, they now want to set up a
nated and we only needed to apply acquired in the training. multi-million food processing complex
some other requirements of organic They approached their Constituency to process more farm pro-ducts, much
farming, Mukuru says. Development Fund (CDF) committee of which goes to waste during peak
Arrowroot around homestead for assistance to set up a food process- production period and which will
The group (now renamed the Mungoni ing factory. After going through their now earn income for members and
Organic Farmers' Group) is one of the intended plan of work, the Commit- the community at large.
most successful in Meru district. Fol- tee decided to offer assistance of Ksh The group is now recruiting new
lowing the training, they have trans- 600,000 in two phases. The first phase members. The approved constitu-
formed their farms into some of the of Ksh 400,000 has enabled them to tion allows a maximum number of
most productive enterprises in the build the factory and buy the neces- 70 members; to date 50 members are
region. Mukurus farm, located a few sary equipment. registered. An agricultural officer
kilometres from the Nyayo Tea Zone The factory has been processing is available to train them on weekly
farm, is a good example of the skills pawpaw fruit jam; fruit juice from basis. They have been given a piece
the farmers have acquired from the passion, mangoes, avocado and pine- of land by Ndagani Secondary School
training. Contrary to the belief that apples; cassava and banana flour; and which they use for demonstrations
arrowroot are planted near or next to cakes from arrowroots and cassava. during training. Produce from the
a river for a constant supply of water, They also process crisps from bananas, demonstrations land is given free of
he has been able to turn a flower arrowroots and Irish potatoes, and charge to the school.
garden near his homestead into an even a beverage from amaranth. The The group plans to develop a
arrowroot garden. From a shallow products are sold in Meru, Embu, large training institution to train other
basin, he has dug several holes 1 Sagana and even supermarkets in farmers in Meru district. With the
metre deep and 2/3 metre wide. An Nairobi. results from the market survey con-
inlay of perforated polythene sheet- The processing of these farm pro- ducted by the Groups sales represen-
ing is spread in the trenches where ducts has greatly improved income tative, the entire range of their pro-
arrow roots are then planted. The for our members and also created ducts have a lot of market potential. It
polythene helps conserve water. Soil a market for other farmers in this takes a lot of hard work, but the group
enriched with manure is put onto region, says Mukuru. says it well in their motto where
the polythene paper to cover 2fts The group is currently developing a there is a will there is a way.
Methods to control termites naturally
Termites cause great damage to Pre-planting tillage also destroys the
crops. ICIPE has developed an tunnels caused by termites and mini-
environmental friendly fungus mizes their foraging activities and
to control them. associated damage to crops. Removal
of the queen and/or destruction of the
Nguya K. Maniania * nest have frequently been used by
Termites or white ants are known farmers as a traditional method for
to concentrate their feeding activities control of mound-building termites.
on dead plant material from wood Mounds are dug, flooded or burnt
to humus. By these activities they with straw to suffocate and kill the
contribute to the soil profile, soil Termites (worker and soldier) colony.
texture and redistribution of organic Intercropping is the most effec-
matter. Termites are therefore impor- tive cultural practice used by small-
tant for recycling matter. But in their scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa
quest for cellulose, termites may also to control insects that have specific
cause significant damage to crops, host ranges. However, controversial
trees and houses of poor subsistence results have been reported in case of
farmers, particularly in developing termites. Intercropping in forestry has
countries. Data on economic losses been suggested as a means of retain-
caused by termites to crops is dif- ing termite diversity in the crop in
ficult to obtain; but in most African Termite mound order to prevent them from achieving
countries the losses appear to be spo- pest status. Certain grasses are inter-
radic and localized, and can be more cropped with different crops in West
widespread and catastrophic in many Africa to repel termites.
other countries. The removal of residues and other
debris from the field may reduce
Rain fed crops more vulnerable potential termite food supplies and
In general, damage by termites is hence lead to a reduction in termite
greater in rain-fed than irrigated numbers and subsequent attack. On
crops, during dry periods or droughts the other hand, leaving residues in
than periods of regular rainfall, in the field or adding further organic
lowland rather than highland areas, matter could provide alternative food
and in plants under stress, because Damage to maize cobs (Photos courtesy Dr J.
to which termites will be attracted,
of lack of moisture, disease or physi- van den Berg)
thereby reducing levels of attack on
cal damage, rather than healthy and fore, cultural practices should aim the main crop.
vigorous plants. In particular, exotic at maintaining or enhancing plant Plant extracts: Various parts of plants
crops are more susceptible to termite health. and extracts are known to be either
attacks than indigenous crops. The use of good quality seed, toxic or repellent to pests of agri-
Conventionally, damage to plants healthy seedlings, and appropri- culture, and widely used in rural
by subterranean termites has been ate transplanting procedure is more settings. Some of these extracts have
prevented by persistent insecticidal likely to produce healthy plants. In been investigated in the laboratory
barriers in the soil around the roots, general, indigenous crops show more and found effective against termites.
thus, preventing termite access to the resistance or tolerance to termites. Plant extracts such as those of neem
crops and trees. This has in the past For instance, sorghum and millet and dried chilli have been used to
relied almost exclusively on the use of are more resistant to termites than control termites in the field and in
insecticides (lindane, aldrin, dialdrin, maize and groundnut, which are storage.
chlordane and heptachlor). Following exotic crops. Deficiency or excess of Biological control: Many natural
the ban imposed on the use of these water may stress plants and encour- enemies (predators, parasites and
insecticides, less persistent insecticide age termite attack. In general, attack pathogens) attack termites in nature.
groups such as organophosphates on crops and trees is greater in drier Biological control is the use of these
(chlorpyrifos, iodofenphos), carba- areas and during dry periods. Overall natural enemies for their control. It
mates (carbosulfan, carbofuran), and annual rainfall is important but the constitutes a more environmentally
pyrethroids (permethrin, decame- even distribution of rainfall through acceptable alternative to traditional
thrin) have been used as alternatives the growing season may be more chemical control measures.
to termite control; but their low per- significant.
sistence calls for repeated applica- A new method: Control by fungi
Control techniques
tions. Among the pathogens (bacteria,
A number of techniques are used and viruses and fungi), fungi offer a greater
Healthy plants more resistant include cultural methods, plant insec- opportunity as termite control agents
Although healthy plants may be ticides and biological control. compared to other pathogens. Fungi
damaged by termites, unhealthy and Cultural practices: Deep ploughing infect their host through the cuticle
stressed plants are generally more or hand tillage exposes termites to and do not need to be ingested. They
susceptible to termite attack. There- dehydration and to predators, thus are environmentally safe. The ento-
* Dr. Nguya K. Maniania is Scientist at ICIPE reducing their number in the crops. continued on Page 7
Organically certified seeds are hard to get

M Abuoro (Tel. 0720 063 460) in Rongo on seed. This requires getting letters
wants to know if the use of certified from 3 local seed companies support-
seed is allowed in organic farming. ing our claim to the non-availability
of their organic equivalents. Alterna-
Certified seed implies the seed has tively, we can opt to import them but
been grown following strict standards, must follow very strict phytosanitary
and the resulting seed has been tried regulations set by KEPHIS.
and tested before being given the This starts with making application
status of being certified. This ensures to KEPHIS and if successful, being
that there are no disease pathogens on granted a Q-license to import, with
the seed and the viability is good. It certain conditions. A Q-license is a
also ensures that the seed is pest free. quarantine license and comes with the
Certified seed is not the same thing following requirements: Documenta-
as Organically certified seed. tion of the origin of the seed must be Farmers can propagate their own organic seeds
From an organic producers per- supplied to KEPHIS and on entering our own seed can also be risky as we
spective nevertheless, certified seed is the country, the seed is immediately are subject to many variables. Our
good to use as we are less at risk from taken to and tested at the KEPHIS
best option to minimize risk is to
diseases and pests from the start, and laboratories. If it is seen to be carry-
should get a good quality yield from ing pathogens foreign to our local use certified seed and try to propa-
production. gate our own when we feel confident
pathogens, it will be destroyed. From enough to.
The international standards for there, germination tests are done and
organic production require that seed if all goes well, you will be given What about Nibecidine?
is undressed, or untreated and comes the seed on certain planting condi-
from an organically certified source. tions. The entire planting area will be Is Nibecidine organic? asks Mary
Conventional certified seed is often quarantined, which includes 6 foot Wanja (Tel. 0721 673 830) in Molo.
treated with Thiram or some other plastic sheet fencing and foot and car/ Unfortunately I do not know what
chemical. Untreated seed does not tractor baths at all entrance and exits. Nibecidine is. However, just as
have any chemicals. It is however Transfer or sale of the seed is also farmers/producers are expected to
more prone to getting fungal disease prohibited. As you can see, as organic show integrity via organic certifica-
and other infestations. In Kenya we tion, so too must be manufacturers
producers we are caught between a of agricultural inputs and solutions.
do not have certified organic seeds
available yet. As producers, we may rock and a hard place. To import fol- The best thing to do when in doubt
therefore, if following international lowing the regulations is expensive, is to ask them for documentation or
standards, apply for a derogation time consuming and risky. To grow symbol proving organic certification.
Growing tomatoes without chemicals is not easy

Sylvester (Tel. 0727 400 821) plans sing seed from a seed agent, ask for tions. By giving ample spacing this is
to start tomato growing between seed that generally does well in your avoided.
November and December this year. particular area. Tomatoes are heavy feeders and
Please advise me on care, disease It is important that you plant the seed require soil with ample compost and
control and other requirements, he in a well prepared seed bed. Make very good drainage. Weekly feeds are
asks. sure there is good spacing between recommended using plant teas, either
Tomatoes are easily subject to insect each seed to avoid overcrowding of fed to the plant at the root base, or as
and fungal diseases. They are particu- emerging seedlings. Seed beds must a foliar feed.
larly difficult to grow organically and be kept moist, but not too wet, espe- Any onset of disease must be
require much vigilance throughout cially for tomato seedlings. If there quickly recognized and dealt with.
their growth period. To begin with, is evidence of damping off, noticed Fungus and blight are common and
a good disease free source of seed by collapse of seedlings, remove the can sometimes be contained using a
must be used. If you are producing affected seedlings immediately, and
spray of milk and water 1:10, neem
by using self grown seed, be sure to also a few good ones on each side of
those affected. This is mainly caused or garlic. Blight is very difficult to
have selected your seed from your control using organic solutions.
by over watering.
healthiest plants. If you are purcha- Insects are normally not too much
Tomato seedlings are generally
ready for transplanting at 6 weeks of a bother apart from the spider
Su Kahumbu mites. These can be controlled with
answers your of age. Do not leave seedlings in
pyrethrum extract; neem extract,
questions bed for much longer than this as
Sodom apple extract etc. (The Organic
they will struggle for nutrients and
become stunted, stressed and subject Farmer, Sept./Oct. 2006 issue).
Write to to disease. It is important to realize when
The Organic Farmer When transplanting, make sure to pruning and harvesting tomatoes,
P.O. Box 14352 allow ample spacing between plants, that we act as carriers of insect and
00800 Nairobi Kenya up to 3 feet. Most diseases affecting disease from plant to plant. Therefore
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 tomatoes spread from plant to plant we must keep a keen eye on these
e-mail: info@organickenya.com and strive in damp humid condi- issues and avoid contamination.
Visit us in Matuga! Ideal for adults

It was until the start of this month I congratulate you for continu-
when I managed to come across ing to inform farmers through your
your June issue of the newspaper. newspaper. By chance I have come
While visiting a farmers field school across your publications thrice. I am
at Mau Narok, the facilitator of the a voluntary adult education teacher
same school produced a number of working at Njoro division, Ngata
copies of The Organic Farmer, dis- location. Together with my students,
tributed them and started a topic on we are small-scale farmers, farming
crops nutrient deficiency symptoms. on a quarter acre farm. The materials
As she referred to each, the paper had you publish is ideal to my literacy
the pictures where the participants class and my immediate community.
could look and verify the colors. I Therefore, I request to be receiving
saw a number nodding their heads 10 copies of the newspaper and also
signifying acknowledgements. Surely the publications of previous months
the technology on organic farming would be of paramount importance
is unheard off in the coast more so to us if possible. Thank you. Carrots ready for market
Matuga division where am serving
as a forest extension officer. While Daniel Gikima, We lack market
challenging you to consider poking C/o Ngano AIC, On behalf of my group we are much
your nose to this area, I kindly ask P.O Box 110, Njoro interested in receiving your monthly
you to send me a few copies to dis- newspaper for us to learn more. We
tribute them to a number of organized
I want to know more would request you to assist us in
groups within the Division some of In good faith I am writing to thank marketing our farm produce which
which I am very closely working with. you for your response to my request we are growing organically. We have
Please keep it up. for backdated copies of July 2006 been hearing that there are markets
and before. From this, I am getting within and outside the country. But
P. O Kibagendi, some knowledge, which I am begin- our farmers lag behind because we
Divisional Forest Extension Officer, ning to implement practically on the are not aware of it. So assist us to
P.O Box 5, Kwale farm with good results, very humbly know more by sending us these mag-
please do me a favour by defining in azines.
TOF for East Pokot very simple language the meaning of
I am interested in receiving your pub- organic farming. I am looking forward Stephen Marindany, P.O Box, Moiben
lication titled The Organic Farmer. I am to your more knowledgeable and edu-
a missionary living in Barpello, East cative copies magazine. Thanks. Helping the poor
Pokot and have seen a few issues of I am agricultural extension and edu-
your newspaper which I found very Rev. Jacob Henry Adhinga, cation officer of SMART in West Pokot
helpful. Would you please put me on P.O Box 37, Butere District, semi arid areas of Kenya. The
your mailing list. organization promotes bio intensive
My mailing address is: Dear Rev. Adhinga, / organic agriculture in the region. I
Sr. Rebecca Janacek, We shall send you by post a copy am interested in your monthly maga-
Barpello Catholic Mission, of an article which tells you in zine which gives the real gospel on
P.O. Box 47, Marigat organic agriculture. This will lead
simple words the meaning of to improved productionin rural
natural termite control method... organic farming. Kenya and the African continent. I
request to be supplied with monthly
continued from page 5
Useful for students copies of the newspaper so that
mopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium
Msingi Bora Club is one of the clubs the farmers in my region can get it.
anisopliae, has recently been deve-
in Magana Primary School. The club Dismas Weminah Marango, Box 1395
loped for control of termites in Kenya
is engaged in activities that promote Webuye, Kenya. Thanks.
by the International Centre of Insect
character building and better farming
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and
methods. On behalf of club members,
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
I wish to request you to be sending Dear Farmers,
(KARI). The spores of the fungus are
us monthly copies of your esteemed If you have any questions
072
injected in the nest and thus, resulting

and informative issues of The Organic or ideas for articles, or
15
in the destruction of termite colonies.

Farmer. The magazines would be if you would like us to
Successful control of termites has also
placed in our school library where publish experiences about
41
been achieved in maize crops, tree

they will be accessible to all pupils your shamba or within your
590
nurseries and grass. The fungus is

and nearby farmers. Kindly consider farmers' group, please contact
produced on rice as substrate and us. We shall get back to you!
also sending us previous issues.
formulated as pure spores or granules SMS ONLY
and applied in the soil. - The fungus is Stephen Waweru,
still under development at ICIPE. P.O Box 28, Thika Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
tips and bits

from farmers for farmers
Shop in Nairobi offers organic products Market Place
Goats for sale: Farming Systems of
Anja Bengelstorff Kenya, a non-governmental orga-
nization working with farmers in
One of the biggest problems facing Nakuru district has 20 female and
50 male goats for sale, Farmers inter-
organic marketing in Kenya is lack ested should get in touch with the
of a system to authenticate organic organization at the address given
products. Although most shops claim below:
to be selling organic products, it is Farming Systems Kenya, P.O. Box
often difficult for them to prove to 2816, Nakuru, Tel. 051 2211177 or
0722 588 143 Ask for David Gicharu
consumers that the products were or Joseph Muraya.
really organic as they are not labelled.
Su Kahumbu, a certified organic Export: A German-based company
farmer herself, saw this problem and would like to buy certified fruits
from Kenyan farmers. They would
decided to do something. The result like to buy mangoes, avocadoes,
of her effort is the Organic Shop, pawpaws and pineapples (Victo-
which opened its doors to customers ria baby varieties). Farmers groups
on September 2 this year. or individuals should be able to
Her consumers are mostly from the a departure from other organic food supply a minimum of one tonne per
week. They should also indicate
middle and upper class and foreign- outlets in Nairobi the seasons when they can deliver
ers working in Kenya, Su says. They However, Su Kahumbu would supplies. Contact Wachira Waikwa,
have been educated about the organic like to offer her customers a wider E-mail: nefshi@yahoo.com
concept in their countries and appre- variety of fresh vegetables, including
Market for daisies: An organic
ciate to find those products here. tomatoes, onions, aubergines, differ- farmer Limuru is looking for a
The news of the shop opening spread ent types of beans and okra. The market where he can sell flowers
fast, and Su enjoys a steady increase farmers cannot always deliver what of the daisy variety. He would also
in customers and turnover. So far, they promise, and when they do it is like to sell his organically produced
the Organic Shop is supplied by two not always in time to be sold fresh, vegetables.
Interested: Alphaxard K. Njoroge
organic farmers groups from Gilgil Su explains. But I am sure those P.O.Box 62 Nderu, Limuru.
and one group from Wangige who are teething problems which we will
are already undergoing the certifica- be able to overcome with time. She Beekeeping: I would be grateful if
tion process under The Organic Farmer nevertheless urges farmers who wish anyone would send me any informa-
tion they may have on organic honey
Support Programme. Among prod- to provide the shop with their organic production. I am also interested in
ucts on sale are vegetables, frozen products to contact the shop first exploiting marketing opportuni-
chicken, milk products, different before they supply anything. ties for organic honey and beeswax.
kinds of jam, and Herbal products The Organic Shop is open from Kindly get in touch with me at the
from brands such as Meru Herbs as Monday to Saturday between 9 am following address: Thomas Carrol,
Director of Community Develop-
well as coffee and tea, among others. and 5.30 pm. Home delivery is pos- ment, Baraka Agricultural College,
All products are clearly labelled to sible. For this service, customers can P.O. Box 52, Molo, 20106, Tel. 051
show their organic status and origin, call Helen on Tel. 0722-874 172. 721310 Fax: 051 721 310
E mail: tom@sustainableag.org
Thank you for the SODIS article Photocopies: In the July issue of The
Organic Farmer, we advised farmers
In the last issue of The Organic Farmer, in need of past issues of the newspa-
SODIS Lead Agency KWAHO (Kenya per that we were no longer able to
we published on this page an article Water For Health Organisation) is send them these copies because we
on a very cheap and easy method to implementing large scale SODIS proj- had run out of most of the issues. We
clean drinking water. However, we ects in Kibera and Mukuru slums repeat here that we can still assist
forgot to mention the Website where of Nairobi. Finally, I am pleased to those of you who need the copies
readers can get more information on by making photocopies of the same
inform you that Elgg, the village and sending them to you. But we
this method (www.sodis.ch). One of where I am living in Switzerland cannot do this for free. Any farmer
the scientists behind this water clean- has made several donations for the interested in getting the copies will
ing method saw the article and wrote The Organic Farmer. At the moment, have to buy stamps worth Ksh. 350
us a letter which we reproduce below: several shops in Elgg sell products
put them in an envelope and send it
to us. We will then send the copies
I am pleased to see a nice short at a slightly higher price to collect to you. We can make copies of all the
article on SODIS (Solar Water Dis- money for your journal. Congratula- issues. Give us your full address.
infection) written by Felix Mbitu tion for the very practical informa-
Murimi and published on page 8 in tion published in The Organic Farmer. Contacts: I am producing organic
fertilizer and would like to have a
your journal The Organic Farmer Nr. database of organic farmers located
17, Sept/Oct 2006. We would like to Martin Wegelin, in Kiambu, Ruaka. I am farming 2
thank you for your efforts and the Dept. of Water and Sanitation in Developing acres bananas and am an organic
well written note. On this occasion, Countries (Sandec) Eawag,P.O.Box 611, CH- farmer. Please contact Silas Mwaura,
8600 Duebemdorf, Switzerland
0722 300610.
we would like to inform you that our
Support Programme.qxp 3/29/2006 4:04 PM Page 1
The Organic Farmer
Support Programme
April 06 Page I
An initiative of The Organic Farmer sponsored by
Dear Farmers,
Every week, the editors of The Organic production may take up
Farmer receive questions from farmers to 3 years. During this
wanting to know if they can get conversion period, the
markets for their organically grown farmers can still sell their
farm products. The major complaint produce labelled as "In
from most farmers is that they are Conversion" as long as
forced to sell their produce like any they can prove that they
other conventional produce. They feel are under conversion and
that organic foods have health bene- using only organic
fits, and therefore should fetch more farming methods.
in the market because they are of Most other countries
higher value to the consumer. have official standards for
They are right. But the problem of organic farming. The
marketing is a thorny issue for most famous systems are
farmers across the country. This is that of The Soil Associa-
due to the fact that organic production (in England) and the
tion is a recently accepted mode of International Federation
agricultural production in the of Organic Agriculture
country. Organic produce is cur- Movements (IFOAM).
rently available in small quantities The Kenya Bureau of tion according to the set standards,
and has thus not made an impact in Standards (KEBS) is a Government but it will also assist with price nego-
mainstream supermarkets, green Department has recently printed the tiations and finding good markets for
grocers, farmers markets etc. In addi- Kenya Standards for Organic Food, their produce. To this end, our news-
tion, there are few consumers of which farmers, who want to sell their paper has had long negotiations with a
organic produce, due to lack of produce as organic have to comply number of market outlets in Nairobi
awareness about the benefits of with. who have expressed willingness to
eating healthy foods, as well as the In order to get fresh produce buy the produce. These include
limited availability of the organic inspected in the field and to be able to Nakumat, Fresh N'Juicy and Kengeles
products. label it "organic", as we also men- chain of restaurants. In future we plan
On the other side, the traders and the tioned in the January issue, the to find more buyers of organic
customers too are in a difficult situa- company EnCert has been formed to produce as the farmers show serious-
tion. Those who are more health con- work as an inspection and certification ness in the venture and increase their
scious are often willing to pay higher body to help farmers to prove to their volumes
prices for food that can be trusted to customers that - yes indeed - this
cabbage or those tomatoes for Farmers' commitment
be natural and without any poisons or
artificial chemicals added. The only instance, have indeed been grown Farmers' groups participating in this
problem so far is: How can they be organically. EnCert has its own label programme will be required to make
sure that the products they are buying which can be used by farmers once their own transport arrangements for
are organically produced? And how certification has been approved. Use of the delivery of their produce to the
do farmers prove that their products an EnCert label will prove to the cus- buyers. We expect the farmers' groups
are organic? Organic produce often tomer that the labelled product is to exercise the utmost care to ensure
looks like any other vegetable or garanteed to be organic. that the products are of high quality
fruits,, or milk or meat. It probably and meet all the requirements of
TOF initiative
tastes a lot better, but consumers organic production. Farmers must
The inspection process has its costs as show a high degree of honesty, trust-
would not know this until they get you can read on the following page.
home and put it on the table. worthiness and transparency. The
And here, our one-year-old newspa- integrity of the system established will
Proof is needed per is launching "The Organic Farmer ensure that the produce is acceptable
To be able to sell their products as Support Programme". As part of its to the buyers. Any farmer found to be
organic, farmers need to prove to the first anniversary gift to farmers, The cheating in the production process, for
buyers that it is indeed organic. This is Organic Farmer (TOF), together with example by using chemicals, will
where the issue of certification comes the Swiss foundation BioVision, has cause their entire group to be disqual-
in. Farmers wishing to sell their arranged to support 10 farmer's ified from the project.
produce as organic have to undergo a groups in the country to help them get The newspaper will arrange a train-
process of inspection by an estab- certification for their organic produce. ing programme for participating
lished certification company. They This capacity building initiative will be farmers' groups to ensure they are
will then be issued with a certificate a milestone for the organic movement familiar with all the procedures of pro-
showing they have complied with all in Kenya. duction and certification requirements
the requirements of organic produc- Not only will TOF help the 10
tion. To convert a farm into organic farmers' group start organic produc- continued on page II
April 06 Page II Support Programme an initiative of The Organic Farmer sponsored by
The conditions for group selection

As you have seen on the previous have to pay more to be certified. not misused or diverted for individual
page, The Organic Farmer and BioVi- However farmers' groups are given gain. Any dishonest officials will lose
sion, the Swiss Foundation, will partly concessionary rates for the certifica- their positions, including membership
sponsor the certification of 10 farmers' tion. It is therefore advisable that in the group. This will help protect the
groups. Certification of organic farmer' groups go for group certifica- members' earnings and ensure the
produce will help farmers in three tion. The following are the certification smooth running of the project. Groups
areas: fees for a farmer group of 20 farmers that do not pay their inspection fees as
i) It will ensure that their production (groups with more than 20 farmers agreed with The Organic Farmer may
systems meet the set standards of will also qualify for assistance). not qualify for assistance and will
organic production. therefore be excluded from the pro-
ii) It will give an assurance to both the Initial Application fee Ksh10, 000 gramme.
traders and consumers that the Annual inspection fee Ksh35, 000
produce is organic. Annual license fee Ksh15, 000 Requirements
iii) The certification logo will help the Total Ksh60, 000 Interested groups are required to
consumers identify the organic write an application letter to the
produce on the shelf, and to pay As an anniversary gift to farmers The editors of The Organic Farmer giving
for it a higher price, since it is of Organic Farmer and BioVision Switzer- the following details:
higher value. Certification hence land will support each farmers' group 1) Name of the group, location,
increases the income for farmers. in paying the application and the mailing address and other con-
Selection criteria annual license fee, to a total 25'000/=. tatcs.
To qualify for this improvement initia- A group of 20 farmers, for example, is 2) Date of registration of group
tive, the farmers' groups will have to required to pay Ksh 35,000 per year. (provide a photocopy of registra-
meet certain conditions as set out by This means that every farmer in the tion certificate).
The Organic Farmer and its Advisory group is expected to pay Ksh 1750 per 3) Number of men and number of
Board. Among these conditions is the year or Ksh 146 per month. This is not women in the group.
willingness of the groups to take part expensive when considering that it 4) Name of the chairman, vice chair-
in the process and adhere to the guide- will guarantee the farmers a ready man, treasurer, secretary.
lines of organic production. market for their produce while at the 5) A list of members' names.
The groups will also have to meet the same time bring an investment for the 6) Estimated total area of the group
following conditions: future. members' farms.
a) Establish a central unit responsible The Organic Farmer has undertaken to 7) Area already under organic man-
for ensuring members' compliance pay for the application and annual agement.
with the organic production guide- license fees for the 10 groups during 8) Types of commodities currently
lines. the conversion period of 2 years and produced by the members
b) Have a common marketing system also for a third year. Later the farmers In Addition, the group should answer the
for certified products; no member will have to pay all the annual fees following questions:
will be allowed to sell their prod- once the marketing system is estab- 9) What are the main crops the
ucts individually. lished. The certification company is members now grow for family
c) Follow the guidelines for the group's also willing to pay the application and use and for cash sale?
internal control as will be estab- annual license fees for two extra 10) Are you adding value to the prod-
lished and directed by EnCert from groups during the conversion period. ucts? If yes, how and which
time-to-time. This means that a total of 12 groups products?
d) Be able and willing to pay the requi- will benefit from the programme. 11) What kind of record keeping
site annual inspection fee as out- Integrity and accountability system do you practise?
lined on page I (the fee can also be 12) What mode of irrigation is
paid in installments). For the project to succeed, the groups
will be expected to show a high degree installed in members' farms (rain
According to the local certification fed, furrow, and sprinkler)? Do
company EnCert, individual farmers of honesty, trustworthiness and trans-
parency in their operations. This will you have a borehole or access to
ensure that members follow the laid water source (river, reservoir,
Dear Farmers ... down procedures and set standards of etc.)?
13) Which domestic animals are you
continued from page I organic production. Many organiza-
tions have failed to meet their objec- keeping?
before the farmers start selling their tives due to lack of accountability of 14) What transport arrangements do
produce through The Organic Farmer financial management on the part of you have to ensure the products
network. those running the organizations. For reach the market on time and in
The selection board will consist of the example, the groups will rely on good condition?
editors of The Organic Farmer and a selected members of the groups to 15) Are you receiving any other form
number of specialists on the environ- deliver the produce to the market and of assistance from other donors,
ment, organic farming and staff from deposit the payments in the group's NGOs churches or government,
agricultural institutions in the country. bank account. Those charged with be it financial or material
Applications will be assessed on merit, such a responsibility will have to show support?
but the first groups to apply may a high degree of accountability and 16) Does the group operate a bank
stand a better chance of being selected. transparency to ensure the funds are account? If so, where?
Support Programme an initiative of The Organic Farmer sponsored by April 06 Page III
Know the standards of organic farming

The standards for organic produc- and also efforts have been made to
tion play an important role for the make them compliant with the Euro-
farmer as well as for the customer. pean Union (EU) Regulations.
As is the case with certification
Organic farming implies friendly requirements the world over,
farming techniques that help to mini- farmers' groups undergoing the
mize pollution and damage to the process of certification shall be
environment. It is governed by the inspected on a regular basis, but at
International Federation of Organic least once a year. However, EnCert
Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). In reserves the right to make unan-
this mode of farming, emphasis is on nounced inspection visits. Inspectors
natural ways of soil fertility manage- may take samples for the detection of
ment, such as the use of compost, substances not allowed in the stan-
manure, mulches and agroforestry dards. An inspection report will be
techniques wherever possible. The drawn up after each visit and coun-
man aim, first and foremost, is to tersigned by the responsible person
encourage natural ways of soil fertil- in the group.
ity management and physical soil Where farmers are found to have
protection in order to ensure the seriously violated the standards,
products' quality and maintain a sus- down the practices and criteria that
EnCert will withdraw all the group's
tainable environment. Organic must be met and maintained when
references and certification of
farming prohibits the use of synthetic food or other products are described
organic production. It is not possible
products and has a limited list of per- as organic (or in other terms, indicat-
to publish the entire EnCert-stan-
mitted substances for control of pests ing that they have been produced
dards in this issue of The Organic
and diseases. according to EnCert requirements).
Farmer. We will, however, publish
The rules for organic farming are At a minimum, these standards
the key requirements of organic pro-
outlined in Organic Standards. In comply with the Guidelines for
duction. Each farmers' group being
Kenya, we have the standards of Organic Production, Processing and
certified organic will get a copy of
EnCert, a Kenyan body that offers Labelling of Agricultural Products
the standards with the entire list of
opportunities for products to be certi- developed by the Kenya Bureau of
allowed and forbidden fertilizers and
fied as organic. The EnCer standards Standards (KEBS). They are based on
chemicals and other means for pest
define the requirements, and lay guidelines established by IFOAM,
and disease control.
What is allowed and forbidden in organic farming

Crop Production protected from contamination. or an open-air exercise area or run,
- There shall be a period of organic - Effective steps are taken to protect whenever the physiological condi-
management (conversion period), organically grown crops from con- tion of the animal, the weather and
meeting all the requirements of the tamination during harvesting, the state of the ground permit.
standards, before the resulting storage, handling and transporta- - Livestock to have access to water at
product may be considered as tion. all times.
organic. What is prohibited - Organic animals are fed with
- Crop production and handling - Genetic engineering is prohibited in organic feedstuffs, preferably using
systems return nutrients, organic organic production and processing. organic feed from the unit or, when
matter and other resources removed - Use of chemical and hormone her- this is not possible, using feed from
from the soil by recycling, regenera- bicides is prohibited in weed man- other organic units.
tion and addition of organic nutri- agement. - All practical measures are taken to
ents. - Use of Nicotine. ensure the health and well-being of
- Organic seeds and planting materi- - Use of methyl bromide and the animals through preventive
als of appropriate varieties and formaldehyde for soil sterilization. animal husbandry practices.
quality should be used - where - Strychnine for killing moles. - Accurate records of production
available. - Steam sterilization or pasteurisation activities should be maintained.
- A functional crop rotation for all of soils for pest and disease control. Restricted practices
annual crops should be established - Human sewage sludge as a fertilizer - Castrations, dehorning, trimming
and followed. for use on crops for human con- of beaks, tail docking of lambs,
- Weeds, insect and other pests and sumption. ringing, cutting of teeth.
diseases should primarily be con- Animal Husbandry
trolled by a combination of: an Prohibited practices
appropriate choice of crops and - All livestock to be handled, housed - Embryo transfer techniques and
varieties, appropriate rotation pro- and transported under conditions cloning
grammes and proper attention to which reflect proper care and - Mutilations such as docking
cleaning routines and hygiene. concern for their welfare at all (removal of tails), trimming of ears.
- All relevant measures are taken to times. - Hormones for promoting growth
ensure that organic soil and food is - All animals to have access to pasture and weight gain
April 06 Page IV Support Programme an initiative of The Organic Farmer sponsored by
Changing conventional to organic farming

It takes up to two years to production may decrease, at least in the conventionally farmed parts.
convert a farm from conventional the first years of conversion, farmers There also have to be separate pro-
to organic production. need to find ways to overcome the duction and storage areas, separate
constraints. The change to organic accounting and strict division of
The conversion from a convention- responsibility where more than one
farming does not only mean a change
ally managed farm to organic person or family manages the farm.
from the use of chemicals, it entails
farming should not only improve the A conversion period enables the
the use of only those permitted mate-
farm ecosystem, but also ensure the establishment of an organic manage-
rials and practices as defined in the
economic survival of the farm. There- ment system and gives time to build
Standards for Organic Farming (see
fore, the adjustments which are soil fertility. The conversion period
previous page). A conversion or tran-
required on the farms, and the should be long enough to improve
sitional period is mandatory before a
related chances and risks, have to be soil fertility significantly and to re-
product is declared organic.
analysed carefully. establish the balance of the ecosys-
Conversion to organic farming Conversion procedure
tem (this takes an average of two
needs a new way of thinking, too. Organic production takes place on
years).
The first and probably most impor- clearly defined units of land, such
EnCert may, however, with the
tant conversion has to take place in that the production and storage areas
approval of the competent regulatory
the mind of the farmer. The decision are clearly separate from those of any
authority, extend or reduce the con-
for organic farming is also a decision other unit not being converted. Land
version period with regard to the
for continuous learning. Before contaminated by environmental pol-
previous use of the land in question.
taking a decision on whether to lution (for instance from factories,
In particular, EnCert may reduce the
convert the farm to organic manage- traffic, sewage sludge) or by pesti-
conversion period provided that:
ment, farmers should get a clear cides residues may render the land
a) the land was already in conver-
understanding of what organic man- ineligible for organic conversion or
sion or fully organic;
agement would mean to their farm. may require a longer period to
b) the degradation of the chemical or
Training courses, suitable printed convert. Farmers should have clear
other prohibited product used
materials and professional advice are plans on how to go about the whole
does not result in a significant
possible sources of knowledge. process. Such plans should include
level of residues in the soil and,
That's why farmers' groups spon- field histories and plans for progres-
where a perennial crop is
sored by The Organic Farmer will sive step-byy-step conversion.
involved, the crop residues;
undergo a 3-day training workshop. Where the land was previously
c) Products of the subsequent
It is important that all persons under intensive cropping, the con-
harvest are not sold as organic.
involved in the farm (usually the version programme begins with a
fertility-building phase. Once land Produce from conversion period
farmer's family), are involved in the
decision making process. Also, the has been converted to organic pro- The produce may be sold as "in-con-
situation of the farm should be anal- duction, its conversion should not be version" under the following condi-
ysed carefully, considering the switched back and forth between tions:
requirements of organic farming, organic and non-organic manage- a) A production plan or conversion
since new farming methods need to ment. Farmers whose land is in con- plan has been approved by
be introduced and applied. These version should take reasonable mea- EnCert .
include soil management, nutrient sures to identify and avoid potential b) The land and production has been
management, weed management, contamination. inspected and registered as "in-
pest and disease control, animal hus- Separation of conventional and conversion".
bandry, and fodder cultivation, organic c) At least 12 months have elapsed
among others. Thus, the necessary If the whole farm is not converted to from the start of conversion to
areas where change will be needed organic management (split produc- harvest.
can be identified. Support from field tion), the converted part needs to be The start of the conversion period is
advisors or experienced organic clearly defined, so as to have fixed often calculated from the date the
farmers can be of great help in this demarcation and divisions from to application is approved by EnCert.
analysis.
To become familiar with the
methods of organic farming and to
see whether they would work in the
prevailing conditions, some methods
can be tested in a small area. Based
on the results of the discussions,
analysis and experience, farmers and
their families will be in a better posi-
tion to take a decision on whether to
"go organic" or not. This is important
in terms of the economic conse-
quences. Some changes involve an
increase on the work load or labour
requirements. As the quantity of the
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 12 April, 2006
Dear farmers,
One year ago, in April 2005, we started
The Organic Farmer newspaper.
When we consider the feedback from
the farmers, mainly through letters,
SMS, e-mails, and field visits, we can
confidently say that the newspaper is
playing an important role in the
Kenyan agricultural sector and in
organic production in particular.
The production of a newspaper of this
nature is a demanding task. However
we are happy to note that the interest of
the thousands of farmers who rely on
the newspaper for information is what
motivates us to apply ourselves and
work even harder in its production. It
also gives us the inspiration to research
It is difficult to replace top soil once swept away by run-off water. (TOF) for more relevant information that
addresses the problems facing Kenyan
Prevent soil erosion now farmers. In other words, we can say
that the newspaper is "farmerdriven".
In our May issue, we are going to give
Soil erosion takes away the topsoil is prevention of soil erosion. Erosion
you an insight into the achievements of
which contains organic matter takes away the topsoil; this is the
and other nutrients essential for most fertile soil that is suitable for
the newspaper and the way farmers
plant growth. agriculture because it contains
want it to appear in future. This will be
organic matter and the essential
done after going through the question-
The Organic Farmer nutrients that help to promote plant
naires which most of you have already
growth. When the topsoil is washed
sent back to us.
"A nation that destroys its soil Like any other serious publication,
destroys itself". This statement from away, the land becomes less produc-
tive and the ability of the remaining
The Organic Farmer has the responsi-
former US President Franklin D. bility of addressing the problems that
Roosevelt in 1937 is still relevant to soil to retain water is also reduced.
face its readers and finding ways to
Kenyan farmers today. Every year Take conservation measures solve them. From the time we started
millions of tonnes of highly produc- Most farmers do not use any soil con- the newspaper, farmers have com-
tive soils are washed away by rains servation measures in their farms. plained that they are not able to sell
and even wind. Poor soil manage- their organic produce. After research,
ment by farmers can lead to poor The Organic Farmer launches an
we discovered that what the farmers
crop yields. Research shows that initiative to assist farmers groups lack is certification to show that their
erosion on a slope can carry away up in certification and marketing. produce meets all the conditions that
to 10 tonnes of soil per acre of slope see insert are required to qualify as "organic".
in a year. Right now, many farmers With support from BioVision, the
have already ploughed their land in This is one of the factors that has con- Swiss Foundation, that supports this
readiness for planting, but one area tributed to the declining productivity newspaper, we have decided as a kind of
they may not have paid attention to of land in many parts of the country. birthday gift, to help farmers in this
Soil erosion is the most serious threat important area: we will assist selected
to soil fertility in all farming areas. groups to become certified as organic
in this issue Soil erosion actually starts during the producers in order to help them market
dry season. This is a time when most their organic produce.
Banana Production 2&3 of the land is left bare after the vege- Moreover, the newspaper has found a
Tissue culture bananas give more tation dries out. Strong winds then number of reliable buyers of your
yields and are disease free. take away much of the topsoil. organic products. In the inside pages of
Organic fertilizers 5 Farmers should therefore ensure that this issue, you will find the details of
A range of natural fertilizers the land is always covered after har- The Organic Farmer Support Pro-
suitable for a organic farm. vesting to stop soil loss through wind gramme.
erosion. After ploughing the land We thank all our readers for their
Agroforestry 8 also, the top soil is loose, which trust in the newspaper and are looking
Fodder tree crops have many makes it vulnerable to erosion (see forward to the success of the new ini-
advantages for a farmer. page 4). tiative to help Kenya's organic farmers.
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 12 April 2006
MY OPINION
By Richard Koech
The best banana planting method
Many of us are preparing to plant Farmers should ensure they use tious, should be spread as the top
now. A bit of planning can help save disease-free planting material layer to make a basin around the
us a lot of time and money. A clever such as tissue culture varieties. plant.
farmer should by now have decided Use good suckers
The Organic Farmer Banana plants should be planted at
the best crop to grow for the season
considering the size of his land, Banana is an important horticultural the beginning or during the long
weather conditions and the market. crop, providing food and income to rains. In the prepared hole, dig a
He also keeps proper farming Kenya's small- scale farmers. It does central hole about 2 feet deep. Firm
records showing how much he well in most of the agricultural areas the soil around the plant by pressing
spent to buy inputs last year and in Kenya with a rainfall of at least with the feet. The young plants have
what he got in return. Apart from 1000 mm per year and temperatures to be watered regularly as bananas
meeting our food requirements, of 28 c the plants require sunlight. need plenty of water for proper
what we grow should also earn us Shaded areas should be avoided. growth.
some additional income to meet our Banana plants should be planted on Farmers are advised to use tissue
other financial commitments. If it sites that are sheltered from the wind culture bananas obtained from estab-
does not, we should be able to look because heavy banana bunches are lished nurseries (see next page).
for other crops that meet these However, sword suckers from exist-
easily knocked down by the wind.
needs. ing plantations that are disease-free
The plants require deep, fertile and
Richard Koech, farmer in Nakuru well-drained soils. The soil should can still be used. The suckers should
contain organic matter as well as be 1 to 1.5 meters tall. The leaves and
The Organic Farmer nitrogen, potassium and magne- roots should be cut off, especially in
sium. dry weather. A thin layer of the corm
The Organic Farmer is an independent (lower stem) can be peeled off to get
newspaper for the Kenyan farming Planting site
rid of weevils or nematodes. Farmers
community. It promotes organic Land that has been left fallow for at
can split the banana lower stem and
farming and supports discussions on least a year is ideal. The ground
plant the slices. These should be
all aspects of sustainable develop- should have a gentle slope. Steep
covered with loose soil.
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- slopes, rocky areas and waterlogged
lished monthly by ICIPE sites should be avoided. In windy
and distributed free to areas, agro-forestry and fruit trees
farmers. The reports of The should be used as windbreaks to
Organic Farmer do not nec- reduce plant breakage.
essarily reflect the views of Land preparation
ICIPE.
The bush should be cleared and
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by debris removed from the field and
BioVision, a Swiss based founda- composted. Compost is a source of
tion for the promotion of sustain- organic manure for banana plants.
able development. Since the banana roots are soft, soil Top soil mixed with
manure or compost
www.biovision.ch depth should be approximately 60
cm (2 ft). The preparation should be
Publisher done during the dry season.
International Centre of Insect Hole preparation
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) The spacing between plants and
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi rows depends on the type of bananas
KENYA being planted. For medium size
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 bananas, spacing of 3 by 3 metres is
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org recommended. Short varieties such
homepage: http://www.icipe.org
as the dwarf Cavendish require 3 by
Editors 2 metre spacing. In level fields, plant-
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner ing holes should be dug in rows
Secretariat along straight lines while on sloppy
Lucy W. Macharia land; holes can be dug along the
Advisory Board contour lines.
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE Planting holes should be 2 feet long
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE and 2 feet wide, with a depth of 2
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE feet. The topsoil should be heaped on
Address one side of the hole and subsoil on
The Organic Farmer other side. Mix the topsoil with 2
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi
debes of well-decomposed organic
KENYA
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 manure. The manure should be thor- Preparation of banan planting holes
e-mail : info@organickenya.com oughly mixed with the topsoil. Plant and planting
the banana plant in the topsoil-
Layout
manure mixture around the roots. Source: A guide to planting bananas in
In-A-Vision Systems(k)
The subsoil, which is not as nutri- the East African Highlands, by ICIPE
Nr. 12 April 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Tissue culture bananas are productive
This method has produced disease
resistant varieties which are
high yielding and take a shorter
period to mature.
The Organic Farmer
Banana production in the country has
been declining in the past two
decades following the spread of
fungal and bacterial diseases in most
parts of the country. The two most
common diseases responsible for the
decline are the Fusarium wilt or the
"Panama disease", and the black and
yellow sigatoka leaf spot disease.
Sharing of planting material between
farmers is responsible for the rapid
spread of these diseases.
To counter this problem, researchers Tissue culture bananas give better yields than conventional varieties. (Photo TOF)
at the Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute (KARI) have now developed These are then grown in special jars rial. One plant can produce up to
superior varieties which are more pro- in a disease-free laboratory environ- 1000 seedlings using this propagation
ductive and are resistant to diseases ment. Hormones and nutrients method.
using the tissue culture method. The required for plant growth are then Tolerant to diseases
method involves selection of healthy fed to the young plants to make them Susan Muli, a researcher at theKARI
shoot tips from the existing banana reproduce. The plants are then split station in Thika, says that any variety
varieties which are then cleaned and further, and put in more jars for large can be propagated and multiplied
split into small pieces. scale multiplication of planting mate- within a short period. The transfer of
diseases is not possible because any
Farmer now grows new banana variety contamination of planting material is
destroyed in the laboratory propaga-
Many farmers who have started tissue tiful orchard with more than 150 tion process. Some of the new vari-
culture banana production have healthy banana mats. At his first eties that have been introduced
reaped great benefits from this new harvest in January this year, he got 35 recently are tolerant to the Fusarium
technology. Charles Kimani, a farmer bunches weighing a total of 850 kg wilt. Tissue culture bananas give
from Kibichiku sub-location in Lower which he sold at the price of Ksh 15 better yields than conventional
Kabete in Nairobi is one of them. Two per kg, earning him a total of Ksh bananas. One bunch can produce up
years ago, he and 42 other members of 12,750. He was voted the best farmer to 13 hands weighing between 35 to
the Murimi Mugunda Self-Help for getting the highest yield while 40 kg. Conventional banana bunches
Group were concerned with the using purely organic production weigh between 15 to 20 kg. Tissue
declining production on their small- methods, during the first harvest cere- culture bananas have also a shorter
scale farms. They approached a brations organized by the Africa growing period of 9 months while
number of agricultural institutions to Harvest project early this year. the conventional varieties take 18
train their members on modern pro- To help farmers get good prices for months or so to mature.
duction methods. One of the NGOs their bananas, the NGO has helped Varieties of tissue culture bananas
they approached is Africa-Harvest's farmers set up a marketing company
Chura Tissue Culture Banana Project, The common varieties being produced
called the Teecee Bell Company Ltd., under the tissue culture method are
which is trying to promote commer- which has brought together 200
cial production of tissue culture the Giant Cavendish, Chinese
farmer's groups in Kiambu and outly- Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish,
bananas among small-scale farmers in ing districts in Central Province. The
the country. Williams, Kampala, Valery, Grand
company was able to sell more 2.5 Nain and Apple, which are ideal for
"They immediately set up a demon- tonnes of bananas during the harvest desserts. Other varieties include the
stration plot in one of our member's season last January. They attend field Uganda green, Ngombe and Grade
farms and taught us how to dig holes, days and agricultural shows where which are good for cooking purposes.
plant and manage tissue culture they sensitise farmers on banana pro-
bananas. The training made a big dif- duction. Climate and soil requirements
ference to the way we used to tend our Bananas prefer a warm climate with
Farmers interested in buying tissue an optimum temperature of 27
bananas. I removed Napier grass from culture bananas can write to the fol-
a portion of my land and put it under degrees centigrade. Rainfall should
lowing address: be at least 1000 mm and evenly dis-
tissue culture bananas."
tributed throughout the year. They
Today Charles Kimani is one of the Africa Harvest, P.O.Box 642 -00621, require deep, well drained loam soils
most successful tissue culture banana Village Market, Nairobi, Tel.020- with high fertility and organic matter
farmers in his village. He owns a beau- 7124083/1/6/5/2 content (see page 2).
Identify and prevent soil erosion

Farmers should try to avoid soil
erosion since heavy rains can take
away their valuable soil.
The Organic Farmer
A farmer should be able to know
when they are losing their top soil on
their land through soil erosion. At
first, erosion appears in the form of
small channels or lines made by
running water when it rains on
freshly ploughed land. The accumu-
lation of fine soil material in trenches
and depressions is another clear evi-
dence of soil erosion. The brown Planting Napier grass across the slope prevents soil erosion. (Photo TOF)
colour of run-off water or small struction of bunds or other barriers reduce the speed of water flowing
streams during and after the rains is a such as gabions. down during the rains, construction
good indicator that soil erosion is Any plant which covers the soil and of barriers along the contour lines are
taking place. Sometimes tree roots helps build soil fertility is called a useful. Contours are imaginative
are exposed, indicating that a consid- "cover crop". Examples of good cover horizontal lines across a slope. The
erable amount of topsoil has already crops include the Crotalaria species, construction along contour lines is
been washed away. It is not only the Mucuna, Desmodium, purple vetch, aimed at reducing the slope and
steep slopes that are affected by velvet bean or jack bean. speed of the surface water. The lines
erosion - even the level plain fields Conserve soil by what you plant help catch and hold the soil eroded
can be severely affected. Planting of different types of crops above the slope. The constructions
Prevent erosion before it happens should be designed in such a way made along contour lines to prevent
A farmer should stop soil erosion that the soil is permanently covered soil erosion include wooden barriers,
with plants. Careful timing of sowing stone walls, terraces, trenches and
before it takes away the valuable soil.
and planting can help avoid uncov- living barriers like Napier grass and
Farmers can do this by employing
ered soil being washed away during trees.
soil conservation measures. One way
is to ensure that the soil is always the rainy season. After the main Wooden barriers or stone walls
covered with vegetation or by crops are harvested, a green manure These are simple barriers con-
mulching. This improves the infiltra- crop may be planted. When planting, structed using tree trunks and
crops should always be grown in branches. They accumulate eroded
tion (sinking in) of rain water into the
lines across not up and down, the soil behind them, preventing it from
soil.
slope. being washed away. Construction of
The other measure is to ensure that
Controlling soil erosion stone walls need more time but lasts
the speed of rain water flowing down
Cultivated slopes are extremely longer and needs less maintenance.
the slope is reduced through the con- Apart from barriers, a farmer can just
prone to soil erosion. In order to
leave a strip of unploughed land
How to prevent Soil Erosion across the slope.
Bunds and trenches
Reducing the erosive power Bunds are earth or mud barriers
of the rain drops by keeping made along contour lines to stop
the soil covered (with vege- erosion. They are easy to build but
tation or mulch). need more work to maintain. When
digging a trench, the soil should be
Improving the infiltration of the deposited on the upper side of the
rain water into the soil reducing slope (fanya juu method). A farmer
can add fodder grass, hedges,
the surface run-off.
pineapples or even fruit trees. They
hold back eroded soil, reinforce the
walls and help increase water infil-
Reducing the speed of tration.
water flowing down on Bench terraces
slopes with the help of Bench terraces are efficient in erosion
constructions. control and help build up soil fertil-
ity. When digging terraces it is
important that the fertile topsoil is
kept aside and later spread on the
finished terrace. Various plants can
The three general strategies for preventing soil erosion (Source: IFOAM) then be planted to hold the soil.
Natural fertilizers are rich in nutrients
Natural fertilizers not only feed the like chicken manure. Both nitrogen
plants. They also help make the soil (N) and potassium (P) are easily Permitted
healthy for farming. washed away by rain, so manures organic fertilizers
should be covered. Animal manures
Su Kahumbu Organic fertilizers are products of
are best used after composting, for plant, animal or mineral origin that
Without resorting to the use of vegetables however, they are not suit- generally release nutrients slowly
harmful chemical fertilizers, there are able for root crops such as carrots. over time. Some are compound mix-
a number of ways an organic farmer Compost tures, such as mixtures of bone meal,
can use to provide the nutrients that All garden vegetative waste can be seaweed meal and fish meal, supply-
composted. Make sure to add fibre ing a range of plant nutrients. As they
are needed for plants to grow through are natural, they often contain some
the natural recycling process. The use into the compost too, so that the result- trace elements too.
of plant and animal materials not only ing mixture is crumbly and sweet Bone meal: Contains phosphorus (P),
feeds the plants, but also makes the smelling, not sludgy and smelly. promotes strong root growth. Used as
soil healthy. The following are some of Animal bedding, cereal straw, maize a base dressing before planting
the methods that can make farming stalks and other crop residues are all shrubs, fruit trees and other perenni-
more sustainable by adding nutrients good. Comfrey leaves and Tithonia als.
to the soils: added to compost act as a compost Fish meal: Contains nitrogen (N) and
activator as well as adding micronutri- phosphorus (P). Promotes root and
Green manures leaf growth. Used as a general fertil-
Green manures are plants grown to ents. EM (Effective Microorganisms)
can also help speed up your compost- izer.
improve the soil. These plants may fix Rock phosphate: Used to correct
nitrogen, protect soil from drying, ing time by adding a ready source of phosphate deficiency. Best incorpo-
improve soil structure via roots, and microorganisms for the rated into the compost pile. Available
suppress weeds by fast growth. They composting/decomposition process. in Kenya from Mijingu.
control pests by harbouring predators. Compost must be turned to aerate Seaweed meal: Nitrogen (N) and
They may be ploughed back into the and mix the materials at least three potassium (K) helps build up humus
ground, or cut and left to use as a top times over a period of 6 weeks. High levels in soil. Good for fruiting plants.
temperatures in your compost heap Dolomitic limestone: Calcium mag-
mulch, or they may be cut and used in nesium carbonate. Use to increase the
the compost pile. will help to kill pathogens (disease
organisms) and weed seeds. After the spoil pH, making it less acidic.
Examples of plants for green manure Gypsum: Contains calcium sulphate.
include amaranthus and beans or any third week, your compost will pro-
Supplies calcium without altering soil
other weeds that farmers often throw gressively cool down over time until it pH. Use a gypsum/dolomitic lime-
away. These weeds take nutrients is completely cool and ready to use. stone mix (80:20) to help lighten
from the soil; by ploughing them back Earthworm compost heavy clay soils.
the farmer will be replenishing the soil Worms cannot process large quantities Potash: Contains potassium (K).
with these essential nutrients. Excess of organic material at a time, therefore Good for fruits and vegetables. Best
green manure can also feed animals. they are ideal for composting kitchen incorporate it as wood ash (potash)
Animal manures and vegetable waste in limited quanti- into compost piles.
ties. They will not compost rotten, These organic fertilizers (available at
These manures must be well rotted or
smelly waste, which may in fact kill agro-vet-shops) are normally used
composted before use. They are best
them. Both the worm compost and a where there is a nutrient deficiency in
mixed with the bedding of the
worm compost tea can be used from your crop. One must therefore learn to
animals (e.g. straw, grass), as this will
these friendly decomposers. Be careful identify the deficiencies and strive to
also contain most of the nitrogen that
not to kill them in the process of correct the cause of the problem.
is in the animal urine. The bedding
will also provide bulk which will removing the compost.
improve the soil structure. If the Leaf mould empty sack or container, moisten and
bedding is wood shavings, a longer Throwing leaves into the rubbish or leave to decompose. You may add EM
composting time is required, espe- setting them alight is a waste of a very or earthworms, although you will find
cially with higher nitrogen manure valuable resource. Collect leaves in an they will make their way into the leaf
mould without invitation. Leaf mould
may take up to 5 months or more to
fully decompose, therefore as with
compost, try to have a few containers
going at the same time. The final dark,
rich soil - like leaf mould can be used
in seed beds, potted plants or as mulch
for delicate seedlings.
All of the above soil improvers may
be used as "teas" after they are ready,
simply by putting them into a sack
and soaking in water for a few hours.
On removal, the resulting "tea" can be
diluted 1:4 and poured onto your soil
as a top dressing.
The right way to prepare plant extracts

Zacharia Mwarari from Kilgoris in Choose the right pesticides
Trans Mara district asks how long it If the extract is too dilute, the effect
takes for plant extracts to be effective will be minimized. Note that it is
once they areapplied to crops. In par- advisable to change pesticides, as
ticular, he wants to know more about many insects easily build up a resis-
foliar feeds prepared from stinging tance to one product or extract if used
nettles, comfrey and Tithonia. He frequently. It is advisable to spray in
asks: "How can we prepare them to the early morning and late evening to
be effective against pests"? avoid killing the "good guys" as they
will have headed home to the hedges.
Most plant extracts become effective Neem affects the reproductive cycle
immediately they are applied to the of the insect and therefore although
crops. Their effects vary in intensity, it begins to act on the insect immedi-
however. Extracts used as pesticides ately its effects will not be seen physi-
will act in different ways, when they cally for 2 weeks. Pyrethrum-based
act as deterrents.. It is important to products will act immediately -
note that when one sprays with deter- causing death, as the pyrethrin affects
rents for example African marigold, the nervous system of the insects.
garlic, and chilli, it is not necessary to Pyrethrum, however, breaks down
actually spray the insect. One sprays rapidly on exposure to the sun, thus it
the crop and the resulting repulsive needs to be used more frequently than
smell or oily feel will deter (repel) the some of the other plant extracts
insects. (botanicals). Others affect the digestive
Spray carefully system, causing the insect to slowly
It is important when spraying contact die of starvation, whilst oil based
sprays to actually spray onto the products cause suffocation of the pest.
insects. Millions of litres of spray are Useful foliar feeds
wasted and pollute our environment Extracts used as foliar feeds are effec-
by folk who do not understand the Tithonia can be used to make foliar feed.
tive straight away although their
correct way to apply the active ingre- sequence to some of the companies effects may no be immediately visible
dients in the agro-sprays. Spraying who produce these toxins. to the eye. Foliar feeds can be sprayed
devices such as Knapsack sprayers Learn to be patient and to use spot weekly for heavy feeders
aim to saturate our crops and fields spraying instead of blanket spraying, like tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries,
with these dangerous poisons. The as this will ensure you do not kill off all sukuma and others, and less fre-
resulting toxic overload in the environ- the beneficial insects. It is also impor- quently for light feeders, such as
ment and poisoning of the soil, tant to control the insects once spinach.
animals and humans seem of little con- sprayed. Stinging nettles included in the foliar
feed will help protect the plant against
There is no organic herbicide fungal problems due to the sulphur
present in the extract. If you have a
Mwarari also wants to know if there are other natural methods for preparation problem with downy mildew or
of herbicides and seed dressers. "Please give us the recipes for their preparation powdery mildew, then nettle tea is
in order to help us cut costs and stop use of chemical substitutes." very good. The problem must be
I do not know of an organic herbicide. Seed dressings are products put on caught and treated in its early stages,
Herbicides kill unwanted vegetation, seeds to protect them from damage otherwise it will be difficult to contain.
for example weeds. In organic once planted or to encourage good One can add crushed garlic, chillies
farming, weeds are useful for animal root growth. Unfortunately I do not or African marigold to any of the plant
feeds, mulching, compost making, know of any organic seed dressings. foliar feeds to help protect against
ground cover, insect repellents, and One can, however, prepare your seed insect damage. However, you will risk
also vegetables for human consump- bed mixing pymac into the soil. Pymac killing all the beneficial insects as well
tion. is the pyrethrum cake left over after or you may have very pungent and
the extraction of the pyrethrin from chilli-flavoured vegetables, for
Su Kahumbu the pyrethrum flowers. This will example if you are spraying sukuma! I
answers your protect the seedlings from nematodes recommend dealing with the insect
questions and cutworm. Generally, by creating a problem when it occurs, and keeping
healthy soil, you will eliminate the the foliar feeds separate to avoid the
chances of putting your seed into a abovementioned problems. In organic
Write to hostile environment. It is important to production, we must be vigilant and
The Organic Farmer use healthy fresh seed from a rep- observant. We must seek to remedy
P.O. Box 14352 utable source. It is also very important the problem, not to treat the symp-
00800 Nairobi Kenya to rotate your seed in seed beds to toms. It's all in the soil. If we can keep
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 avert thin, weak transplanting mate- our soils healthy, all life depending
e-mail: info@organickenya.com rial. on it will also be healthy.
Can we get certification? More on organic farming Dear Farmers,

Congratulations to the editorial team I am a farmer in Nyamira District. As part of our efforts to serve
072
of The Organic Farmer. Your maga- When I read issue No.6, it impressed the organic farming commu-
zine has come at the right time when me so much that I wished I had read nity effectively, we would
15
life is endangered by use of so many your back issues. Now I have formed like to create a database of
41
chemicals. Our group as the name two groups of farmers who are very organic farmers in the country.
suggests wants to deal with horticul- We are interested in:
590
much interested in more information
ture. We have already started on organic farming. Please send us -Your names,
growing grafted avocados through through the above address so that we -Addresses, Location,
the assistance of our agricultural can be updated on new farming -Farm acreage,
extension officer. We would like to methods. -Are you an organic farmer?
have a certificate to make sure that
Daniel Misinga, P.O Box 333, To make it easy for you, we have a
our fruits and other crops will get
Nyamira special telephone number: given
into the market especially exporting
above. All the farmers can provide
without problems. How do we get TOF has converted me these information through short mes-
the people concerned here in
I am a farmer in Kiambu, after saging service (SMS). Come on
Eldoret? I am very much interested in
reading the September/October 2005, Farmers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
the Organic Farming and long live
The Organic Farmer. I was overwhelmed by the quality of
Wilson Kamau Maina,Umoja Horti- information it contained. It encour- SMS ONLY
cultural Group, P.O Box 1027, Eldoret aged me very much especially on
goat production and pest control. I We have learnt a lot
Dear Mr. Maina, have decided to keep dairy goat from On behalf of Kamasakwa Intensive
Information on organic certification and now henceforth and also practice Farmers (KIF), I am impressed to say
marketing was covered in our January organic farming. So if possible feed that since we started receiving copies
2006 issue (No.9). We are now in the me with information on the two of The Organic Farmer, we have been
process of assisting selected farmers fields and also be supplying me with able to learn a lot on organic farming.
groups in getting certification. Read the your monthly editions. You are For this reason I am hereby writing
insert for more details. inspiring and helpful people, excel- to request you to send the newspaper
lent partners to the farmers. I will through our own address. I am a
appreciate you response with a big development worker and extension
Give more on dairy goats heart. officer with the Catholic diocese of
We are a group of about 25 who are Samwel K Mathore, Sakima Green Homa Bay and mainly work with
venturing into dairy goat keeping as Valley Farm, P.O Box 211 00222 farmers. The newspaper would be of
a way of fighting poverty. However Uplands much help to me and my group. Let
we don't have enough information us work together.
regarding the subject. We are How can I get copies? George Otieno Okello, P.O Box 362,
informed that you had covered this I work with farmers groups' and
same very well in your issue of Homa Bay
would like to be able to subscribe to
organic farmer No. 6. We will be very
grateful if you supply us with a few
your publication. What do I have to Farmers liked it
do? I would like between 10-20 It was a great pleasure meeting you
copies of that issue to help us gain copies preferably. Thank you. at Brackehurst farm. We thank you
more insight into the kind of project
Soren Green, for being true to your word that you
that we are venturing into. We as a
would send us copies of. I have dis-
group would be very grateful if you P.O Box 547, Kilifi, 0723 100809 tributed them to farmers here in
include us in your mailing list to help
Othaya and Ndaragua and farmers
learn more concerning organic We use it to help farmers have received their first copy with a
farming and sustainable agriculture.
Thank you very much for keeping us lot of enthusiasm. As a matter of fact
I hope you will address my request.
informed and educated about they thought it was a copy of CTAS
Jeremiah Nduyu, organic farming. We are a Commu- SPORE magazine and they are very
P.O Box 112, 20107, Njoro, Nakuru nity Based Organisation in Rongo happy to learn that they have a mag-
working in collaboration with other azine so good and its locally pub-
self help groups to improve soil-fer- lished. They are asking why they
Paper is very helpful tility by using local available never heard or saw it before. I have
Your magazine is extremely useful resources to increase crop yields. We also distributed the questionnaires
and helpful to anyone interested in are kindly requesting you to send us but since this the first copy they are
becoming a skillful and productive more copies of your newspaper at a loss to comprehensively fill it sat-
farmer. Could you please include my through the above address. We need isfactorily but they have assured me
name in the list of the recipients of your cooperation in this task. they will do their best to be as truth-
this wonderful monthly magazine. ful as they can.
Phillip Dande, Chairman FAARP
Eldad Kanyi Macharia, P.O Box 58 Project, P.O Box 03- 40404, Rongo Stephen Waikwa, P.O Box 543,
10306, Kagio philipdande@yahoo.com Othaya
Fodder trees are important Market place

Fodder trees are a benefit for each for animals Seedlings: On page 4 of our March
farm Trees on the farm provide live- Benefits of fodder trees and shrubs. 2006 issue, we wrote about Ben-
stock feed, enrich soils and help Fodder trees and shrubs provide jamin Lugano, the farmer who pro-
control soil erosion. fodder for on-farm dairy animals. duces certified fruit tree seedlings
Other benefits of fodder trees and in Cherangani, Kitale. However, we
Eric Lumosi Asilingwa shrubs are to help control soil erosion, gave the wrong telephone number
for his contact. Lugano is offering
Planting fodder trees and shrubs on improve the fertility of the soil, and for sale certified Fuerte and Hass
the homestead brings major benefits provide bee forage, fuelwood, stakes varieties of avocado fruits. Apple,
for the farmer. They provide dairy and poles, fencing, shade and mulch. Tommy and Harden varieties of
farmers with readily available, high Some of them serve as ornaments and Mango fruits, pawpaw and tree
quality, low-cost fodder for their dairy windbreaks, while others like mul- tomato seedlings. His correct
cows and goats. With most small-scale berry provide fruits. In addition, the address:
farmers having limited resources, leaves of mulberry are used for Lugano Horticultural Enterprises,
especially land and capital, they can feeding silkworms and sesbania leaves P.O. 323, 30200 Kitale. Tel.0733 99 05
are used as soap. Fodder trees and 74, 0733 39 19 07
only afford to keep a few dairy
animals that are usually fed with inad- shrubs that have been left to grow to
maturity with the objective of produc- Pawpaw: I would like to buy
equate and poor quality fodder. This passion and pawpaw seedlings for
kind of feed does not meet the animal's ing seed, firewood or stakes, can also planting. My contact address:
daily requirements for growth and provide forage (nectar) for bees, which Peter Chalo, P.O. BOX 1401, 90115,
milk production. The main source of results in the additional benefits from Kangundo. Tel.0724 997 398
high-quality feed for dairy cows in honey production on farms. Honey is
eastern Africa is Napier grass. This is nutritious and also fetches good prices Asparagus: I am looking for market
supplemented during the dry season in the local market. for asparagus and spinach seeds
with crop residues such as maize and Seeds and seedlings of different vari- which I grow organically in Gilgil,
bean stalks or hay, banana leaves and eties of fodder-trees can be prepared Nakuru district. If interested, please
banana stems and indigenous fodder by use of crosspollination to prevent call Tel. 0723 504 018. Ask for Chege.
trees. inbreeding. These can be sold for
Characteristics of fodder trees and income generation. Eucalyptus: I am interested in
buying hybrid eucalyptus tree
shrubs Well-managed and healthy Improved soil fertility seedlings (South African Variety). If
fodder trees should have the following The deep root systems of fodder trees any farmer has the seedlings they
qualities: help collect nutrients from the soil that can get in touch with me through the
Provide large amounts of quality are too deep for crops to reach, following address:
fodder. drawing the nutrients to the soil Jackline Kidambi, P.O Box 596,
Grow relatively fast, with benefits surface where they are can be used by 30200 Kitale. Tel. 0735 57 84 16
realized within the first year after crops. Some nutrients are leached
planting. below the crop root zone. The deep Cutting: I am offering for sale an
Tolerate frequent cutting and con- tree roots help recover these nutrients electric chaff cutter. It is fast, effi-
tinue providing benefits for more cient, secure and economical. Call
that are recycled into the system. 0720 884549
that 5 years. When leaves from these trees fall to
Grow together with field crops the ground and decompose, they add
without competing with them. Seeds: We have a project on indige-
nutrients to the soil. Furthermore, nous vegetables in our Rural Out-
Easy to conserve, either by cutting animals fed with tree forage produce reach Program which is a mother
and preserving them as leaf meal, high quality manure. These two cycles project. We have the following
or by allowing them to persist long greatly improve soil fertility. Legumi- species; spider plant, slack night-
in the field and remain green nous trees and shrubs also have the shade, amaranthus, corcorus,
during the dry season. ability to fix nitrogen from the air and cowpeas, clotolaria, Ethiopian kales,
Provide the farmer with additional transfer it to the soil, making it avail- amaranth spp. and pumpkin. We
benefits (besides fodder) (are mul- able to plants. sell their seeds in seed banks in
tipurpose) Butere, Mumias District and we
In the May-issue, we bring you more on have an information centre in
Be non-toxic and easily digestible how to plant fodder trees. Nairobi at Kenyatta Market stall
No.274. If you are interested, please
get in touch with us:
Thomas Wakala Mutuli, Rural Out-
reach Programme, P.O.Box 29086,
00625 Nairobi. Tel. 0735 56 88 24
Email: thomasmutuli@yahoo.com
Purple vetch: This legume and

cover crop gives good fodder for
Trees livestock. Interested? Contact:
have many uses Ikinyukia Self Help Group, P.O Box
125, 20319, South Kinangop. Tel.
on the farm. 0724 492 456
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 10 February 2006
Ticks cause huge losses Dear farmers,

First, we would like to thank all those
Kenyan farmers are loosing billions who have filled the questionnaires and
of Shillings every year because of returned them to us. We kindly appeal
ticks and tick-borne diseases. Ticks to all the other farmers who have the
are becoming resistant to chemicals. questionnaires to make sure they send
them back to us as soon as possible.
The Organic Farmer Your answers will enable us to respond
better to your needs and ensure you
Thousands of farmers in Kenya can receive the right kind of information to
talk of their bitter experiences with a use in your day-to-day farming activi-
pest only a few millimetres in length ties.
and the tongue-twisting name of
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. In Kenya After reading a few of the question-
as well as in several other East naires the farmers have sent back to us,
African and Central African countries we are glad to note that many of you
this pest is better known as the A cows ear infested with ticks (Photo ICIPE) have embraced organic farming and are
Brown Ear Tick. It is the most danger- already making use of the information
The organisation Veterinarians our newspaper provides such as the tips
ous of the 70 or so tick species found Without Borders-Germany in collab-
in Kenya. The Brown Ear Tick trans- we give on pest and disease control.
oration with the Kenya Agricultural This clearly shows there is a bright
mits the parasite Theileria parva to Research Institute (KARI) and the
cattle and causes the notorious East future for organic agricultural produc-
International Livestock Research tion among our farmers. We will give
Coast Fever (Ndigana, - in Kimaasai Institute (ILRI) have recently carried
and Kikuyu). you the true picture once we have
out large-scale tests in parts of Narok received all the questionnaires from the
A million cattle affected and Kajiado districts with a vaccine field.
Although there are no accurate against East Coast Fever. One dose Our sympathy goes out to our broth-
figures, experts estimate that several costs between Ksh 600 and Ksh 800. ers and sisters in Northern Kenya.
thousand cattle in Kenya die each Life long immunity They have to endure another devastat-
year from East Coast Fever. Other ing drought and famine. This has led to
It involves injecting an animal with great suffering and deaths of livestocks
sources put the number at up to a the parasites together with an antibi-
million cattle. Kenyan farmers pur- and even humans. We may not want to
otic. The immunity induced protects go into the details of what is happening
chase chemicals (known as acari- the animal for its entire life. It pro-
cides) to control the tick, worth about but we are really disturbed to know that
tects the animals from the disease, while these people suffer, the National
Ksh 400 million every year. Once the but not from the tick infestation
cattle catches the East Coast Fever, Cereals and Produce Board stores in the
which weakens the cattle and causes affected areas are full of maize that is
the economic damage rises into mil- other infections, and therefore affects
lions of shillings, since the cattle take yet to be distributed. This shows that
the health of the animals. That means Kenya badly needs a streamlined dis-
a long time to recover. During recov- even if the cattle are vaccinated, they
ery, almost no milk is produced, and tribution system and less bureaucracy.
still need to be protected from ticks.
the animals lose weight. When the But the frequency of treatment with As we have said before, the policy
disease affects calves, even if they acaricides can be reduced from makers need to take agriculture more
recover, they become stunted. The weekly to once every three or four seriously as the important sector it is.
treatment for a single cow costs more weeks, depending on the area and The government should formulate
than Ksh 4,000. season both of which influence the strategies that help boost food produc-
availability of ticks. tion in the long term. Being the back-
in this issue This vaccine is not yet available bone of the economy, any small disrup-
countrywide. There are plans by tion, lack of proper planning or imple-
KARI, the private sector and ILRI to mentation of policy in this sector affects
Health foods 3 conduct similar large scale tests in the whole economy. It also threatens the
HIV-positive women are other areas of the country so that the countrys food security. While we
growing nutritious vegetables. vaccine can be available. Since the support increased agricultural produc-
Finding markets 6 producers of the vaccine are the tion, this does not mean there is inade-
Selling farm produce is still a same ones as those who sell the quate food in the country. Food is avail-
challenge to many farmers. chemicals against ticks, some experts able but the starving people in most
fear that these producers might not parts of the country cannot afford it
Organic fertilizer 8 be interested in promoting the because they live in extreme poverty.
Farmyard manure increases soil vaccine because the demand for the Only a stable economy can improve
fertility if prepared the right way. acaricides would decline. (See page 5) their incomes.
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 10 February 2006
MY OPINION Good nursery ...... good start

By Mary Wanjiru Most plants can be propagated with Long grass or palm fonds, laid in
Sometimes I find it difficult to under- seeds. The work has to be done care- varying thickness, helps to regulate
stand my fellow Kenyan farmers. fully; seeds need moisture, warmth the shade intensity for different
The world over, farmers are adopt- and darkness to germinate. stages of growth.
ing new methods of agricultural pro-
Soil: For proper germination of
duction which improve human
health, protect the environment and The Organic Farmer seeds, the soil is very important. The
increase crop yields. But not our seedbeds and the containers should
farmers; here a farmer will learn After publication of an article on have fertile soil with loose tilth
how to make a natural pesticide to seedbeds in the December issue, (texture) for at least 10 to 15 cm
control a particular pest, but when many farmers asked for more infor- depth. The soil should be mixed with
the pest strikes he will go to the mation. With good reasons! Manag- well-decayed organic matter or
nearest shop to buy a chemical ing the propagation of plants is very humus. The soil should be free of
pesticide, although he knows the important work for every farmer and anything that may hinder growth,
dangers of using chemicals! He will should be done with great care. such as stones, gravel and hard clods
spend every penny he has saved to Every farm needs a well established of clay.
buy DAP fertilizer, although there is nursery as a place for germinating Special beds: Apart from having spe-
good manure in the cattle shed. seeds and producing seedlings. cially-prepared seedbeds, the
Plants will benefit from developing enriched soil can also be put between
Mary Wanjiru is a farmer in Kitale
in a protected, shaded area with small stone walls, in wooden boxes or
good soil. The seedlings raised on in old car tyres. The tyres should be
The Organic Farmer rich soil benefit throughout their life placed on a plastic sheet to avoid the
cycle even if they are transplanted to roots of the seedlings touching the
The Organic Farmer is an independent less fertile soil. In a nursery, the first ground. For a bed on a wooden table
newspaper for the Kenyan farming signs of pest or disease attack can be
community. It promotes organic dealt with more easily.
farming and supports discussions on
all aspects of sustainable develop- Guidelines for a nursery
Topsoil
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- Spacing: Give seedlings space to
lished monthly by ICIPE grow. Densely sown seedlings
and distributed free to compete for light, water and space.
farmers. The reports of The The healthiest plants can be selected Layer of
Organic Farmer do not nec- and the weakest eliminated.
Mulch poles and
essarily reflect the views of straw
Water: A nursery needs regular
ICIPE. watering and control of moisture in
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by the superficial (top) soil layer. It is
BioVision, a Swiss based founda- essential that the soil is kept evenly sieve the soil and mix well with
tion for the promotion of sustain- moist at all times. It may be necessary straw. Make a layer of 15 - 20 cm of
able development. to water twice a day in hot weather. the soil mix and compost. The system
www.biovision.ch The ground should be level to avoid has good drainage and avoids many
run-off damage. Cover the soil with a pests from ground level. Water twice
Publisher thin layer of dry grass or mulch. This a day. You can also use other kinds of
International Centre of Insect keeps in the moisture; when there is containers, such as milk cartons or
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) no nursery shed, it protects the soil clay pots.
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi surface from rain splash and crusting Protection: Protect the nursery as a
KENYA over. Attention: if the mulch layer is whole from invasion of animals with
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 too thick the seedlings can not grow! a wall of stones or with hedges made
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org Shade: An nursery needs different from thorny branches. Strong
homepage: http://www.icipe.org degrees of shade. It is not expensive smelling plants (such as marigold)
Editors to construct some kind of shade can be planted in the hedge to
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner house from a framework of poles. prevent some pest problems.
Secretariat
Lucy W. Macharia
Advisory Board
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE
Address
The Organic Farmer
KENYA
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98
e-mail : info@organickenya.com
Layout
Nr. 10 February 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Strong seedlings can resist pests
Well prepared seedlings and good soil
preparation with compost or manure
create the ideal conditions
for crop growth.
The Organic Farmer

Transplanting has to be done with the
same care as the preparation of
seedlings (see page 2). Transplanting
is the removal of a young plant from
the nursery in order to plant it in a
permanent place. Plants raised in
nurseries must not be kept there too Seedling in nursery or
long. Eventually they will need more seedbed
space to develop normally. If trans-
planting is delayed, the seedlings WRONG With a tool the roots
start to compete for food. The roots remain intact
get tangled and the plants are then
hard to separate. They come defor-
med. Dwarfed and twisted plants
must not be transplanted as they will
not do well.
Before transplanting, enrich the soil
in the new site with compost and
water it well. Transplanting is done at Pulling up plants
the end of the day to allow the plant without a tool is wrong GOOD
to recover in the cool night hours. Carefully planted seeds grow well (Photo TOF)
Seedlings from a seedbed The transplanted seedlings need

Seedlings from a bed are trans- shade and generous watering. This
planted with their roots exposed and
TRANSPLANTING also helps compact the soil. Cover the
most soil removed. The time to trans- soil with mulch or grass. This keeps
plant is when they have 2 to 6 true the soil moist.
and well grown leaves and several Seedlings from bags or pots
well-developed roots. The stem Plants started separately in bags or in
should be firm, sturdy and erect. pots have a root ball protecting their
Using a trowel will help to crumble roots with soil. Transplanting is less
away the soil and lift the plant so that risky, but take them carefully out of
the roots remain intact (see illustra- the bag or pot. The roots do not need
tion on the right). trimming unless transplanting was
Seedlings should be transplanted late. When seedlings are held too
immediately and not left in the sun to long in pots or bags, the roots grow
dry out. Take a wet cloth and wrap it in circles. They will have to be untan-
Soil moistened
around the seedlings if planting is gled and trimmed (with scissors or a
delayed. When there are too many knife!) to ensure normal growth. The
Hole made collar is easily positioned level with
roots they should be trimmed with with a tool
scissors or a knife, not by pulling or the ground. These transplants need
tearing them. less shade, but they should be
The seedlings should be planted in pressed firmly into the earth and
well-loosened soil so that the small watered well.
rootlets can penetrate easily. The Watch the environment
depth of the planting hole should be Good growth in the seedbed and
greater than the length of the trans- Press Pull up to later on in the garden is the best
bring in Mulch defense against pests or disease
planted roots. The roots should be
position attack. Make sure that you start with
positioned properly. Then pull the
plant half a centimetre gently healthy, viable seeds, a well prepared
upwards to put the roots in place soil, and clean, disease-free pots and
before firming them with soil. The utensils. Washing pots and utensils
Give in soapy water will normally remove
collar of the seedling (link between water
stem and roots) should be exactly most potential hazards.
level with the ground after compact- Leave no air
Sources: Production without Destruction, Natural
ing the soil by stepping or pressing it around roots
Farming Network, Zimbabwe 1995; Organic Gar-
around the plant. dening, Dorling Kindersley, London 2005
AIDS-widows learn to grow health foods

People affected by HIV/AIDS need
nutritious food. A group of HIV-pos-
itive women in Kisii are producing
their own rich food.
By Peter Kamau, Kisii
It was a double blow for 33-year-old
Rose Kemunto following the death of
her husband six years ago from
AIDS-related complications, as he
was the familys breadwinner. For a
start, relatives and friends shunned
her, for she too was ailing and had
been in and out of hospital several
times. And though weak and help-
less, with no-one else to turn to,
Kemunto had to fend for her three
children, including her last-born son
of nine years who was also ailing.
There were essential medicines to Nyaura Women Group members pick indigenous vegetables in a members garden (Photo TOF)
buy, school fees to pay and other bills buy fertilizer and seeds for needy
assistance from other members to
to settle at home. members.
settle the school fees arrears, she
Group changed her life says. The Kisii District Home Economics
But hope was in sight. Rose learnt We discovered that nobody wanted Officer, Hellen Biyogo says the
that a group of women widowed by to associate themselves with women women are trained to grow and
AIDS in her Nyaura village in the who were affected by the disease. We prepare selected food crops to
outskirts of Kisii town had come therefore decided to come together, improve their health. These include
together to start the Nyaura Womens share our problems and encourage legumes such as soya beans and
Group. They too had been subjected each other, Ontuga says. indigenous vegetables, such as grain
to the stigma and deserted by people Every Tuesday they hold a meeting amaranth, carrots and beetroots.
previously close to them and their where each of the members con- They also produce orange-coloured
families. The Group welcomed her tributes Ksh 10. In addition, each of fresh sweet potatoes which have a
with open arms. She has now made high vitamin A content. These food
them contributes Ksh 50 monthly,
new friends who have also taught her crops help meet their nutritional
money they deposit in the Groups requirements, while the surplus is
how to identify, grow and prepare account at a local bank. To raise the
nutritious foods that have greatly sold to meet their other needs.
money, the members have to work Value addition is also an important
improved hers and the childrens hard in their kitchen gardens where
health. She has also had the courage part of the training as it helps
they grow a variety of indigenous increase their earnings from the
to undergo an HIV test, and having vegetables, avocado, sweet potatoes various products that they grow,
confirmed her status, is now on and bananas, which they sell in the she adds. The women are trained on
antiretroviral drugs (ART). More local market. In May 2004, each of the how to make avocado, carrot and
importantly, she is now living with members contributed Ksh 100 for a banana juices and jams. They are also
confidence. poultry project where they bought 50 taught commercial home baking and
Belonging to the Group has layers. These were housed in one of energy conservation methods in their
changed my life. Colleagues help me the members homes, where the homes.
in the garden when I am sick and women take turns to care for the They would like to diversify their
advise me on the right kind of food to chickens. The Group, which is al- activities such as in assisting each of
eat. This has improved my health and ready registered with the Depart- the members to buy a dairy goat or
that of my children, she says. ment of Social Services, also rented a cow to give them milk for consump-
Contributions help members quarter-acre plot of land from one of tion and sale. They would also like to
the local farmers where they grow acquire a small plot of their own
The Group started informally as a
Napier grass for sale to local farmers where they could carry out develop-
merry-go round in October 2004.
to earn extra income. ment activities such as knitting,
Since she lost her husband to AIDS in
cookery or even operating a posho
1997, Alice Ontuga, who is also the Growing indigenous vegetables
mill. They have already made pro-
Groups chairlady, says that she had Money from the Groups various posals to several donors including
on many occasions depended on income generating activities is used the Constituency AIDS Committee,
other peoples goodwill to educate to assist members to sort out their but none have yet responded. If we
her six children, three of whom are in financial problems. These include get support we can achieve a lot
secondary school. But all this buying drugs for those who are sick, despite our status, Ontuga con-
changed when she and other AIDS assisting orphans with food, and cludes.
widows formed the Group. Now I paying school fees for those already With their determination, the sky
can grow the right food and even get in school. The money also helps to seems to be the limit.
Many tick control chemicals are not effective
Ticks have become resistant to most
of the chemicals available in the
market. Farmers should try other
cheap tick control methods. The Brown Ear Tick:
The female (left)
The Organic Farmer after feeding on
blood. The male
There are many cost effective (centre) and female
methods small scale farmers can use (right) before
feeding.
to control ticks. First of all, farmers
need more information about tick Photo courtesy of
behaviour. Ticks are not only able to University
adapt to the chemicals commonly of Edinburgh
used by farmers to control them, but animals health. Their bites can cause farmers are told to continue using the
they can even survive for up to two wounds on the skin and reduce the chemicals, which have been shown to
years without food. During this quality of the hide, inject poisons into be useless.
period, they can hide in pastures the animal, suck blood and interfere
until they find a host to suck blood. Helpful plants
with the normal growth of an animal.
Ticks are able to locate a cow from a There are quite a number of plants
When buying tick control chemi- which are useful in the fight against
distance up to ten metres. Current
cals, farmers need to be very careful. ticks. Various communities across
research is focused on controlling
When The Organic Farmer inquired Kenya have a wide knowledge of tick
their capacity to reproduce following
from different agro-vet-shops on the control and management, as Prof.
their resistance to most of the chemi-
cals in the market. Many farmers most effective anti-tick chemicals, it Hassanali found out among the
often burn down pastures in order to made a very surprising discovery. Bukusu community in Bungoma Dis-
control ticks. This cannot work Some shopkeepers told us frankly not trict. Many times this knowledge is
because the ticks hide below the soil. to use some of the chemicals they only available in particular areas, or
They reappear when the grass starts were selling, since they do not help it is being kept as a closely guarded
growing. the farmers. The ticks had become secret by those who know and do not
To control the Brown Ear Tick that resistant. One shop attendant pointed share it with the others.
spreads the parasite causing East out clearly: These products should One of those plants is the molasse
Coast Fever, knowledge about ticks is be removed from the market, the grass. Its smell does not only drive
important. In his study, ICIPE scien- farmers are being cheated. away ticks, they simply cannot
tist Ahmed Hassanali set ticks free on Pour-on oils are effective survive in the grass. A small scale
the legs and the back section of The only effective tick control chemi- farmer can plant the grass around the
animals (see illustration below). They cals are those made from synthetic cattle boma which works as a barrier
instantly made their way to the pyrethroids (chemicals that act in the against the ticks. The cattle on the
cowss ears. The ticks primarily fled same way as pyrethrum). These other hand avoid feeding on the
the anal section since they did not chemicals also come in formulations grass since they also do not like its
like the smell of cow dung. That known as pour-on or spot-on. The smell. Molasse can only be effective
makes it necessary for the farmers to pour-on oils are easy to use because on zero-grazing animals since free-
check especially the ear section of all a farmer needs to do is to pour and range animals are not confined to
their cattle to prevent East Coast rub on the animals back. The oil one place (molasses grass is available
Fever infection. spreads throughout the animals at ICIPE and at most KARI stations).
body repelling any ticks that come In this context, the zero grazing
Useless chemicals system, as practised by many small
into contact with the animal. The
But it is not only the Brown Ear Ticks scale farmers, has many advantages.
pour-on oils are especially suitable in
that cause disease. Ticks in general Farmers who let their cattle roam
areas where there is inadequate water
are a plague and degrade the freely should consider switching to
as they do not require diluting. But
they are three to four times more zero grazing as it is much safer.
expensive than the synthetic pyre- Our research shows that up to three
throids. quarters of zero grazing farmers do
Farmers, if you really want to not experience problems with ticks
protect your cattle, you are advised to anymore even though they do not
insist on effective acaricides (tick use chemicals. However, grass from
control chemicals), either the pour-on outside the farmstead may carry
oils or the synthetic pyrethroids. But ticks. Farmers have to be careful
even these have to be applied once a especially with grass obtained from
week to eradicate all ticks on the roadsides where ticks reside.
cattle. Unfortunaltely the govern- Scientists have also found out that
ment does not allow these effective plant extracts made from neem
Pathways of Brown Ear Ticks on a cow. They move
directly towards the ear-region. Numbers indicate chemicals to be sold in all parts of the (Muarubaini) and pyrethrum repel
points where the ticks were released. (Fig. ICIPE) country. There are areas where Continued on page 7
To sell, you must know your customers needs

I have decided to rear milk goats and want it to be a business. I will keep you may want to produce something
about 10 goats. Please help me with advice on where I can sell that milk. I also else all together. What ever you do,
want to grow capsicums and cabbages organically, so please help me to do it well.
market my crops. Marketing is a problem. Local sales should be your first
option. Finally, by creating aware-
Francis Kungu of P.O. Box 69 Solai ness in your area of the benefits of
You are right, Francis, marketing of 2) Identify your competitors organic produce and by producing
farm produce is a problem faced by As in any healthy business environ- good quality at affordable prices, you
many Kenyan farmers. This has often ment, competition is rife. You must will eventually create your own
led to frustration, with some of them therefore get to know who your com- market.
giving up the whole enterprise alto- petitors are. Can you compete, or
gether. But this need not be the case. would it be wiser to join their supply How can I use diatomite...
Before venturing into any enterprise, chain and become a producer for an Francis Ndungu has another ques-
we need to look into a number of already established entity? Some- tion. He read in the The Organic
factors that will help us make an times we fail to realise as business Farmer No. 6 (September/October
informed decision. persons that it can make more finan- 2005) that diatomite powder is good
For farmers, it is important to con- cial sense to concentrate on produc- for pest control. He asks: How can I
sider a number of issues when it tion and leave the other necessary use it? With a knapsack sprayer or
comes to marketing: logistics (and business problems) to through dusting to crops as powder?
1) Identify your market. someone else. What is the recommended quantity
The first plan of action when trying 3) Do some costing while mixing?
to start any commercial venture is to When doing costing, make sure to Diatomite should just be dusted on
identify your markets. The biggest cost everything - inputs, seeds, man- insects. It is best to use it on aphids,
mistake is to start producing a per- ure, biopesticides, water, electricity, termites, and around a ground area
ishable product without any market etc. Your time and other family
in mind. Unless you are able to members time is not free. Realisti-
extend the shelf life of your product cally how much would it cost to
by processing, drying, salting, pick- replace a family member? Could that
ling, fermenting or canning, your family member be more productive
product will expire, resulting in in another area of the business other
losses. than what he or she is currently
Always think out of the box. doing?
Sometimes it is better to look at what
4) Plan to be better than your com-
is needed and try to produce it rather petitors
than to produce what is already Try to find innovative ways of bring- softbodied insects may pass. It is best
available. By doing this you will have to get the insects in their larvae stage,
ing your products to the consumer
reduced the risk of competition for as it is difficult to apply diatomite on
that will give you an edge over your
your products. flying insects. It is not good to use
competitors. It could be better pack-
How do you identify your market? diatomite in sprayers as it absorbs
aging, better quality, value added etc.
If localized, go around and see what water and will block nozzles.
is available, why it is in demand, 5) Know your customers and give
whether it is profitable, and if it is them good service and how about Pyrethrum?
seasonal. Also ask yourself if your Sukumawiki (kale) today is sold Francis also wants to know more
product is not available yet required. ready to cook, already shredded. Are about the preparation of the
Talk to producers and consumers. there other products that can be sold pyrethrum extract for pest control.
Ask yourself, What is needed in the as conveniently? Consumers of today He asks: How long should I ferment
market? have such heavy work schedules and it to be ready for use? Will I dilute the
Once again, think out of the box. are now recognising the value of mixture? What is the shelf life?
Think of growth. What will people convenient products. Such products
need in a few years? Why? Take the are also proving to be cost effective in Pyrethrum does not need ferment-
risk of bringing them something new. the long run. ing; it is soaked just so as to release
Francis, I hope this information will the pyrethrins into the water. Four
Su Kahumbu help you to make a decision on your hours of soaking, or even overnight
answers your desire to produce goat milk, cap- soaking is adequate.
questions sicums and cabbages. Nairobi is too The pyrethrum water extract men-
far away to market the milk, as it is tioned in Vol. 5 does not need dilut-
perishable. My suggestion would be ing. In addition, it should not stay too
Write to to look around you in Solai and see if long before use as it expires or
The Organic Farmer you can create a market for yourself. becomes inactive after extraction. I
P.O. Box 14352 You could also try to add value by would suggest it is used as soon as
00800 Nairobi Kenya making goat cheese or goat mala possible as the natural pyrethrins
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 for local consumption. You may find break down quite rapidly. Use within
e-mail: info@organickenya.com that after reading this information 3 days.
Kindly acknowledge receipt of our letters Dear Farmers,
072
As a follow-up to what you inquired section. There is also another recent As part of our efforts to serve
from me at the seminar, I am sending one (not enclosed) on organic cotton the organic farming commu-
15
copies of two letters dated 24th June management. I shall enquire from the nity effectively, we would
2005 and 20th July 2005. One was to group leaders who receive the news- like to create a database of
41
your secretariat and the other was paper on whether they are working organic farmers in the country.
590
meant for publication in the editorial on written responses to you on issues We are interested in:
raised in the newspaper on matters -Your names,
In Search of Katumani maize affecting our farmers. I shall defi- -Addresses, Location,
nitely impress on them the need to do -Farm acreage,
Thank you for extra copies, due to
that for you to assess the impact of -Are you an organic farmer?
shortage of the rains in this season,
the newspaper. I would suggest To make it easy for you, we have a
there will be no harvests. Please let us
however that on receiving letters special telephone number: given
know of highland Katumani maize
(two or three) from an individual you above. All the farmers can provide
that matures in 100 days and where
acknowledge receipt in order for the these information through short mes-
farmers can buy it.
writer to know they are receiving saging service (SMS). Come on
John Njoroge, 3N Harvest, 0721 your attention particularly on impor- Farmers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
638034 tant issues.
Dear Mr. Njoroge, J. T. Muriithi Simba, SOHGRO
SMS ONLY
The Katumani variety of maize seed is Dear Mr. Simba Where do I buy EM1?
available at Kenya Seed Company stores Thank you for your advice. Your article Thank you for a copy of the Decem-
in Karatina, Sagana and at Simlaw Seeds on organic cotton production will be used ber issue. I find the article on Page 4
near Globe Cinema round-about along very soon. We get dozens of letters from on the benefit from growth activators
Kijabe street Nairobi. It is advisable that farmers from across the country but we very interesting. My compost lasts
farmers buy their seed early to avoid the cannot use them all due to lack of space, about nine weeks to be ready for use
rush during the March- April planting so we keep them for future use. We hope which limits my supply for each
season. you will be patient. season. However, with the applica-
tion of EM it would appear I should
make enough compost manure for
Tick control chemicals not effective Increasing Knowledge use every season. Please let me know
I recently came across a copy of your
magazine and learnt that they are where I can purchase the stuff (EM)
ticks by their smell. Cattle which are given out to farmers. I came across from in Nairobi..
regularly sprayed with a diluted the August edition while attending Joseph N Nyamai, Chairperson /
extract of any of these plants hardly my regular weekly extension courses Project Coordinator, MARIODEFA
suffer from tick infestation. In addi- offered by our field extension offi-
tion, the extracts are more environ- cers. I am interested in getting The Dear Mr. Nyamai,
mental friendly. Another two plants Organic Farmer since the courses I EM1 is available in all the major town in
that can be used to repel ticks are the attend do not offer all one needs. Is it agro-veterinary shops. Please get in
Gynandropsis gynandra (Kikuyu: possible to get your last year's supply touch with Edward Kamau of Organic
Thageti; Kamba: Mukakai; Kisii: and continue through this year. Solutions P.O.BOX 59843, 00200
Chisaga; Luo: Akeo) and Ocimum Nairobi or Tel: 0733 998 245. He will
Mrs. Pauline Ondiek, P.O Box 92,
suave (Luo: Bwar; Kikuyu: Mukandu; direct you to the nearest distributor.
30215, Kesogon
Taita: Murunde; Kamba: Mutaa;
Masai: Sunoni; Pokot: Chemwoken). A cover to cover success
The smell of these plants drives Please could you put me in your mailing list. I only have your August 2005
away ticks. If they are grown in a issue and have found it enormously informative and interesting, a cover-to-
shamba, especially around a zero cover success. From this one issue we now regularly make and apply the
grazing area, ticks stay away. This is water extract pyre-thrum pesticide recipe. Have you previously written any-
important since ticks are also dan- thing about the same uses and method of preparation for Tephrosia vogelii. It
gerous to human beings. has been very good against aphids on sukumawiki and broccoli here,
It is also known that indigenous although our main problems here arise from the hot, dry weather that brings
breeds such as zebu are able to resist in the red spider mite plaque. How best do we control the pumpkin fly or
tick infestation more than the exotic "dudu" that stings and lays its eggs in courgette gem squash and butternut
breeds (European breeds). So in squash. Thank you and we eagerly look forward to receiving The Organic
areas where smalls-scale farmers are Farmer throughout the year.
not able to control ticks, it is better to
keep zebu breeds or at least cross- Mrs. Rosalie Faull, Mugie Ranch Ltd., P.O Box 30 20321,Rumuruti
breds rather than pure exotic breeds. Dear Mrs. Faull,
Farmers, do you have your own ways of fighting
We are glad to hear that you have tried some of our plant extracts recipes. We plan
ticks? Please share your experiences with us, so to feature Tephrosia vogelii in one of our future issues. As for the pumpkin pest, we
that we can pass it on to fellow farmers! will research on it and give you the answer soon.
No, farmyard manure is not a waste product!

Organic farmers should make should be mixed with dry plant
every effort to use farmyard manure material (straw, grass, crop residues,
productively and to protect it leaves, etc.) to absorb the liquid.
from loss of nutrients. Straw that has been cut or mashed by
spreading it out on a roadside can
The Organic Farmer
absorb more water than long straw.
Manure is a valuable resource on an The addition of rock phosphate, bone
organic farm. Farmyard manure con- meal or other minerals improves the
sists of animal excreta (dung) and quality of the manure.
bedding (usually straw or grass). In Usually, the manure is stored next
many places farmyard manure is to the stable, either in heaps or in
dried and burned for cooking or is pits. In any case, farmyard manure
simply not recognised as being a should be protected from sun, wind
useful source of nutrients and and rain. Water logging as well as
organic matter. By drying or burning drying out should be avoided so as to
farmyard manure, large quantities of avoid nutrient losses. The storage site
organic matter and nutrients are lost should be impermeable and have a
from agricultural systems. Farmyard slight slope. Ideally, a trench collects
manure is an extremely valuable the liquid from the manure heap and
organic manure. the urine from the stable. A dam build a roof over the pile or cover the
around the heap prevents uncon- pile with straw or black plastic to
What are the characteristics and trolled in and outflow of urine and avoid leaching of potash (K) and
effects of farmyard manure? water. trace elements.
- It contains large amounts of nutri- On the other hand, if the pile is too
ents. Storing manure in pits is particu- dry, biological activity will cease. In
- Only part of the nitrogen content larly suitable for dry areas and this case, water will have to be
of manure is directly available to during dry seasons. Storage in pits added. This is best done when the
plants while the remaining part is reduces the risk of drying out and the compost is being turned.
released as the manure decom- need of watering the pile. However,
there is a greater risk of waterlogging Application of compost
poses. The nitrogen in animal
urine is available in the short term, and more effort is required as the pit Farmyard manure takes about three
or soon after excretion by the needs to be dug out. For this method months to mature and should be
animal. a 90cm deep pit is dug with a slight black to brown in appearance with a
- When dung and urine are mixed, slope at the bottom. The bottom is crumbly texture. Ideally, it should be
they form a well-balanced source compressed and then first covered spread as soon as possible after it is
of nutrients for plants. with straw. The pit is filled with finished. The longer it sits, the more
- The availability of phosphorus (P) layers about 30cm thick and each it mineralizes and loses available
and potassium (K) from farmyard layer is compressed and covered nutrients. The presence of weeds on
manure is similar to that from with a thin layer of earth. The pit is the pile indicates that mineralization
chemical fertilizers. Chicken man- filled up until it stands about 30 cm is occurring and that the compost
ure is rich in phosphorus. above ground and then covered with should have already been applied to
10 cm of soil. the land. Application rates vary
- Organic manures contribute to the
depending on the crops, the needs of
build-up of soil organic matter and Moisture and aeration the soil and the age of the compost.
thus improve soil fertility.
Turning the pile is not needed if Mature farmyard manure should
How to store farmyard manure optimum conditions are met. The be spread evenly on fields. Hoe
Organic farmers rarely apply raw moisture content of the pile will often lightly into the soil as a top dressing
manure to their fields; they use com- determine if turning is necessary. without disturbing the root area of
posted manure. As composted This can be tested by squeezing the the crops. In lighter soils the manure
manure is the primary source of fer- material in your hand -- if it shines can be incorporated deeper (up to
tilizer for an organic farm, care and small moisture droplets appear, 20cm) and mixed well with the soil.
should be taken that nutrients are not the moisture content is sufficient. A special way of applying farmyard
lost from the raw manure. Farmyard Beginners at composting tend to have manure is as surface compost mulch.
manure should be collected and piles that are either too dry or too On heavy soils this kind of applica-
stored for a while so as to obtain a wet. tion stimulates soil life. However, the
manure of high quality. The best If the pile is too moist, water loss of nutrients with this method is
result is achieved if the farmyard replaces the air in the pile. These are high. Adding a grass mulch on top of
manure is composted. Manure bad conditions. You have to turn the the manure is recommended in this
stored under anaerobic conditions pile to reintroduce air. The smell of case, although this adds to the labour
(for instance in waterlogged pits) is the compost should be your guide; it inputs.
of inferior quality. should be sweet-smelling. An Sources: International Federation of Organic
Collection of farmyard manure is unpleasant smell indicates that Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Training
easiest if the animals are kept in decomposition suffers from a lack of Manual on Organic Agriculture in the Tropics,
stables. For storage, the manure air. If you are in a wet area, either October 2002
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 14 June, 2006
Healthy cows give more milk Dear farmers,

When I was young, there was one thing
I learned from my late grandfather.
Each afternoon, he would walk around
the family shamba and carefully exam-
ine every plant to see if there was any
problem. If he noticed any sign of dis-
ease or pests, he would take action
immediately to prevent it from spread-
ing and damaging the rest of the crop.
Of course he had one big advantage.
He knew most of the insect pests and
diseases that affect various crops in our
home region. In other words, he was
well equipped with the appropriate
knowledge that every farmer needs in
Integrating animal husbandry into unacceptable conditions. According managing their shamba. Many farmers
crop producing farms is one of the to the standards of organic farming, may not possess the same level of
principles of organic farming. Ani- zero grazing is only allowed if live- knowledge, but there are various mea-
mal husbandry plays an important stock have sufficient free movement sures they can take to ensure their crops
role in the recycling of nutrients. In and opportunity to express normal are safe from pests and diseases.
organic farming, animal husbandry patterns of behaviour, sufficient Careful observation of the crops in the
is different from both extensive ani- accesss to clean drinking water, and farm on a regular basis is a very impor-
mal husbandry, which is often envi- clean sheds of sifficient size and tant exercise in modern farming. There
ronmentally damaging (for instance with adequate light and fresh air. are many benefits farmers can get from
overgrazing of common lands), and Landless animal husbandry is not this simple activity. One of these is that
from intensive animal husbandry, permited in organic farming. diseases and pests are detected early
which keeps animals under ethically Page 6: Which cow breed is best? and remedial measures can be immedi-
ately taken to prevent them.
Plants tell you what they need The practice in Kenya, and indeed in
many African countries, is that farmers
Attentive farmers can detect mineral and an optimal yield, it is important do not pay much attention to crops
deficiencies, if they watch carefully to maintain a high fertility of the soil, once they have been planted and
the leaves of their plants which includes a balanced nutrient weeded. They focus their attention else-
supply. If a plant lacks a nutrient, it where or sit back and wait for the crop
The Organic Farmer shows clear signs on its leaves and to mature and be harvested. When they
stems. The most needed nutrients are finally identify an insect pest or dis-
Plants require three factors for ease, it is often too late to save the crop;
growth and reproduction: light, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
magnesium, but also boron and iron a large portion of the crop is therefore
water and nutrients (minerals). They lost, and with it, their investment in its
obtain the nutrients they need are of valuable benefit to the plant.
production. The use of pesticides and
through root uptake from the soil in Organic agriculture's approach to
chemicals is an added cost to the farmer.
which they grow. Since nutrients are fertilization is to feed the soil and let
essential for healthy plant growth the soil feed the plant. The soil is pro- Just in the same way we take care of
vided with minerals through decom- our children, livestock and our other
position of plant residues and animal valuable possessions, plants need spe-
in this issue remains, weathering of soil minerals, cial care for proper growth. If a farmer
through manures, composts, notices an insect pest or disease they
Language dilemma 2 biosolids (sewage sludge), other cannot identify, it is always wise to seek
Why it is important to use organic amendments. Other food expert advice from the agricultural
English in The Organic Farmer. processing byproducts and ground extension officer near their area or even
rock products including lime, rock a research institution. These experts
Biological pest control 3 publish a lot of good information.
phosphate and greensand can be
Results show that wasp can Nobody is too old to learn new things.
added.
control the diamondback moth. Farming is a profession, it is a business.
Our article about mineral deficien-
Fodder trees 8 cies on pages 4 and 5 gives advise on If we do not see it this way, African
How to control fodder tree how to fight the lack of minerals in farmers will never increase their yields
diseases. maize, beans and cabbage. and income. They will remain poor.
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 14 June 2006 Nr. 14 June 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
MY OPINION Suitable language for farmers Wasp has reduced diamondback moth
Traditionally, homestead waste Although farmers prefer However, we are happy to note that
Kiswahili to English, most
The successful reduction of the
used to be dumped in one place. an equally large number of our farm- moth demonstrates the benefits
Over a period of time, the accumu- readers understand English. ers have attained at least primary and of using biological pest control.
lated garbage turned into good post-primary levels of education and
compost. Families could then move The Organic Farmer therefore are at ease with the English The Organic Farmer
this heap, scatter it and dig it up. language. This group of readers is
Crops planted in this area did well. Language is an important tool of com- "The wasp that saves the cabbage"- this
already active in the agricultural sec-
However such a dumping site today munication, so when we started The was the title of the story we wrote last
tor. They can therefore play an impor-
cannot become good compost Organic Farmer, one of our main con- year on a wasp that kills the diamond-
tant role in disseminating information
because the garbage is mixed up cerns was which language to use to back moth (DBM). Now scientists at
to those who cannot read and write.
with nylon bags, plastic containers ensure the newspaper is understood the International Centre of Insect
They can also help those who may be
and related toxic material. Families by the majority of the Kenya's farming Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) have
in difficulty with some of the technical
can carefully sort out such wastes community. When we chose to use released results of their research on the
terms used in the newspaper.
and make good compost that can English, a number of readers wrote to use of the wasp for the eradication of
be used as organic fertilizer. Let us us requesting that we consider using We use simple language
For our part, we have tried to do as the pest. They are amazing, as we will A healthy cabbage crop one year after the release of the wasp (below). Photo ICIPE
improve the environment by making Kiswahili in order to improve informa-
use of kitchen waste to grow food. much as we can to ensure that the see in the following story.
tion access to more of the farmers. out of the eggs and start feeding on the
A dangerous pest
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige Many prefer Kiswahili language used in the newspaper is
larvae of the moth, killing it. This pro-
made as simple as possible. We Cabbage is one of the most important
When we sent out the questionnaires vegetables grown in Kenya. The aver- cess is called parasitism. The larva is
always strive to explain any difficult
at the beginning of the year, one of the age annual production is 256,000 the harmful stage of the pest, which
The Organic Farmer terms for the sake of those who may
questions we asked farmers was what tonnes. In the local farming system, eats holes in the leaves of cabbage and
be challenged by the language we
The Organic Farmer is an independent language they thought was appropri- cabbage is usually part of a mixed other kinds of brassicas (for instance
use.
newspaper for the Kenyan farming ate to use in future. As it turned out, cropping pattern, and is mostly grown sukumawiki, or kale).
Even as we take these measures, we
community. It promotes organic more than 80% of the farmers were in as a cash crop for the local market Good results
are also aware that there is a section tion of diamondback moths in Weruga
farming and supports discussions on favour of Kiswahili, 10% their vernac- The most devastating pest to affect The wasp is very common in Asia but
of farmers who cannot read and has been reduced by more than 50 per-
all aspects of sustainable develop- ular languages, while 10% preferred the cabbage crop is the diamondback ICIPE have now shown that it is also
understand English at all. For this
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- English. We know the issue of lan- cent within one year, despite the low
section of readers, the newspaper moth. Its control by chemical means well adapted to conditions in Africa. number of wasps released (100
lished monthly by ICIPE guage is such an important one
and distributed free to plans to strike a balance in the use of had become difficult and uneconomi- The two sites selected for the research females, 100 males). In Tharuni, the
because it determines the extent to cal. ICIPE had been seeking an effec- (Weruga in Taita Hills and Tharuni,
farmers. The reports of The the two languages in order to serve diamondback moths were reduced by
which our readers understand what tive, economical and environmentally Limuru in Central Province) are about
Organic Farmer do not nec- everyone better. 18 percent within one year. One of the
we write and are able to apply it in acceptable control method for the pest. 500 km apart and are known for veg-
essarily reflect the views of their day-to-day farming activities. Translating selected articles remarkable findings of the research is
ICIPE. To this end, the paper intends to They finally found a small wasp by the etable production all year round. They that half of the moths died on the
Kiswahili has changed name of Diadegma semiclausum, which are the main suppliers of kale and cab-
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by translate into Kiswahili some of the ground. They abandoned the cabbage
However, we also know the limita- is a natural predator of the diamond- bages to Mombase and Nairobi,
BioVision, a Swiss-based founda- articles that we have already carried and died after the attack by the wasp.
tions of the use of Kiswahili, especially back moth. respectively
tion for the promotion of sustain- in our previous issues and which we Environmental factors seem to play a
in defining the names of pests, dis- The way the wasp acts is so lethal to The scientists released the wasps in
able development. feel need to reach a wide cross-sec- big role in the speed of the establish-
eases, botanical (scientific) names and the moth; first it lays its eggs in the lar- July 2002 in Weruga and in September
tion of the farming community. The ment of the wasp. Weruga is a rela-
www.biovision.ch other terms we use in our newspaper. vae of the diamondback moth. After a of the same year in Tharuni. According
articles, in brochure format, will be tively cool place with good rains.
No doubt, many farmers would find it few days, the larvae of the wasp come to the research findings, the popula-
selected on the basis of their impor- Tharuni is much drier and was very
Publisher difficult to understand these terms
tance to farmers. These will include dusty and windy during the two dry
International Centre of Insect
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
unless they were translated into a lan-
guage they all understand.
important diseases or pests affecting Biological control agents seasons when the trials were carried
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi farmers and ways of controlling There are many pests threatening crop moth was made in New Zealand. In out. Insects do not like wind and dust,
Kiswahili as a language has changed
KENYA them. In this way the newspapers production that can spread very fast Taiwan and in the Philippines the which might explain why it is taking
a lot over time; this is likely to make it
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 will become an important medium of because they are not controlled by any wasps reduced the moths by 70 per- longer to have the same impact in
extremely difficult for farmers to
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org information to all farmers in the enemy. One of the most common cent and 64 percent, respectively. The Tharuni as in the wetter Weruga site.
understand the modern terms and
homepage: http://www.icipe.org country. methods used by farmers is the use of ICIPE scientists tried to find out if the Economical benefits
phrases used in the language. Indeed,
Editors one only needs to listen to local radio chemicals. This is exactly the point the wasp could also act as a biological con- A very remarkable factor of these
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner and TV broadcast stations or read scientists of the ICIPE are starting trol agent under African conditions. It ICIPE findings is the economical
Secretariat newspapers to appreciate what we are from. They intensively search for natu- can, as the results have shown in the impact. In an additional study, the sci-
Lucy W. Macharia talking about. ral enemies or biological control agents separate story above. entists calculated the potential impact
Advisory Board Research undertaken on this subject which are able to reduce the pests and One might fear that new problems of biological control of the diamond-
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE shows that most of the readers in which pose no danger to the environ- are bound to occur, for instance when back moth in cabbage production in
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE Kenya can comfortably read and ment. One of the best-known examples the introduced predator insects them- Kenya. On average, the crop losses
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE understand the English language. We of biological control programmes was selves become a problem. This may due to the moth are close to 31 percent.
Charles Kimani, Farmer, Wangige know that many of our farmers were the fight against the cassava mealybug not necessarily be the case. If the num- The yield loss was estimated at 6.8
Address not able to acquire any formal educa- in the 1980s. ber of diamondback moths goes up, tonnes per hectare or KSh 32,616. That
The Organic Farmer tion. Therefore they may not be in a There are natural native (local) ene- the number of wasps increases also. means that the losses for the cabbage
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi position to read and understand mate- mies of the diamondback moth in This is because they can find a lot of producers throughout the country
KENYA rial written in English. This is why Africa. Unfortunately they have failed larvae in which to lay their eggs. If are around KSh 570 million! If these
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 quite a number of them want the to control this pest. However, the wasp there are only few moths, the number losses can be avoided with the help
e-mail : info@organickenya.com newspaper written in their local lan- Diadegma semiclausum is well known in of wasps does not increase because of the wasp, then farmers will see for
Layout guages to enable them understand it Asia. The earliest introduction of this they cannot find enough larvae of dia- themselves and easily understand
In-A-Vision Systems(k) better. wasp as a control agent against the mondback moths for egg laying. the benefits of biological pest control.
4
Mineral deficiencies and organic solutions
When managed organically, most soils will provide all from symptoms alone. They are often confused with Plants use macronutrients for the following reasons
the nutrients plants require. Diversity in material used diseases, especially viruses. Weather also temporarily Nitrogen (N) fuels growth of leaves and shoots.
in compost, crop rotation and the use of green manures affects the plant uptake of minerals. Too much rain Phosphorus(P) is essential in growth of roots.
on a continual basis will raise the fertility of the soil. causes leaching of minerals away from the root zone as Potassium(K) is vital to flowering and fruiting and
The Organic Farmer
Organic material is made up of many elements, includ- well as causeing root damage as the roots cannot hardens growth, increasing resistance to pests, disease
ing minerals. By recycling these materials back into our breathe. Drought works in reverse, where plants are and frost.
soils, we automatically include the addition of minerals. unable to access soluble minerals due to lack of water. It Calcium(Ca) is needed for cell division, plant growth
Prevention is the key when it comes to mineral defi- is important therefore to take these factors into consid- and balancing nutrient uptake. Vital to the microbes in
ciencies. Mineral deficiencies are quite hard to confirm eration when diagnosing our plants. the soil.
Maize Symptoms Cause Prevention

The leaves turn yel- Shortage of available nitrogen in soil can occur on any Build up organic matter levels in soil. Grow
low starting from the soil but is more common on light soils, low in organic green manures to reduce leaching of nitro-
tips. Plant develop- matter and where rainfall is heavy. Cold weather can gen from soil. Grow nitrogen-fixing green
ment is reduced. cause a temporary shortage. Wood shavings and similar manures. Apply composted green waste and
woody material added to the soil may cause 'nitrogen animal manures. Mulch plants. Apply nitro-
robbery' where soil microorganisms are using up all the genrich organic liquid fertilizers
available nitrogen to help them break down the woody
material first.
Nitorgen
deficiency
Poor growth. Leaves Soil may be naturally deficient, particularly acid soils, Apply Minjingu rock phosphate.
turn bluish purple poor chalk soils and in areas of high rainfall. Cold
starting from the tips. weather can cause a temporary deficiency.
This deficiency can be
Nr. 14 June 2006
mistaken with
drought, root dam-
age, or nitrogen defi-
ciency.
Phosphorus
deficiency
Leaves turn yellow Most common on light sandy soils or those with low Improve soil structure. Use plant-based
from the edges. clay or high chalk content. potash e.g. comfrey leaves or comfrey liquid.
Growth is affected. Apply well rotted compost or manure, add
wood ash to compost heap (do not add
directly to soil as it is very soluble
Potassium
deficiency
Beans Symptoms Cause Prevention
Lower leaves turn yel- Shortage of available nitrogen in soil can occur on any Build up organic matter levels in soil. Grow
low starting from the soil but is more common on light soils low in organic green manures to reduce leaching of nitro-
tips. Plants are matter and where rainfall is heavy. Cold weather can gen from soil. Grow nitrogen-fixing green
stunted. Flowering or cause a temporary shortage. Wood shavings and similar manures. Apply composted green waste and
fruiting may be woody material added to the soil may cause 'nitrogen animal manures. Mulch plants. Apply nitro-
reduced or delayed. robbery' where soil microorganisms are using up all the genrich organic liquid fertilizers
available nitrogen to help them break down the woody
material first.
Nitorgen
deficiency
Poor growth. Young Soil may be naturally deficient particularly acid soils, Apply Minjingu rock phosphate.
leaves are small and poor chalk soils and in areas of high rainfall. Cold
dark green. Plants weather can cause a temporary deficiency
have short internodes
and reduced branch-
ing.
Phosphorus
deficiency
Leaves turn yellow Most common on light sandy soils or those with low Improve soil structure. Use plant-based
from the edges. clay or high chalk content. potash e.g. comfrey leaves or comfrey liqui
Growth is affected. d. Apply well rotted compost or manure,
add wood ash to compost heap (do not add
directly to soil as it is very soluble
Potassium
deficiency Vegetables Symptoms Cause Prevention
Poor growth. Leaves Shortage of available nitrogen in soil can occur on any Build up organic matter levels in soil. Grow
are pale green, in soil but is more common on light soils, low in organic green manures to reduce leaching of nitro-
brassicas leaves may matter and where rainfall is heavy. Cold weather can gen form soil. Grow nitrogen fixing green
have tints of yellow, cause a temporary shortage. Wood shavings and similar manures. Apply composted green waste and
red or purple. Lower woody material added to the soil may cause 'nitrogen animal manures. Mulch plants. Apply nitro-
leaves are effected robbery' where soil microorganisms are using up all the genrich organic liquid fertilizers
first. Flowering and available nitrogen to help them break down the woody
fruiting may be material first.
reduced or delayed.
Nitorgen
deficiency
Poor growth Soil may be naturally deficient particularly acid soils, Apply Minjingu rock phosphate.
Leaves turn bluish - poor chalk soils and in areas of high rainfall. Cold
green with purple weather can cause a temporary deficiency
tints, but not yellow.
Nr. 14 June 2006
This deficiency is not

easy to diagnose and
can be mistaken with
drought, root dam-
age, or nitrogen defi-
ciency
Phosphorus
deficiency
Symptoms first Acid soils. For immediate effect, foliar feed with Epsom
develop on older Magnesium is easily washed out of light soils by heavy salts (available at most chemists ) diluted at
leaves, then spread to rain. Over use of high-potash feritlizers can make mag- 200g per 10 litres of water after flowering.
younger leaves. nesium unavailable to plants Reduce use of potash fertilizer. If pH is too
Leaves turn yellow, high use dolomitic limestone to reduce aci-
although sometimes didty
red, purple, or brown,
between the veins and
around the margins,
whilst the veins
remain green.
Magnssium
deficiency
The Organic Farmer
5
6 The Organic Farmer Nr. 14 June 2006 Nr. 14 June 2006 The Organic Farmer 7
Choosing the right cattle breed
Ronald Nyabuya from Kitale is interested in livestock keep- Friesian, Guernsey or even Jersey. What are their advan- I have formed group We need market
ing. "We want to know how to rear modern breeds of tages and disadvantages compared to traditional cattle?" We are a group of 1800 members who
Dear Farmers,
This is to inform you that I have As part of our efforts to serve
072
Unfortunately, it would be unwise to However, exotic breeds are geneti- already formed a group of 25 members grow French beans in Kamukuywa the organic farming commu-
make a decision based on the financial cally predisposed to produce opti- who have a lot of interest in organic location Kimilili Division Bungoma nity effectively, we would
15
advantages alone, especially when mum yields of either beef or milk, farming. Please do supply us with the District. But the problem is that we like to create a database of
41
considering organic production. I buy- which are far greater than our local newspaper as a group through my lack market for the produce. Please organic farmers in the country.
ing a cow, one must look at the overall breeds and also fetch a better sale price address. I promise to be distributing it assist us get the market for our farm- We are interested in:
590
picture including organic require- when sold for breeding stock or milk to them immediately I get it. ers who are exploited by middlemen
who the buy the produce at around -Your names,
ments, environmental conditions, dis- production. Ideally, a local farmer Paul Muema Kimanzi, P.O Box 263,
Ksh 20 per kilo. I belong to Nama Self -Addresses, Location,
ease resistance, markets for products, would need a breed that will produce Kitui Tel. 0721 691 798
Holstein-Friesian -Help Group with around 20 mem- -Farm acreage,
operational costs and animal manage- like an exotic one but which will be as
Black and white, common in many bers. I attended the organic work- -Are you an organic farmer?
ment requirements. resilient and cheap to maintain as a
local breed. Middle of the road Kenyan dairy herds; major dairy Cattle breeds continued from page 6
shop at ICIPE 2004 and it really To make it easy for you, we have a
Rearing cattle the organic way
crosses of any exotic with native breed breed in the US and most Western helped me in organic farming. I special telephone number: given
Organic standards restrict the routine above. All the farmers can provide
will produce an animal with some countries; largest volume producers request you to assist us get buyers of
use of preventative medicines, the use these information through short mes-
immunity and tolerance of local cli- of milk of any breed. our produce. We need buyers who
of synthetic herbicides, minimum saging service (SMS). Come on Farm-
amount of purchased feed, minimum matic conditions. This would be a can supply us with seeds and buy our
preferable option for a local farmer. It crop at reasonable prize. We have ers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
proportion of forage in ruminant diets
and prohibit the use of certain high will, however, produce less milk than been exploited by a company from
protein feeds. This is to ensure the ani- the exotic breeds. From these crosses, Nairobi called who pay Ksh20/= a SMS ONLY
mals live at optimum health under one can then crossbreed them further. Zebu kilogramme. We also want buyers
The offspring of poor yielding cows who can offer good prices for our know of any donor who can assist us
natural conditions (see page 1). Small local cattle mainly raised for financially or through farming mate-
Healthy animals cost less to care for very rarely produce good yielders. beef. It has less milk than Zahiwal; goats and sheep. Your paper is okay
Another option is that crossbred bulls and contains useful information. We rials give us the contact or make us in
and provide by products that are also has a humped back. It is the touch with any of such organization.
healthy. can be raised for beef. Exotic bulls are Jersey hardiest of all native cattle breeds. do not want to miss a copy. Just pub-
too expensive to raise and grow very Golden brown in colour with a white lish every month. Wish and hope to meet you.
In Kenya we have many diseases
affecting our cattle. Foot and mouth, slowly, as they are not genetically ring around their nose; their milk has Ambrose Majani, P.O Box 70 Benson Maina, Ikinyukia Self Group
Anthrax, East coast fever, Tsetse Fly designed for beef production, if they the highest level of milk solids (pro- Kamukuywa P.O Box 125, S. Kinangop
(Nagana), brucellosis, as well as many are descendants of a diary cow. It teins and minerals) and vitamins, as enyongesa2000@yahoo.com
other tick-borne diseases. Different cli- would be wise to seek advice from the well as butterfat, of any breed of cat- I need back issues
matic conditions also affect the health Department of Livestock extension tle. It is easier to manage than We are selling seeds A friend of mine last month gave me
and productivity of our livestock. services in your area, armed with the Guernsey. I thank you for keeping us in touch a copy of your newspaper and it was
Some local breeds of cattle are more knowledge of requirements for with you and other fellow farmers wonderful. Let me thank you very
resistant to diseases than others. The organic production. Ask for informa- Zahiwal through the TOF newspaper. Also by much for your effort to teach an ordi-
advantage here is that mortality and tion on maintenance and feed require- Large local cattle mainly raised for publishing our article on growing nary man simple and health ways of
veterinary costs are low. Purchase and ments, dipping schedule, and the beef but also used for dairy. Milk pro- purple vetch. We are now selling the farming. Mine request to you is,
sale price of indigenous breeds is breed you choose to keep. It is very duction is average. It has a hump like beneficial seeds to farmers around please put me on your distribution
lower and so too is milk production important to know the cost implica- a Boran. our country. Some come from list and please send me already
compared with exotic breeds. tions before starting, and also to iden- Karatina, Elburgon and as far as issued newspapers and also as you
tify the potential markets for your cat- Kitale. We use the few issues to have distribute to others remember me.
Exotic breeds costs more
tle, milk or beef and even manure! a discussion agenda in our meetings Thanking you in advance.
Exotic breeds require a lot of care and
their maintenance costs are high in Rearing cattle and we have started mobilizing and Joseph K Njeru, P.O. BOX 927,
comparison as they are not adapted to Rearing healthy cattle requires good Guernsey making awareness on organic to EMBU,
local conditions. They succumb to grazing land, or access to healthy for- Closest to the Jersey in the butterfat other farmers outside our group. It is jkinyua@Mungania.ktdateas.com
local diseases quite easily. To reach age, and access to clean fresh water. content of milk; larger and heavier our suggestion if you organize field
their potential yields of beef and milk, You would also require a secure area boned than the Jersey. days on organic farming we may Consider me
their feed needs are greater than native for calves and a milking shed for the Boran reach more farmers also if possible I am an agricultural extension worker
breeds too. They also cost more to pur- dairy animals. Keep in mind that if A local breed, the same size as Zahi- arrange for inter group visits. We use and have lots of interest in organic
chase as well as the costs of their your cow is healthy, your maintenance wal. It is mainly raised for beef both conventional and organic farm- farming. Could you please be send-
semen through artificail insemination costs will be lower. A veterinarian although is also used for milk, and ing methods due to the available ing me a copy of your monthly publi-
services. close to your area is useful, especially will yield more than Zebu. market in our area. If you please cation of the organic farmer maga-
if you are a beginner. Some cattle ill- zines. I will be grateful to be receiv-
Su Kahumbu nesses strike very quickly resulting in Breed Origin Climate Use Size Costs ing a copy of the same.
answers your mortality if not noticed early. Vigi- Holstein
exotic cool dairy large high Grace W Mburu, P.O Box 6, Kiria- Ini,
questions lance will tell you if an animal is ill, Freisian
Muranga
signs of which may be a raised tem- Jersey exotic cool dairy small high
perature or reluctance to feed, drink or Ayrshire
Write to Dual purpose breed, both good milk Guernsey exotic cool dairy medium high Send copies
even stand. It is wise to have a ther- I intend to start practicing organic
The Organic Farmer mometer close at hand. Learn how to production capacity and quality in Ayrshire exotic cool dairy/beef medium high
P.O. Box 14352 terms of butterfat content and milk farming, please send me past and
use this as most animals may not show Zebu exotic hot arid dairy/beef small low future copies of The Organic Farmer.
00800 Nairobi Kenya signs of a raised temperature, which solids. It is easier to manage than Hol-
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 stein-Friesian and good for small Zahiwal exotic hot dairy/beef large medium
could indicate the need for medical Githinji Muthima, Yes farmers group
e-mail: info@organickenya.com scale farmers. Boran exotic hot dairy/beef large medium P.O Box 162, Subukia.
attention.
8 The Organic Farmer Nr. 14 June 2006
Tend your fodder trees Market place

Fodder trees need protection. If mites. Pests and diseases of mature
Seedlings: Benjamin Lugano has
attacked by pests and diseases, their trees include scales, black ants, ter-
several varieties of conventionally
growth is also affected. mites, crickets and hoppers.
certified fruit seedlings of Fuerte
Scales are white, powdery insects that
and Hass varieties of avocado,
Eric Lumosi Asiligwa attack plant stems, especially callian-
apple, tommy and harden varieties
dra. Scale attacks occur during the dry
of mango fruits. He also has in stock
"Prevention is better than cure". This is season. Control scales with washing
pawpaw and tree tomato seedlings.
a common saying of people all around detergents dissolved in water. Sprinkle
Farmers interested can contact him
the world. After the planting and the detergent solution onto the
on the address given below:
establishment of fodder trees (see TOF affected plants using leafy branches or
Lugano Horticultural Enterprises
Nr.8, May 2006) protection against a knapsack sprayer.
P.O. Box 323, 30200 Kitale.
pests and diseases is needed so as to Black ants damage the tree by debark-
Tel.0733- 99 05 74, 0733-39 19 07
realise higher yields. Among the best ing the stems. To control the ants, dig
tree management practices, coppicing out and destroy their nests. Smear wet Borer control: Mr. John Sprite from
(cutting back) of the fodder trees dung or used motor vehicle oil at the Kitale has advice for fellow farmers
works wonders in increasing yields. base of the tree or sprinkle some fresh who want to control stalk borer in
Coppicing ash to repel the ants. their maize crop. He advices farmers
Coppicing is done to force new growth Termites are destructive and cause to use tephrosia dust. The soft part
of multiple shoots and branches that serious damage by debarking the tree of tephrosia stem and leaves is used.
provide more forage. This is done and may lead to its death. Control The stem and leaves are crushed,
when the trees are growing vigor- them using the methods for control- dried and then grounded. The dust
ously. Cut down the trees to about 6 ling black ants. Some farmers use fresh
inches (15 cm) from the ground. Make urine from cows diluted with water to
a clean cut at an angle that allows repel the termites once they are
water to drain off the stump to prevent noticed to affect trees.
rot. Crickets and hoppers are harmful to
Coppice for the first time when trees young and succulent seedlings at the
reach a height of about 6 feet (2 nursery stage and immediately after
metres), usually 9 to 12 months after transplanting. To control them use the Stem borer on maize leaf
planting. The aim of coppicing at this pest repellents used in vegetable farm-
stage is to encourage abundant ing. is put in the maize funnel. Applica-
branching for fodder production. Cop- Armilleria mellea is a fungus that tion is repeated after every three
picing can also be done when trees attacks the roots of plants, causing weeks. He says farmers have the
grow old and forage production falls, root rot and eventual death. It's com- alternative of using liquid tephrosia
possibly after 7 years. mon in areas where forests have extract. About 1 kg of leaves and
recently been cleared. To control this stem are crushed. They are then put
Pests and Diseases problem, uproot the affected trees in plastic container to ferment. Later,
Pests can destroy fodder trees. Dis- and burn them. Avoid planting trees they are mixed with 5 litres of water
eases can also keep the trees from areas that have been affected by for a day. Sieve and apply in maize
thriving and lower their optimum pro- Armillaria mellea. funnel drops. He says the extract can
duction. They attack the fodder trees Caution: Avoid using chemicals to eliminate the borer completely espe-
and lead to reduction of foliage and control pests and diseases on forage cially when applied early.
even to plant death. Fortunately only a materials that are about to be fed to
few pests and diseases are known to livestock. Such chemicals may affect Cutworm control: Joannes Samikwo
cause serious damage to trees. Some the health of the animals and could of Endebess Kitale has an interesting
trees, e.g. gliricidia and leucaena, are eventually be transmitted to human way of controlling cutworms to pre-
resistant to attack by pests such as ter- beings through milk and meat. vent them from destroying his medic-
inal plants. He places a Kerosene
With this article we lantern in a tray of water near the
close our series on plants. The cutworm moths are
agroforestry. If you attracted to the light and drown in the
would like to read water. This method has kept his
more, consult the plants safe from this destructive pest.
book "More forage,
more milk", Techni- Controlling aphids and thrips:
cal Handbook Nr. 33, Caroline Kawira of Gacoka Organic
published in 2005 by Farmers group from Embu have been
World Agroforestry using a number of plant extracts to
Centre. The book is control aphids, thrips and caterpillars
available at the and nematodes. To kill aphids and
World Agroforestry caterpillars, she advices farmers to
Centre bookshop, use rhubarb. The leaves are soaked in
P.O.Box 30677, hot water at the ratio of 1:3 for 20-30
00100 Nairobi. minutes and then sprayed on crops.
TOF Nov 2005.qxd 9/27/2005 1:34 PM Page 1
The Organic Farmer

The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 7 November 2005
Disease threatens Napier Grass Dear farmers,

In the last While travelling around the country in
decade, the last few weeks, we have had many
cultivation of fruitful discussions with farmers in
Napier grass has various regions. Similarly, we have
boomed in East received letters, telephone calls and
Africa, as small- short messages, all commending and
scale farmers encouraging us to continue producing
have shifted to the newspaper.
zero grazing.
With the We have seen many farmers who are
expansion of this taking our advice seriously. However,
fodder crop, we still feel that farmers can do more.
however, has Take the problem of marketing, for
come a new example. After receiving many
disease called questions three months ago from
'Napier Stunt'. farmers on where they could sell their
The disease organic produce, we created a column
causes healthy called "THE MARKET PLACE",
thick Napier where farmers with any produce to offer
grass leaves to could advertise their products. One of
turn thin, yellow the buyers, Su Kahumbu, even put an
and weak; a advert in our newspaper asking farmers
special indication to contact her if they had anything to
of the disease are sell. Up to now not a single farmer has
the short done so. Recently, farmers have written
internodes as the to us again with queries on where they
picture shows. could sell their products! Of course, we
know that Kenyan farmers face
The disease has been present in year; the farmers have been forced enormous hurdles as they try to find a
eastern Africa for about 30 years to buy grass to compensate for market for their produce. However,
but it has become more noticeable declining production. While a they can make better use of the column
in the last few years. If nothing is healthy acre of Napier grass should in our newspaper to look for buyers.
done, this disease will seriously provide enough feed to sustain four Most Kenyan farmers are hard
affect the livestock industry in productive cows, plots affected by working people. But to be a successful
eastern Africa, including Ethiopia. the disease may support only one farmer in today's world, one has to be
In parts of eastern Uganda and or two animals, greatly reducing aware of the changing market
western Kenya, market prices for milk yields and income for Kenyan demands. The problem is that there is a
fodder grass have doubled in the last farmers. See page 5. generation of farmers who do not accept
change; to them, farming will remain a
Insemination too costly loss-making enterprise as it has always
been. On the other hand, it is
Small-scale farmers trying to encouraging to see an upcoming
In this issue improve their livestock breeds are generation of young farmers in many
faced with a big challenge. The parts of the country. They have adopted
The wild friend of farmers private providers of Artificial the latest farming methods, and raise
With Tithonia you can Insemination services charge several different crops. They grow what
maintain soil fertility Page 2 between Ksh 600 to Ksh 1000. Most the markets needs every season. If you
farmers cannot afford to pay this read the story on page 4 in this issue, you
The two terrible blights amount. Preservation equipment will understand what we are talking
Prevention is the way to control for semen handling has to be about. A lot of things will change if
early and late blight. Page 3 imported. Kenya used to make its farmers will be a little bit more
own nitrogen for preservation, but forward-looking. We as editors will
Beans of high value the plant broke down after donor continue to support your efforts in
Farmers are now discovering the support was withdrawn. Plant making organic farming the most
benefits of Soya beans. Page 8 rehabilitation is important to make sustainable method of agriculture in the
the service affordable. (TOF) country.

MY OPINION
By Michael Wafula
Organic farmer's wild friend
Many of us farmers do not take Tithonia, or wild sunflower, is easy
the health of our animals to grow and is rich in phosphorus
seriously. Everywhere you go and nitrogen.
you find people grazing their
animals by the roadside. Most of By Daniel Wanjama
these farmers have enough land,
on which they can plant fodder Tithonia diversifolia, a nice wild
crops such as Napier grass. But shrub with yellow flowers, is found
they choose to spare the land for almost all over Kenya. It is often
other uses. If the quality of the used as a hedge plant and grows wild
grass is poor, so the quality of in roadsides near rivers and on waste
milk produced will be poor. ground. Over the years some rural
Fellow farmers, let us feed our communities of Kenya have known
animals properly, they will pay Tithonia as a remedy for stomach
back by producing more milk for ailments; farmers used it on fences or
our consumption and even sale. on ridges to check surface runoffs.
Michael Wafula is a farmer in Kitale Alternative to chemical fertilizer
They were however unaware of its
potential to enhance soil fertility.
The Organic Farmer Research scientists explain that the materials through out the season.
Nr. 7, November 2005 Tithonia plant contains 80 per cent Tithonia has the ability to regrow
more phosphorus than legumes. It after cutting, which ensure
The Organic Farmer is an continuous supply of vegetations.
independent newspaper for the also contains enough nitrogen and
potassium to promote crop growth. It is a wild plant, which requires
Kenyan farming community. It little or no attention from the
promotes organic farming and So Tithonia is an alternative to
chemical fertilizers. 5 tonnes of the farmer.
supports discussions on all aspects of Tithonia decompose fast because
sustainable development. The green foliage in-corporated into 1
hectare of land is equivalent to it has succulent tissues.
Organic Farmer is published Tithonia plant is easy to handle
monthly and distributed free to applying the following rates of
inorganic fertilizer: 159kg Nitrogen, and cut.
farmers. Propagates vegetatively through
10kg Phosphorus, 161kg Potassium,
The reports of The Organic Farmer 18kg Calcium, 22kg Magnesium. stem cutting, which makes it
do not necessarily reflect the views The most popular application is in establishment easier.
of ICIPE. the making of compost where it is It is also used as fodder for goats.
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by used with dry plant material. It feeds When used for making hedges
BioVision, a Swiss based foundation microorganism with phosphorus tithonia flowers attracts beneficial
for the promotion of sustainable and nitrogen. But you can also use it insects e.g. wasps and bees which
development. directly by slashing young plants and are important in crop pollination.
www.biovision.ch incorporating the green foliage in the The plant also forms a thick
soil at any cultivation stage. hedge.
Publisher In western parts of Kenya it is used It allows other crops near the
International Centre of Insect against termites, and scientists hedge to grow without
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) discovered that powder and extract interference. The flowers also
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi of Tithonia is a repellant and has look nice in the garden.
KENYA been found to be an effective
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 biopesticide against cow pea seed Dear Farmers,
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org beetle.
Paul Ndung'u, a small scale farmer
homepage: http://www.icipe.org Plant tea from Molo, gave us the idea for this
Tithonia is also used in making plant article on Tithonia. He has a
Editors tea (plant extract) for top dressing. beautiful Tithonia hedge around his
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner Chop Tithonia vegetative parts and shamba. He uses Tithonia hedges to
Secretariat soak them in the water at a ratio of 1 separate the various crops such as
Lucy W. Macharia part in 4 parts of water. Let it stand maize, cabbages, tomatoes, peas and
Advisory Board in a tightly covered container for at beans in the shamba. They do not
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE least 7 days. Apply it within the 5 only help to break the wind, they
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE days diluting it with equal amount of also reduce the spread of pests from
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE water and spread at the root base of one crop to the other. Of course,
Address the desired plant. Ndung'u also uses the Tithonia
The Organic Farmer leaves to enrich the soil.
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi Why use Tithonia?
KENYA It is used in compost making If you know of any other plant that
Tel. 020 445 03 98 because it is rich in phosphorus has the same useful purpose as the
e-mail : info@organickenya.com and nitrogen. Tithonia, write to us and let us share
Layout: Tithonia plant grows very fast your experience with other farmers
James Wathuge enough to supply quantity in the country. (TOF)
The Organic Farmer Nr. 7 November 2005 3

How to identify early and late blight
In organic production systems, and running water on top soils or
prevention is the best way on the lower surface of the plant.
to control the two diseases Some varieties of tomatoes do not
require propping with sticks and
By The Organic Farmer these are the ones most prone to
infection. Growers using these
Early and late blight diseases give varieties should find ways of raising
farmers a lot of headache, as we the plants from the ground to
discovered in our many discussions prevent the disease.
with farmers when we visited them They should observe the following
in the last few weeks. Many other Early blight guidelines:
farmers have also called us with Caused by a fungus called Alternaria
questions on how they can protect solani - When watering the plants, do not
their crops from these diseases. Symptoms on leaves include: water the leaves. Water the base of
Although we provided some - Small brownish black spots, mainly the plant or direct the watering
information on this subject in the on older leaves. hose diagonally to the ground to
July issue, we have decided to revisit - Yellowing of tissues surrounding the reach the roots. If the leaves are
the topic to make it easier for lesions. infected, wetting them facilitates
farmers to diagnose these diseases - Concentric rings in dark brownish the spread of the disease to the soil
and take preventive measures. portions of the lesions. (which could also infect potato
Careful observation of the plant is - Dropping of leaves. tubers).
the best way farmers can tell which Symptoms on stems include: - Remove and burn infected areas
of the two fungal diseases is - Small, dark, and slightly sunken and plants as soon as infection is
affecting their crops so that they can wounds (lesions). detected.
deal with them. Below are some - Pronounced concentric rings in - Avoid growing potatoes or
control methods farmers can use. enlarged (mature) lesions with light tomatoes in the same field year
coloured centres. after year. New tomato fields
Early blight should be far away from old fields
In our July issue Su Kahumbu gave control methods has only worked to stop transfering the disease to
an account of her own struggles in laboratories but has failed in field new crops.
with the early blight. She has trials. That is why nearly all - Always grow tomatoes or potatoes
managed to control the disease by European countries allow the in fields where other crops, which
spraying the tomatoes with milk application of copper in biological cannot be affected by early or late
(diluted with water at the ratio of agriculture. But copper is harmful blight, were planted in the
1:10). To strengthen the plants, she to human beings, animals and even previous season. This crop
has used seaweed foliar feed soils. The European Union has rotation helps to reduce the disease
together with EM2 (Effective reduced the use of copper to 3-4 from plant residues.
Microorganisms). The German kg/ha, but plans to replace it - Use clean and disinfected seeds.
Information Service OISAT altogether in future. The Kenya
(www.oisat.org) recommends use of Bureau of Standards knows about
Marigold extract for the same the problem of late blight and
purpose (see box on page 6). What allows copper use in organic
can a small-scale organic farmer do production (Draft Kenya Standard,
to avoid losing their crop? If the Annex B, Kebs April 2005). In
milk solution does not help, one Kenya, farmers are advised to use
can apply copper, as you can see copper oxychloride 50WP at the
below. rate of 2-3 kg/ha in 1000 litres of
water sprayed on tomatoes and 3-6
Late blight kg /ha in 1000 litres of water. Please Late blight
Even worse than early blight are the read the labels carefully. It is Caused by a fungus called Phytophthora
consequences of late blight. This is available in agro-veterinary shops. infestans
the most devastating of the two Symptoms on leaves and stems include:
diseases affecting both organic and Take preventive measures - Irregular spots with a water-soaked
conventional potato and tomato As we have explained earlier, appearance.
production. It is spread by wind and control of late blight, once it has - Enlargement of the spots into pale
rain. affected the crop, is very difficult. green to brown lesions that may cover
Many well known agricultural But farmers can take a number of large areas.
research institutions in Europe have measures to prevent it or to ensure - Whitish to grey moldy growth on the
done a lot of research on early and it does not spread to the other underside of leaves under moist
late blight. However, they have not healthy plants. First of all, farmers conditions.
found any effective treatment so far need to know that supporting - Browning, shrivelling and death of
- except the use of copper. Up to tomato plants with sticks is very affected leaves.
now there are no successful organic important. The sticks prevent the Symptoms on fruits include:
control methods available when a leaves from coming into contact - Irregular, dark, water-soaked lesions
crop is already infected with early with the disease-causing fungus, with a greasy appearance.
and late blight. The use of organic which is mainly deposited by wind
Diversification changes farmer's fortune

He took technical advice seriously
and today he is one of the most
successful farmers in Kisii district
By Peter Kamau, Kisii

For 36-year-old Ronald Nyagaka,
farming in the hilly highlands of
Kiogoro division of Kisii district had
been a continuous nightmare of loss-
making ventures. Despite striving
hard, crop yields in his three-acre
farm dwindled while prices kept
falling.
He grew maize for successive years Nyagaka tends the tomato crop at his farm in Chinche (Photo TOF)
on a large portion of the farm, but
the prices were discouraging. When Nyagaka is the envy of many a farmer needs, he produces fruits and
he ventured into tomato farming, in the neighbourhood and afar. vegetables when they are off-season
disaster struck. This was three years (mainly through irrigation) and sell
Many different crops them at premium prices. These he
ago when his entire tomato crop was His farm, perched on a steep hillside, sells in Kisii and surrounding towns
wiped out by a "strange disease". now holds a healthy crop of bulb when the demand is high.
He heeded advice onions, sukumawiki (kale), tissue "From the sale of various farm
But unlike fellow villagers who culture bananas, improved orange- products I make an average of Ksh
would have explained it away as the fresh sweet potatoes, passion fruits, 200,000 every year. Farming can be
work of an evil spell, Ronald sought traditional vegetables, avocadoes, so profitable but it needs
advice from the local Ministry of sugarcane and many other crops at commitment and hard work," he
Agriculture office in Kisii town, 6 various stages of growth. says. He has built a permanent house,
km away. It is then that he developed On the lower slopes is a portion a modern zero grazing shed for cattle,
a working relationship with the with 1000 well-tended tea bushes. An pays school fees and is supporting his
agricultural extension personnel. abandoned brick quarry at the river extended family.
Nyagaka is now a beneficiary of the frontage, which has been a mosquito Two years ago he joined a few
second phase of the National breeding ground, is now converted neighbours in setting up the Chinche
Agriculture and Livestock Extension into a fish farm stocked with 1,665 Self Help Group. The group with 32
Programme (NALEP II), a project tilapia fingerlings. On the lower part members to date started off as a
funded by the Swedish International of the tea plot are seven beehives, merry-go round where each would
Development Agency which is which provide honey for sale. contribute Ksh 50 monthly, money
trying to revive agricultural Upgraded indigenous chicken that would assist them pay school
extension services to Kenyan To avoid the heavy capital fees, settle medical bills or buy
farmers. investment in modern poultry household items. It is now registered
"We visited his farm and diagnosed keeping, Nyagaka has learned new with the Department of Social
the problem to be bacterial wilt. We skills of improving the quality of Services. That is why it is recognised
advised him to practise crop rotation indigenous chickens. He has as a focus group by the Ministry of
and diversification to check diseases identified good layers and brooders Agriculture under the NALEP II
and boost his earnings", says Atieno in his indigenous stock that he is programme.
Achieng, the divisional agricultural upgrading through crossbreeding and A model for other farmers
extension officer. quality feeding with organic green Members of the group are learning
The hardworking father of four material, cereals and chicken mash. new farming methods from
heeded the advice from the official The brooders are housed in earthen Nyagaka. Farmers from many parts
and went to work immediately. The notches made in the family kitchen of the district also visit the farm to
results were tremendous and now walls to keep them warm and safe learn from him.
from thieves and predators such as After reading the story on dairy
dogs and wild cats. goat keeping in the September issue
Shrewd and hardworking of The Organic Farmer, the group
Nyagaka is today one of the most plans to start a similar project.
successful farmers in the densely Through the NALEP II
populated Chinche village. His programme, the farmer's group
success is primarily because of two receives training on a regular basis
reasons: First, he plants many on new agricultural methods,
different types of crops, such that exchange visits and field days. The
when the price is not good for one project plans to transform the group
product, he can sell the other. into an interactive learning site
Secondly his farming is market- where farmers from other parts of
driven. Through meticulous timing the district will be trained in
Feeding the fish (Photo TOF) and knowledge of what the market sustainable agriculture.

Farmers can control spread of Napier disease
Scientists from East Africa and UK
are trying to find ways to control
the disease Napier-Stunt.
By Felix Mbitu Murimi
The disease called Napier Stunt
was first observed in Kenya in 2002,
although it is thought to have been
present for much longer. According
to ICIPE-Scientist Dr. Zeyaur Khan
is has spread now to Ethiopia and
Tanzania. Until a year ago, the cause
of the disease, which turns healthy
thick leaves into thin, yellow and
weak leaves, was unknown.
Agricultural staff thought that the
cause might be either a fungus, Napier-Stunt: Yellow leaves and lack of roots (Photos courtesy Dr. Zeyaur Khan, ICIPE)
nematode damage or a nutrient
deficiency. However they were not is vegetatively propagated, so Now that the cause of the disease
sure and therefore were unable to farmers take either a slice of cane, or has been recognised, promoting
offer advice to farmers. The split a clump, in order to plant on. control measures among farmers
breakthrough came in 2004. Kenyan farmers obtain their has become a priority. Digging up
Professor Phil Jones of the Global planting material from neigbours. If infected plants and replacing them
Plant Clinic, based at Rothamsted unaware of the dangers, they can with healthy canes is the basic
Research in the UK, identified the inadvertently introduce a diseased strategy. The soil around infected
cause to be a phytoplasma. plant into their fields. Over shorter plants cannot harbour the disease,
Phytoplamsa are similar to bacteria distances, such as between plants so replanting in the same place is
and live in the phloem of infected within a field, the disease could be possible. The leaves of diseased
plants. (Phloems are the tubers primarily spread by plantsucking plants can be safely fed to livestock
inside the plant stem.) insects such as plant hoppers. These - the phytoplasma (or the bacteria)
The disease Napier-Stunt could insects feed on the sugar-rich sap in does not persist in their manure.
be spread in two ways. Over longer Napier phloem, and can transfer the However the roots should be
distances the primary means of bacteria (phytoplasma) in their burned or buried, so they will not
spread is farmers themselves. Napier saliva to other plants. affect other plants.
Uprooting and replanting
Farmers are encouraged to identify
Napier is an important fodder crop clean planting material, either by
selecting canes from parts of their
Napier or Elephant grass problem for grazing cattle. The land that are some distance from
(Pennisetum purpureum), is a native coarse stems produce new shoots any infected plants, or by buying
clumping grass of tropical Africa and leaves. The grass is best grazed planting material from other areas
that grows 3 to 5 metres tall and is when the new growth consists of where the disease incidence is low.
mainly propagated from cuttings of five new leaves. A stem plus leaves District agricultural offices have
3 to 4 nodes in length. It is widely takes a year to grow. Grazing at six- also been urged to create
used as a fodder crop and is also to nine-week intervals at a height of 'designated clean zones' where
planted for environmental about 90 cm gives good utilization. unaffected planting clean material
protection, to stabilise soils and act The highest yields can be expected can be obtained for distribution.
as a windbreak. In Kenya, it has from cutting at 12-week intervals
been used in a novel 'push-pull' pest and applying nitrogen after every Search for strategies
management system for cereal cut. Nitrogen fertilizer can be In the long term, ICIPE Scientist
stemborers. applied after each grazing or cutting Dr. Zeyaur Khan believes regional
Napier grass is a forage plant of in high-rainfall areas. Any coarse, collaboration will be vital to
considerable importance in several leafless stems should be mowed. controlling the disease. Several
parts of the world. It is one of the Napier grass is a rapid colonizer of institutions (ILRI, ICIPE,
most valuable forage, soilage and disturbed areas and prospers in a Rothamsted Research, KARI and
silage crops in the wet tropics. This broad range of conditions. It others) are working together to
very vigorous grass provides a great tolerates periods of flooding and develop a regional research
bulk of feed and is commonly used drought and fire, although it grows programme. Research priorities
in a cut-and-carry system, for best in high-rainfall areas (in excess will include identification of the
feeding animals in stalls. For of 1 500 mm or 150 cm per year). Its possible insect vector and screening
grazing, it should be heavily stocked deep root system allows it to for Napier varieties that show
to maintain it in a lush vegetative survive in dry times. It grows best resistance to both the disease and
form. The mature leaves are razor in deep, fertile soils through which its vector. Scientists also need to
sharp and sometimes provide a its roots can pass easily. (fmm) develop a strategy for distribution
of clean planting material.

You have to feed the soil
"Onions tend to do well when smelling compost or dried manure. MARIGOLD EXTRACT
planted, then after one or two Put 5-10 kg compost or dried
months , they turn yellow. The manure in a gunny bag and immerse In page 3 we informed you on early
same happens to capsicums. What is in a drum of water. If EM (Effective and late blight. For lack of space we
wrong?" asks Evelyn Heyi from Microorganisms) is available add shifted one important advice to this
Bomet. Similar questions were about a cup to a drum of water, this page: Online Information Service for
coming from some other farmers. will help extract the good nutrients Non-Chemical Pest Management in
while fermenting the mixture in a the Tropics, OISAT, recommends
This sounds like a nutrient the use of Marigold extract against
deficiency. Healthy plants are a deep healthy way.
Leave the bag in the water for early blight in tomatoes (see also
green colour. Any signs of www.oisat.org). Below is the recipe:
yellowing or purple colours indicate some days - up to a week, then spray
that the plants are hungry. Most of the solution - a cup in 20 l clean Materials: Whole flowering plant
our tropical soils are not water on to the crop. (If you need Soap, Water, Strainer, Drum
automatically very fertile. We have more Information on EM contact
Peter Chandi 0733 546491) Preparation: Fill-in drum with -
to both dig or plough the soils to 3/4 full of flowering plants. Leave to
give the plants air and loosen the soil In the long run though there is no
shortcut to feeding the plants well stand for 5-10 days. Stir occasionally.
for good root growth. And we have Strain before use
to feed the soil with good compost, from even before planting.
manure or green manure (this means Compost making and/or green Use: Dilute the filtrate with water
digging in live green plants) to manuring and rotation of the crops at a ratio of 1:2. Add 1 tsp soap in
activate all the good soil micro is the backbone of organic farming. every litre of the extract
organisms, so they can help make We have to feed the soil so it can
the soil productive. feed us. The peppers above turning
The quickest way to restore a yellow in the third year have by
healthy colour and good production then used up all the nutrients that
to a discoloured crop is foliar feed. the soil had to begin with, and
There is one on the market, which is unless more nutrients are fed to the
approved for organic farming, called soil, yields will continue to go
"Freegrow" and is made from down. Compost, manure and green
seaweed. However foliar feed can be manure also helps the soil to absorb
made at home from any good water better during rains, and to
hold more air for root growth.
Nutrient deficiency symptoms
Some of the most common nutrient How to control thrips?
deficiency symptoms: Cowpeas do well in Bomet, however,
a) Nitrogen deficiency: Yellowing farmers here abandoned growing
of older leaves first, then if serious them due to the problem of thrips.
all leaves turn yellow and the plant Evelyn Heyi from Bomet asks: "How
does not grow well. can we control this pests?"
Nitrogen is found in urine, manure
- especially chicken manure (careful Thrips are very difficult to control.
- it might burn the plants if you put The best solution so far is a good
Damage by bean aphids too much), compost and foliar feed. rotation with non-legume crops,
removal of all unused vines and leaves
Isaak Maina Munyari from Subukia b) Phosphorous deficiency: Purple and composting or burning them,
had his beans infested with dull-black colours are seen and the plants grow then planting a different crop in that
small insects, and afterwards the slowly. Phosphorous is found in area. However it is rumoured that
beans were covered with a liquid like Majingu rock phosphate as well as ICIPE is doing research on thrips
honey and did not do well. animal manures. control, so the question is hereby
These insects are bean aphids. It is c) Potassium deficiency: Yellow forwarded to them.
always useful to look carefully and spotted leaves with wilted leaf We will carry a story on thrips in the
control aphids at first signs of margins and tips. Sometimes leaves next issue. The Editors
infestation as otherwise they will curl or crinkle. Often seen on
spread to the whole crop. If caught brassicas, who really like their Su Kahumbu
early the insects can be sprayed with potassium. Potassium is found in
either natural pyrethrum or neem in wood ashes. answers your
the spots where they are seen. But d) Copper deficiency: First questions
remember, if all plants are sprayed, symptoms are wilting of leaf tips, assisted by
we also kill the good insects that yellow patches in the field when Anne Nganga
actually eat aphids, and so in the seen from far, and stunted growth.
long run make a bigger problem for Copper is found in small quantities
ourselves. Ladybird beetles (small in animal manures, but the organic Write to:
red round beetles with black dots) system allows the use of added The Organic Farmer
eat aphids, and keeping a good copper when needed either as a seed P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi
population of ladybird beetles is a treatment (copper oxychloride) or KENYA
good insurance against heavy aphid as a spray on young crops (see also Tel. 020 445 03 98
infestation. page 3). e-mail : info@organickenya.com

New insight on goats attached for accountability Good for farmers
purposes. We will send you all the
First and foremost I would like to filled copies once collected from Receive many thanks for The
congratulate you for your effort to the filled by the 15th of October, as Organic Farmer copies, on behalf
make us more knowledgeable in part of our distribution report. It is of KOAN. I request you to
farming. Keep it up. I came across our hope that the report will help increase the number of copies of
your No. 6 Sept/Oct. 2005 issue you in your future supervision and the magazine being sent to me,
through a neighbour, after reading monitoring of the project as well as since the demand for the same has
a topic on dairy goats I was really accountability to your donors. The increased very much. I am
impressed because we only rear current issue was very interesting currently in contact with an
goats for slaughter during to our farmers and us, especially international development
Christmas and related ceremonies. the articles one the dairy goat organization, which interacts with
But after realizing that it can keeping and poultry production over 4,500 small-scale farmers in
produce up to 3 litres of milk a day, for they are good sources of Nyanza, that predominantly
my perspective towards them has income in Ukambani and are produce, organic. These farmers
changed. Already I have sent a important in drought copying have found the newspaper
letter to the Kenya Dairy Goats mechanism. invaluable in refining their
Breeders Association for more agricultural practices, and I can
information on how I could obtain Elijah M. Mutungi, Director assure you, we are no doubt a team,
at least one. MAEEO, Kitui working for a better future. Once
With these remarks I say thank you again thank you.
for enlightening the farming Dear Mr. Mutungi, we are impressed
community. My group though with your commitment. We would Dominick O. Ogut, CARE-
young will benefit. like other farmers to prepare a list KENYA, P.O Box 526, Homa Bay,
showing who is receiving the Tel: 059 22433, 0721 368 338.
Francis K. Kemboi, P.O Box 301, newspaper for record keeping
Moi's Bridge, 0723 373 420. purposes. In this way it will be easy to Looking for markets
streamline the distribution in order
Dear Mr. Kemboi, a lot of farmers to serve you better. I work with a company called
have written to us giving positive Organic solutions LTD, which
comments on the dairy goat story, Organic fish farming deals with organic farming and
others have requested for more products. We are currently
information on value addition of I am starting tilapia breeding and introducing the E.M technology in
goat milk products. In one of the next growing enterprise and I would farming. I am very impressed with
issues we will bring some more very much like to get it right from the work you are doing in
information on dairy goat farming. the outset. Please can you advice promoting organic farming. I am
In the meantime we wish you good me on whether there are working with 40 farmer groups
luck. established and commercially that are strictly in organic farming
accepted guidelines for organic in Mt Kenya region. Their biggest
freshwater aquaculture. I would problem is market for the
THE MARKET PLACE appreciate any contacts you may products. I would like to start with
Any organic farmer with products know of in tilapia farming. I would groups in Othaya and Kangema. I
for sale can contact the following also be very pleased to receive your have given out all the magazines
buyers: publication. Congratulations on you sent me and I need more of
providing a much-needed light. them if you have. I would also like
Su Kahumbu,Green Dreams Ltd, to know if you advice farmers on
P.O. Box 1403. Limuru, Anthony Dodds, Balakwasi what to grow for you to buy. Is it
Tel-0722-70 44 88. Enterprises, P.O Box 15, possible for you to visit some of
Rumuruti, Tel. 065-20321. my groups?
Mr. Mathenge, Super Veg, Ltd,
P.O. Box 41876-00100, Nairobi Dear Mr. Dodds, fish farming is Georges Mugambi,
Tel-823 234 Fax 823 236 relatively new in Kenya although georgesmugambi@yahoo.com
Cell- 0722 315 063. quite a number of farmers practise it.
Information on organic fish farming Dear Mr. Mugambi, we understand
Distribution is even scantier. Perhaps you could get the problem farmers are facing in
in touch with Fisheries Department marketing their produce. But as we
I am writing to acknowledge in Nairobi for additional try to assist, our capacity is limited,
receipt of the 300 copies of The information and advice in this field. for example all we can do is to give
Organic Farmer magazine that you Contact Mbugua Mwangi (an them space in the market place
had sent us. We have so far Aquaculturist) P.O Box 58187-00200 column on this page where they can
distributed 270 of the magazines Nairobi Tel 254-020-3742320/49 advertise their products.
and we intend to issue the balance Mobile 0722-357980. Another good But it is up to the farmers to make
this week. We also designed a source of information is the Internet. a follow up and establish contact with
distribution form for the farmers to There are many sites that contain the buyers (Read our Editorial on
sign when getting the copies hereby information on organic aquaculture. page 1).
The beans that can reduce malnutrition

Soya beans are of great value. They regions and soils in the country. The
have the highest concentration of Gazelle variety is mainly grown in
proteins, vitamins and minerals of parts of Central Province and
any crop. Laikipia region. The SCSI and Nyala
varieties have been found to do well
By The Organic Farmer in Kitale area. The German
Technical Cooperation Agency
Despite its high nutritional value, (GTZ) has developed the
many farmers in Kenya and many promiscuous soya bean variety that
other countries in Africa do not can grow anywhere in the country.
grow soya beans. This is mainly Farmers are advised to confirm
because most people do not know its varieties suitable to their areas before
value. Another reason is that unlike purchasing seeds.
other food crops such as maize and Alternatively farmers can obtain
beans, it needs processing into flour high quality seed including
before it is consumed. In recent rhizobium from Kenya Seed
years, however soya bean is Company agents near them (Seeds
becoming increasingly popular with will be available before the planting
farmers who have discovered its season in 2006, since they have run
importance as a source of cheap out of stock at the moment). Most
protein. It has the highest protein other seed companies also stock
content of any food crop. seeds. Soya beans PhotoTOF
Soya beans have all the nutrients maize wheat or barley to avoid the
required by the body including It is easy to grow Soya
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, Soya beans can grow well in deep, use of fertilizer.
vitamins and minerals. Just to show fertile and well-drained soils. They Spacing: The holes should be 5-10
its value, 1 kg of Soya bean has the prefer slightly acidic soils - basically cm apart within a row.
same nutritional value as 2 kg of they can do well in all maize- Intercropping with maize: plant two
meat or 40 eggs. It is free of growing areas of the country. They rows of soya between the maize
cholesterol and is therefore a healthy grow best in a humid climate with rows. When intercropped with
food crop. Its oil is easily digested in plenty of rain during the growing maize there is no need of applying
the body. People now grow it for period (35-60 cm of rain is adequate). extra fertilizer as the beans can use
Plants can tolerate drought the fertilizer applied to maize.
conditions after the seedling stage. Weeding: The crop should be
However they can perform better weeded two times during the
when the rainfall is well distributed growing period .
during the growing period. Harvesting: Different soya bean
Land preparation: Prepare a well- varieties mature at different times.
drained area of land and ensure green The early maturing types take about
matter residues are well decomposed 75 days while the late ones take
before planting. about 100 days. Harvesting should
Planting: Before planting, test the be done when the leaves turn yellow.
viability of the seeds to ensure it will Yields of up to 11-90 kg bags per acre
germinate. The test is important can be attained depending on the
because soya bean seed looses its variety and region of the country
viability 6 months after harvesting. grown.
This can be done by planting 100 Storage: The beans should be stored
seeds, if 75 of the seeds germinate, in a cool dry place to ensure the
then the viability is acceptable. You seeds are not spoilt (preferably at
blending with traditional food crops will need 25-30 kg good quality seed 10% moisture content). As human
such as maize or sorghum to make per acre. Plant at a depth of 5cm in food, it can be stored for up to 3
highly nutritious porridge or ugali. rows 45-50 centimetres apart. Plant years without chemical dressing or
Many Kenyan families use roasted two seeds per hole. change in nutritional quality.
ground soya beans to make a healthy Fertilizer application: Farmers are The Organic Farmer
caffeine-free drink that they prefer to advised to use farmyard manure if
tea or coffee. available at the rate of one handful in December
Besides improving the diet, soya per hole. They can also use 50 kg of
bean can also contribute to soil DAP fertilizer per acre. Use one
fertility by fixing nitrogen through packet of rhizobium inoculants for
rhizobium bacteria in the roots. every 100 kg of soya seed. (A 100-g
Maize and sorghum yields can be packet costs Ksh 80). If the soil is
increased by up to 25 percent if poor, potassium can be added at the
intercropped with soya beans. rate of 20-32 kg per acre. Mix
Varieties for all regions fertilizer with the soil to avoid direct
There are many varieties of soya contact with the seed. Soya beans How to reduce
beans that have been developed in can also be planted in rotation with a post-harvest losses?
Kenya to suit the various climatic well-fertilized cereal crop such as
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 13 May, 2006
Weeds reduce your harvest Dear farmers,

Kenyan farmers believe agriculture is
Weeds cause great loss to farmers the most important economic activity
if they are not controlled early and in the country. Most farmers would
disposed in the right way.
like to transform this sector into a sus-
The Organic Farmer tainable mode of production that helps
to improve the living conditions of their
Like a thief who steals in the night, rural communities. Many have formed
weeds take away a large portion of a farmers groups and even established
farmer's crop yield if they are not Savings and Credit Cooperatives
controlled on time and in the right (SACCOs) to attain these goals. But
way. Every year, smallscale farmers they are frustrated in their quest for
in Kenya and in most African coun- better returns due to lack of reliable
tries lose between 15 and 90 percent markets for their agricultural produce.
of their crop due to weeds. Research These are some of the insights we have
shows that farmers can harvest up to gathered after going through the
2.6 tonnes of maize per acre if they answers to the questionnaires we sent
practised timely and proper weed out to you. Hundreds of farmers com-
control methods. However, the aver- pleted the questionnaires and sent them
age maize yield in most parts of the back to us. We are very grateful and
country is 0.8 tonnes per acre which thank you all for making this exercise a
is a result of poor weed management, space. They also shelter pests and success.
among other factors. diseases that attack the crops. The analysis of the questionnaires (see
One of the causes of this loss is lack Hottensiah Mwangi, a weed scien- page 2) was an interesting and instruc-
of knowledge on the dangers posed tist at the Kenya Agricultural tive experience for this newspaper. Not
by weeds in our farms today. Unlike Research Institute (KARI), says many only do the farmers appreciate the
diseases or pests, weeds do not show farmers do not regard weeds as a information we give in The Organic
any symptoms, but they compete for major problem. After planting their Farmer, they also put into practice the
essential nutrients that the crops crops, they ignore the weeds and many useful tips we give in every issue.
need for proper growth. They take only start weeding after the weeds The feedback from the farmers points
light and water from the crops and have completely covered the crop, out areas that need improvement. One
push them out of their growing which by then have taken away the of the recommendations is that the
nutrients, light and water that would Government needs to do more in sup-
in this issue have been utilized by the crop. The port of agriculture, mainly through
crop becomes weak, in the process rehabilitation of roads and provision of
Farmers pride 2 reducing the overall yield. According credit to smallscale farmers. Although
Even without resources, Kenyan to Hottensiah Mwangi, smallscale all farmers are happy with the informa-
farmers like the occupation. farmers weed late because they have tion we give on crop production, many
to work elsewhere to raise money for feel that we need more coverage on the
Indigenous vegetables 6 other pressing needs such as food for
Amaranthus is rich problems facing the livestock sector. We
the family. have responded to this request immedi-
in nutrients. Poor weeding methods also play an ately, as you can see on page 5.
Agroforestry 8 important role in promoting the
Fodder tree crops have many regeneration of weeds. "When weed- Close to 94 percent of the farmers who
advantages for a farmer. ing, many farmers tend to cut down answered the questionnaires would like
weeds, such as couch grass, into us to organize workshops where they
small pieces which are then thrown can gain more experience in organic
Deworming farming. Due to our limited resources,
away around the farm. Many of these
weeds do not die but instead sprout we may not be able to organize such
and spread", Hottensiah Mwangi training courses at the present time.
adds. Careless disposal of weeds The newspaper is already giving you a
after weeding is another factor lot of practical information on farming.
responsible for weed transfer from What we request of you farmers is to
one part of the farm to the other. ensure that you work together, share
Many farmers throw weeds by the your experiences among yourselves
roadside after weeding. These weeds and with those who have not under-
Regular deworming of livestock is stood the benefits of organic farming. In
important to improve their health are then washed away by run-off
water to other farms where they this way we will build a strong organic
and production. See page 4 farming community in the country.
grow and spread. See page 3
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 13 May 2006
MY OPINION Farmers like their occupation

By Michael Korkoren The readers of our newspaper have dren to look for a job outside of the
The long rains are here with us to struggle hard, since every shamba agricultural sector. These farmers
again. It is so good to stand outside has to feed an average of 9 people. have quite a strong point: salaried
and watch the green surroundings employment in industries or in
of my home. The shamba is flush The Organic Farmer offices provides a regular income - if
with the young maize and beans one can find employment!
planted a few weeks ago. The ani- When a newspaper like The Organic
Lack of credit
mals also seem to rejoice in the new Farmer carries out a survey of its
readers, it is not because the editors Our farmers are well organized. Four
pastures that have just sprouted. out of five farmers are members of a
Now is the time to fulfill all the are curious or are trying to spy
through the keyhole. Rather, we farmers group. Unfortunately, mem-
promises the government made to bership to SACCOs (savings and
counter the effects of drought. for want to know a few things: Who are
we writing for? What are their needs? credit organizations) shows a differ-
instance to build dams and give
farmers seeds. But now that the sit- What are their problems? Can they be ent picture. Even though the farmers
uation has improved, these things solved with the information we give? underline the importance of SAC-
have been forgotten. But remember, How can a newspaper like The COs, only one-third are members.
the next disaster is waiting. Organic Farmer help to improve the This attitude should change, because
income of smallscale farmers? SACCOs provide affordable credit to
Michael Korkoren, Farmer, Kapsabet smallscale farmers. One of the big
The questionnaires we received
challenges facing smallscale farmers
from you farmers gave us the
The Organic Farmer is the lack of credit to improve pro-
answers to all these questions. We
duction in their farms. That is why
The Organic Farmer is an independent sent out 500 questionnaires, and 323
we urge you farmers to join a SACCO
newspaper for the Kenyan farming farmers answered and sent the ques-
and to support each other in access-
community. It promotes organic tionnaires back to us. We thank you,
ing credit for farm development.
farming and supports discussions on the farmers, for the feedback! In this
all aspects of sustainable develop- first article we will inform you about Organic farming is widespread
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- the social structure of our readers. In About a third, or 100 farmers
lished monthly by ICIPE the June issue of The Organic Farmer responding, have an additional job,
and distributed free to we shall write about the critiques on and only 102 can rely on a relative
farmers. The reports of The our newspaper and the areas in (son or daughter) working in town.
Organic Farmer do not nec- which the farmers want us to Only 10 percent use an irrigation sys-
essarily reflect the views of improve. tem. More than half of the farmers
ICIPE. have a mobile phone, and one-third
Proud to be farmers
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by own a bicycle. Our farmers live an
Most of our readers truly are
BioVision, a Swiss based founda- average distance of 6.8 km away from
smallscale farmers. There are huge
tion for the promotion of sustain- the nearest market, a walking dis-
differences in the size of the shambas.
able development. tance that takes 55 minutes. This
Shambas vary from 0.8 acres to 19
explains why so many farmers com-
www.biovision.ch acres (0.32 to 7.6 hectares). On aver-
plain of the bad roads interfering
age, our readers own a shamba of
with marketing of their produce.
Publisher 4.74 acres (1.9 ha) and 9 people live
One-third of the farmers practise
International Centre of Insect on the income from the shamba (We
conventional farming, and two-thirds
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) calculated these averages by adding
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi use a mixed system of organic and
together the total of the sizes of the
KENYA conventional production methods.
shambas or the numbers of depen-
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 The main crops planted by most
dants or animals of all responding
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org farmers are maize and beans, half of
farmers together, and dividing it by
homepage: http://www.icipe.org which are sold and therefore con-
the number of responding farmers).
Editors tribute to the farmers income. Nearly
The families have on average 4 to 5
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner two-thirds of the farmers sell their
children, and the farmers are very
Secretariat products through middlemen, while
eager to send them to school.
Lucy W. Macharia only 10 percent sell directly to
Most farmers are proud of their schools, churches or similar institu-
Advisory Board occupation. They would also like to
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE tions. The farmers who responded to
see their children become farmers, our survey own on average 3.7 cows,
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE because they believe farming is one
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE 2.5 goats, 2.3 sheep and 7.9 chickens.
of the careers that provides self- This explains why farmers have
Charles Kimani, Farmer, Wangige employment. Many of the people
Address requested the newspaper to write
answering our questionnaire showed more articles on livestock keeping. If
The Organic Farmer a preference for agriculture since
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi you look at page 4 in this issue, you
they know it is the mainstay of will see we have done exactly that.
KENYA Kenyas economy; other reasons
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 We will have more articles on live-
given was for food selfsufficiency stock health in future issues.
and the possibility of earning an extra
Layout June issue: what farmers want to read
income from food sales. Only 10 per-
In-A-Vision Systems(k) in our newspaper.
cent of our farmers advice their chil-
Nr. 13 May 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Increasing yields through strict weeding
If a farmer does not control weeds Source: Conservation Agriculture IIRR, 2005
early and in the right way crop yields
are drastically reduced.
The Organic Farmer
A weed is any crop that grows where
it is not needed. Weeds compete with
cultivated crops for nutrients, mois-
ture, sunlight, and space. They shel-
ter pests and diseases that attack the
crop while reducing crop yields and
farmers' income.
In Kenya, ploughing the land is the
most common practice used by the
farmers to control weeds. They plough
several times to remove weeds during
land preparation. What they do not
know is that ploughing buries many
weed seeds. At the same time, it brings Mulch suppresses weeds, so saves time No mulch? You spend a lot of time
other seeds buried in the soil to the when you prepare the field for planting preparing the field and fighting weeds!
surface where they germinate. Tractor them in their early stages of growth. A before they can grow. The farmer
and ox-drawn ploughs also play a farmer should not allow weeds to should select cover crops that have
major role in spreading weeds in culti- compete with their crop. If they are left several uses, for example food crops,
vated fields. The plough cuts down the long enough to produce seeds, weeds fodder crops or those that provide fire-
weeds and pulls them along, as it is tend to reproduce fast, making it even wood. Cover crops such as lablab can
pulled by the tractor or oxen. The more difficult to control them. Weeds cover the soil completely in two
small pieces are then spread across the need slashing, even after harvesting, to months.
field. They grow vegetatively and stop them from producing and setting It is important to weed once in order
cover parts of the farm that were pre- seed. to give the cover crop a chance to get
viously weed-free. Burning crop
Control methods established. If the rainy season is long
residues may also stimulate the
Minimum tillage is a system of agri- enough, farmers can schedule the
growth of some types of weeds.
culture that ensures the soil is dis- planting of a cover crop such that it
In organic farming and conservation
turbed less during cultivation. If this will remain in the field even after the
agriculture, weed control is very
system is used, most of the buried main crop has been harvested. The
important. If a farmer does not control
weed seeds are not brought to the sur- cover crop spreads over the soil, sup-
weeds properly, they may spread to a
face. pressing the weeds. Good cover crops
point where crop yields are drastically
Good cover crops spread over the include desmodium.
reduced. It is always wise to control
soil quickly and suppress the weeds Mulching
Weed seeds germinate easily if the soil
Useful tips on weed control is bare. Crop residues left on the sur-
1. Slash weeds immediately after the 7. Harvest the main crop and allow face as mulch makes it hard for weeds
harvest and during the dry season the cover crop to grow. to grow because they do not have
to prevent them from producing 8. Continue checking for weeds and enough space or light. Farmers should
seeds. pull them out before they can take care to ensure that the mulch does
2. Before you plant, slash any plants flower and seed. not kill the young crop seedlings. The
(weeds, cover crop, stalks left over 9. Harvest the cover crop seeds. You mulch will not only manage weeds; it
from the previous crop) in the need them for the next season. will also reduce the soil temperatures,
field. 10. Crush the mixture of crop conserve moisture, facilitate water to
3. Dig planting holes with a hoe or residues and cover crops using a sink and add organic stuff into the soil.
open planting furrows with a rip- sickle, panga, knife roller or any Crop rotation and Intercropping
per or subsoiler. other implement 3 weeks before Planting a different crop in each field
4. After the first rains have fallen, you expect the first rains to begin. than the one grown previously breaks
allow weeds to grow or new the life cycle of weeds. There are fewer
If a farmer controls the weeds regu-
weeds to emerge. Then weed weeds, and they are easier to control.
larly, they should be easier to control in
them out before planting. Intercropping helps cover the soil
later seasons. Remember it can take 3
5. Plant a cover crop between the and smother weeds that grow
to 5 years for the number of weeds in
rows of the main crop. between the rows of the main crop.
the soil to be reduced to a minimum.
6. Check for weeds every week and A farmer can pull out weeds by
control them by pulling them out However it is important to check for hand; slash them with a panga, sickle
by hand or scraping the soil sur- weeds continuously and to pull out or slasher. Try not to disturb the soil
face with a hoe. Do not disturb the any that try to sprout. If this is done, too much if you use a hoe or other
soil too much. weed control will be less work. implements.
Worm control improves livestock health

Farmers should not treat their
animals for worms without seeking
veterinary advice.
The Organic Farmer

Control of worms in his cattle and
sheep was for many years a problem
to Johnson Mwaura, a farmer in
Kiambogo farm in the Molo area of
Nakuru district. The cost of de-
worming drugs was not only pro-
hibitive, but also he did not know
how to administer the drugs. But
three years ago, a neighbour who is
also a senior official in the Depart-
ment of Veterinary Services advised
him to try Pymac,a by-product of
pyrethrum which is also used as ani- Johnson Mwaura uses Pymac to fight worms in his animals. (Photo TOF)
mal feed. He also taught him other
preventive deworming procedures. all types of diseases. They lose this and are likely to administer the
weight and their milk production is wrong drugs for worm control, he
Pyrethrum by-product helps
drastically reduced. He says worms says. Farmers should know that a
Every day I feed my animals with can also get entangled in the animals limited number of parasites help the
Pymac which I mix with maize bran intestines where they cause block- animals develop resistance to re-
to reduce the bitter taste. The health ages. infection.
of my cows and sheep has improved
The common symptoms of worm Natural remedies for worm control
tremendously. I would recommend it
infestation are a rough hair coat the Organic farming encourages the use
to any farmer who wants to control
animals hair comes off easily. Some of natural remedies for worm control.
worms in their livestock, Mwaura
worms cause diarrhoea, while others Apart from Pymac, neem cake is also
says.
cause swelling in the lower jaw. a good natural dewormer. Many
Many farmers do not take the prob-
Young animals have a swollen stom- communities in Kenya have indige-
lem of worm control in their livestock
ach and may even die if they are not nous knowledge of plant based prepa-
seriously, yet worms play a big role in
treated on time. rations for worm control. According
livestock health in many parts of the
country. Livestock owners do not Advice from veterinary personnel to research undertaken by the Practical
give the right doses, which has led to Dr. Kikuvi is quick to add that farm- Action NGO (formerly ITDG) Turkana
worms developing resistance to some ers should not rush to buy worm and Samburu communities use three
of the drugs in the market. According drugs whenever they observe these plants to control worms. These are
to Dr. Gideon Kikuvi from the Kenya symptoms in their livestock. Indeed, Myrsine Africana (Segetetich-Kalenjin,
Veterinary Laboratories, farmers he says the major problem now fac- Mugaita-Kikuyu) Albizia anthelmintica
under-estimate the danger of worms. ing the Department is that farmers do (Mwowa or Kyalundathi-Kamba) and
not consult veterinary personnel the Hilderbrandtia sepalosa (Jirmach-
Worms reduce milk production
whenever their animals are affected; Orma or Mtikiti- Kiswahili). However
Animals infested with worms are it is recommended that herbal
instead, they buy and administer the
often in very poor body condition; deworming is done together with
drugs themselves.
they are weak, thin and vulnerable to other worm management procedures
He says the danger here is that
Useful tips there are different types of worms that reduce infestation in non-affected
and each of these requires a different livestock.
Farmers should deworm their ani- mode of treatment. For example, an Pasture management
mals two weeks after the onset of animal could be suffering from tape- Dr. Kikuvi says farmers should ensure
the rains. This ensures the worms worms but a farmer may administer that adult cows and sheep are sepa-
do not compete for nutrients with a drug for liverflukes. Although there rated from the calves and lambs. The
the animals when the pasture is are drugs that kill many types of reason for this separation is to ensure
available. In many areas, this worms, he says it is only the veteri- that the young animals which are
should be in the March - April and nary personnel who know which more vulnerable to worms are pro-
October- November short rains. types of worms are common in an tected. This means that if the adult
Farmers should also deworm at area and who are the only people cows are grazing in paddock A, then
the onset of dry season (Novem- qualified to administer the correct calves should be assigned paddock B.
ber-December), during this period drugs at the right dosage. Liver- If the adults are to be moved to pad-
there is little pasture, so this prac- flukes, for instance are common in dock B, then the calves should be
tice ensures that the animals uti- farms located in swampy areas moved to C and so on. In this way, the
lize all the nutrients they can get because the worm resides in snails adult animals cannot expose the
from the limited pasture instead of during part of its life cycle. Many young ones to worms found in the
sharing it with parasitic worms. farmers in such areas may not know dung.
New methods to fight bacterial wilt
Planting mustard in rotation gation. This practice reduces the inci-
controls bacterial wilt in dence of bacterial wilt in heavily
potatoes and tomatoes. infested soils from 50-100%, depend-
ing on the soil structure. It seems to
Anne B. Nganga work better on sandy and light soils
than on heavy clay soils, but research
Bacterial wilt in potatoes and tomatoes
is ongoing, so the method will be fur-
is a big problem for farmers in Kenya.
ther tested and developed in Australia
So far the only control methods have
and in the Philippines.
been to use clean seed and use of fields
that have not yet become contami- Reduction by 70 %
nated by the disease. This is because Bio-fumigation is the process whereby
the disease stays in the soil for a very naturally occurring chemicals called
long time infecting any susceptible isothiocyanates are released from bras- Mustard,
crops planted there. sica crops (cabbage family). They sup- an old medicinal plant
The Australian Center for Interna- press soil-borne organisms such as the
The mustard family belongs to the
tional Agricultural Research has dis- bacterial wilt.
Brassica genus, which also includes
covered a method they call bio-fumi- How do the chemicals get out of the
broccoli, cabbage, sukumawiki
plants and into the soil? The answer is
(kale), cauliflower, turnips and
short: The chemicals are released
Crop rotation when the cell walls of the fresh plant
radishes. Mustard is one of the oldest
spices and one of the most widely
is important are broken down. Chopping plants
used. The Chinese used mustard
very finely is the best possible option.
A strict crop rotation with non-sus- thousands of years ago and the
But there still remain large pieces of
ceptible plants such as corn, beans ancient Greeks considered it an
unbroken leaves in the field. Phillip-
and cabbage, provides some control everyday spice. The first medical
pine farmers use a rotary hoe or rota-
of bacterial wilt for at least three mention of it is in the Hippocratic
vator to chop leaves and mix them into
years. In the case of a brassica crop, writings, where it was used for gen-
the soil. With this method, they reduce
plant them immediately before you eral muscular relief. Even now,
bacterial wilt by 50-70%. In Kenya,
grow tomatoes, potatoes or tobacco. milled mustard seeds (mixed with
Care should also be taken to ensure water) are used to treat rheumatism
the seed potatoes planted come from and pain in the joints.
a clean source. Before harvesting the If mustard can be used against bac-
brassicas, broadcast, if possible, any terial wilt, we may suddenly get a
brassica seeds available and let it huge demand for cheap mustard or
grow to have a good soil cover. This other cheap brassica seeds, which can
cover is then chopped finely into the be collected from the wild or grown
ground along with the leftovers of for the purpose in a small plot in a
your cabbages or broccoli. corner of the garden. Mustard pro-
If the same crop is grown for sev- duces seed within a very short grow-
eral consecutive years on the same ing period (usually 1-2 months).
land, yields tend to decline (or more
fertilizer will be needed to reach the seed of radish and mustard between
same yield). Diseases are common the crop, immediately before planting
and the yields are reduced. When the tomatoes or potatoes. Mustard is at
different crops are grown in the same time a type of green manure,
sequence in the same field, each crop which feeds the soil.
uses the soil in its own particular Farmers have to prepare the soil well
way and thus reduces the risk of in order to make the seeds germinate,
nutrient depletion. A well-balanced grow and cover the soil as a lush green
alternation of crop species also pre- Potatoe farmers incur huge losses due to blanket. Farmers can then chop these
vents the development of soil-borne bactarial wilt (Photo TOF) plants into the soil just before planting
diseases. Therefore, cultivation tomatoes or potatoes, bearing in mind
pauses must be respected for the several trips over the field with a light that the leaves have to be hacked as
same crop and among crops of the disc harrow would probably produce finely as possible. Other green
same plant family. the same sort of result. manures may work as well, for
To avoid the development of per- Mustard is very effective instance old cabbage stems and leaves
sistent weeds, slow growing plants will help. Sweet potato vines seem to
The scientists tried many different
should be grown after crops with a have a good effect, even though they
brassicas, and found that mustard (a
good weed suppression. Change do not belong to the brassica family.
common weed in most areas), radish
crops with deep roots with those that Kenyan farmers with bacterial wilt
and broccoli were the most efficient at
have flat, shallow rooting systems problems should try out this method.
reducing bacterial wilt in tomatoes
which also helps to suppress the It might work not only in the Philip-
and potatoes. They had very good suc-
weeds. (See also page 3). pines, but also in Kenya.
cess with throwing out handfuls of
Amaranth is healthy food Be careful

with bird manure
"We would like to grow Amaranth
vegetables, but do not know how to Zachary Mwarari of Kilgoris has
do it. How is it planted and tended? been advised that chicken manure if
How can we get seeds?" asks Ronald mixed with fresh cow dung and
Mokaya of Kinyagu Self Help Group comfrey leaves can make a good
Box 995 Kitale foliar feed, when later on mixed with
water and kept in an airtight con-
tainer for three days. Does this
Ronald, I am so glad to hear you
preparation work? "I also want to
want to grow Amaranth! Our indige-
know how to make other organic
nous vegetables are highly nutritious
pesticides and herbicides. Can you
and better for us than cabbage, as you
advise?"
will see from the table below. Apart
from being easy and cheap to grow, Most organic material, when com-
these less costly and more environ- posted or turned into a liquid tea,
ment-friendly crops help in ensuring are good fertilizers. However, I
stronger bones, lower blood pressure, would be cautious about using any
fewer heart attacks, and less dia- of the animal manures as foliar
betes, less constipation and hemor- applications. They are good as a top
rhoids. Amaranth should be part of dressing, poured onto the soil sur-
everyones diet, more so if we are ail- face. As a foliar feed, you risk not
ing or recovering from illness. only burning of the leaves due to the
high nitrogen content, but also con-
Amaranth Amaranth improves nutrition (TOF) tamination of the crop with
(Terere) Cabbage pathogens for instance E. Coli, a
Iron 8.9 0.7 most successful crop was trans- very harmful bacterium. I would
Protein (gm) 4.6 1.7 planted from a seed bed. Make sure rather use green manure teas, which
Water % 84.0 91.4 your planting area is well prepared, are liquid manure made from the
Caloris 42 26 incorporating plenty of well com- decomposition of green vegetation
Carbohydrates 8.2 6.0 posted organic matter. When harvest- as foliar applications. The material
Fibre (gm0 1.8 1.2 ing, remove the seed heads when used can be lucerne, tithonia, com-
Vit C (M/G) 64 54 very young, otherwise the plant will frey, nettle, weeds or any other suit-
Calcium (m/g) 410 47 stop producing leaves as it goes to able plant. A combination of these is
Phosphorus (m/g) 103 40 seed. better than any one used singly. And
B-Carotene (mcg) 5716 100 Amaranth seed when dried and you should use it within one week
Thiamine (mg) 0.05 0.04 milled produces a very nutritious of preparation of the teas! Remem-
Riboflavin (m/g) 0.42 0.10 porridge too! ber, foliar feeds on products like
Seeds are available at the Kenya sukumawiki can be quite harmful if
Composition per 100 gram of edible por- Seed Company and Simlaw Seeds. not washed properly, and this may
tion of Amaranth compared with Cab- Soil fertility tip be the case during times of drought.
bage. (Source: FAO) The Amaranth root structure is very I personally feel also that we must
As can be seen from the table, Ama- beneficial in improving your soil be very cautious about our use of
ranth is a much better source of min- structure for the crop following in chicken and poultry manure, due to
erals and vitamins than cabbage and rotation. A root crop would be a good the current Bird Flu epidemic.
has over 50 times as much B-carotene choice as a follow-on crop. Ama-
which is an antioxidant known to be ranth can also be used as a green contact with the NGO, Strategic
useful for good health. manure when dug back into the soil. Poverty Alleviation Systems, PO Box
Planting can be done direct from the Farmers who would like to know 7795, 00200 Nairobi, e-mail:
seeds. However, because Amaranth more about Amaranth, should get in spastrategysystem@yahoo.com
has a deep and wide hairy root struc-
ture, it will battle for nutrients if
grown with very close spacing. My
What can I do against black ants?
Benjamin Lugano, Box 585, Kitale has a problem with black ants in his pas-
sion fruit garden. "I know they are beneficial because they eat aphids in the
Su Kahumbu vines, but then they also sap the water from the fruits and in the process cause
answers your damage. How can I control them?"
questions
Benjamin, your problem is actually duce a sweet sticky substance, called
caused by the aphids. The ants are "honeydew". This is what the ants are
Write to merely taking advantage of the aphid after. The ants become destructive
The Organic Farmer population. Contrary to what you when they carry the aphids to other
P.O. Box 14352 believe, the ants do not feed on the plants and in the process transfer any
00800 Nairobi Kenya aphids; they "herd" the aphid and other diseases or virus present on the
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 "milk" them like cattle. The aphids host plant. If you reduce the aphid
e-mail: info@organickenya.com suck the sap from the plants and pro- population, the ants will disappear. If
continues on page 7
Story on seeds helped us Strengthening agriculture Dear Farmers,

I would like to congratulate you for We here at Ukambani Christian Com- As part of our efforts to serve
072
your effort to make us more knowl- munity services are happy to have the organic farming commu-
nity effectively, we would
1
edgeable in farming, keep it up. I received several copies of the organic
like to create a database of
541
came across your March issue farmer newspaper January 2006
through a neighbour, after reading a issue. Thanks a lot and there materi- organic farmers in the country.
We are interested in:
590
topic on seeds I was really impressed als will strengthen our sustainable
because we only rely on local ones agriculture component in training -Your names,
called 'moshi'. If the shops do not and sensitizing our farmers in this -Addresses, Location,
have genuine labels as we saw in the semi arid area of Kenya, as the coun- -Farm acreage,
picture then we do not buy the seeds. try goes organic in farming. This is an -Are you an organic farmer?
Already I have sent a letter to the assurance that the information and To make it easy for you, we have a
western seed company and the lot experiences will be disseminated to special telephone number: given
number I planted. With this remarks the farmers and be of help. Thanks above. All the farmers can provide
I say thank you for enlightening the again for being associated with you. these information through short mes-
farming community. My group We need more support and collabora- saging service (SMS). Come on Farm-
through you will benefit. Thank you. tion in terms of material and experi- ers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
Mark Otieno Owuor, P.O Box 45, ence sharing.
Homabay Tel. 0735 691140 John Mutua, For Director UCCS SMS ONLY
email: uccsack@swiftkenya.com
Copies not enough We use newspaper to
Thank you for the farmers' newspa- Learning new methods
per you sent to our group. Please we teach farmers
The Multi-plant International Medic-
would like to have more copies for I am very glad when writing this let-
inal Conservation is a community
our group and other groups because ter for the work you are doing for us.
project with 30 members. We came
when we received them all the 24 I am a volunteer field educator in our
across your November 2005 issue and
member wanted but only 5 members group but you have made our work
the farmers were very much inter-
received the copies you sent. easier because we get some of the
ested in the information it contained.
Presently we are training farmers in details from the organic newspaper
We request you for monthly copies of
our location. Each of the blocks and our member are happy for that.
the newspaper to enable our farmers
require copies of the newspaper to Secondly, as you can see in the fig-
learn new agricultural methods. P.
update their skills. Please send us ures we have given in the question-
Your assistance will be so useful to
more copies, preferably 200 copies. naire crop yields are not very high
this community.
Later we will provide you with a list because we are in a semi arid area at
of farmers who have received the Joannes Samikwo, P.O Box 50 30201, the border between Nyeri and
copies. Endebess Laikipia. So we need additional
Evans Konjae, Obwanchani youth Let us work together advice on crop production and live-
group, P.O Box 18, Karota. stock keeping.
We thank you very much for your
The members are grateful for the
Black ants ... continued from page 6 wonderful and educative agricultural
work you are doing to educate them
magazine that we received for the
the problem is disastrous, one can first time last month through V.I on new farming methods.
spot spray the aphid with a Agro forestry project in Kitale. The Haron Mwangi Gichama,
pyrethrum based spray. I like Nabwami Community Based Organi-
pyrethrum, as it breaks down within zation (NACOBAO) is a non-profit Nairutia Primary School,
hours and does no damage to mam- organization operating in Machewa P.O Box 175, Mugunda Via Nyeri
mals. Alternatively, you can sprinkle Location, Saboti Division in Trans-
the aphids with diatomite; this will Nzoia District. It is an umbrella of 24 I have received copies
not kill them immediately, however self help groups drawn from the
and they may still walk off, spread- Division. The organization has 275 Thank you very much for your quick
ing viruses until they die. The sharp registered members, A chairman, sec- response in sending me 50 copies of
crystals of the diatomite shred the retary and treasurer have been The Organic Farmer. I got them in
bodies of the aphids, causing them to appointed from amongst the mem- good time and in good condition.
lose their body fluids and leading to bers. These officials run the activities I can assure you that they are being
eventual death. If the problem is not of the organization on a day-to-day put to good use and will be read by
severe, look around for ladybirds on basis. We therefore request for part- many farmers in the various groups
your other crops and transfer them to nership and a monthly supply of The in my location. I hope that we will
your plants with aphid problems. Organic Farmer Newspaper for each continue to receive this publication
Ladybirds feed on aphids; however it group. Your assistance in this matter and other information that can be of
is their larvae that do most damage to will be highly appreciated. assistance to our farmers.
aphid. The larvae of the lady bird
beetle is small an speckled black and David Were Masibo, Chairman, Chief Joseph K. Mutai, P O Box 69,
white. email: nabwaids@yahoo.com Kaptagat.
How to plant fodder trees Market place

Fodder trees and fodder hedges Internet-information: Some readers
help farmers to optimize have requested us to provide them
the use of their available land. with internet sites that give informa-
tion on organic farming. There are
Eric Lumosi Asiligwa hundreds of websites. Here are We
No doubt, trees on a farm have a lot give you some of the most important
of advantages, especially fodder trees ones:
(see TOF Nr. 12, April 2006). There www.oisat.org
are more benefits if the farmer knows www.une.edu.au
where und how to plant fodder trees www.new-agri.co.ke
and what type would help him most. www.organic consumers.org
There is always some space: a www.organic.com
shamba of 2.5 acres has over 400 www.planorganic.com
meters of external boundary, plus www.ofrf.org/GENERAL
additional sites along the internal www.fao.org/ORGANICAG
boundaries and around the home- Calliandra: source of protein www.soilassociation.org
stead. Several sites are therefore One of the best fodder trees is Cal- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic_f
available to plant fodder trees. liandra. This shrub grows to 4 to 6 arming
meters, requires rainfall that is www. ifoam.com
When to plant? If you need more information, you
The best time to transfer seedlings to above 1,000 mm per year. It does
better in well-drained soils, as it may find it here: Soon, BioVision,
the field is at the beginning of the the sponsor of our newspaper, will
rain season, when the soil has does not tolerate water logging.
Fodder is ready for harvesting in soon open a similar service for farm-
enough moisture and continuous ers in East Africa.
rainfall is expected for more than two the ninth month after planting, 4 to
months. Before removing the ready 6 harvests are possible per year. Cal-
liandra is of great value because of Traditional vegetables: The Rural
seedlings of around 25 cm height Out reach Programme has seedlings
from the nursery to the planting site, his high protein content. It can assist
a lot when the livestock are fed only of indigenous plants for sale. Farm-
they should be exposed to harsh field ers interested can get in touch with
environment: remove the shading on grasses like Napier, which are
often low in protein. them through the following address:
materials covering the nursery and Thomas Wakala Mutuli, ROP, P.O.
reduce watering to only once to every the case, it is important to manage Box 29086,00625 Nairobi
2 to 3 days. This process is called the trees in the correct way. What Tel.0735 568 824;
hardening of seedlings. does this mean in terms of fodder e-mail: thomasmutuli@yahoo.com
How to plant? trees?
Choose a site on which to plant the Fencing: Make a fence around the tree Energy saver: James Olwangu from
fodder trees and clear all the weeds to prevent it from being destroyed by Kakamega sent us this photo. He
from it. Dig planting holes about 20 livestock and wild animals. wonders why many farmers throw
cm wide and 30 cm deep. Apply a 1- Weeding: Seedlings grow slowly and away charcoal dust at a time when
kg tin of manure to every hole and can easily be choked to death by energy is becoming a problem to
mix well with topsoil of the planting weeds, which compete with them for many rural households. He advises
hole. Add a tin full of fresh ash to water and nutrients. They can also farmers to mix the the dust and the
every 20 liters of manure. Fresh ash harbour pests. Keep the area around small charcoal particles with wet soil
keeps pests like termites away too. the seedlings clear of weeds
After planting the seedling in an Thinning: Trees need enough room
upright position and mixed soil to grow strong and healthy. If
returned to cause a firm grip, water planted for fodder, space the trees
them well to enhance their chances of about 50 cm apart. To grow trees and
survival. Ensure that the seedlings shrubs for firewood and stakes, space
retain some soil attached to their them 1 meter apart, and to control
roots, to enhance their survival rates. soil erosion, reduce tree spacing to
Overgrown seedlings can be about 30 cm apart. and then mould them into balls.
uprooted when the ground is really Mulching: To conserve soil moisture, They should dry in the sun for five
wet. Cut the stem to 15 cm above the the area around the trees should be days. If two of the balls are placed
ground and then cut the main root to mulched. Take care: Do not place the into a burning jiko, they will burn
20 cm long. Finally cut the lateral mulch in direct contact with the trees, for hours.
roots 5 cm from the main root. since the moist and cool environment
What next? could encourage pests and diseases. Tissue Bananas: In the last issue of
Fodder tress can be grown for fodder Also avoid mulching where there are The Organic Farmer I read the inter-
alone or to provide other products termites, as this may increase dam- esting story on Tissue Bananas. Does
like firewood, stakes, seeds, or ser- age of the trees by the insects. somebody in the Nakuru-region
vices like soil erosion control, shade In the next issue: Protecting the trees have seedlings? If this is so, please
or ornamental purposes. Whatever from pests and diseases call Isaac, 0735 442 433. Thanks!
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 15 July, 2006
Kazi mingi, Dear farmers,

malipo kidogo Every day, local newspapers are full of
Many farmers in Kenya face the same stories about our fellow Kenyans
struggle every day: Will my farm entrusted with leadership positions in
bring enough income to sustain my government, parastatals, companies
family? To pay school fees? To afford and even civil society organizations,
the long overdue repair of the roof of who loot or mismanage public funds.
my house? While the government Corruption is so widespread that it
has put the minimum salary for the now threatens every sector in our coun-
agricultural sector optimistically at try. The agricultural sector has not
4812 Kenyan Shillings per month, been spared. Look at what used to be
most farmers and their families still our best performing co-operative soci-
survive with not even half of this eties they have collapsed owing to
amount. "We have no money to buy mismanagement by the farmers elected
seeds or bring our produce to the to lead them. We have emphasised on
markets," are only some issues The several occasions the need for farmers
Organic Farmer hears its readers com- to come together and solve some of the
plain about. Bad roads, pests and dis- day-to day problems that they face in
eases, losing lots of money to mid- production and marketing. However
dlemen and unreliable rainfall are some of these groups also have prob-
other problems which make farming lems of leadership. This is because some
in Kenya so challenging. farmers group leaders put their own
Why do the Kenyan farmers work interests before those of their members.
so hard yet earn so little, and what There are those who fight for leadership
can be done to change this situation? positions for personal gain. Indeed, it is
We try to answer this questions on our feeling that some of these groups
page 3. (TOF) are set up for selfish motives.
Such group leaders will attend work-
A new maize disease in Kenya shops and conferences that deliberate
on the critical issues that affect farmers,
The grey leaf spot disease has The wounds may merge to cause but they will never pass this informa-
already spread to important maize- extensive leaf blighting (burnt appear- tion on to fellow farmers when they go
growing areas of the country. ance). This reduces the plants ability back home. They attend these meetings
to manufacture its own food from sun- only because of the benefits they
Dr. Z. M. Kinyua light (photosynthesis). It causes poor receive, like allowances and per diems.
grain filling of the maize cobs and Lack of transparency in financial
Maize farmers face a new disease that therefore reduces the maize yields and management is another problem. Those
has recently hampered the production farmers income. given the responsibility of marketing
of maize grain. The grey leaf spot dis- various commodities on behalf of fellow
ease, which is caused by a fungus Mid-altitude areas affected
farmers often short-change their
known as Cercospora zeaemaydis, The grey leaf spot disease, which was
friends. The rot also extends to out-
appears in the form of necrotic lesions not known to occur in Kenya before its
grower companies that contract farm-
(dry brown-yellow wounds or first appearance in 1995, has become a
ers to grow commodities for local and
patches) on the leaves of maize plants. great threat to maize production in the
export markets. Many of these compa-
western and Rift Valley regions of the
nies never pay farmers the true value of
country, where the highest proportion
their produce.
of maize grain originates. Most of the
in this issue maize in Kenya is produced in mid- From the many letters we get from
altitude areas, which unfortunately are farmers, we can clearly see that they are
Cash crop 2 also favourable for the development of a demoralised lot. Our advice to farm-
Asparagus production has improved the disease. ers is that they should wake up to these
income for farmers in Gilgil. The devastating disease has reached realities and find ways to overcome
epidemic levels in important maize- them. Only people with a known track
Plant protection 5 record should be given leadership posi-
Combined with EM, plant producing areas such as Kakamega,
Vihiga, Kisii, Migori, Lugari, Bun- tions. Group members should always
extracts feed your crops. demand accountability from their lead-
goma, Bomet and Nandi districts.
Natural fertilizers 6 Other mid-elevation areas are also ers. How can we complain of exploita-
If well composted, chicken manure is affected, but with less damage to tion of smallscale farmers if the farmers
a valuable source of nutrients. maize crops. Continued on page 2 themselves cannot help each other?
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 15 July 2006
MY OPINION
Any food that contains essential
Disease remains in crop residue
nutrients such as vitamins and min- There are many methods,
erals, promotes our health and the including crop rotation, to reduce
general well-being of our families. the spread of grey leaf spot disease.
Many farmers know this fact but
they ignore it. Despite being the pro- Dr. Z. M. Kinyua
ducers of very nutritious farm prod- It is estimated that the grey leaf spot
ucts, very few farmers rarely con-
(GLS) disease can cause yield losses
sume the products. Instead they
take them to the market for sale. For of between 30 to 50%. Higher yield
example, it is common to find a losses have been recorded in other
farmer selling all eggs and milk, countries, where the disease has had
leaving none or little for their mal- a longer existence. The level of leaf
nourished children. They will then damage caused by the disease and
buy a kilo of sugar, soap and other the resulting yield losses are higher
household items which they think when the fungus attacks maize plants
are more important. Of course, we early in the growing cycle.
need the money, but let us take care Unfavourable environmental condi-
of our families' health first. tions also contribute to its develop-
Michael Barasa, farmer Bungoma ment. Severe levels of the GLS dis-
ease are particularly prevalent under
The Organic Farmer prolonged conditions of high relative An infected maize leaf. (Photo TOF)
humidity (which is common under
The Organic Farmer is an independent cloudy, misty weather conditions) Duma 41, and SC Simba 61 have been
newspaper for the Kenyan farming reported to have some tolerance to
and moderate to high temperatures.
community. It promotes organic the disease. These varieties may be
farming and supports discussions on These conditions encourage rapid
multiplication of the fungus, thus tried in areas where the problem is
all aspects of sustainable develop-
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- leading to the development of the common. In the meantime, sound
lished monthly by ICIPE disease. management of crop residues is seen
and distributed free to Early recognition as part of an integrated approach
farmers. The reports of The The earliest noticeable symptoms of against this disease.
Organic Farmer do not nec- grey leaf spot are small yellowish Destroy crop residues
essarily reflect the views of dots which are the size of a pin-head The fungus that causes the disease
ICIPE. on maize leaves. Slightly advanced mainly survives within infested
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by symptoms include small, necrotic maize crop residues on the soil sur-
BioVision, a Swiss-based founda- (dead), pale brown or yellowish- face. Removal and destruction of
tion for the promotion of sustain- brown wounds that are largely rect- such residues after harvest would
able development. angular in shape and generally run therefore help to kill the fungus, thus
parallel to the leaf veins. The wounds reducing the level of disease during
www.biovision.ch subsequent cropping seasons. Crop
may have a whitish-grey cast over
them. This happens when the fungus rotation is also very important. Fac-
Publisher
that causes the disease has matured tors that favour the development of
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) to produce spores. Such spores, the grey leaf spot disease include
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi which act as seeds for the fungus, are over-crowding of plants with poor
KENYA easily dislodged and carried by wind air flow and low sunlight penetration
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 to cause new infections on leaves. among plants, improper soil nutrient
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org The development of the disease is and irrigation management, and
homepage: http://www.icipe.org more readily noticeable around the poor soil drainage.
Editors tasseling stage of maize plants. The Farmers unable to identify disease
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner symptoms become more easily recog- Effective management of grey leaf
Secretariat nizable when the leaves become spot requires a concerted effort
Lucy W. Macharia blighted, especially during the later among farmers within affected areas.
Advisory Board stages of crop growth. However, investigations carried out
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE Research on control measures by KARI in partnership with CAB
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE Since the grey leaf spot disease is rel- International have revealed that the
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE atively new in Kenya, a lot of vast majority of maize farmers do not
Charles Kimani, Farmer, Wangige research towards its control is being recognize the grey leaf spot symp-
Address planned. Breeding of resistant maize toms on their crops. As a conse-
The Organic Farmer hybrids and varieties is high on the quence, the farmers make little or no
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi research agenda of the Kenya Agri- effort to control the disease or even
KENYA cultural Research Institute (KARI). seek more information about it. This
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 This requires considerable time and lack of information and awareness is
e-mail : info@organickenya.com resources. to blame for spread of the GLS dis-
Layout Varieties such as Kakamega syn- ease in most of the affected maize-
In-A-Vision Systems(k) thetic 1&11, KH634A, H614, SC growing areas in the country.
Nr. 15 July 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Why don't Kenyan farmers earn enough?
Despite working hard to Because the available land has to pro-
improve their income, Kenyan vide food for an increasing number
farmers face many problems in reali- of people, it is getting overused, and
zing their goals. the soil's fertility and productivity
are declining. As a result, the soil is
Anja Bengelstorff becoming useless for farming pur-
poses, erosion occurs more fre-
Farming is a daily, labour-intensive quently and severely, and the semi-
task, and many Kenyans and Kenyan arid and arid portions of land are
farmers are hardworking people. growing. According to Joseph Kar-
However, according to a Government iuki from Agrisystems, only 20% of
statistic, 87 % of all poor households the Kenyan land is suitable for farm-
live in rural areas, where their main ing today. Furthermore, the rainfall
activities are in agriculture, yet about in Kenya is less available than in our
half of all Kenyans might not have neighbouring countries. He therefore
enough food for their families. We strongly suggests that farmers be
need to take a closer look at how trained in conservation techniques.
farming in Kenya is practised.
The importance of the agricultural and not enough training
sector in Kenya is clear: It provides Another reason why agriculture is
the livelihoods for close to three- not keeping pace with population
quarters of the population, it growth, if not the most important
accounts for 60% of the country's one, is the fact that Kenyan farmers
export earnings and contributes 26% do not consider their profession as a
to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) business. "Most of them see it as a
directly, plus another 27% indirectly way of life", Joseph Kariuki says.
through linkages with other sectors Another expert, Reimund Hoffmann
such as manufacturing and distribu- from the German Technical Coopera-
tion. During the first two decades tion (GTZ), which promotes the Pri-
after Independence, the economy vate Sector Development in Agricul-
recorded an impressive growth rate ture, agrees. "We have to see the dif-
of 6%, with the agricultural sector ference between farmers and rural
playing the dominant role. However dwellers", he points out. One reason,
this declined to only 3.5% in the both say, is the lack of sufficient agri-
1980s and to even less in the late cultural training, not least in the busi-
1990s and early 2000s, to only 1.3%. ness aspects of farming. Kariuki
What has happened? stresses another point: "Yes, there are
many farmers' groups, but they are
Marketing neglected
scattered and not organised on a
For too long, the experts agree, the higher level. A higher degree of
Government's policies have focused organisation would enable them to
too strongly on producing agricul- better access markets, to negotiate
tural goods, and by far not enough with middlemen from a stronger
attention has been paid on marketing position than individual, uncoordi-
them. This means that vegetables, nated farmers' groups can do. As a
fruits and other crops were produced larger group, they could make bigger
in large amounts, but the farmers investments at reduced costs. They
were not able to find enough buyers. need a stronger voice for their cause."
Talking to farmers all over Kenya, He admits, however, that the funds
TOF knows that this is still one of the are lacking here as well, both on the
biggest obstacles in farming. For a the consultancy firm Agrisystems
Ltd. knows that despite the good side of the farmers and the Govern-
long time, there was not a single ment. Yet something can be done.
expert in marketing in the Ministry of will, however, funds are lacking to
make these plans come true. Kariuki advocates for transforming
Agriculture. It is only recently that the farmer who now pays his or her
the Government took action in this To complicate matters further, the
agricultural sector is currently gov- small annual membership fee to their
regard. In its ambitious "Strategy for group and then leans back, "from a
Revitalizing Agriculture", launched erned by about 130 pieces of legisla-
tion, many of which are obsolete/out mere spectator to an active partici-
in 2004, the Government acknowl- pant" of their farmers' group. If, for
edged the key role of domestic mar- of date, or inconsistent. The issue of
land ownership is another "hot example, they suggest that the fee
keting and promised to give priority should be increased for the purpose
to developing the infrastructure and potato" which needs to be worked on.
of investments for the group, the
to the training of farmers. In addi- Soil quality declining individual farmer will be more inter-
tion, the Ministry of Agriculture now Apart from governmental regula- ested that the money is used respon-
has an Agribusiness Division. tions, the natural conditions in Kenya
Agronomist Dr. Joseph Kariuki from are raising problems for farmers. continues on page 7
Farmers get more money with asparagus

Asparagus growers in Gilgil want in Nakuru district, including Gilgil. them now have a regular source of
certification to reach markets But farmers earnings dwindled when income, unlike in the past when they
and increase their earnings. the Government failed to pay them for relied on pyrethrum and other farm
their deliveries. Most of them stopped products.
Peter Kamau, Gilgil pyrethrum production altogether. The Corrupt middlemen
discovery of asparagus as an alterna- Overproduction and supply of
This crop is now our only source of tive crop therefore came at the right
income, says Hannah Wambui, a asparagus in the last few years has
time. The crop does not require a lot of come with its own problems. The
member of Kigogo Farmers Group in rainfall, which means it is well-suited
Gilgil. She is referring to asparagus, a entry of middlemen has made the sit-
for production in Gilgil, an area that uation worse for asparagus growers.
vegetable crop that has become an receives moderate and sometimes
important cash crop for farmers in the The middle men have formed cartels
below-average rainfall. which frustrate farmers by making it
Gilgil area of Nakuru district. Asparagus has really changed the
Unknown by farmers in the area difficult for them to sell directly to
financial status of most of the farmers buyers in Nairobi at a much higher
before they began to grow the crop, in this area, says Benson. Most of
asparagus production is now a major price.
source of income for farmers in the
region.
They were told it was fodder
Benson Chege, the Groups secretary,
says he discovered it by chance: A
local farmer started growing it back in
1987, but he told the other farmers that
it was fodder for his cattle, says Ben-
son. His niece, who was working for a
local flower company, saw the plant
during a visit and told him that it was
a major export crop for the company.
She convinced him that the local farm-
ers could grow it for the local market
too, as the demand for asparagus is
high in Nairobi.
On her next visit she brought me
some seeds, Benson says. I planted
and tended it, as I had been shown,
and harvested. On delivery, a tourist
hotel in Naivasha bought all my Su Kahumbu (right) shows Gilgil farmers a drip irrigation system. (photo TOF)
asparagus at Ksh 140 per kg.
A steady income for farmers Gilgil Farmers get certification training
From the proceeds of the sale, Benson
bought more seeds and increased the The Kigogo Organic Farmers Group trainers are our newspaper advisor,
area under asparagus production on in Gilgil is the first farmers group to Su Kahumbu; an agronomist and
his family farm. Other farmers also benefit from The Organic Farmer Sup- farmer, Anne Nganga; and the tech-
learned from him and started produc- port Programme, which our newspa- nician/farmer Dominique Wanjihia.
tion. Asparagus production has con- per launched in April this year. As In the last several weeks we have
tinued to increase, bringing a steady part of its first anniversary gift to received a lot of applications from
income to farmers in the region. The farmers, The Organic Farmer (TOF), farmers groups who want to be con-
major market for asparagus is Nairobi. together with the Swiss foundation sidered in the programme. We have
At one time pyrethrum was the main BioVision, has arranged to support started with the training of the first
cash crop for the majority of farmers 10 farmers groups in the country to four groups. They were the first to
help them get certification for their apply for assistance.
organic produce and at a price that is The Kigogo Organic Farmers
higher than that offered for conven- Group has 44 members. Started two
tional produce. years ago, it is the first to benefit
This capacity-building initiative from The Organic Farmer Support
will be a milestone for the organic Programme. The certification process
movement in Kenya. Not only will for the Group started in the second
TOF help the 10 farmers groups start week of June, with training sessions
organic production according to the on organic production at Gilgil. We
set standards, but it will also assist really hope that the marketing of our
Asparagus, can with price negotiations with the buy- produce will improve once we get
ers. Moreover, TOF newspaper has certification, concludes Hannah
fetch good prices arranged a training programme. The Wambui, one of the Group members.
in the market.
FPE energizes and protects plants
Fermented Plant Extracts when
combined with EM boosts plant Some of the best plants for FPE preparation
growth and controls diseases and Plant/herb Pest problem
pests.
Marigold Nematodes, cutworms, caterpillars, ants
The Organic Farmer Red peppers, chilies Ants, aphids, army worms, caterpillars
Many farmers have used Fermented Onion, leeks, garlic Ants, aphids, army worms, caterpillars
Plant Extracts (FPE) for years. They Stinging nettles Maize stalk borer, banana, weevils, storage pests and
are prepared from a combination of weevils
plants with medicinal properties that Black jack Aphids ants beetles, cabbages, mites caterpillars,
give the plants more energy and pro- crickets, white flies and termites
tect crops from diseases and pests. A
farmer can use any plant that is Tomato leave solu- Cabbage butterfly, caterpillars and other insects
known to have these properties to tion
make the extract. When applied to a Lantana camara Potato weevil, cassava weevil, grain weevils
plant, the FPE triggers a defence
mechanism which enables the plants Neem Maize stalk borer, banana weevil, storage pests and
to resist diseases and pests. One of weevils
the reasons for this response by Pyrethrum Most of the pests mentioned above
plants is that the extract contains
many natural compounds. They increase in the overall yield. photosynthetic bacteria (which help
combine to fight harmful bacteria Various plants in combination can be turn carbon dioxide and water into
and fungi that are responsible for used to make FPE (see table above). plant food by use of energy from sun-
plant diseases. In addition, some of Most of them are very popular with light) and yeast. These three groups
the plant extracts help to repel pests the farmers in Kenya. Tithonia and of microorganisms help to condition
and therefore reduce damage to comfrey provide the best foliar feed the soil, suppress disease causing
crops. If prepared in the correct way, that can be used to enrich the FPE. It is bacteria and speed up the decompo-
FPE improves health in crops and an advisable to use a mixture of weeds in sition of the organic matter for the
the preparation of FPE, because differ- benefit of plants.
How to Prepare FPE ent weeds are effective on specific If you add EM to the Fermented
Container - 200 litre drum pests. This also increases the variety of Plant Extracts, this makes it even
Ingredients active substances and natural organ- more effective in promoting plant
Tithonia isms that control diseases and pests. health. It also improves the ability of
Stinging Nettle Weeds and other material to be used in the plants to withstand diseases. It is
African marigold the preparation are best cut in the not a fertilizer but it produces vita-
Comfrey morning. mins, organic acids and minerals
Optional Enrich the Extracts with EM essential for plant growth when it
Onion leaves Effective Microorganisms (EM) are a comes into contact with organic mat-
Chilies mixture of beneficial and naturally ter. This increases the humus content
Preparation occurring microorganisms that can in the soil. EM promotes germina-
1.Chop all the vegetation used for be applied to the soils to improve tion, growth, flowering, fruiting and
the extract into very small pieces. plant growth, yield and quality. It ripening in crops.
2.In the drum add 4 litres of EM 1 consists of microorganisms of lactic EM and Molasses can be bought in all
and 4 litres of Molasses plus 20 acid bacteria, a limited number of Agrovet-shops.
litres of water, mix thoroughly.
3.Add chopped vegetation to this The correct application of plant extracts
mixture, the vegetation should fill
the drum approximately half full. The mixture of FPE-EM is not a
4.Now fill the drum completely chemical pesticide. Its application
with water and mix vigorously. is different from that of the
5.Cover the tank completely; fer- chemicals used to control pests
mentation must be anaerobic and diseases. To ensure
(with no air entering from the lid) healthy plant growth, the solution
Leave to ferment for 7 to 10 days. should be sprayed as a preventive
measure, regularly before the
Mixing rates incidence of any plant pest or dis-
1.For spraying crops: 200ml (two ease
cups) of FPE/EM mixed with 20 This mixture can be applied onto plants
litre of water directly once or twice weekly. Direct spray-
2.For use in irrigation on soil: 100ml ings onto pest populations will reduce them,
(one cup) of FPE/EM mixed with eventually leading to their disappearance.
20 litres of of water (ground rule: The mixture should be sprayed in the mornings, in
1 litre FPE/EM: 100 litres of water) the evenings or after rains.
How to control tomatoes is not easy, but you can try

the following organic recipes:
How can I avoid
nematodes in tomatoes 1)Garlic bulbs may be dried and damping off?
Samuel Njoroge of Nakuru wants to crushed and used as a dust. The Another question from Samuel
know the organic practices that can dust can be made into a spray. This Njoroge: "Is there an organic way of
help control nematodes in tomatoes. is recommended for mildew, bean treating tomato seeds while sowing
rust and tomato blight. the nurseries beds, in order to pre-
1) Use Cassava (muhogo) obtain the
2) Spray every 10 days with a mix- vent damping off?"
juice by crushing roots. Dilute 1:1
ture of 1 litre milk to 10 -15 litres
with water, and spray immediately Damping off is caused by a fungus. It
water to control mites, blights,
using 4 litres diluted extract per is best prevented by using good plant
mildew and other fungal diseases,
square metre of soil. This remedy is management. Do not plant tomato
and mosaic virus.
said to be very effective. Wait for 20 seed in beds previously planted with
3) Castor oil plant: Dig the leaves or
days before sowing. Also try using same family type, for instance egg
oil cake into the soil to kill fungal
cassava peelings as a mulch against plant or peppers, or that were planted
diseases. (Remember castor oil
nematodes. with tomatoes the previous season.
seed/cake is very toxic to people
2) Grow African marigold in rotation Plant good quality seed, sow thinly,
and animals.)
to fight nematodes. water carefully, and make sure
3) A common spray using papaya can seedbeds have adequate ventilation.
be made by finely shredding 1 kg of Avoid sowing seed in cold wet soil and
leaves and adding to 4 litres of water. make sure not to over-water. If disease
Shake vigorously and add a little occurs, remove the patch of seedlings
soap (20 g or 20 ml). Spray or water affected.
into the soil (this is good for cut- Natural fungicides can be made
worms too). using sweet potato leaves, African
marigold or tithonia. Try the following:
Very common: 1) Crush and soak sweet potato leaves
Early and late blight 1:1 with water (1 part leaves to 1 part
"Is there an organic chemical that can water), dilute 1:1 again, use as a spray.
be used to control early and late 2) Crush 100-200 g leaves, roots and
blight in tomatoes", asks Samuel flowers of African marigold, pour on 1
Njoroge in Nakuru? litre boiling water over the leaves,
soak for 24 hours, then add 1 litre
Controlling early and late blight in Early blight (Courtesy Clemson Univ.) cold water and use as a spray.
Chicken manure is good fertilizer Please, come to our aid!

Maragwa farmers sent us an SOS.
George Oyeng want to know if he vide nutrients, which are made avail- Arrow roots (nduma) farming in
can use chicken waste to control yel- able to the plants as the manure Maragua is threatened with extinc-
lowing of maize? decomposes in the soil. Urine is the tion. An unidentified insect has
main source of the plant nutrients, camped everywhere in our sprawl-
Yes, George, you can use chicken particularly nitrogen, and potassium ing riverside gardens and boring
manure as a fertilizer for your maize, is found in the manure. It is soaked holes on edible parts. Crop experts,
since yellowing is a sign of deficiency up in the animal bedding. In poultry, scientists, please come to our aid!
in nitrogen. the urine is the white portion of the
As a compost: The manure will be This is bad! After I called you, I got
bird droppings, and can be very rich.
more effective if it is first composted some more information from you.
As a liquid manure: Poultry manure With this information, I asked some
with some form of bedding material can be added to water at the rate of 10
or simply added to your compost pile agronomists since I do not know
kg manure to 100 litres water. Leave anything about this insect. Even the
for some time. The resulting soil this for 7 - 10 days, then dilute 1:4 and
improver will supply bulk that will agronomists were helpless. So The
feed the plants. I would not advise Organic Farmer discussed the damag-
help to build soil structure and pro- you to use this as a foliar feed , but ing work of this insect with special-
rather as a pour-on over the soil for ists at ICIPE. For a clear analysis they
Su Kahumbu heavy feeders. Adding Effective need some living examples of this
answers your Microorganisms will help to reduce insect. If it is possible, send a dozen
questions the smell. of these insects to: Dr. Bernhard
Be cautious Lhr, ICIPE, P.O.Box 30772 GPO
Write to If used alone, chicken manure may 00100, Nairobi
The Organic Farmer 'burn' your crops. Also, keep try droppings can carry harmful bac-
P.O. Box 14352 manures well covered at all times, as teria. Therefore strict hygiene must
00800 Nairobi Kenya valuable nutrients can be washed be followed during handling of this
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 away with the rain or damaged by
e-mail: info@organickenya.com type of manure to avoid all types of
the sun. Lastly, remember that poul- contamination.
We want dairy goats We need information

We are very grateful for you have We are happy to write to you with
kept in touch with us. Since that time the above plea in our mind. We rep-
we started getting the copies, we resent 35 squatter groups and one of
have been practicing organic farming the agenda discussed recently was to
that has improved the quality of our give the squatter groups with agri-
produce and the yields. We thank the cultural education so that they can
organization for supplying the maga- boost farming and sustain them-
zines that enables us to utilize avail- selves economically. With that in
able resources correctly. The copies mind we resolved to write and
have reached every member of the kindly ask you to send the paper to
group and they are happy for it is us. After perusing one of the papers
realistic and self-explanatory. From we found that it is of much help to
the copy of September/October issue, our squatter groups.
there was information about dairy Chairman, Trans-Nzoia Squatters
goats. We would like through you, to Alliance, C/o CJPC Kitale Diocese Prize winners!
get in touch with the farmers having P.O Box 4656, Kitale When The Organic Farmer sent out
them so that we can start it as a pro- the questionnaires in November last
ject. By now we have set project of
dairy cattle and poultry that is suc- Newspaper motivating year, we also set a prize: We
promised to invite 20 farmers who
cessful. We hope that you will be First and foremost I would like to
congratulate you for your tireless responded to our questions, to come
sending to us the newspapers every to Nairobi to visit the International
month. I encourage mixed farming efforts to make us knowledgeable in
the use of organic material in farm- Centre of Insect Physiology and
for one can easily utilize manure on Ecology (ICIPE), the Biop Company
the farm, which will be appropriate ing. Fortunately I came across your
issue No.8 and after reading it, I was and Su Kahumbu's vegetable farm.
for soil fertility. Now it is time to fulfill our promise!
motivated to try organic farming.
Phillipine Nyongesa, Inua Society, Our members are organized small- Our Secretary, Lucy Macharia,
P.O Box 446, Kimilili scale farmers engaged in poultry, (blindfolded) picked out 20 of the
agro-forestry, tree nursery, bee keep- nearly 400 questionnaires we got
Send me past issues ing and horticulture. The group is back from you. We congratulate the
I thank you for the advice given by lucky farmers; they will be informed
registered by the department of
your newspaper. I have only read individually. Once more, we thank
social services and has 32 members.
No.10 from one of the farmers in our all those who responded to the
We will be grateful if you can send us
area. If possible please send me the questions. We assure them that the
monthly copies of the newspapers.
previous newspapers so as to catch information they gave will go a long
up with you. Rulas Mosoh Barango, Muungano way in improving the quality of our
Youth Group, P.O Box 319, Nyamira newspaper in future.
Shaaban Hassan Saidi, P.O Box 1512-
Tel. 0735 913319
20300, Nyahururu, Tel.0720551105
tions on a monthly basis; this has
farmers income... continued from page 3
Get grassroot support been an eye opener to the farmers. It
I am very pleased to inform you I has helped many of them at local
sibly. In other words, the farmer really enjoyed and shared ideas on level. This should continue because it
becomes a monitoring person. TOF magazine with my neighbour- has assisted us community and
The future is promising neverthe- ing groups. For the newspaper to development agents to quicken the
less. Kenya has many advantages in achieve its set goals, it should work trainings we offer to the farmers at
comparison to its neighbours. The closer with farmers from grass root the local level.
country has a long experience in level. This can be done if there was Peter Mwaura P.O Box 3128 Nakuru
commercial agriculture, a well devel- one contact person in every region Tel. 0726-841863.
oped seed industry, and a booming who can give details to the TOF of slidekenya@yahoo.com
consumer market. The demand is what is exactly going on in the field.
there, but, "We ruin the markets by The magazine will motivate farmers'
not having standards", Kariuki countrywide. I am working with Dear Farmers,
warns. In the long run, organic farm- almost 20 groups and need your
ing with its approach of soil conser- assistance in everything within
072
If you have any questions or

vation is, for this expert, the only Longisa and Sigor divisions of Bomet ideas for articles, or if you
15
way forward, since the population district. would like us to publish

will continue to grow further. Peter Kipngeno Kilele, Lelaitich Pri-
41
experiences about your

The Government of Kenya seeks to mary School, P.O Box 57 Sigor shamba or within your farm-
590
raise the annual growth in the agri- ers' group, please send us (with
cultural sector to 3.1% per annum by
2007 and to 5% thereafter. Every sin- An eye opener sms) your contacts. We shall get
back to you!
gle Kenyan farmer should be I would like to say that a lot has been
involved. done by your efforts on the publica- Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
tips and bits Market place

Problems with retained placenta Service to farmers. Many farmers
have been calling or writing to us ask-
Retained placenta (when there is no 1) A plant called wanjiru wa ruui (any ing for past issues of The Organic
automatic release of the placenta common or botanical name so we Farmer. We are no longer able to give
after delivery), is one of the common can identify it). This plant is com- you these back issues because the
problems facing dairy farmers. Vet- monly found in central Kenya. It is stock has run
erinary doctors give various reasons prepared by boiling kg of the out. However
for this problem, such as lack of plant in 1 litre of water for about 30 we can still assist
proper diet during pregnancy, a cow minutes. Give it to the cow as those of you
not having enough strength to push, drench of litre of this tea twice a who need these
or a disorder in hormone levels. Pri- day. copies-we will
vate veterinary doctors have been 2) Mango seeds: Remove the inside photocopy them
charging a lot of money for treating part of the mango seed, crush about for you. But we
this disorder, ranging from Khs 800 five seeds and give the cow in her cannot do this
to 2000. Many farmers have not been feed. This traditional method for free. Any
able to afford this amount. Due to the should be given immediately after farmer inter-
high fee charged for this service, delivery, or 3 days after delivery in ested in getting
most of the farmers have resulted to case of the retained placenta. the copies will
using herbal medicine. Two common Compiled by: Elijah Koinange Ndaba, P.O. Box have to buy
herbal methods are: 1388, Kikuyu, 0721 658 199 stamps worth Ksh.350, put them in an
envelope and send it to us. We will
Many other uses of African marigold then send you the copies between
In our area, if not the whole of Kenya, for treating headache caused by cold April 2005 and April 2006. Please do
we consider African marigold as a and fever. not forget to give us your full address!
weed which uses up and weakens soil There is no special technical way of Market. Do you have any organic
fertility. A garden full of the weed preparation or application when products for sale? A marketing group
often results in poor crop yield. Early repelling safari ants. To drive away in Nairobi is looking for organic veg-
weeding is the only safe way we use in safari ants, you can pick three to five etables, fruits, maize, beans and
our gardens to curtail its spread. A dry marigold plant stalks, then flop them related cereals and legumes. Farmers
marigold plant stump when cut or directly over the heading-invading with these products should get in
broken is poisonous if by bad luck it ants. The ants will eventually retreat touch with the buyers through the fol-
pricks a human being. A wound lasts a and drift away from the scene. For lowing address: Michael Waweru,
long time before it heals. headaches, pick a few green leaves of KOF & Group, P.O. Box 58440, 00200,
The marigold plant has an unpleas- the marigold plant, and then compress Nairobi, Tel. 0724 634 492
ant smell that of course is not pleasing. them between your palms. Directly
Farmers use it to repel red safari ants inhale for a few seconds then throw Land for sale. 2.2 hectares, prime
(sisimizi) when they invade their them away. agricultural land situated at Meru
homesteads or animal cages, stables or farm next to Kitale Showground in
Elijah K. Kisiara, Kongasis Group, P.O Box 226-
houses. We also use it as an inhalant Kitale Municipality. Interested buyers
20203, Londiani
should get in touch with the owner.
Contact Kihara Mwai, P.O.Box
Extra fodder from maize 24214,005200, Nairobi, 0722-575 816
Do you keep dairy goats? Many
farmers want to buy dairy goats.We
would therefore like to request all
farmers rearing dairy goats in the
country to give us their full addresses
and telephone numbers. We will pub-
lish them in our August issue. This
will help other farmers near you to
contact you whenever they need the
goats or information regarding them.
The address list will help more farm-
ers acquire the goats. Please SMS or
Start removing the lower leaves of the per acre of maize. After the maize call us through: Tel. 0721 541 590/
maize plant for feeding the cattle 3 grain reaches the soft dough stage, 0721 793 759/ 0733 713 105.
weeks after the maize cob has pro- remove the part of the plant above
duced silk. Remove one leaf per the cob for feed (topping). This Seedlings. Are you interested in buy-
week, starting from the bottom going method produces better quality feed ing indigenous vegetable seedlings.
towards the top. Do not remove the without affecting grain yield. The Rural Outreach Programme has
leaf directly below the cob and the many varieties. Contact: Thomas
Source: More forage, more milk. Technical Hand-
one above it. By doing this, it is possi- book No. 33, published by World Agroforestry
Mutuli, P.O.Box 29086, 00625 Nairobi,
ble to produce 450 to 600 kg of feed Centre, Nairobi Tel. 0733 568 824
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 11 March, 2006
Farmers buying fake seed Dear farmers,

Many parts of the country are still
Traders in maize growing areas are
selling condemned seed instead of experiencing drought. The pastoralists
genuine seed to unsuspecting in Northern Kenya lack pasture and
farmers. water, which has led to both human and
livestock deaths. Even farmers in
higher potential agricultural areas in
The Organic Farmer the country are experiencing severe
"Many farmers would get much more food shortages. If what has happened in
harvest if they planted the right the past is anything to go by, this is not
seeds". This statement from a farmer's the last time Kenya will be encounter-
letter sent to us shows the importance ing drought.
of seeds in crop production. Although Climate scientists are already warning
a majority of farmers already know that parts of the African continent,
that good seeds play an important role including East Africa, the Horn and
in increased production, they often southern Africa will face even more
ignore the advice and go for poor severe drought conditions in the next
quality seed that is to blame for decade. This is thought to be a result of
decreased crop yields in many farms global warming.
today. Part of the reason farmers buy The scientists believe that the rising
the counterfeit seeds from dishonest temperatures in the Indian Ocean are
seed traders is to save money. responsible for the current drought.
Producers sell rejected seeds Global warming will reduce the
Indeed, the main culprits in this whole amount of rainfall we receive by more
racket are the seed growers them- than 20 per cent. As most of you
selves; According to Simon Komen, already know, of course, not all predic-
the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate tions from our weathermen come to
Service (KEPHIS) regional manager in Farmers should buy certified seed. (TOF) pass. But what we have seen in the last
Kitale, the organization may condemn get the best seed. KEPHIS also ensures 20 years should be a good lesson. The
a farmer's seed maize after inspection. that unscrupulous traders out to make climatic patterns are changing for the
The farmer is then advised to sell the quick money do not exploit them. worse, with many parts of the country
rejected seed as commercial maize. Every year, KEPHIS makes an inspec- receiving less rain. Drought spells are
But the majority of the farmers do not tion of all appointed maize seed stock- also more frequent than before.
do so. Instead they offer the rejected ists, who are then issued with certifi- In these circumstances, we would
seed as genuine seed maize to unsus- cates to show that the seed stock is cer- advise our farmers to be much more
pecting farmers at a lower price. Some tified. Farmers should request to see creative in order to cope with the
of the seed growers even offer the the licenses issued to any stockists changing climatic conditions. One way
parent or basic seed maize (from before purchasing seed maize. we can do this is to start growing more
which hybrid seed maize is propa- and more drought-resistant crops.
Expired maize seed
gated) as genuine seed to farmers. Crops such as sorghum and millet
Komen says that parent seed maize Sale of expired maize seed is another
problem farmers have to contend require less water and are early matur-
cannot be used as seed because it is ing. It is difficult to tell why most of
too weak to produce healthy maize. with. Most of the stockists sell carry-
over stocks of excess seed purchased our farmers have abandoned these
Seed inspection, which is conducted important crops that are crucial to our
regularly, is done to ensure farmers the previous season to farmers.
Unless stored in a cool and dry facility, food security. Most farmers today
maize seed exposed to sunlight for a prefer maize, which requires more rain-
in this issue long period of time becomes weak and fall and takes longer to mature.
cannot grow well. Farmers should We are still receiving the question-
Natural enemies 2 ensure they buy their seed stock early naires, which we sent out to you last
ICIPE introduces parasite enough to avoid the last minute rush month. For us editors it is satisfying to
to control stemborer. that forces them to buy poor quality realize that farmers appreciate our
Importance of pollination 6 seed when the stocks run out. This is newspaper. This is what we can tell
Su Kahumbu explains why also another reason why farmers from a quick look at your answers:
pumpkins fail to fruit. should insist on seeing the certificate Kenyan farmers are hard working, they
of test from KEPHIS whenever they are proud to be farmers, and are eager
Bird flu a threat for farmers 8 buy seed maize. A certified seed to get more information about organic
Kenya poultry farmers are stockist will not sell poor quality seed farming. This is exactly what we are
concerned about bird flu. (see page 3). trying to do. Thanks a lot!
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 11 March 2006
MY OPINION Tiny fly controls stemborer

By Paul Kimani Introduction of a new predator cate these greedy pests. Biological
I have been following with much by ICIPE scientists will control, once again, is a natural
interest, the looting of public funds process whereby a pest is controlled
by some of our leaders mentioned drastically improve maize yields. by the use of a predator (a natural
in the Anglo Leasing and Golden- enemy). Different types of stembor-
berg scandals. It is not only the fact Felix Mbitu Murimi ers found in Africa require different
that they are stealing our money types of predators.
that makes me sick, but the mere Insect pests such as the stemborers
are very clever. They have always Natural enemy
fact that they do so shamelessly
and without due consideration of the devised ways to overcome the pesti- Telenomous isis is a tiny, small insect of
living conditions of millions of cides that are used to control them. 2 millimeter length. The parasite
Kenyans. Can you imagine how As a result, farmers today have to feeds on the eggs of the stem borer
many roads in rural areas in the deal with pests that do not respond and is well known in West Africa but
country could be repaired with just a to the pesticides, which are available has never been found in East Africa.
fraction of this money? Or even how in the market. Anani Bruce who is an egg parasitoid
many farmers could be trained on These pests are more demoralizing specialist in the project says that
sustainable agriculture with only a because they reduce yield after Telenomous isis can destroy up to
small portion of the looted funds? farmers have invested in farm 90% of any stem borer egg
Paul Kimani, farmer, Kiambu inputs and hard work. The yield batch and can drastically reduce
loss to the pests was the density of eastern
found to be 10-70%. African stemborer.
The Organic Farmer The stemborer problem ICIPE recently
is particularly acute in released Telenomous
The Organic Farmer is an independent
the small-scale, isis from West Africa
newspaper for the Kenyan farming
community. It promotes organic resource-poor agriculture under in Taita hills and will
farming and supports discussions on which maize is typically grown in also release the parasitoid in
all aspects of sustainable develop- sub-Saharan Africa. other parts of Kenya and in
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- It is against this background other countries in eastern and
lished monthly by ICIPE that the International Centre of southern Africa.
and distributed free to Insect Physiology and Ecology According to a survey carried out in
farmers. The reports of The (ICIPE) started the project Biologi- various parts of Kenya, the average
Organic Farmer do not nec- cal control of stemborers in subsis- seasonal stem borer infestation level
essarily reflect the views of tence agriculture in Africa. Its aim is about 43% which led to an average
ICIPE. was to match the important stem- 30% reduction in maize yield. Redis-
borer species with their natural tribution of parasitoid in all parts of
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by
BioVision, a Swiss based founda- enemies indigenous to Africa Africa is expected to increase maize
tion for the promotion of sustain- through introducing natural enemies production by up to 20% in the next
able development. to regions where they do not exist. 10 years without any investment by
The need for use of indigenous para- farmers through reducing yield
www.biovision.ch sitoids (enemies) arose from the suc- losses to stemborers. With about 24
cesses of redistribution elsewhere in million hectares under maize pro-
Publisher Africa. A successful example was the duction in sub-Saharan Africa and
International Centre of Insect coffee mealybug pest that was affect- average yield of 1.3 tons, the project
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) ing coffee production in Kenya. For is expected to lead to an increase in
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi maize production by 6.2 million tons.
30 years, it was thought that it was
KENYA
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 accidentally introduced from Asia No chemical pesticides
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org until scientists realized that it came The most important step in ensuring
homepage: http://www.icipe.org from Uganda, where it was under sustainability of biological control
Editors control by indigenous natural agents is the maintenance of favor-
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner enemies. Subsequently the natural able environment that allow the
enemy was introduced from Uganda interaction of these natural enemies
Secretariat
Lucy W. Macharia into Kenya and permanently con- of the stemborer. This includes the
trolled the pest. conservation of natural enemies by
Advisory Board
According to Dr. Fritz Schulthess, providing refuge vegetations and
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE who is the head of the Plant Health non-use of poisonous chemicals. That
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE Division at ICIPE, this biological means, sustainability of the biological
Address control is identified as the only process of pest control is only possi-
The Organic Farmer means for sustainable control of ble if the right environment for the
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi stemborers, since these pests are able survival of the predator is provided.
KENYA to develop a pesticide resistance. It is Chemical pesticide use often kills the
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 also very difficult to control stembor- predator, interfering with this
e-mail : info@organickenya.com ers once they have entered maize process.
Layout stem because most chemicals act on
contact. That is why biological Telenomous isis (Inset) enlarged 100
control is the best method to eradi- times. (Photo ICIPE)
Nr. 11 March 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Early planting increases crop yield
Many farmers plant when the rains
have already started. This leads to
poor seed germination, slow growth
and reduced crop yield.
The Organic Farmer
The planting season is a crucial
period for the farmer. But it begins
long before the burying of the seeds
in the soil. The feeding of the soil
during land preparation is the first
step in planting. The soil is the most
important component in farming.
How we care for it, determines how
much harvest we get at the end of the
season. As we have mentioned in Covering seed with crumbed soil prevents growth. (Photo TOF)
earlier issues of this newspaper, soils
in Kenya and much of East Africa are balanced food: it contains essential wrongly believe that the closer the
poor; they do not contain most of the nutrients such as nitrogen, phospho- spacing, the higher the yields. This is
essential nutrients and organic rus and potassium. It improves soil wrong, because when crops such as
matter that promotes plant growth. structure, water holding capacity and maize are crowded, the plants
To enrich them, most farmers have air circulation. Soil acidity is also compete for sunlight, water and
resorted to the use of chemical fertil- regulated, creating the ideal condi- nutrients. Since every plant does not
izers over the years. tions for plant growth. Organic fertil- get enough of these essential ele-
Chemical fertilizers are harmful izers are currently available in the ments, they weaken and cannot
No doubt, the use of chemical fertil- market for farmers who may be inter- produce the desired yield.
izers can lead to an impressive ested. When planting maize, the correct
increase in yields. Chemical fertiliz- Important tips for planting spacing between one hole to the next
ers offer large amounts of nutrients Most farmers have adequate knowl- should be 60 cm (2 ft), while spacing
to the plant in easily available form. edge on planting methods. Here we between the rows should be 75 cm (2
But, they have their limits. According give you a few additional tips: 1/2 ft). The farmer should ensure that
to research, repeated use of chemical Timing: After tending the soil, it is at only two seeds are planted in each
fertilizers in most of the maize- the planting stage that many farmers hole when using this spacing
growing areas of the country has led make a serious mistake; most farmers method. The farmer has also to apply
to an increase in acidity in the soils; plant too late. To go round this two handfuls of compost in every
this is largely to blame for the declin- problem, farmers should practise dry planting hole in order to provide the
ing maize yields in the affected areas. planting. In dry planting, the farmer young plants with enough nutrients
About half of the applied nitrogen plants before the rains, say in mid- for growth.
fertilizer usually gets lost through March. What happens is that before Erosion: Soil erosion is one of the
runoff, leaching, and evaporation the rains start, the soil temperatures most serious threats to soil fertility. It
into the atmosphere. Under are at the required level for proper carries away the most fertile parts of
unfavourable conditions (too much seed germination. the soil: the topsoil and the finer clay
rainfall, long dry periods or soils Once the rains start, the soil tem- fractions, which are rich in humus
with a low level of organic matter), peratures tend to go down gradually. and nutrients. It is therefore of vital
the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers This means that seeds planted at this importance for farmers to protect the
may even be lower. Use of chemical stage will not germinate well. The soil from erosion. There are two
fertilizers also leads to oversupply of germination and growth rate for general methods for preventing soil
nitrogen, which causes the softening crops such as maize is greatly erosion:
of the plants tissues. Such plants are affected. According to research reducing the erosive power of the
more vulnerable to diseases and undertaken by the Kenya Agricul- rain drops by keeping the soil
pests. Inorganic fertilizers reduce the tural Research Institute (KARI), a covered (with mulch for instance);
growth of a beneficial root fungus farmer loses two-and-a-half bags of reducing the speed of the water
called mycorrhiza around the plant maize in every acre of maize each flowing down the slopes. This can be
roots. week if he plants in the third week done easily: plant the seeds along the
A sick person cannot get well just after the rains begin, or five bags per contour, such that the plant rows run
by taking only vitamin tablets. acre by planting two weeks late. across the slope, rather than up and
He/she needs healthy food as well. Farmers therefore need to plant early down.
Farmers in the same way overlook if they are to cut down on the huge Another good method is intercrop-
important plant food in the organic losses that occur as a result of late ping the maize with beans or legumes.
materials that are readily available planting. Alternatively, you can plant the maize
from the farm. These include crop Spacing: Another common mistake between rows of napier grass. In this
residues, compost and farmyard made at planting time is spacing way, the grass prevents erosion and
manure. Organic matter is like well- between plants. Many farmers loss of essential nutrients.
Farmer produces certified fruit seedlings

Benjamin Lugano has managed to to Butere and Mumias to get these
meet the demand for certified fruit seedlings.
seedlings in Kenya and neighbouring The nurseries are regularly
countries. inspected by KEPHIS staff that take
soil, water and plant samples to
Peter Kamau, Cherangani ensure they are not infected by dis-
eases. Every year the farm is
Most farmers lack clean seedlings inspected and all the seedlings certi-
that are high yielding and disease- fied as disease-free by both KEPHIS
free. Poor quality fruit seedlings often and HCDA.
can be seen offered by roadside Lugano uses compost to enrich the
vendors in most parts of the country. soil used in the nurseries. He says
Government-run seedling nurseries this has helped to cut down costs
in prison farms and the Ministry of from the use of chemical fertilizers.
Agriculture have collapsed. Fourteen Another advantage is that the soils
years ago Benjamin Lugano identi- do not lose their fertility as fast. To
fied this problem and decided to serve farmers in other districts, he
convert part of his 7-acre farm in has established nurseries in the Agri-
Munyaka, Kaplamai division of Trans cultural Society of Kenya show-
Nzoia district into a fruit nursery. grounds in Eldoret and Kamarin in
Today, the 42-year old father of six Keiyo. Farmers can also buy his
is the main supplier of fruit seedlings seedlings at the Agriculture Centre
to many farmers in the country and in Kitale town which is run by the
across the border in Uganda and in Ministry of Agriculture.
Zanzibar and Pemba in Tanzania. If
High demand for fruits
one looks at the areas where he sup-
plies the seedlings, it is evident there Apart from seedling production,
are very few producers of certified farmer Lugano has put five acres of
fruit seedlings in the East Africa his land under passion, avocado,
region. mangoes and tree tomato fruits
Benjamin Lugano tends passion fruit which he supplies to local and inter-
At first I started with passion fruit
growing. This was after realising that seedlings. Photo (TOF) national markets.
the fruits were in great demand in the passion fruit seedlings from Israel, Demand for passion fruits is very
local and international markets. But I which he grafts with local varieties. high, especially in major towns in
discovered that it was difficult to get Among the fruit varieties in produc- East Africa including Nairobi and
clean planting material following the tion at the farm are Fuerte and Hass Kampala. I am surprised many
outbreak of diseases such as the varieties of avocado. Others are farmers still grow tomatoes and
fusarium wilt that affects passion Apple, Tommy and Harden varieties Sukumawiki (kale), whose prices
fruits, he says. of mango fruit, and pawpaw and tree keep on fluctuating every day. They
tomato seedlings. should try passion fruit production
Recognised for his efforts to increase their income, he advises.
At the same time, a viral disease out- Seed production needs care Lugano has received orders to
break had devastated the orange crop Seedling production is a delicate and supply passion fruits and avocadoes
in Trans Nzoia district and most parts sensitive occupation. Lugano says he to the European markets but he is
of the country. This forced farmers to has to be careful to avoid any possi- unable to do so because he cannot
stop production of oranges alto- bility of transmitting crop diseases by meet the quantities needed. He has
gether. He had to obtain fruit wrong selection, grafting handling or now brought together other farmers
seedlings from hot areas such as Sigor even transportation of the different to form the Kaplamai Cooperative
in West Pokot and Kerio Valley and cultivars (planting material) during Society, through which they hope to
Kisumu, which were not affected by the production process. produce enough fruits for export.
the disease. The Government recog- You can imagine what would Farmers interested in certified fruit
nised his efforts and facilitated his happen if I sold diseased seedlings to seed should get in contact with
training on seedling production. The farmers in Uganda or Zanzibar. It Lugano at this address: Lugano Hor-
Kenya Plant Health Inspection Ser- could affect the whole horticulture ticultural Farm Enterprises, P.O. Box
vices (KEPHIS) and the Horticultural industry in those countries, bringing 323, Kitale 30200, Tel. 0733 99 05 7
Development Authority (HCDA) pro- a great loss to farmers, he says
vided the training. He also acquired The seeds are certified
additional skills in this field from a To avoid diseases, the Kenya Agricul-
Agroforestry
Swedish Agro-forestry Project. This article is the first in a series we
tural Research Institute (KARI) staff intend to carry in the coming issues
Seedlings from Israel assist him in selection of the root of The Organic Farmer. Planting of
From these courses I gained a lot of stock (the lower section of the grafted fruit and tree crops is one area that
experience on seed selection, grafting, seedling). The root stock has to be most farmers neglect. In the next
nursery care and management, he obtained from known indigenous issue we will look at the role of agro-
says.With the help of KEPHIS and varieties which are strong and also forestry in sustainable agriculture
HCDA, he now sources high quality resistant to diseases. He often travels
Soil is the starting point for organic farmers
Life begins in the soil. It is important
to know more about our soils and how
to care for them.
Su Kahumbu
Our soils have been created over
many millions of years, giving rise to
all the forms of life we know today.
How ironic that man, however, the
supposed superior life form at the top multi-billion dollar industry. Organic and warm up quickly, but are low in
of the food chain, has managed to agriculture is one way to reverse this nutrients.
cause the greatest changes to soil in spiral towards the destruction of our Silt soils: When wet, silt soils feel
the shortest period of time, backtrack- planet. The production of organic silky and soapy. They are nutrient-
ing our planet and sending it into a inputs, however, is not yet seen as rich and have a good water-holding
spiral of self destruction. profitable business and thus is of little capacity, however as the particles are
The massive use of chemical inputs interest to big business corporations so fine, silt soils compact easily and
in agriculture has affected not only or government policy makers. are hard to cultivate.
our soils, but also the biodiversity that Soil health and thus fertility is the Peat soils: Formed organic matter,
exists above the soils. Great stretches most important starting point for an peat does not decompose fully due to
of land have been opened up for organic farmer in order to create a the wet and acid conditions. Rich in
monocropping (planting a single sustainable, healthy environment. organic matter, peat may be acid and
crop) in conventional agriculture, Once this is achieved, nature takes infertile, although it also can be fertile.
resulting in the destruction of forests, care of the rest. We must therefore This soil is very dark in colour.
reduced rainfall in catchment areas, seek to have a greater understanding Although a good soil for seed beds, it
declining soil fertility, poor crop of this magical earth food we call is best for acid-loving plants.
quality, poor animal and human soil. Chalky soils: This soil type is Alka-
health due to introduction of foreign line and free draining. Its parent rock
Soil, a living organism
toxins in the food chain, and finally is limestone. This soil requires a lot of
resulting in drought. As lifeless as it may seem, soil is actu-
ally an underground living environ- food nutrientsand water
Production of manufactured chemi-
ment, filled with life and having as Soil structure
cal fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides,
herbicides and other agricultural much influence on plants as the envi- Good soil structure means plant roots
chemicals by large corporations is a ronment above the ground. Soils are can penetrate deeply, water drainage
made up of organic matter, mineral is good, the soil is easy to dig, there is
particles from weathered rocks, living no hard pan or compact layer in the
Organic soil: Six golden rules organisms (plants and animals and top soil, the soil has many earth-
1. Feed the oil microorganisms), water and air. Dif- worms and thus worm channels (for
It is through good soil management ferent soil types are determined by the ventilation) and the top layers are
that we will produce healthy crops. size and chemical composition of the crumbly when both wet and dry.
Poor quality crops and insect pest particles of rocks from which they are Poor structure is when plants are
problems are signs of poor soil man- formed. Sand, silt and clay are the shallowrooted; water sits in pools on
agement. three types of weathered rock parti- the soil or drains immediately; the soil
2. Tread carefully cles that make up soil. All soils, apart sticks into hard clumps, cracks and is
Compact soil contains little air and is from those formed from organic very dry; there are few worms; there
difficut for plants to penetrate. It also matter (for instance compost, peat) is a compacted layer in the top soil;
is a poor environment for soil-living are rock-based and contain a mixture and the surface layer dries out to a
creatures. of the rock particles in varying pro- crust after rain.
3. Dig only when needed portions. If the proportions of these
Digging can destroy soil structure. It Vital microorganisms
three elements are the same, the soil is The majority of life forms in the soil as
also brings a new batch of weed seed called loam. A sandy loam is a soil
to the surface. microscopic bacteria, fungi, earth-
with predominately sandy particles, a worms, beetles, slugs and insect
4. Keep soil surface covered silt loam with more silt and a clay
A live covering of green mulch or larvae, are responsible for the break-
loam is one with more clay particles. down of organic matter into nutrients
dry mulch protects the soil structure. Clay soils: As clay particles are tiny,
5. Do not over-fertilise that are then available to plants. Life
the soils are dense, heavy and sticky. in the soil is made up of checks and
Over-fertilisation causes more prob- These soils may be rich in nutrients,
lems than under-fertilisation. Let balances. The soil living pests are bal-
however plant roots may struggle to anced by the abundance of soil benefi-
your crops be your guide. reach them. They can also become
6. Check pH before liming cials, just as we see above the soil. It is
water-logged. obvious then that the more diverse
Unnecessary liming can result in Sandy soils: Sand particles are quite
nutrients being locked-up chemi- the community above and below the
large, resulting in a soil in which ground, the better balance all over for
cally and less available for plants water runs through quickly, carrying
In the next issue, look for organic agriculture and the environment.
away plant nutrients and drying very Keeping this life alive in our soils is
soils improvers easily. These soils are easy to cultivate continued on page 7
Stop the fly before it lays eggs

How do we control the pumpkin fly or dudu that stings and lays its eggs
in courgette gem squash and butter nut squash?
Mrs Rosalie Faull, Mugie Ranch Ltd P.O Box 30, 20321 Rumuruti
Rosalie, the bug is a Melon Fly. It can what we consider damage, in a few of
be destroyed with a pyrethrum spray, our crops in order to allow for natures
Flower Ds is allowed, and available balance to take hold. You could also
from most agro outlets. Be careful allow a few chickens around your farm
however and make sure you spray as they will forage for insects and fer-
selectively, so that you do not affect tilise the ground as they do so. Be
any beneficial insects that may be careful to keep them away from your
present. Once the eggs are in the fruit, seed beds though. Also, harvest the
bending of the fruit is inevitable. You fruit as soon as you notice the tiny pin
must therefore try to kill the fly before prick of damage and utilise the fruit
it lays. It will also be useful to grow a immediately before there is internal
wide diversity of crops on your farm to damage or subsequent release of the
allow for a wide diversity of insects, insect. If for home use, just cut out the
birds etc. that will create an eco bad bits and submerse them in hot
balance whereby you may not need to water before putting into your
spray at all. We must learn to accept compost, or feed to chickens.
it comes to transporting. Finding
Packaging is markets for our products is a constant
question being forwarded to The
important Organic Farmer. Retailers of organic
produce need assurance of organic
I am an organic farmer, I grow vegeta-
certification. To move into the com-
bles. Su, how can we control the trans-
mercial organic arena, we must learn
portation of our products? And where
the global use of the word Organic.
can we get market to sell our prod-
Organic Standards, (the documented My pumpkin
ucts?
requirements) must be understood
Esther Ndiku Sinai Organic Group P.O
and followed. To ensure full integrity,
does not bear fruits
box 1591 Kangundo
products sold as organic must show John Mulwa of Box 323 Munyaka in
Esther, you have a very good point. Certification. Consumers will then be Kitale has a healthy pumpkin vine in
Organic Standards require organic willing to pay more for these products. his kitchen garden. Every season the
produce to be packaged and trans- Retailers will have to stock them. pumpkin flowers but the fruits only
ported in a very specific way so as to develop to thumb size and do not
prevent substitution or contamination Termites refine manure grow any further. He asks: I have
of the product and thus ensure full tried fertilizers, thinning the vine
integrity of the same. Each consign- When I apply the manure on my and tending it but there is no
ment must be accompanied by appro- vegetables, the termites invade the improvement. What can I do?
priate documentation enabling the crop and cause damage. How can I John, it seems your pumpkin flowers
origin of the product to be traced. control the termites? asks Ann are not getting pollinated. This could
Some Organic Standards insist on sep- Wamuyu of Cherangany, Kitale. be due to the lack of insect that per-
arate vehicles or a cleaning program to forms this miracle. Next time the
Ann, your problem will be solved if
be followed and recorded of vehicles plant is flowering, try hand pollinat-
you compost correctly. Termites
that may carry conventional produce ing the female flowers with pollen
cannot survive the temperatures of a
too. Knowing these requirements as from the male flowers. The male
proper compost pile. At the end of
producers we must try to bring our flowers are those without evidence
composting, microorganisms will
products to the market following the of the small fruit behind them and
have converted the fresh manure into
regulations. One way would be to link are generally on a longer stalk than
nutrients available for plant uptake.
up with other organic producers when the female flowers. You will not have
The use of EM will speed up the com-
posting time. And you will also find solved the problem, which seems to
be one of no-pollinators.
Su Kahumbu that by using a healthy compost, your
Try to encourage as much insect
answers your crops will give better yields.
diversity on your farm by growing a
questions Any material with a high carbon
wider range of plants, accepting a
content, and in this case water too, is a
feast for termites at this time due to the few pests and reducing your costs
Write to and time spent on spraying. We
drought. All creatures need water, the
The Organic Farmer termites may be getting this from the believe all insects are good and nec-
P.O. Box 14352 plants and in so doing causing essary, if we allow nature to create a
00800 Nairobi Kenya damage. However, their presence is balance on our farms. Our contribu-
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 due to the fresh non-composted tion is to ensure a good healthy soil,
e-mail: info@organickenya.com let nature take care of the rest.
manure.
Keep up the good work Dear Farmers,

Soil is the starting First and foremost I congratulate you As part of our efforts to serve
072
point... continued from page 5 for your continued effort to educate
us on farming tips. I read The Organic
the organic farming commu-
nity effectively, we would
15
Farmer the first time when I came like to create a database of
essential. Using chemical pesticides,
41
across the Nr. 7 November 2005 issue. organic farmers in the country.
fertilizers, herbicides and other chemi-
We are interested in:
590
cals, results in damage to these I went through the magazine and
microorganisms, thus creating imbal- found it so enriching to us farmers. I -Your names,
ances. It is unfortunate that the solu- read much on Napier cultivation and -Addresses, Location,
tions to these imbalances result in found it interesting and discovered -Farm acreage,
worse imbalances. When land is the disease "napier stunt". I also -Are you an organic farmer?
totally destroyed and considered learned much about soya beans, that To make it easy for you, we have a
worthless it is abandoned. And then soya is very nutritious, especially special telephone number: given
immediately slowly but surely nature when mixed with sorghum, maize above. All the farmers can provide
starts to repair the damage. flour to make highly nutritious ugali these information through short mes-
Some of the microorganisms living in and porridge. Please, we are an orga- saging service (SMS). Come on
the soil include bacteria, which can nized group of 30 members and Farmers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
take nitrogen from the air; these bacte- would like to learn more about
farming from The Organic Farmer.
ria live in nodules on the roots of legu-
Give us more on crop rotation, dairy
SMS ONLY
minous convert it into soluble forms
that plants can use. Beneficial mycor- goat farming, organic fertilizers and tion, Kuresoi Division of Nakuru
rhizal fungi also are attached to the generally on how to improve our District. We read a friend's copy and
roots of plants. They help the plant farming methods. Again, keep up took much interest in it. This is
absorb more water and nutrients and the good work! because we grow cereal crops and
in return the plant provides food for Wilson Kamau, Kakimari Self horticulture. In our area, the
the fungi. These fungi are very sensi- Group, P.O Box 203, Rongai, Nakuru common crops are potatoes, beans,
tive to fungicides and prefer soil that is and cabbages. We have many prob-
high in organic content. ICIPE is helping farmers lems due to fungal and bacterial dis-
Plant nutrients I am grateful to ICIPE and The eases and insect pests. We request
Organic Farmer. The two institutions you to send us monthly copies to
Plants require both macro and
are really working hard to support assist us in our farming. Thank you.
micronutrients. The common
farmers countrywide. It should be Absolom Chebochola, Tegunot
macronutrients are:
well noted that we are facing so Farmers Group, P.O Box 356, Molo
Nitrogen (N) fuels the growth of
leaves and shoots many problems in farming. Some of
Magnesium (Mg)- important in the these are poor markets, expensive We need it for Library
production of chlorophyll labour, sustaining production and I am a Kenyan citizen aged 46, apart
Phosphorus (P)- important for root use of chemicals. I would request the from being a farmer at Stoo Mbili,
growth two bodies to hold regular work- Njoro, I am also the Adult education
Potassium (K)- vital to flowering and shops in our region inorder to officer in charge of Lare Division of
fruiting, also hardens growth, educate farmers on modern methods Nakuru District. One of the objec-
increasing resistance to pests, dis- of agriculture. tives of the Department of Adult edu-
eases and frost. Joseph K. Kinyanjui, PO Box 125, cation is to increase the levels of liter-
Organic agriculture ensures a more South Kinangop
acy in the division through the provi-
or less healthy balanced diet for our sion of basic reading skills and at the
crops. Therefore, the organic farmer Useful for our field school
same time creating a reading culture
generally does not need to be con- On behalf of "Life class" Nyasi farm, I
cerned about the precise levels of plant among the rural farming communi-
request you to send us copies of The
foods in their soils. Following natures ties by encouraging learning as a life
Organic Farmer. Beneficial discus-
example, rather than feed plants sions were witnessed in our last class long process. To achieve this we have
directly, we aim to recycle the plant when we received a copy of the instituted a small resource centre
and animal wastes and feed these to newspaper from a friend; that day's where farmers borrow reading mate-
the soils. Microorganisms in the soil attendance was fair because we had rials. It is for this reason that we
then break down the organic material 22 farmers attending. Please assist request form you reading materials
into nutrients that become available to this group by sending us the newslet- for the center and especially The
plants. The soil structure is also ter. Thank you. Organic Farmer newspaper, which
improved through this process. Bulky John Sprite, Kiminini division, P.O addresses problems facing farmers in
organic feed containing a wide range Box 1781, Kitale the division. We will appreciate.
of essential plant foods and trace ele-
ments is best for the soils. They may be We face pest problems Thank you.
incorporated directly into the soil, or We thank you for starting a newslet- Stephen Mugi Wagathanga,
composted or used as mulch (see The ter for Kenyan farmers. We are a self- Appointed Time 98, P.O Box 760,
Organic Farmer, April and May 2005). help farmers' group in Toito Loca- Njoro
Bird flu threatens poultry farmers

After bird flu outbreaks in Nigeria
and Egypt Kenyan farmers are con-
cerned about the disease. Here are
some precautionary measures.
Dr. Anna N. Wambui

Bird flu or avian influenza is an infec-
tion caused by avian (bird) influenza
(flu) viruses. These flu viruses occur
naturally among birds. Wild birds
worldwide carry the viruses in their
intestines, but usually do not get sick
from them. However, avian influenza Bird flu is killing millions of chickens and
is very contagious among birds and even people. (Photo Agencies)
can kill domesticated birds, including birds should be kept in chicken
chickens, ducks and turkeys. houses. Do not let chickens roam
There are 15 types of bird, or avian freely.
flu. The most contagious strains, In case of an outbreak, farmers
which are usually fatal in birds are should not sell live chicken as they
H5 and H7. The type currently do in open air markets. It is also
causing concern is the deadly strain important to avoid keeping chickens,
H5N1, which can kill people. Migra- ducks and pigs together in one
tory wild fowl, notably wild ducks, area,cage or pen. Poultry keepers
are natural carriers of the viruses, but should practise proper hand washing
are unlikely to actually develop an ing and diarrhoea. Doctors should
and cleaning and use disinfection enquire whether the patient had trav-
infection. The risk is that they pass it procedures in poultry houses. When
on to domestic birds, which are much elled to affected areas in the last ten
infection occurs all healthy and days. Blood and body liquid samples
more susceptible to the virus. infected birds in the affected area can be used to test for the virus. The
How does it spread among birds? should be killed and burned to stop Kenya Medical Research Institute
Domestic birds can get the infection the disease from spreading to other Laboratoriess are able to do this here
when they roam freely, share water farms. Dead birds can also be buried in Kenya.
with wild birds or take water that at least three metres deep and lime or
might be contaminated by infected Can be treated if discovered early
soda applied on them to kill the virus.
droppings. Contaminated equip- Studies done in laboratories suggest
Current Kenyan status that the prescription medicines
ment, vehicles, feeds, cages, or cloth-
Kenyan farmers should be informed approved for human influenza
ing, especially shoes can carry the
that Bird flu has not occurred here yet. viruses should work in treating avian
virus from farm to farm. Wet markets
However, preventive measures have influenza infection in humans. So
where live chickens and other birds
been taken. A national task force has antibiotics, antipyretics, oxygen
are sold under crowded and some-
been formed to prepare for a rapid supply and respiratory support are
times unsanitary conditions help
response in case an outbreak occurs. supportive drugs. Although there is a
spread the bird flu infection.
Farmers who notice any dead birds in vaccine to prevent the disease in
What are the signs of bird flu in their locality or see any of the symp-
chickens? poultry, it is not yet available in
toms mentioned above in their birds Kenya. So far there is no human
Infection causes a wide spectrum of should not touch them; Children vaccine for H5N1 control .
symptoms in birds, ranging from should not be allowed to play barefoot The most important step in the
mild illness to a highly contagious near the poultry shed. They should not control of of the disease is prevention.
and rapidly fatal disease resulting in touch any of the affected birds or even That is the reason why farmers and
severe epidemics. The normal signs their eggs. They should immediately emergency personnel are advised to
are decrease in activity, drastic notify the task force through the bird wear masks, gowns, gloves and other
decline in egg production, facial flu hotline given below. protective clothing while working on
swellings with swollen and bluish- Bird flu can affect people farms with outbreaks.
violet colored combs and wattles. The
birds gasp for breath, their muscles Although avian influenza in general
are weak and sometimes paralysed. does not affect people, the H5N1 sub- Bird flu hotline
type has a 50% mortality rate, it Farmers who come across dead
They have diarrhoea and will all die
affects man. It is a severe respiratory birds or see any birds with symp-
within 48 hours.
illness accompanied by fever. The toms similar to the ones mentioned
Pre-cautionary measures sickness can be confused with other above should immediately get in
Farmers should stop use of chicken respiratory illnesses. touch with the National Task Force
manure in feeding cattle. Most The patient experiences increased on Bird Flu through the following
farmers feed the chicken manures to body temperature, cough, sore hotline and wait for help:
cows because chicken only digest 70 throat, eye infection, pneumonia, Bird Flu Hotline Tel. 0722 726 682
per cent of the feed; all commercial acute respiratory syndrome, vomit-
January 2006 ver 5.qxd 12/20/2005 9:34 AM Page 1
The Organic Farmer

The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 9 January 2006
Dear farmers,
First of all, we would like to wish you
and your families a happy and prosperous
New Year, good health, excellent harvests
and sufficient rains throughout the year.
Finally, the Kenyan economy is slowly
recovering. Since agriculture is the
backbone of the country's economy,
farmers have all reasons to be proud of
having contributed to this recovery. Let us
redouble our efforts! We need to be more
practical in taking up challenges that
confront us in our day-to-day farming
activities. This is the only way we can
solve our problems. We need more action
and less talk. That is the reason why we
are pushing for the marketing of organic
products in Kenya (see pages 4 and 5).
Even though the organic farming sector is
still very young, it has a bright future.
At this time, we are lacking clear
Su Kahumbu's farm is certified as organic information of the potential and the needs
of the organic farming community.
All our readers know Su Kahumbu, the prominent organic farmer from Therefore we would like to ask you for a
Limuru, who also answers questions from you farmers. In mid-December last favour:
year she received the Certification of Registration from Musa Njoka, director First, to get a reliable idea of the
of a Kenyan Certification Company, EnCert. This is a big step for the local number of organic farmers in Kenya,
organic farming community, which is struggling to market their organic please let us know whether you are an
produce, as you can read on pages 4 and 5. (Photo TOF) organic farmer. Simply send us an SMS
(see details on page 7).
Early land preparation important Secondly, in order to do a good job, The
Organic Farmer would like to know what
Many farmers wait until it is too late to stage determines the quality of you as farmers think about our
harvest the farmer will get at the end newspaper. Are you satisfied with the
prepare their land for planting. of the next season. topics we write about? Do you understand
By The Organic Farmer At this time, farmers have plenty of the articles? What kind of articles would
organic material, mainly maize and you prefer or wish to read? Do you miss
In the farmers calendar, the month of bean residues that remained in the
January is important. This is because reading about any topic, technology for
shambas after the harvest. What often instance?
it is just after the harvest when most happens is that farmers release their
farmers prepare the land for the next animals to graze in the farm fields for
To help us improve our services to you,
crop. Proper land preparation at this a short time. Then they burn these we have prepared some questions. The
materials. The burning will be done so questionnaire has been sent to around
that the farms can be ploughed in 800 farmers in all parts of the country.
readiness for the planting season. We will be grateful if those of you who
What farmers might not know is get the questionnaire would fill it as
In this issue that this material is in fact very straightforwardly as possible and send it
essential organic manure that back to us soonest, at least before the end
Poultry keeping supports a lot of life in the soil, such of January. You will not meet any costs
Indigenous chicken can be as worms and microscopic bacteria, because we provide an addressed and
made more productive. Page 3 which help release food for the plants stamped envelope, in which you will put
in a balanced way. the questionnaire and post it.
Fight aphids and cutworms Early land preparation, however, has We thank you all for your cooperation
Diversity on farms takes care of many advantages for the farmer. One and are looking forward to your responses.
the natural enemies and pests. Page 6 advantage is that it loosens the soil, Your proposals will help us to improve
making it easy for the plants roots to our newspaper, to become more involved in
Making your own pesticide penetrate. Early digging also helps the a direct dialogue with you and to cater
Marigold plant extract is an circulation of air in the soil, which is even better for the growing needs of the
effective organic pesticide. Page 8 essential for plant germination and organic farming community.
growth. (See page 2)
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 9 January 2006
MY OPINION
By Isaac Maina Munyari
Soil care increases fertility
Proper soil cultivation growing crops from seeds, which are
Have you ever planted crops in a methods can improve its slow to germinate, such as onions,
former cowshed? And what did you quality and productivity and carrots. This is especially so
discover? You got a very nice and where weeds are a problem. Make the
healthy harvest. This is a good By The Organic Farmer seedbed and allow the first weeds to
example for farmers. One can see, Good land preparation practice appear, use a hoe to remove them,
that farmyard manure is very involves taking care of the soil to then plant the seeds you want.
important for soil fertility. A lot of ensure it contributes to increased farm
farmers have a lot of such good Benefits of mulching
productivity. Working on the soil the Manure is best composted before use
experiences. But do we really share right way can improve its capacity to
the knowledge with others? We on the crops. Add bulky plant material
retain water and allow the circulation of such as straw if not already present.
should share information, especially air. Water and warmth in the soil is also
when we are going organic. Up to Fresh manure should not be used
important for plant germination and directly on the soil because the
now, we are a minority in the growth. There are many ways a farmer
country. But things will change. It nitrogen in the ammonia it releases
can prepare their land for planting, but can be harmful to the plants. Fresh
will change even faster if we work each depends on the type of crops they
together. manure can also attract pests. Avoid
are planting and the type of soil they manure from town sewage as it may
I. Maina is a farmer in Subukia. are working on. contain disease causing agents such as
For an organic farmer, it is important parasites and harmful bacteria.
to add organic matter into the soil
The Organic Farmer before preparation of the seedbed.
Mulch is any loose material such as
straw, leaves or dry grass that is placed
Nr. 9, January 2006 Organic matter includes crop around the plant to protect the soil
The Organic Farmer is an residues, green manure and farmyard from over-drying and to control
independent newspaper for the manure. The organic matter should temperatures. Recommended mulches
Kenyan farming community. It be dug into the top layer of the soil are crop residues, dry grass, dry leaves,
promotes organic farming and (to a depth of 15 to 20 cm). dust, old compost and old manure.
supports discussions on all aspects of Take care during cultivation Green vegetation should not be used
sustainable development. The because it takes a long time to break
Organic Farmer is published monthly
Soil cultivation has many advantages
and disadvantages. One of the down and does not allow water to
by ICIPE and distributed penetrate the soil. It also attracts pests
free to farmers. The reports
benefits is that it encourages the
activity of soil organisms; it also helps and fungal diseases.
of The Organic Farmer do Mulch in the proper amount is used
not necessarily reflect the
to reduce evaporation and penetration
of the water into the soil. Weeds and after a seedbed is planted. Too much
views of ICIPE. mulch prevents adequate airflow and
soil pests are controlled with good
The Organic Farmer is sponsored cultivation while soil hardening, encourages pests such as termites in
by BioVision, a Swiss based caused by previous cultivation is dry areas, or fungal disease. Mulch
foundation for the promotion of repaired. only in the dry season and apply it two
sustainable development. Soil fertility can be affected by weeks after seedlings develop.
cultivation methods used. Therefore Mulching has many advantages. It
www.biovision.ch farmers need to take care to ensure helps decrease water loss through
there is minimum disturbance of the evaporation. It results in increased
Publisher soil life during cultivation. Working water retention and keeps the soil
International Centre of Insect on the soil will always affect its cool and moist. Soil temperatures are
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) structure in one way or another. In maintained and erosion is minimised.
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi Africa for example, continuous There is increased presence of useful
KENYA cultivation speeds up the decaying of microorganisms in topsoil as a result
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 organic matter, which can lead to loss of organic matter while weed growth
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org of essential nutrients needed for plant is reduced.
homepage: http://www.icipe.org growth. Cultivation leaves the soil If possible farmers should carry out
fragmented and exposed to erosion soil tests to determine the level of
Editors that is why manual cultivation is acidity. If this is not possible,
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner preferred to the use of machinery, as consistent use of organic matter can
Secretariat it does not disturb the soil. Other regulate the level of acidity in the soil.
Lucy W. Macharia methods a farmer can use to improve
Advisory Board the soil are outlined below:
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE Weed management
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE The aim of weed management should
Address be to keep weeds under control rather
The Organic Farmer than to eliminate them completely.
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi Weeds help form a good mixed
KENYA environment. There are several
Tel. 020 445 03 98 methods of weed control, including
e-mail : info@organickenya.com using a hoe or hands to remove
Layout: weeds. Weeding immediately before
In-A-Vision Systems(k) planting is a useful technique when
The Organic Farmer Nr. 9 January 2006 3

"One can make money with indigenous chickens"
Rearing traditional chicken Armed with all this
the modern way has increased knowledge, Chief
earnings for a former chief. Arende went to work
By Peter Kamau, Rongo immediately. He
selected four good
It is a common practice among all layers and a cock from
Kenyan communities to rear his flock and put them
indigenous chickens in the traditional on nutritious feed made
way whereby they are allowed to of maize flour and
scavenge for food around the omena fish with
homestead. It had been the same for adequate drinking water.
53 year-old retired Senior Chief Josiah He also built a modern
Arende of central Kamagambo chicken house for the
location, Rongo division in Migori project. By the end of
district. Throughout his working life 2004, he had 480
as the area chief, he did not take chickens ready for sale
chicken-rearing as a serious business. to individual buyers,
He only concentrated on dairy market centres and
farming in his 7-acre piece of land. hotels in Rongo, Migori
With two wives and 10 children, Chief and beyond. Each
Arende was often forced to buy eggs chicken goes for Ksh
from neighbours. His own stock of 200 at farm gate price. Chief Josiah Arende (Photo TOF)
11 chickens could not lay enough eggs Demand is high for indigenous
or even meet the family's meat broilers, which are popular with many egg laying and brooding patterns to
requirements. people in the region. His income has increase production. When the
All this changed when he attended a improved considerably and he now brooders hatch, the chicks are taken
workshop on poverty reduction plans to expand the chicken house to away on the seventh or eighth day and
organised by the World Agroforestry accommodate 2000 chickens. put on artificial brooders. Since the
Centre (ICRAF) and The Consortium False eggs encourage brooding hens are still in a brooding mode, they
for Scaling-up Small-Scale Farming in are given false eggs made of Kisii
Kisumu two years ago. "A good poultry farmer also has to soapstone to sit on until the other
" I came to learn that a farmer can understand the egg laying behaviour hens have laid enough eggs.
make a lot of money from indigenous of an indigenous hen. With proper When the required number of eggs
chickens if they are well fed and cared feeding a hen can lay 15 to 18 eggs in is attained, the hen is now given the
for like we do with exotic breeds. each laying cycle; after this it will want genuine eggs and continues brooding
Many farmers do not realise the full to brood (sit on the eggs until they until the eggs hatch. When the chicks
potential of indigenous chicken hatch into chicks)," he says. Chief are taken away, the hens start laying
because they neglect them", he says. Arende has therefore exploited the eggs after 15 to 16 days. Each egg laid
is clearly marked to indicate the date
when it was laid to avoid mixing and
It is easy to manage indigenous chickens ensure all eggs given to a brooder
Feeding: Indigenous chickens feed on maize, rice and remains of ugali. This hatch on the same day. He also
should be properly dried and ground into fine pieces. Feeding should be on a maintains five good layers which
clean and hygienic surface or from feeders specifically made for chickens. supply eggs for hatching.
Housing: Chickens, whether indigenous or exotic, need proper housing for Chicks are isolated
shelter and protection. They require spacious and well-ventilated rooms. When the chicks are taken away, they
Perches should be erected, as birds prefer resting on them. The chicken house are kept in an artificial brooder and
should be securely closed at night to keep away predators. It should be clean to kept warm with heat from kerosene
reduce diseases such as coccidiosis. Sawdust or old clothing material should lamps. Here they are fed with chick
never be used on laying nests as they encourage mites and fleas. Use of sand is mash mixed with glucose and clean
preferable. water to promote fast growth.
Drinking water: Clean water should be provided. This should be checked Temperatures are also monitored by
regularly and refilled. Drinking containers should be kept clean at all times. use of a thermometer to ensure they
Dirty water must never be given to birds. are safe from excessive or low heat.
Vaccinations: Vaccination of the flock is important to help keep infections Fellow farmers from the area have
and diseases in check. Common diseases include Newcastle, fowlpox and learnt a lot from Chief Arende.
typhoid. Vaccination is usually done once every two months depending on any Thirty-three of them have taken up
disease outbreaks in the region. A qualified livestock officer should provide poultry farming to supplement
advice on how and when to vaccinate. sugarcane growing, the main
Record keeping: A proper record of the flock should be maintained. Records economic activity in the region.
should include type of feed, batch number, expiry date, daily feed intake, Together they have set up the
mortality and egg production. Weighing should be done the same day of every Kamagambo Community
week. This will guide the farmers on when to market the chickens. Vaccination Development Project with Chief
and medication records are also important. These should include the age of the Arende as their patron. Their mission
flock, when they were vaccinated, drugs used, expiry dates, etc. These records is to popularise indigenous chicken-
guide the veterinarian. This advice is given by Chief Josiah Arende rearing among the farmers.
What is certification in organic farming?

To sell a product as organic, company,
a farmer has to get a certificate EnCert, was
from an inspection company. officially
registered to
offer certification
By The Organic Farmer services to local
Let us explain the procedure of farmers for
certification in organic farming with an selling to the
example: A farmer wants to buy a local market. Its
panga. At the shop he finds two director, Musa
pangas, one Ksh 90/=, while the other Njoka, is a
costs 180/=. Both are of the same size, trainee of the
and they look similar. But a closer look Soil Association,
reveals that the more expensive panga a reputable UK-
is made of better material. based
Now, a woman wants to buy Certification
organically grown vegetables, lets say Company. He is
cabbages. Because organic vegetables their local
are healthier and therefore of higher representative.
The good news for organic farmers organic farming. For self-help-groups,
value, she is willing to pay more. But, these fees are based on the number of
she cannot see the difference between in Kenya is that the Kenya Bureau of
Standards (KEBS) has recognised the group members. The inspection fee
organic and chemically produced varies depending on the complexity of
cabbages. Since she does not know importance of organic farming in the
country. They have therefore the operation. It is around Ksh
the farmer who produced the 17,000/=. There is also a fee to cater
cabbage, there has to be a recognized prepared the guidelines for organic
farming (DKS 1928:2004) which will for travel expenses.
mark to show the cabbage is really
organic. In other words, somebody hopefully come into force this year. Strict control
has to certify and put the mark to Musa Njoka was a member of the Is it not too expensive for small-scale
prove this. technical committee that prepared the farmers?
guidelines.
This is why certification of organic All the principles, practices and No, says Musa Njoka. If a farmer
farm produce is so important. requirements are defined in the is registering with a group, they are
Organic certification is done by EnCert Standards for Organic only required to pay Ksh 3000/= at
reputable and recognised companies. Production and Processing. These the beginning. Every year after that,
These companies continuously standards meet the International we charge Ksh 2000/=. But if they
inspect farmers to ensure they meet Federation of Organic Agriculture can sell their organic produce say,
all the requirements of organic Movements (IFOAM) requirements, vegetables, at a higher price, these will
production. To be certified, a farmer an of course those of the Kenya offset the certification costs.
has to undergo a conversion period, Bureau of Standards.
which varies depending on the crop EnCert works like all the If you certify a farmers group, how can you
and the previous use of the land. certification companies mentioned be sure that an individual farmer does not
During this period they have to follow above. This means that the farmers cheat?
organic production guidelines. have to pay for the certification. For Oh, we should not worry about that,
A question of trust individual applicants, the application the farmers themselves inspect each
On certification, the products are and the annual licensing fees are based other very strictly to ensure none of
given the logo of the certifying on the total area to be converted to them cheats. Even the Soil
company. The whole process of Association does the same in Europe.
Cost of Certification IFOAM too allows group
certification is a question of trust,
seriousness and transparency. If, for Individual Applicants certification.
example, a farmer is cheating by using How do you expect farmers to pay for
chemicals or artificial fertilisers, they C o n v e r t e d Application A n n u a l certification if there is no market for organic
will lose the certification. The Area Fees Ksh Fee Ksh produce?
company that has certified them also Up to 2 ha 15,000
loses their reputation. Both the In Kenya, the market is small at the
2.1 to 5 ha 20,000 moment, but it is growing. We have to
farmer and the company therefore
have to be very careful not to lose 5.1 to 10 ha 10,000 30,000 raise awareness of the benefits of
their credibility with their clients and 10.1 to 20 ha 40,000 health foods. Take Europe for
the buyers of organic produce. example: Many years ago, the market
In many parts of the world, the Over 20 ha 50,000 for organic products was negligible,
system has worked very well for many however in the last few years, the
years. In Kenya, several companies Group Applicants demand has been growing at a rate of
have been offering certification No. of Application A n n u a l 25 % every year. I am sure that more
services mainly for the export market. members Fees Ksh Fee Ksh and more Kenyans begin to realise the
These companies are the Soil benefit of organic foods.
Up to 15 10,000 15,000
Association, IMO, Africert and EnCert Ltd, PO Box 74510, 00200,
Ecocert. In July 2005, a local Kenyan Extra member 300 500
Nairobi Tel: 0724 910 240.

The market for organic products will grow
Marketing of organically produced
vegetables is a big problem for small-
scale farmers, but the future for organic
products looks bright.
By The Organic Farmer
There is a lot of confusion within the
Kenyan organic farming community. Products of Meru Herbs are certified by the UK-based Soil Association (TOF)
Every week, farmers complain to our
newspaper that they can neither get a consumer that the products are producer will be expected to carry
market nor a higher price for their organically produced. The three labels, a) the producers trade
organically grown vegetables and certification is an assurance for mark, b) a certification label and c) the
fruits. A research study recently wholesaler and retailer and also results so called national symbol (the KOAN
carried out by The Organic Farmer in bargaining power for better prices label). Some members of the organic
among greengrocers and for the farmer. A Certified Organic movement fear that there would be a
supermarkets in Nairobi shows a product, where the certification body conflict of interest, because KOAN
baffling result. Some shopkeepers say: is recognised and respected in the itself is not authorised to label
We do not get enough organically marketplace, guarantees the consumer products and cannot act as a certifier.
produced food for our customers. of the products integrity. In the end, KOAN is an NGO mandated to act as
Others claim: There is no demand the consumer is willing to pay a higher a mediator to network with the
for organic food. price for these certified products both organic stakeholders, including
So, what is going on? Let us have a for health and environmental reasons. certification bodies, farmers, training
look at this problem from different To avoid unethical labeling of institutions as well as processors.
points of view. organic products, most countries have What is needed is an independently
developed standards at a national level working and officially acknowledged
The question of the price which include clauses that prohibit the authority to do certification work. The
When it comes to price comparisons, use of the words organic, organically way forward for KOAN could be to
many small-scale farmers in Kenya grown, organically produced etc. on play a supportive role in the industry
turn to Europe. Customers there pay any products unless they are certified by strengthening the existing players
much more for bio-products, as the by a recognised certification body. like EnCert rather than competing.
organic food there is labeled. Organic Some countries go to the extent of
agriculture or farming without using pressing charges on producers who Let us review the important issues
chemicals in Europe, is more break this code of ethics. As about organic certification:
expensive because more labour is mentioned earlier, the Kenya Bureau 1. In order to be able to sell their
needed than growing vegetables using of Standards (KEBS) has produced a products as organic, farmers must
chemicals. Labour in Europe is very set of documented Standards for the follow the documented Standards of
expensive. This additional cost of local organic industry. Once gazetted, Organic Production.
labour plus the cost of certification it is hoped that fraudulent labeling will
and to some extent, the forces of be a thing of the past. Knowledge of 2. Farmers need to have their land
demand and supply, has resulted in these Standards is absolutely necessary certified as organic by a recognised
higher prices for organic products. for certification. certification body. Costs are greatly
The situation in Kenya is different. reduced when farmers get
Labour costs are comparatively cheap, A local certifier certification as a group. There are a
at least in small-scale farms where In Kenya all certification of produce number of NGOs that may be willing
activities are shared among family has been carried out by international to help with initial certification costs.
members. However, even if labour certifiers until recently, at a very high Farmers have to look at farming as a
costs are not the main problem, cost and for the export markets only. business; therefore certification of
farmers have to pay for certification Producers for the local market could their products is an investment for the
(see page 4). These costs must be passed not afford certification. But in July last future.
on to the consumers. year, a certifier for the local market
was established with the aim of 3. Farmers dont take risks.
The need for certification certification at an affordable cost. The International statistics show that the
One fact must be understood by certifying body is known as EnCert consumption of organic produce is
farmers: The priority is to assure the and is already operational (see page 4). increasing year-after-year due to better
Products certified by EnCert are consumer awareness. Both local and
authorised to carry the label EnCert export markets of Kenyan organic
Organic on their packaging. produce have yet to be tapped. Local
The Kenya Organic Agricultural consumption is set to rise due to the
Network (KOAN) is currently newly formed integrity system and
proposing a national label for organic certified labeling and the forthcoming
products. This initiative by KOAN has massive consumer awareness
caused some confusion, as the symbol campaign promised by KOAN in
is not backed by a certification body, 2006. As Kenya has a reputation for
and will be an additional cost to the being the largest exporter of naturally
farmer when labeling. From the produced flowers into Europe, we
KOAN proposal it appears as if a Continued on page 8
What can we do against aphids and cutworms?

Readers of The Organic Farmer in Subukia had two questions. The first one on the
preparation of seedbeds was answered in the December issue. Let us look at the
second question: What can we do against attacks by pests, especially aphids and
cutworms?
The presence of aphids suggests To see nature firsthand, take a close
imbalances within the system. This look at your aphid infestation.
could be due to many factors, Hopefully you will notice some brown
however generally, a healthy soil will round eggs interspersed with the
promote healthy plants. The weakest aphid population. These are aphid
are those that normally succumb to bodies that have been parasitised by a
attack by aphids and other insect pests small parasitic wasp. The wasp lays its
and diseases. If dealt with at an early eggs in the aphid and the emerging
stage, the damage can be controlled larvae feed on the aphid, killing it. By
quite effectively. This can be done by spraying the aphids we also kill their
spot spraying with a biopesticide such natural enemies.
as pyrethrin or neem-based extracts.
However, this is merely dealing with Chickens against cutworms
the symptom and not the underlying Cutworms normally damage crops at
problem. It is also detrimental to the night. By digging the soil around the Cutworm destroys a plant stalk (TOF)
good insects, those which act as affected plants, you can usually dig
natural enemies and pollinators, out the cutworm. Damage by We shall keep them in this area for six
which we need in abundance. cutworms is not normally very severe. months and then we will plant a crop.
A better long-term solution would If it is, chickens can be useful. We are If the situation is desperate, however,
be to provide havens on your farm in experimenting by allowing our use pymac, the residue left from
the form of untrimmed hedges, chickens exclusive access to an area; pyrethrum extraction. Pymac can be
bushes and fallow areas, to harbour we expect them to clean up this area put into the holes with your seedlings
the natural enemies, such as ladybirds, and fertilise the soil at the same time. and this can also deter the worms.
lacewings and parasitic wasps.
As organic farmers, we must
recognise that nature has all the
answers to what we perceive as
Farming is like gambling
problems. We must strive to allow the Jacob Kamau from Bahati, P. O. Box crop quality and learn from the
balance of pests and natural enemies 1128, Nakuru feels that, after trying lessons nature teaches us.
to prevail. This is only possible by many farming methods the whole 2. How do I plan farming activities on
creating diversity on our farms. By business appears to be like gambling. a small piece of land to realise
growing a variety of crops, we He has three questions: maximum yields?
encourage a variety of natural 1. How do I get a fertile and
enemies and predators that help us to A first start here is to concentrate on
manage our yields with as little organically self-sustaining soil for building soil fertility. This will depend
intervention as possible. By farming crop production? on your available inputs such as
in this manner, we automatically Unfortunately the only self-sustaining manure, composting materials, etc. If
create a system of rotation which also fertile organic soil is that which is you have quite a large area and not
helps us avoid the problems related to formed beneath our natural much in the way of inputs and are not
monocropping (growing only one indigenous forests. We can produce prepared to purchase any, concentrate
kind of crop). We also have a wider fertile organic soil, however it cannot on the little you can do, and do it well.
variety of goods to sell, and most be self-sustaining for as long. As we Spreading fertility-building material
importantly, we have better health for take crops away from an area, we must thinly over a wide area will not result in
ourselves due to a varied organic diet. replenish the area with more nutrients good quality crops, only in a lot of hard
This finally translates to a healthier if we expect to reap another harvest work. You can concentrate on
nation and a safe environment for our from that same area. Therefore we cultivating a small area as you grow
families. must sustain the soil by using organic fertility-building crops like legumes in
inputs so as to create an enabling another area to be used in the future. At
environment for all of the the same time, another area can be left
microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, etc. fallow or used to grow animal feed.
Su Kahumbu that we need for optimum fertility. To
answers your do this we need to continually add Weed can be used for compost
questions organic material, compost, farmyard Land laid bare will soon dry out, so let
manure, and green manure, as well as some areas go to weed and bush; the
to grow fertility-building crops such soil beneath them is healthier than
Write to: as beans, peas and other legumes. that of bare land. The bush/weed
The Organic Farmer Our aim is to understand our crop materials, even though of no
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi requirements and in so doing, we try commercial value, can be collected for
KENYA to make the nutrients and conditions bedding for animals and eventually
Tel. 020 445 03 98 optimum for the crop we grow. As used in compost. All of this will then
e-mail : info@organickenya.com organic farmers we must learn to read enlarge your bank of organic material
our fields, notice the differences in the to put back into your land.

Good for training Goat story was informative Dear Farmers,
We wish to thank you most sincerely The demand for The Organic Farmer As part of our efforts to serve
for sending us The Organic Farmer magazine among the farmers here is the organic farming
magazines. These magazines proved putting me in as awkward situation. A community effectively, we
an asset in the group as they arrived topic 'dairy goat farming is easy' in Nr would like to create a database
by the time the group was under 6 September/October attracted a of organic farmers in the
going Farmer Field School (FFS) larger number of readers than the five country. We are interested in:
lessons on fodder establishment and copies you send us. A sub-topic and a -Your names,
agro-forestry project. The group since design on how to build a goat shed -Addresses, Location,
its inception in 1996 to date has great helped many farmers erecting goat -Farm acreage,
interest on organic farming, that is structures in their homesteads. This is -Are you an organic farmer?
why the magazine proved testimony and a very encouraging
indispensable and of greater help to gesture that the paper is informative, We make it easy for you. We have a
them. May I request that you continue educative and an eye opener. In your special telephone number: given
sending us more issues if possible. next issue, a detailed subject on fish below. All the farmers can provide
farming for human food and these information through short
Alice Kemunto Nyakundi commercial purposes would equally messaging service (SMS). Come on
Nsicha Nyabomo Group help us. Keep up with the good work. Farmers, Tuma jibu. Asante.
P.O Box 33, Nyamira
John Njoroge, P.O Box 82, Sabasaba 0721 541 590
Sus answers continued from page 6 We are making photocopies of the newspaper
Your choice of crops will depend on We are a group of farmers who meet regularly in our church in Gikingi
many factors: Will you grow Nyandarua. As a group we are interested in improving our farming skills and
commercial crops, subsistence crops, knowledge to the betterment of our small society that generally is very poor.
animal fodder or compost making When we received 10 copies of your newspaper Nr. 7 we were excited. We have
material? Note that many of these can distributed the copies to 10 farmers who we believe will make good use of it and
be intercropped with each other and who have promised to pass the newspaper to other farmers. We have also
will in fact benefit overall soil fertility downloaded from your website the issue Nr. 6 as the topics in that paper are of
and quality of your crop. Diversity is particular interest to farmers up here in the highlands of Kenya. Especially the
extremely important. If we think goats, control of potato bacterial wilt, we made photocopies of the newspapers
diversity, we automatically start to and distributed them. However this is a bit expensive and we are therefore
think rotation, we also create better grateful if we can in future receive your newspaper free.
chances for biodiversity to balance
our growing systems. This should We will also formulate some questions and send them to you as we have any
answer the final question: problems. We thank you for the newspapers.
3. How do I curb pests and diseases Rachael Nduriri, Gikingi Church Group, P.O Box 1334, Nyahururu,0720 616435
without using chemicals? Dear Mrs Nduriri,
Ideally we strive to create a natural That is a great effort on your part. We will make an effort to send you more copies. However
balance without using toxins of any our resources are limited. Due to the small budget, we can only print 12,000. Many other
kind, either synthetic chemicals or of farmers have made the same request.
biological origin. However, organic Increase our allocation and according to your provision of 5
systems do not produce ideal newspapers, there is slight
solutions immediately. Infact, we have I take this opportunity to heartfully requirement of adjustment if possible
to work very hard to achieve the thank the editors of The Organic Farmer may be to at least 10 copies. Other
balances we want. Financial losses can newspaper for the prompt response wise we appreciate very much your
be averted with the use of to our request for the newspaper. So support and in case of any
biopesticides but more often than not, far we have received two times from requirement that may improve areas
the underlying problems are just your organization a total of 12 of more supply, please never hesitate
encouraged. We can manage pest newspapers. In October we received 7 to inform us. I promise that soon you
problems meanwhile using natural copies of different issues as per our will be getting practical feedback of
pyrethrum products, neem, and other request just to catch up with the our input in the newspaper. Thanks.
natural extracts. Some of these have system and in the month of
been covered in past issues of The November we received 5 copies of Peter O. Okwany, Agriculture Sector
Organic Farmer. Diseases of a fungal the same issues. This newspaper has Head, Ortum
nature can be treated with milk rejuvenated our memory on organic Send us copies
diluted 1:10 and sprayed on the farming and we are supplying them to Your newspaper is interesting. We are
affected area. Sulphur products can our motivators in the field to read and an organized small-scale farmers and
also be used for fungi and can be spread the ideas to the farmers. We the group is registered by the
purchased as a product called Thiovit. are also making a follow up to verify Department of social services. I
Organic farming requires absolute and add value to the impact of the request you to send us 20 copies.
integrity and respect. Only by magazine. In the field we have seven
respecting our planet can we attempt motivators who covers an area with a Chairman, Jambo Yetu Jisaidie Group
to respect ourselves. population of about 50 000 farmers P.O Box 55,Londiani
Marketing
.....continued from page 5
Marigold
must realise that our foot is already in This very useful plant is well
the door. The potential is out there! known all over in Kenya.
The common name is
Awareness campaign Tagetes minuta, because of
Kenya urgently needs an awareness the smell it is also named
campaign which highlights the "stinky weed"
advantages of organically produced Plant parts used: Flowers,
vegetables. There is limited leaves, and roots
knowledge of the benefits of organic
products among local consumers in Mode of action:
Kenya. Nearly all buyers of organic Insecticidal, repellent,
foods live in urban areas and a large fungicidal, nematocidal
percentage are expatriates. There is
need for a serious awareness Although there are no
campaign for local consumers known bad effects on
through the Kenyan media, says Su human beings, clean poperly
Kahumbu, the organic farmer from the untensils before and
Limuru who answers questions from after preparation and
our readers. We have to lobby much applying, wash your hands
more for organic food, declares John and do not have a direct
Njoroge, Director of the Kenya contact with the crude
Institute of Organic Farming extract.
(KIOF). There is a need for stronger
links between the producers and the Materials Preparation How to use Plant pests
consumers. KIOF is already working Fill-in drum with 1/2- Coffee berry
towards this end, and this lobbying Fermented Dilute the filtrate
should be done by KOAN. marigold extract 3/4 full of flowering with water at a ratio disease. Rice
plants. Leave to stand of 1:2. Add 1 tsp blast.Tomato
Andrew Botta has the same opinion. Whole flowering for 5-10 days. Stir blight. Root
He is the co-ordinator of Meru plant Soap, Water, occasionally. Strain soap in every liter knot
Herbs, a company producing organic Strainer,Drum before use. of the extract nematodes
products which is certified by the
British Certification Authority Soil Marigold water Pound the leaves. Dilute the filtrate
Association (see label on page 5). Once extract with water at a ratio Ant
more, consumers demand certified Soak the pounded of 1:2
Mexican marigold leaves in hot water. Aphid
organic vegetables; the pressure leaves, Soap. Hot Add 1 tsp soap in
mounts on the shopkeepers to offer water Mortar and Leave to stand for 24 every liter of the Grasshopper
such food, Botta says. pestle Strainer,Pail hours. Strain. extract
Cooperation needed Marigold/
The situation at present is unclear. tomato extract Add 20 liters of
Grind the leaves. water to the filtrate. Aphid
Many traders take advantage of the
lack of certification. They are selling 1 kg of marigold Add 1 tsp soap in Bean pod
leaves 1 kg of Add enough water. borer
products from anywhere as organic every liter of the
and are therefore cheating consumers. tomato leaves 20 lt Strain. extract. Spray on
of water. Grinder, Leaf beetle
This attitude will soon change due to the target pests.
demand caused by informed Soap, Strainer
consumers. This will finally allow the Marigold and
farmers to get the due respect and chili extract Finely chop the plant Dilute the filtrate
prices for their efforts. and the chilies. with water at a ratio
500 g of whole of 1:2 Most
To get there, farmers, traders and all plant. 10 hot chili Soak them in water agricultural
organisations supporting organic pods. 15 liters of overnight. Add 1 tsp soap in pests
farming need to work together. water. Knife, every liter of the
Sometimes it appears as if these Strain. extract.
organisations jealously try to defend Soap, Strainer,Pail
their positions against each other and Marigold, chili,
miss out the overall interest of the garlic, onion Chop 2 handfuls of
thousands of small-scale farmers they spray marigold leaves, 2
pieces of chilies, 3 Add four times
claim to support. Our paper, The 2 handfuls of amount of water to
Organic Farmer, will continue to gloves, garlic, and 2 Most insect
marigold leaves, 2 large onions. the extract.
provide as much information on these pieces of chili, 3 pests
problems and act as a forum for Place in a pan of Spray or sprinkle on
garlic cloves, 2 water and bring to affected plant parts.
exchange of ideas. We are able and large onions,
willing to work with all the relevant boil. Let it cool.
Cooking pan, Pail, Strain.
interested bodies to achieve this Strainer
objective.
Nr. 20 January 2007
Dont neglect to feed the soil

As you have read many Whenever we visit farmers groups
times before in this news- across the country, the most common
paper, the soil is the problem we have noticed are leader-
most important resource ship squabbles. Sometimes members
for every farmer, and complain that money meant for the
especially so for organic groups has been misused in one way or
farmers. Maintaining a the other. It is such a serious problem
fertile and healthy soil that defeats the whole idea of the ben-
must be the first prior- efits that farmers stand to gain from
ity at all times. To feed working together.
the soil means to feed Farmers groups help members over-
the plant, hence giving come the disadvantages of working as
a successful yield. Apart individuals. From last year we have
from light and water, soil emphasized the need for farmers to
requires nutrients (miner- form groups in order to share ideas,
als). solve their day to day problem, pool
Legumes are beneficial their resources and at least have some
organic fixers of nutri- bargaining power. This enables them
ents which conserve and to get quality services. But these objec-
tives cannot be achieved in an atmo-
improve the soil in many
sphere of mistrust and suspicion. It is
ways. They also provide sad that wherever there is an external
a valuable addition to donor willing to give financial assis-
a familys diet or serve tance to a group, members immedi-
animals as fodder. On ately start fighting over leadership posi-
page 2, we explain these tions; sometimes this has resulted in
aspects of the value of donors withdrawing support altogether.
legumes, and introduce Often the allegations leveled against
the most common legumes group leaders do not hold water; some
in Kenya on page 3. members simply want to take over lead-
ership, not to improve the welfare of the
group, but for their own gain.
We need to fight soil degradation Group leaders need to show a high
degree of integrity, they have to be open
Unless we improve land management fore in smaller parcels than that our to all members at all times in order to
practices, Kenya will in future face parents had for farming. create confidence and remove any sus-
big problem in food production. Although there is increased cultiva- picion. Members should be able to scu-
tion of small land holdings in Kenya tinise the account books and raise any
The Organic Farmer
and other countries in Africa, farmers queries regarding the management of
Food production has declined in have failed to restore the soil nutrients group funds. Kenyans have witnessed
Kenya largely as a result of rapidthrough planting of nitrogen-fixing widespread corruption in the past and
land degradation and high popula- crops such as legumes and addition will question any dealings that do not
tion growth. This suggests that foodof organic manures and mineral fer- appear to be above board. Group leaders
insecurity will persist in Kenya if the
tilizers to replace nutrients taken out that do not meet these expectations
natural resource base for agriculture
of the soil. The result has been wide- will always have problems with their
continues to be depleted. About 90 spread soil degradation through pro- members. Elections should also be held
percent of the poorest people in sub-
cesses such as mining of soil nutri- regularly to allow members to change
Saharan Africa live in rural areas. ents, depletion of fertility, soil erosion, leadership whenever the need arises.
Because of population growth, land acidity, accumulation of salts (salinity) Meetings should also be held on a
has been sub-divided and it is there-
and desertification. monthly basis and members allowed to
Studies show that much of the land air their views freely. This is democracy
in this issue degradation in the Kenyan highlands
at work and leaders should accept it.
Fodder conservation 5 is due to poor land management prac- How can we demand for account-
Well prepared silage can save you tices. Unlike the relatively wealthy ability and transparency in the govern-
during the dry season. farmers of central Kenya, poor farmers ment if the farmers groups themselves
invest little in soil management. Poor are unable to deal with each other in an
Appropriate technology 8 farmers also have fewer opportunities open and democratic way?
A farmer invents a simple pipe for to obtain information and learn about We wish all of you a prosperous new
watering trees. appropriate technologies. year 2007. The Editors.
Nr. 20 January 2007
MY OPINION
How many farmers have utilized the
Legumes improve soil fertility
current rains to grow some food? If The soil needs nutrients, especially plant directly into rows, the maize
you asked this question, very few nitrogen. Planting legumes is the for example is planted in one row, the
farmers will have anything to say. cheapest way to feed the soil. legume in the next, and so on. Runner
This is because none of them have beans could also be planted in the
planted anything during the short Anja Bengelstorff same row with maize because they
rains. Indeed many of us gave All plants need nitrogen to grow. can climb up the maize plants.
up when the short rains delayed They get it from the soil and store it
in September and the better part in their leaves, stems and roots. Some Legumes in crop rotation
of October. In September weather types of plants are good at getting Farmers who have enough land avail-
forecasts broadcast over the radio nitrogen either from the soil or from able can use legumes as part of a crop
and the newspapers indicated the air, while others, like maize are rotation process. While the legumes in
that the rains would start late and less able to do so. one season are planted as sole crops
extend into December. I took this Legumes can fix their own nitrogen to improve soil fertility on degraded
information seriously. Now I have
a healthy crop of maize beans and from the air. They are very valuable land, they are later rotated with a
vegetables growing and which I organic material or intercrops, as they cereal crop. The benefits in increased
hope to harvest.Weather forecasts actually increase the amount of nitro- yields can be surprising.
maybe unreliable but at times it is gen in the soil as well as storing it in Legumes as green manure
good to try. the stems and leaves. Furthermore,
legumes like green grams or cowpeas Legumes are fast-growing plants that
John Mutua, Farmer in Machakos are important for human nutrition, can also be planted on a piece of land
while others like desmodium and to improve soil fertility and protect
lucerne are nutritious fodder for the soil from erosion. In this way,
animals. they work as green manure. They are
In general, the colour of a plants usually low, spreading plants that
leaves can tell whether it contains a lot cover the soil surface quickly after
of nitrogen or not. If it has dark green planting. During or after the growing
leaves, it probably contains plenty of season, the green-manure plants are
nitrogen, which makes the plant good slashed and incorporated into the
organic fertilizer. If the leaves are yel- soil where they decompose, releas-
lowish, nitrogen is lacking and the ing nutrients and improving the soil
leaves are less useful as manure. structure.
Legumes such as soybeans, green
Intercropping with legumes grams, groundnuts and pigeon peas
Intercropping with legumes can be a take nitrogen from the air and fix it
solution to help provide the less able in a form they can use. This nitrogen-
plants with sufficient nitrogen. Inter- fixing is done by tiny microorganisms
cropping means growing two or three called bacteria which live in the lumps
different crops in rows next to each (called nodules) on the roots of the
other. It is a method used by farmers legumes. The roots of other plants
all over Africa and helps both crops (such as maize) growing close by
to grow better. Maize, for example, as can also absorb some of the nitrogen.
the staple crop in Kenya, grows well When the legume dies and rots, the
together with cowpeas and ground- nitrogen in its leaves, stem and roots
nuts. Apart from the fact that the is released into the soil, where other
legumes fix enough nitrogen in the plants can absorb it. The rotting plants
soil to feed both the maize plants and also increase the amount of organic
themselves, intercropping also helps matter in the soil.
by denying weeds the space to grow.
It also means that the farmers will and cover against heavy rains
always harvest one crop even if the Legumes prevent the soil from being
other one does badly. Finally, harvest- washed away by rainwater. The
ing is done at different times for each legumes act as a cover crop: They
crop, so there is not so much work break the fall of raindrops, so prevent-
required at the same time. ing hardening of the soil and helping
To be successful intercropping the water seep in rather than running
needs to meet the needs of all the off. Their roots bind the soil and
crops planted together. Sometimes, it stop running water from eroding it.
is best to plant different crops at the Finally, legumes protect the soil from
same time, so they dont compete too the direct heat of the sun, helping it
much. Make sure the plant popula- retain moisture. They break the wind
tion density does not get too high and stop soil particles from being
in areas where there is not a lot of blown away. Green manuring can be
rain. The planting for intercropping used in various types of soils. Its ben-
can be done by mixing the seeds efits, however, are to be expected in
together before planting, or if you the long run rather than immediately.
Nr. 20 January 2007
There are many legume varieties

Since we have described the value and
the use of legumes for improving soil
fertility, lets now have a closer look at
some of the most common legumes in
Kenya; there are also others, very well
known are the nyayo beans. See also
the information about Lablab or Njahi
on page 6.
Anja Bengelstorff, Peter Kamau
Rose Coco: Rich in protein, this

variety can do well in areas with
an annual rainfall of over 1000 mm
which should be well distributed. It is
popular with many consumers in the
country. A 90-kg bag costs Ksh 2800.
S o y b e a n Green grams (Vigna radiata): Most Red Haricot (Wairimu- Kikuyu): Rich
(Glycine max): commonly grown in Kenya; used as in protein, it is grown in medium
One of the most food and fodder; grows in sub-humid and high potential agricultural areas
nutritious foods, of the country. It is
mostly proc- the most popular
essed as oil; bean variety among
needs as much Kenyan farmers and
rain as maize, consumers. Grows
grows in a wide well in areas with well
range of soils, distributed rainfall
but does not do (750-1000 mm annu-
well in
to humid climates and low to medium ally). Currently a 90-
acid soils; has both creeping and
altitude as well as in a wide range of kg bag is going for
erect types; very rich in protein.
soils; drought-tolerant; edible beans Ksh 2300.
Seeds: Ksh 450/kg.
and leaves. Seeds: Ksh 75/kg.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), indig-
enous to Kenya; leaves and seeds Desmodium (Desmodium intortum):
widely used as food, but also good Used as fodder; grows in sub-humid
animal fodder; grows in semi-arid to humid climates and medium to
and sub-humid climate and low to
medium altitude, in sandy to clayey
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), used as

food since rich in protein, carbohy-
high altitude as well as in a wide drates and minerals; drought toler-
range of soils; trailing and climbing ant because of deep tap root system;
legume; rich in protein; suppresses needs fertile sandy, loam soils with
growth of striga weed. Seeds: Ksh good internal drainage, but not too
1,200-1,500/kg. much rain; grows short and rather
soil; long-maturing varieties best for Pigeonpea flat; sensible seeds
(Cajanus
intercropping with cereals; seeds: 75 cajan, mbaazi/Kiswahili,
KShs/kg. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), used
njugu cia gikuyu/Kikuyu): as food, residue from oil processing
Used as food (peas), used as animal feed; grows in semi-
Lucerne (Medicago fodder (dry leaves and arid to sub-humid climate and low
sativa): Used as pods) and firewood to medium alti-
fodder; grows in (stalks); grows in semi- tude, prefers
semi-arid to sub- arid to humid climate sandy but fertile
humid climates and (depending on variety) soils; requires
low to medium alti- and low to high alti- moist conditions
tude as well as in a tude, in sandy to clayey during growth
wide range of soils, soil, erect legume, good and dry condi-
but not too much at recycling phospho- tions at harvest
rain; erect legume. rus, rich in protein. time; rich in
Seeds: Ksh 700/kg. Seeds: 520Ksh/kg protein.
Nr. 20 January 2007
Water harvesting saves a community

Farmers in Lare now have enough
water for domestic use, livestock and
even crop production and agrofor-
estry.
Peter Kamau, Njoro
It is six kilometres from Naishi to Stoo
Mbili in Lare Division of Nakuru dis-
trict, yet this is the distance Elishiba
Wanjiku, a mother of three, had to
cover every three days to collect water
for her family. For her three cows,
she had to buy the commodity from
vendors at Ksh. 20 for a 20-litre jerry-
can. Sometimes I would go without
water for up to three days. For us
women it was a nightmare, she says. The Naishi dam (above). Farmer Elishiba Wanjiku (below) draws water from her home dam.
Her problem mirrors that of hundreds of Agricultural Engineering at the tion, an objective the project has now
of families in this unlucky area, which Egerton University together with The achieved.
has very little rainfall and under- Kenya Agricultural Research Institute The Rain Water Harvesting for Crop
ground water sources. Prolonged (KARI) and the Ministry of Agricul- and Livestock Production project has
drought and conflict over water and ture also chipped in and offered train- changed the life of the community
pasture between communities had ing on water harvesting and storage. in Lare for the better. Today nearly
made the situation worse. We developed a comprehensive every homestead in the area has a
Area has inadequate rainfall training programme for water har- surface dam where runoff water from
Lare division is one of the driest in vesting in the community. The main the roadside is channeled and stored
Nakuru district. Located on the lee problem was to make them under- for use during the dry season. Also
ward side of the Mau escarpment, stand that a lot of runoff water was almost all the homesteads have har-
the region receives an average of 600 going to waste during the rains. If nessed roof water for domestic use.
mm of rainfall that is very erratic the water was guided through chan-
Increased water and income
and unpredictable. To make it worse, nels into the field to grow crops and
the storage capacity for domestic use Elishiba Wanjiku is a member of
the rock structure has poor water Mugumo Self Help Group. Wanjiku
retention capacity. The high fluoride increased, then the problem would be
solved, says Prof. Mathew Chemelil uses her household dam until it dries
content in a few areas with water up in December or January every
makes it unsafe for use. of Egerton University.
year; she then has to rely on the com-
Determined to overcome the water A dam for every homestead munity dam for her water supply.
problem, the community decided to The Professor says the aim of the To reduce evaporation from the dam
come together and look for ways to project was to enable each of the and prolong its water-holding capac-
harness the available water resources. households to construct dams which ity, she has planted a local weed that
The first step they took was to reha- could harvest at least 60 cubic metres spreads on its surface. All the water
bilitate abandoned surface dams of water for both domestic and live- from the road near her homestead
used by colonial settler farmers to stock use and at the same time save is channeled into her 1 hectare farm
water their livestock. The Department enough runoff water for crop produc- where it helps to grow maize, beans,
cabbages and even trees.
Dam is well managed Her neighbour Esther Wanja has
gutters in every building in her
With assistance from the Rain Water fishing and tree nurseries. Income
compound and the water goes into
Harvesting for Crop and Livestock from these activities is shared among
a ferro-cement tank. She says that
Production project, the 50-member the members. There is a manage- the water can
group rehabilitated the Naishi dam ment committee which has employed sustain her
15 years ago. The dam has produced a caretaker to stop misuse and pollu- family until
a rich biodiversity of wildlife, birds tion of the water. The committee has the next rains.
and plants which have changed the also set rules for water usage. The Bananas,
local climate and vegetation. rules forbid watering animals directly pawpaws,
Today the dam is a showcase of from the dam, washing clothes and pomegranates
how the proper management of bathing in or near the dam. and other fruit
a water resource can help a com- Members must also pay Ksh10 every trees dot her
munity. Runoff water is allowed to month to help pay the caretaker and kitchen garden
seep into the dam to filter out any for general maintenance. They are which is sup-
impurities during the rainy season. then issued with a ticket, which they plied with
Trees are planted around it to reduce must produce to be allowed to draw runoff water
evaporation. The group has started the water. Non-members pay Ksh 10 and a surface
several income-generating activities for every 20-litre jerrican of water dam in the
from the dam, including beekeeping, they get from the dam. compound.
Nr. 20 January 2007
Silage is good fodder for the dry season

Although it is a good method for
preserving fodder, many farmers
do not make silage.
Philomena Nyagilo
Silage is the technique of preservation
of green forage material by controlled
fermentation under anaerobic (no
air) conditions. The ensiling (silage
making) process results in preserving
the grass under naturally produced
acidic conditions, which effectively Steps in making silage in drums, empty nylon bags with polythene lining, polythene tube and
keeps the crop from decomposing. Of plastic shopping bag silos. (Illustration courtesy: Coping witn feed shortages/KARI)
course, it needs labour and material ing, you should plan for dry days, as and helps speed up the preserva-
just as hay-making does, which we 2 inches of rainfall can reduce quality. tion process and gives higher quality
featured in the December issue. Forages that are too high or too low silage. Dilute the molasses by mixing
The common materials for making in dry matter may not make good with water in the ratio of 1:3 and
silage are Napier grass, maize, quality silage. You can try yourself sprinkle this mixture over each layer
sorghum and sugarcane tops. To make by making a fodder ball. If the fodder of chopped forage. Use a watering
good silage, you should use fresh, ball falls apart quickly, it means it is can for a uniform distribution of the
high-quality fodder crops. Harvest too dry and you must add a bit of solution.
grasses at or just before flowering; water to the fodder before putting Step 5: When the pit is full, add
harvest maize or sorghum during the it in the pit. If the ball falls apart some paddy straw and cover it with
milk-stage, when the grains are soft slowly and there is no water left in a plastic sheet or some gunny sacks.
and milky inside. The container used your hand, then it is ready to put in Finally, you should cover the whole
to make silage can be a trench, a pit, the silo. pile with a thick layer of mud to
a drum or empty fertilizer bags with Step 3: Place prevent air and water from getting in.
polythene lining, poythene tubes and plastic sheet- The material is ready for use in about
plastic shopping bags. The container ing on the 3 weeks.
is called a silo. bottom and on The silage, if properly made, should
Below are steps in silage making in the sides. The be ready for use in 90 days. Good
a pit. It is a simple form of a silo in important thing silage smells fresh and fruity and is
which excellent silage can be made. is to prevent the light yellow brown or green. If the
Step 1: Build the silo before the end fodder from touching the soil. Seal silage smells rotten and is black and
of the green season, when there is the pit to prevent air and water from slimy, then it is not good for your
still plenty of green fodder available. getting in. cows consumption. If this happens
The pit silo should be located on high then something went wrong and the
ground so that no water will run into Step 4: Place
the chopped silage should not be fed to the animals.
it when it rains. The pit should be After the pit has been opened, keep
smaller at the bottom than at the top, material into
the plastic- it covered with the gunnysacks or
so taper in the sides a little. This will a plastic sheet to keep the silage in
make the structure stronger. lined pit.
Spread uni- good condition.
Step 2: Cut the crop
just before flowering, formly into How big should the silo be?
layers of 30 cm thick and compact
as the protein content If you will feed 2 cows for 90 days,
each time by using a suitable weight
of the crop is high just you have to count as follows: 1 cow
to expel air. You can use a drum full of
before flowering. Leave eats 40 kg per day, 2 cows 80 kg. That
the freshly cut fodder water; press down also with the feet
and trample the material to expel the means that for 90 days they will eat
to dry in the sun for 7.2 tons (7200 kg) of silage. A 500-kg
2 to 3 hours, then chop the green air. It is important to have as little air
fodder into small pieces about 1 to 2 in the pit as possible. This reduces the weight of silage is equivalent to 1
cm in size. Remember, when harvest- chance of mould and yeast growing cubic metre. If you make the silo 2
and helps stop the silage from spoil- m wide and 1 m deep, the length of
Feeding silage to dairy animals: ing. Repeat this until the pit is filled the silo has to be around 8 m. This
- Feed a little silage at a time until the to a dome shape, and fill the pit as will hold around 8 tonnes of mate-
animals are used to the feed. quickly as possible. Over the top of rial, which can be produced on 2
- To avoid silage smell in the milk, each layer you should spread evenly acres (about 1 ha) of land. Instead of
dont feed silage to milking animals a handful of salt and some molasses one long silo, it is more advisable to
right before milking, but wait until (for 1000 kg of green material you have several short ones. It is easier
immediately after milking. need 15-20 kg molasses). Molasses is a to get the right slope, to fit the size
- To avoid losses after opening the silo thick syrup produced as a by-product of the plastic, to compact the silage
to collect feed, cover the silo immedi- in sugar making. Molasses provides properly in a smalle pit. Silage that is
ately after you remove enough silage readily available energy and minerals not required for feeding can be kept
for the day. (with the exception of phosphorus) undisturbed.
Nr. 20 January 2007
Comfrey is
You can make money with Njahi good for compost
How many bags of Njahi does 1 acre
produce? aks a farmer with mobile How I can get comfrey seeds or
number 0735 283 645. What is the plants? asks Daniel Kiteme, Box 70,
average price in the market? I am Ngwata.
asking this because I would like to
start planting njahi. Comfrey goes by the local name of
mabaki (Kikuyu) and is surprisingly,
Njahi is the Kikuyu name for doli- found in many shambas around the
chos or lablab, a popular legume country. It can be propagated from 2.5
of the bean family which produces cm (1 in.) root cuttings. When choos-
grains and leaves that are delicious ing a site for planting comfrey, make
and nutritious. The plant makes the sure it is a permanent site, as once
soil fertile by adding nitrogen. The established, it is very hard to relocate.
leaves can also be ploughed into the This is because the plant has roots
soil to serve as fertilizer for the fol- that are able to penetrate 3 metres
lowing crop (see also pages 2 and 3). next crop. The fertilizer from dolichos into the ground, which remain viable
Njahi plants produce many leaves can increase the yield of any crop for months after the plant parts above
that cover the soil and prevent soil planted in the following season. the ground are removed. Given the
erosion. The leaves of lablab are also The yield per acre is about 4.5 bags. right conditions such as rain, these
a rich source of protein for livestock. Research shows that a farmer can roots are still able to send a shoot
Dolichos are mainly grown in central make Ksh. 36,000 per acre of dolichos from such depths and continue to
Kenya, but farmers in the North Rift compared to Ksh 20,000 from maize flourish. Plant root cuttings at a depth
region have started growing it as it in one season on the same size of of 5 cm (2 in.) in good rich soil. Keep
fetches better prices than maize (a 90- land. Dolichos can do well in poor, the soil moist and within 2 weeks or
kg bag is currently selling at Ksh 3,600 acidic or alkaline soils. They can with- sooner, you will see the root will have
in Nairobi). Farmers in the North Rift stand drought once established. sent up two or more leaves. Try to
prefer the black variety. keep the comfrey growing in an area
To grow njahi, land should be that is shaded part of the day. The
well prepared. Planting is done at Rabbits are a good plant does not like severe direct sun-
light. It is also very important to keep
the beginning of the rains. When source of protein the ground slightly moist and once
it is intercropped with maize, the
spacing for maize should be 75 x Bernard Gitau Gikonyo (0720 566 049) in a while feed the plants with some
30 cm. Dolichos are then planted in says: I am a farmer from Makuyu- nutritious compost.
between maize rows at a spacing of Maragwa. I was told by a friend that We have many beds of comfrey
60 cm from hole-to-hole at two seeds there are rabbits of 7-9 kgs. Where can located around the farm, allowing
per hole. Fertilizer application is not I get the best type? us a continuous supply. We use the
necessary if it is already used for the leaves in our compost, to make liquid
maize. When planted alone, a spacing There are some large breeds of rabbits, teas, to make a liquid concentrate,
of 45 cm from line-to-line and 20 cm the Californian and New Zealand directly in the planting beds, and also
from plant-to-plant is recommended. White. We purchased our breeding as an animal feed.
While planting, apply well prepared stock from the government breeding We have noticed comfrey is avail-
organic manure if the soil is poor. veterinary station in Ngong. Rabbits able on many rural farms and suggest
Weed twice whenever weeds appear. breed very quickly and are said to be you ask around your community first.
Dolichos mature after about five the most efficient and cost effective If you are unlucky, however, contact
months. Farmers should harvest the converters of vegetation to protein. The Organic Shop in Nairobi (Tel. 467
pods as they mature and dry. Thresh, That is, they require very little food 4086) where they are readily available
clean and dry the beans. Harvesting to produce one kilogramme of meat on order.
continues for about 6 months. After compared with any of our other meat
harvesting, cut the dolichos and leave animals such as pigs, chickens, goats,
them on the ground. The residue can cattle, etc. cows etc. Culturally, some
be incorporated into the soil during Kenyans believe they are only to be
land preparation in readiness for the eaten by women and children! This
really should not be the way of think-
ing in todays age. Rabbits are easily
managed, quick to reproduce and are
tasty too!
After researching further, a study
done in Kenya (1981 Owiro) showed
that rabbits produce a sale weight of
approximately 2.3 kg at 7 months of
age. They reproduce on average four
times a year, with an average of 7
young ones. In a future issue we will
have an article on rabbits. A comfrey flower
Nr. 20 January 2007
Muriithi Simba says: Copper is allowed I have changed to organic

farming
Su Kahumbus advisory role to the did not stop the disease progression
I am happy and thankful for your
readers of The Organic Farmer is once it had started. It is possible that
research in organic farming. Thank
commendable. She appears authorita- further research could have revealed
you also for the information you are
tive in her replies to various problems the right timing of milk application
passing to young organic farmers
encountered by the aspiring organic to enhance a higher degree of disease
across the country. I am now prac-
farmers. inhibition on tomatoes.
ticing organic farming since I read
I ensure I go through her column with Sylvester could have been advised on
the information on how to make
keen interest, to acquire additional other acceptable and effective fungal
and prepare organic manure from
information on solutions to issues disease control measures on tomatoes,
your newspaper. On my farm, I use
raised by farmers. However, her reply such as the use of Bordeaux mixture,
the organic manures to plant and
to Sylvester on tomato growing in copper sulphate, copper oxychloride
top dress crops. Please consider me
The Organic Farmer Nr. 18 could and sulphur. These are permitted by
and send me one magazine on how
have had extra information on the Soil Association of UK, a recog-
to prepare and continue using this
research conducted on milk by KARI nized certifying body. It is most likely
organic manures. More so, I want to
and CABI-ARC as facilitators (refer that Su Kahumbus certifying body
get the experience of other organic
CABI in Africa-2001). In this case, par- (EnCert) has no objection to their use
farmers who have successfully used
ticipatory action research by Thayu and these copper solutions could be
natural methods to control pests and
Farmers Field School at Githunguri recommended for use with the neces-
diseases on their crops. I would like
confirmed the effectiveness of milk sary precautions.
to assure you that, I will go ahead to
in delaying the first appearance of Yours sincerely form a Bingwa organic farmers asso-
tomato blight but they also claim it J.T Muriithi Simba ciation for the young generation.
David Kamotho Rotich, P.O Box Maki-
Su Kahumbu answers: Copper is restricted meny, Via Sotik
Thank you, J.T. Muriithi Simba, for b) a balanced rotational cropping We need more on plant
your much appreciated comments, to break the pest and disease cycles;
c) proper attention to hygiene
extracts
highlighting some areas I had omitted I am the chairman of the Kaponpon
in my response to Sylvester. Sulphur within the holding to minimize the Youth Group for Sustainable Devel-
is indeed allowed by most, if not spread of pests and diseases. opment. We were happy to read last
all, certification bodies. Our cheapest, Our safest recourse if we choose months newspaper which was the
most natural, and in most cases avail- to use any restricted substance is to first for our group. The paper has
able way of using sulphur is to make ensure that we use adequate record- actually attracted our attentions very
a foliar spray using nettle (thabai) for keeping to prove the application much. Farmers do respond positively
this purpose. This information has rates, dilutions, etc. to the ideas in this newspaper. There-
been mentioned in several editions of Personally, I have never used fore, keep on sending us more copies
The Organic Farmer. any copper salts and chose to grow and if possible increase the number
cherry tomato types that are more in order to reach more members.
Standards are different resistance to blight. However, I do If possible give us more informa-
The use of copper Sulphate and have a farmer in Wangige who is tion on important tropical diseases
copper oxychloride according to currently producing tomatoes suc- and how to treat them with plant
the Soil Association Standards is cessfully using copper oxychloride, extracts because we want to become
Restricted and requires approval and I shall be relying on his records organic farmers. Even we, the Pokot
from the Certification Department which shall be inspected by EnCert people have some herbs that we use
before use. The East African Stan- to assure me and any other organic to control a variety of diseases. We
dards, soon to be enforced, have trader or consumer that he is within also need more information on dairy
conditions of no more than 8 kg/ha the recommended limits. goats.
per year for any copper salts. EnCert
Milk is not always useful Samson Kuyo, P.O Box 211, Kapen-
states the following: Copper salts are
Thank you for the information on guria
also restricted and may be used only
in the case of immediate threat to the study that was carried on milk.
the crops. EnCert further states that I too have used milk and realize it is
coppers salts may be used under the not effective when the disease is in a
following conditions From January progressive stage. I shall do a little
2006 up to 6 kg per hectare per year. research and see whether further
As you can see, different standards statistics from the same study were
allow for different applications. Most found. I also wonder if different dilu-
standards also recommend that pests tion rates of the milk make a differ-
and diseases shall be controlled pri- ence in the spread of the disease, and
marily by a combination of again would like to ask any success-
a) an appropriate choice of species ful organic tomato farmers to share
and varieties; their findings with our readers.
Nr. 20 January 2007
Farmer invents tree watering method

Organic Market. A German- based
In 1998, Elijah Kimani, a resident of
company seeks organic products from
Pwani area in Lare division of Nakuru
Africa. The company is in search of fair
District, decided to plant trees. But
trade and organic products, particularly
he was in a dilemma: How would
cacao, coffee, fruits, vanilla and all sorts
he sustain the trees in an area that
of spices. Their contact information has
has very little water? The few water
been included below. They speak English,
from the roof of his house would not
French and German.
be enough for his family and 4 head
Franz Joseph Witte, Rohstoffagentur
of cattle including sheep and goats.
Witte & Partner
Then he had 3500 seedlings in his tree
Uppenbergstrasse, 948149 Mnster, Tel +
nursery.
49 251 1627837, Fax + 49 251 2007685
I knew using a normal bucket was
info@rohstoffagentur.de,
going to be a real headache, as I could
www.rohstoffagentur.de,
not manage to water all the trees,
DE-001-ko-Kontrollstelle
he says. This was the moment that
D-NW-1-9567-D.
the idea of making a watering device
struck him. He would try to make a Export. A German- based company
simple drench pipe that would use the would like to buy organically certified
ordinary knapsack sprayer to inject fruits from Kenyan farmers. They prefer
water into the soil. When he tried it, mangoes, avocadoes, paw paws, and
it was an instant success, as he could pineapples (Victoria and Baby varieties).
manage to water up to 200 trees in a Elijah Kimani and his invention (TOF) Farmers groups or individuals should
day. Although there was drought the like a normal GI pipe, is attached to be able to supply a minimum of one
following year, all his trees managed the ordinary knapsack sprayer. The tonne per week. They should indicate the
to grow and now he has a forest. lower end has 14 holes through which season when they can deliver supplies.
The drench pipe, which is wide the water flows. A foot peddle at the Contact Wachira Waikwa, e-mail: nefshi@
and 1 metre long and has threads lower is used to drive the pipe into yahoo.com
the soil near the plant. All the opera- Tissue culture bananas. Do you need
tor needs to do is to pump 4 times organically grown tissue culture bananas
and the pipe will release 4 glasses of as from January 2007?
water into the soil, which is enough Contact J G Njoroge 3N-Harvest, P.O. Box
to sustain the plant for a week. 82 Saba SabaTel.0721638034.
Farmers in need of additional infor-
mation on this invention can get in Dairy goats. Miti Mingi dairy goat breed-
touch with Kimani at the following ers have four mature pedigree bucks (
address: ElijahWarui Kimani P.O. Box Male goats) for sale call
236, 20107 Njoro, Tel. 0721 703 406. Samwel Njoroge Tel. 0723 793414
they are ripe. In order to tell you

Lichens do not do any harm! more, I would need more informa-
tion, and maybe a close look at your
While visiting South Kinangop, a trees and apples. Are the trees well
farmer asked if the lichens on his nourished? Is there enough moisture
apple trees were harmful. A visitor in the soil during the growth and
from Switzerland answers: ripening period of the fruits? Are
"I was very happy to find something there any symptoms of disease or
which is quite familiar to me, as we pests on the tree foliage (leaves) and
have exactly the same stuff on our on the apples? If yes, I would need
trees in Switzerland. These organisms not find lichens on very young trees some good photos. And what about
are called lichens. or on young parts of older trees, not pruning for rejuvenation, or thinning
I can assure you the lichens on your because these are healthier, but simply of the fruit in case the apples are too
trees do not affect either the trees or because lichens have not had enough abundant? Do you practise this good
the fruit in any way, because they time to develop. fruit tree husbandry?
dont need anything else but sun- In Switzerland, we replant trees for Feel free to ask for further deatails."
light, air, and moisture for their exis- commercial production every 10 to
tence. They indicate a relatively moist 15 years, because usually their yields Theresa Szkely
environment and clean air. There is start to decline after this period. This Theresa Szkely is Agronomical Engineer
definitely no need to fight them! As means that there must be other reasons and works at the Research Station for fruit-
they grow very slowly, I assume your for the problems you encounter when growing and wine-growing in Wdenswil,
trees are rather old trees. You will your apples are falling down before Switzerland.
Nr. 21 February 2007
Keep an eye on bean flies!

Bean flies are very small, but they In the past 20 issues of The Organic
cause a lot of damage if the farmer Farmer, which we have so far produced,
does not take action. we have given you plenty of informa-
tion, new ideas, tips and advice on ways
Su Kahumbu to improve your farming practices in a
way that makes farming a rewarding
Have you ever had the problem where and profitable venture. Organic farmer
some of your beans do not do as well Su Kahumbu has always answered your
as others? Where all of a sudden you questions in a brilliant way. There is no
notice stunted growth, yellowing of doubt that you have at your fingertips
leaves and collapse and drying of the some of the most up-to-date information
entire plant? One may even give up any farmer needs to improve production.
on the idea of being able to save the But our major worry has always been,
weak plants, resulting in loss of yield Do the farmers really utilize the infor-
and waste of planting time, as well as mation we give them every month?
loss of income. One might feel this is We are asking this because one of the
due to nematodes, poor seed quality major complaints we get from technical
or poor soil fertility. But more often personnel and research scientists who
than not, the culprit is the Bean Fly have interacted with many of you out
or Bean Stem Maggot. there, is that many farmers hardly follow
Bean flies are especially active fol- the advice given by our experts. Many
lowing the rainy season. They usually researchers who have put up demonstra-
do not occur during the rainy season Black bean larvae on the root of a bean plant tion plots among the farmers in various
and during prolonged dry spells. in a susceptible variety when infesta- parts of the country, are really disap-
They can occur more frequently when tions are high. pointed. When they go back, they find
using drip irrigation. This insect can that the farmers have gone back to their
Small flies old ways of doing things.
cause up to 100% seedling mortality
Make a simple experiment. Select a Every year, scientists all over the world
poorly looking bean plant. Simply spend billions of dollars in research funds
in this issue lift an entire plant from the soil and to investigate ways to control diseases,
where the soil meets the stem you will fight new pests, propagate new varieties
Compost, notice browning scar tissue, which is of crops, or devise new ways to improve
the best feed for plants sometimes swollen and flaky, around soil fertility. These research findings have
Compost plays a central role in the stem. Peel a little of this crusty helped revolutionalise agriculture and
organic farming. The Organic Farmer scar tissue back and you will notice even tripled food production for farmers
carried an article on compost nearly small shiny black cylindrical larvae in developed countries.
two years ago, in our first issue! or pupae! In Africa and here in Kenya, in par-
But: Nearly every week farmers are Bean flies are among the major pests ticular, we have premier agricultural
sending us questions on compost. of beans and related crops, including research institutions which are interna-
We have therefore decided to provide cowpea, soybean and mung bean. tionally recognized, such as ICIPE or the
farmers once again with additional The adult fly is about 2 mm long with Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
information on the correct way of clear wings that reflect a metallic blue (KARI). It is sad that even farmers living
compost making. Pages 4 and 5 colour in sunlight. The wings do not next to such institutions do not use them
fold over but form a v-shape when to improve their methods of agricultural
Choose maize varieties the fly is resting. production.
very carefully big damage Of course farmers may be cautious
Whenever
about trying new ideas for fear of not
The eggs are deposited directly into getting the expected results. But this is
trying out the stem, leaf or emerging bean. Incu- not an excuse for not trying. One can
a new seed bation lasts 2-4 days, after which the even set aside a small portion of land
variety it is larva, a small white maggot, eats its and try a new method or crop variety
advisable to way to the root zone where pupa- being introduced. Many of these ideas
test the seed tion takes place. Some types travel and techniques have been tried elsewhere
on a small through the leaf and stem tissue to with great success. There is no reason
portion of pupate near the root collar. During why they cannot work here in Kenya.
land before this travelling, the larvae feed exten- Our farmers should accept change and
large scale sively in the stem tissue. The dura- embrace innovative methods of farming
production. tion of the larval and pupal periods is in order to increase their yields and
Page 3 about 10 days each. continued on page 6 income.
OUR OPINION Blight-resistant tomato developed
The Organic Farmer would like to
welcome Dr. Joseph Mureithi to The new variety will make
the Advisory Board of our news- growing of organic tomatoes
paper. He is the Deputy Director much easier.
of the Kenya Agriculture Research Markus Knapp*
Institute (KARI) and in charge
of Research and Technology. Late blight, a disease caused by the
Joseph Mureithi brings not only a fungus Phytophthora infestans, is a
wealth of experience, he is also a major disease of tomatoes in Kenya,
respected and commited scientist. mainly in the cool-wet season. It
Anyone dealing with the needs makes tomato growing in the rainy
of small-scale farmers, with the season very difficult and farmers
improvement of soil quality, or with have to spray fungicides regularly
research for better yields, will find to control the disease. The only
the name of Dr. Mureithi. Karibu! option for organic farmers is spray-
The Editors ing with copper oxychloride (see
The Organic Farmer Nr. 7, November
The Organic Farmer 2005). Resistance to pests and diseases
is an important part of integrated
The Organic Farmer is an independent pest management (IPM) and organic
newspaper for the Kenya farming farming and an ideal solution for
community. It promotes organic small-scale farmers. Resistance is built
farming and supports discussions on Tomato affected by blight (Photo ICIPE)
into the seed and no additional inputs
all aspects of sustainable develop- are necessary to make it work. Virus and Tomato Leaf Curl Virus,
ment. The Organic Farmer is published Researchers at the World Vegetable two other diseases of tomatoes that
monthly and distributed Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan and its are very difficult to control. The resis-
free to farmers. The Regional Center for Africa in Arusha tant tomato lines are currently being
reports of The Organic have developed tomato lines that are tested by AVRDC and the Horticul-
Farmer do not necessar- resistant to late blight. These lines tural Research Institute Tengeru in
ily reflect the views of were obtained by crossing tomato Tanzania and are also used by ICIPE
ICIPE. varieties with wild tomato species in a farmers training project on veg-
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by that are resistant to the disease. etable IPM in Taita Hills and the
Biovision, a Swiss-based founda- Usambara Mountains in Tanzania.
tion for the promotion of sustainable They require chemical spraying
The resistant tomatoes do not require
development. The yields of these lines and the any fungicide treatments against late
www.biovision.ch quality of the tomatoes are as good blight and will therefore save a lot of
Publisher or better than varieties commonly cost and labour for the farmers. They
International Centre of Insect grown in Kenya such as the Money will also make growing of organic
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Maker or Marglobe. Some lines also tomatoes much more easy.
P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi show resistance to Tomato Mosaic
ICIPE to start biological pest control
KENYA
Tel: +254 20 863 2000 Before they can be distributed to
Crop rotation important farmers, these new tomato lines have
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org Tomatoes are tasty and nutritious,
website: www.icipe.org to be tested according to national
they are easy to grow and contain regulations and registered as variet-
Editors vitamins A and C especially when
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner ies. This process has already started
eaten raw. However they are not in Tanzania. ICIPE will also start
Technical Editing: Annalee N. easy to grow if a farmer cannot
Mengech experimental releases of a predator
control diseases and pests. If prop- of the red spider mite, a major pest
Secretariat: erly taken care of, a farmer can get of tomatoes in the region. The natural
Lucy W. Macharia 4 to 5 kilogrammes of tomatoes per enemy (imported from Brazil) will be
Advisory Board plant. tested in Kirinyaga district soon (see
Bernhard Loehr, ICIPE Watering: Water once a week; at The Organic Farmer No. 6, September/
Nguya Maniania, ICIPE least one bucket of water every October 2005). The Kenya Standing
Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE week is enough. Try not to water Committee for Import and Exports
Charles Kimani, farmer Wangige the leaves or even splash the water (KSTCIE) has granted approval for
Joseph Muriithi, Deputy Director, onto the plants as this can bring dis- these releases in December 2006.
KARI eases. The best way to prevent some If the biological control proves to
Address of the common tomato diseases is be successful, the release of the pred-
The Organic Farmer through crop rotation. It is impor- atory mites can be combined with
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi tant to remove and burn all diseased the use of tomato varieties that are
KENYA plants. Mulch heavily in order to resistant to late blight to solve two
Tel: +254 020 445 03 98 retain moisture in the soil. If affected major problems in tomato production
e-mail: info@organickenya.com by bacterial wilt, do not plant toma- without using pesticides.
Layout toes, potatoes or pepper in the same * Dr.Markus Knapp is a research scientist at
In-A-Vision Systems (k) plot for at least five years. (TOF) ICIPE
Know the right seed for your area

Although poor seed selection can hectare. He says farmers face many per acre and has good standability;
affect your maize harvest, farmers problems such as low soil fertility, late the variety is resistant to ear (cob) rot,
still get poor yields because of poor land preparation and planting, lack of rust, Grey Leaf Spot, stem and leaf
crop management. weeding, and even wrong seed appli- blight. It does well in areas with an
cation methods. altitude of 1700-2100 metres above
Peter Kamau The main reason for low maize sea level and an annual rainfall of
Selection of the right seed maize yields is general neglect by farmers, 1000-2000 mm.
variety is still a problem for many he says.
farmers, yet this is a very important He advises farmers to buy only the KH600-14E:
decision that determines the amount of maize seed varieties recommended The variety was released by KARI in
harvest at the end of the season. Seed for their areas. Below are some of the 2004. It has an average yield of 34-48
varieties are developed to perform newly released maize seed varieties, bags an acre ( about 88- 188 bags per
best under different conditions. This their characteristics and the recom- ha)and does well in areas with an alti-
depends on the altitude, rainfall, mended areas for growing: tude of 1800-2500 metres above sea
type of soil and temperature. Take level and an annual rainfall of 1000-
Highland varieties
the example of H614 maize variety, 2000 mm. The variety has good rust
which is grown in most high alti- H6213: and blight resistance, It can also with-
tude areas in Kenya. The main reason This is currently the most popular stand Grey Leaf Spot disease and has
farmers prefer this variety is due to hybrid variety among farmers in high- good standability and does not rot. It
its ability to do well even under poor land areas. A latematuring variety, takes 150 165 days to mature. Areas
management. The variety is consistent it was released by the Kenya Seed where it can be grown include the
and can withstand sudden climatic Company in 2002. With an average slopes of Mount Elgon, Trans-Nzoia,
changes. The problem is that many yield of 52 bags per acre, it prod-uces West Pokot, Uasin Gishu, Nandi,
farmers are ignoring advice given by more than any other variety in this cat- greater Kericho, Nyeri, Laikipia and
seed companies when buying seeds. egory. The variety does well in areas at lower Nyandarua.
The result of this is that they end up an altitude of 1700-2100 metres above
planting varieties that are not suitable sea level and which receive an annual KH 600-15A:
for their area and in this way get poor rainfall of between 1000-2000 mm. It The variety was released by KARI in
yields. Before buying seeds, a farmer has good standability (does not fall 2001. It produces 35-47 bags an acre. It
has to know all the characteristics of due its strong roots and stalks). It is
can be grown in areas with an altitude
the seed variety they intend to buy also resistant to ear (cob) rot, rust,of 1800-2000 m above sea level and an
and if it is suitable to the climatic con- Grey Leaf Spot disease, stem and leaf annual rainfall of 1000 to 2000 mm. The
ditions in their farming area. blight. It can do well in Trans-Nzoia,variety has a fairly good husk cover
Dr. Jenniffer Chumo, a maize Uasin Gishu, and tea growing zones and standability. It can be grown in
breeder at the Kenya Seed Company of Kiambu, Nyeri, Meru, and Nyan- Bungoma, Trans-Nzoia, West Pokot,
advises farmers not to abandon seed darua districts. Uasin Gishu, Nandi, Kericho, Taita,
varieties they have been growing in H6210: upper Nyeri, Laikipia, Lower Nyan-
favour of new ones, without testing
Released by the Kenya Seed Company darua, and upper Kiambu.
the suitability of the new varieties on
in 2001, It can produce up to 50 bags MediumAltitude varieties
their farms. We often advise farmers
not to abandon seed varieties they H516:
are used to in favour of new varieties This is a new highyielding variety for
whose qualities they do not know, the medium altitude. It yields 28 bags
she says. an acre (70 bags per ha) and does well
Test on a small place in the shamba in hot, low-rainfall areas and matures
in 3 to 4 months. It is resistant to foliar
Whenever a new variety is released, diseases and pests, has a good husk
farmers are advised to isolate a portion cover and good standability, and can
of their land, plant and observe all its withstand ear rot, rust, GLS, stem and
characteristics. Once they are sure leaf blight.
the variety can do well, then they can Other varieties under this category
adopt it. include H515, H513, and H511. The
Although poor seed variety selection most suitable areas for these variet-
is partly to blame for decreased yields ies are Busia, Kisumu, Siaya, Embu,
in some areas, farmers are also to Muranga, Nyeri, Nakuru and lower
blame because of the way they manage parts of Kisii.
their crop. According to the chief sci-
entist at the KARI station in Kitale, Dryland, Lowaltitude varieties
Dr. George Ombakho, a maize variety These include the Pwani (PH4 and
may yield 6 to 8 tonnes per hectare ( (1 and PH1) which are meant for coastal
hectare is about 2.5 acres) while under areas. Dryland hybrid DH01 does
research trials at the station, but when well in all areas where Katumani
it is released to farmers, the yields variety is grown. These include Kitui,
goes down to around 2 tonnes per H6213 maize variety (Kenya Seed) Makueni and Baringo areas.
I finally made my own compost

To me compost was compost and it did as it had decomposed well enough for
not matter how I prepared it so use in the shamba.
long as it decomposed well enough for I held this position regarding compost
use in the shamba. until last year when we launched The
By Peter Kamau Organic Farmer newspaper. I came to
learn the value of compost, especially
Over the years, the idea of compost in addressing the problem of declin-
making seemed to be a very simple ing soil fertility and crop yields. In the
affair to me. At our farm in Cheran- late 1960s, we could harvest as much
gani, Kitale, I would collect farmyard as 30 bags of maize per acre; now
manure from the cattle boma and we can hardly get 15 bags even after
sheep pen and pile it in one big heap using the same amount of chemical
in the banana plantation behind the fertilizer. The damage caused by these
homestead. Here I would leave it to fertilizers was very clear to me. Last
burn until it was ready for applica- September I decided to make my own
tion on the bananas and maize field as compost and reduce the use of syn-
an additional fertilizer, after the usual thetic fertilizers.
application of DAP fertilizer. We had
to be patient because the decomposi- Compost material carefully selected
tion period for this manure would The first task was to ensure I had all
take something like one or even two the material needed to make quality
years before we could use it. compost. To do this, I had to use four
Most of the time, however, we could farm workers to provide the labour.
not wait for this long because we We collected all the necessary mate- Material ready for composting (foreground),
wanted to use it whenever we planted rial and brought it to the compost a compost heap (background). (TOF)
fruit trees such as oranges and avo- site. The plant material is carefully tions of The Organic Farmer. After
cadoes. In such circumstances, we selected to ensure only plants rich in making each layer of compost with
had no option but to mix the fresh minerals and various plant nutrients the required material, we would
farmyard manure with the topsoil or medicinal properties are used in sprinkle 2 kg of rock phosphate and
and put it into the planting holes! order to enrich the compost. Com- spray with a diluted solution of Effec-
How some of the plants survived posting needs to be done when there tive Microorganisms (EM2) mixed
is a miracle which I cannot explain is plenty of plants to choose from. with molasses. The addition of rock
even now, but one thing I observed One of the best plants for compost- phosphate is important because most
is that it took a very long time before ing is tithonia, as it is rich in nutrients. organic material has only small quan-
the plants started showing any sign As we did not have enough of it, we tities of phosphates. The EM solution
of proper and healthy growth, while had to get it from neighbours. We got has many beneficial microorganisms
others simply wilted and died. other plant materials such as maize that help break down the compost
stalks, and branches from various faster (ordinary compost can take up
I ignored instructions
trees on the farm and cut all these into to 6 months to decompose while EM
My first opportunity to learn compost small pieces that would decompose can help reduce this period by up to
making came during a field day I easily. We also cut stacks of comfrey 3 months). Within a period of three
attended at the Kenya Agricultural plant, which is also rich in nutri- months, we had managed to bring the
Research Institute (KARI) station in ents and activates the decomposition compost to the required standard.
Kitale back in 1981. But I did not take process. Finally, we used 20 wheel-
much interest in the whole affair. To barrows of fresh farmyard manure. Cover the compost
me, compost was compost, and it did I followed all the instructions we As I write this article, the compost
not matter how I prepared it so long had given to farmers in the past edi- is ready for use in the next planting
season. Many farmers do not seem
to follow the instructions on compost
making. It is very common to see
heaps of farmyard manure in many
farms today. The manure is not mixed
with grasses and other material which
could produce quality compost. Lack
of proper cover leads to nitrogen loss
and even the loss of other essential
nutrients when it rains. Since I made
the compost many of my neighbour-
ing farmers have made visits to my
farm to see how it is done. It they
did it correctly, I am sure they would
reduce their dependency on expen-
sive chemical fertilizers which only
Adding rock phosphate supplements nutrient levels in compost (Photo TOF) damage their soils.
It pays to make good compost

Making a compost heap requires
labour, material and knowledge.
Follow the steps outlined below and
your soils will be better.
Felix Mbitu Murimi
Farmers who need to improve their
soil quality and fertility can save a
lot of money. Instead of buying fer-
tilizer, they can make compost. Of
course, this needs a lot of labour
to prepare and spread it over the
farm, but compost is like gold for
the soil. Wellmade compost is an
organic fertilizer that is balanced in
plant nutrients. This organic fertil-
izer, known as humus, improves the
soil fertility; it helps retain the soil
moisture and mixes the soil with air stalks should be chopped into small to reduce the moisture loss through
(soil aeration). When properly made, pieces to accelerate decomposition. evaporation.
compost becomes immediately avail- 11. Take a long, sharp, pointed stick
Sprinkle some water on this layer.
able as plant food without the need and drive it in at an angle so that it
to be first broken down by soil micro- 4. Add a 1 foot layer of green mate- passes through the pile from top to
organisms. rial (preferably legume cover crop bottom. This stick is your thermom-
materials or kitchen waste which are eter. After three days, decomposi-
What materials do we need? rich in nitrogen) and water carefully. tion will have started in the pile, and
The requirement for composting This layer forms organic composting the stick will be warm when you pull
is organic material such as animal material. it out.
manure, crop remains, kitchen and 5. Add a 2 inch layer of topsoil or old 12. Pull the thermometer out from
household waste and hedge cuttings, manure or old compost to ensure the time to time to check the progress
but not seeding weeds. It is useful presence of microorganisms; they are of the pile. The thermometer tells
to include some plants with a lot of vital for decomposition. you also how dry or wet the pile is: it
nutrients. All kind of legumes leaves 6. Add a thin layer of wood ash and should be moist but not wet.
(for example crotolaria, desmodium, water adequately. The ashes contain 13. Sprinkle water on the pile occasion-
soybean, lablab etc.) add lots of nitro- valuable minerals including potas- ally, about every three days, depend-
gen to the compost. Coffee husks, sium, phosphorus, calcium and mag- ing on the weather. If it has been
banana stalks, sweet potato vines, etc. nesium. The ashes also neutralize raining, there is no need to water.
are important as sources of potassium. the acids produced during decom- 14. After three weeks, turn the pile
Excellent for compost are the leaves of position, especially by the animal over. Do not add fresh materials
tithonia and comfrey, since they add manure. except water. The thermometer tells
not only nitrogen and potassium but 7. The next layer should be of green you when you must turn the pile:
also help speed up the process of materials (1/2 foot thick). Use green When the stick is cold, then the pile is
breaking down organic materials of leaves from high-protein leguminous too wet, the bacterial activity is sup-
plant and animal origin to produce trees like calliandra, leucaena and pressed through lack of oxygen (air).
humus. sesbania. Very good are also hedge If the stick shows a white substance
cuttings of plants like tithonia as well (a white fungal cover), the compost
How to prepare compost as comfrey. heap is too dry. Water the pile if
1. Select a place which is sheltered 8. Sprinkle a little topsoil or old necessary. Turning the pile is impor-
from the wind, rain, sun and espe- compost which are useful for decom- tant: It mixes the different layers and
cially runoff. If animal manure is position. makes the decomposition faster and
available, make the compost near the 9. Add more layers in turn, starting more complete.
cattle boma (because of the manure- with dry vegetative materials, then 15. The compost should be ready
transport). Make a rectangular pit animal manure, followed by wood after 4 weeks. Check the temperature:
4 feet by 5 feet; dont make it too ash, green vegetation and topsoil. If the stick feels warm, the pile is
large as you must be able to work Remember to sprinkle water on every still decomposing, and the compost is
on it without stepping on the pile. layer. Build the pile up to 1.5 m (5 not yet ready. Properly decomposed
Take care that you have enough space feet). A well-made pile has almost compost should have a fresh, earthy
around the compost heap. vertical sides and a flat top. smell and contain no grass, leaves or
2. Dig a shallow pit (1 foot deep), put 10. To complete the pile, cover it all animal manure.
the soil on one side; you will need it. over with a layer of topsoil about 10 cm
3. Put at the bottom of the pit a layer of thick. This layer prevents plant nutri- Note: If you have access to EM (effec-
rough materials such as maize stalks ents from escaping from the compost tive micro-organisms), there is no
and hedge cuttings. This improves the pile. Lastly, cover the whole pile with need to add soil, a pile can be started
air circulation in the pit. The maize dry vegetation such as banana leaves on a flat surface. (see page 4)
Be careful with Datura stramonium

What medicine/pesticides can be have laws regulating its consump-
obtained from Datura stramonium? tion.
Caroline Nkatha Kithinji P.O Box 38, It can be used as a fungicide, insec-
Igoji ticide, and a nematicide, but must
be used with absolute caution. It is
Datura stramonium, also called Thorn helpful against cutworms, nematodes
Apple or Jimson Weed, is a tall annual and some fungal diseases. Due to its
weed with angular leaves. This plant poisonous nature, it is better used as
is very poisonous and must not be a pouron into the soil rather than a
ingested, as the other names indi- spray. If it is to be used as a spray, it is
cate: Angels Trumpet, and Zombies better used on plant parts that are not
Cucumber. Datura is occasionally eaten. If it is applied against fungus
used as an available alternative to on courgettes, tomatoes etc., then do
illegal drugs. Typically it is not illegal, this only before the fruiting stage.
although some states in the USA do All parts of the plant can be used.
They may be dried in the sun and
...controlling bean fly damage used as a powder, or one could crush
continued from page 1 a few leaves and add to 1 litre of
water for use as a spray (one could
This feeding activity destroys stem add a little soap in the spray mixture
tissue and reduces lateral (side- to act as a sticker).
ways) root formation. Some plants Scientists in Spain studied the rela-
try to compensate by forming new tionship between maize and datura
roots above the over 4 years in a floodirrigated field.
damaged areas. Results: Maize yield was decreased
Young seedlings by 14-63% when competing with the
and infested weed. Yield was worse as the time
plants under between crop and weed emergence
stress wilt and decreased.
die within a
short time. Older and more vigourous Are mushroom and honey organic?
plants may tolerate the damage, but Q.I have always wanted to start mushroom farming but I would like to know
growth and yield will be affected. whether it has to go through the certifying procedures or is it already a known
Prevention and cure fact that its organically accepted? And how about beekeeping? Can we also
say it is naturally organic (honey production)? Wilson K Barchiba, Kibasiso
If infestation is high, spray young
Libraries, P.O Box 376 Eldama Ravine. Tel. 0725 556 292.
bean plants with a biopesticide
(neem, pyrethrum, sodom apple, etc.) A. The question of whether honey restricted unless under emergency
at weekly intervals up until the flow- is organic by default is commonly conditions. Extraction of honey from
ering stage. asked. The answer is very clear from a hive cannot be complete as a per-
Earth up around already-affected all certification bodies. Honey may centage must be left behind for the
stems, allowing the bean to send out only be called organic when certain growing brood. Beehives are also
more roots. requirements stipulated in the Organic subject to a conversion period of one
Do not over-water beans when Standards have been met. Firstly, the year. These are just some of the condi-
using irrigation, especially drip irri- forage area of the bees (which is up tions an organic bee producer must
gation. to a radius of 2-4 km) must be free of consider. Again, to prove compliance
Add neem cake or pymac (pyre- any toxic contaminants. A beekeeper of the organic conditions, a beekeeper
thrum cake) to planting holes and neighbouring a conventional flower must keep comprehensive records.
later also around bean stems. farm may not be able to achieve cer-
Mulch young beans. tification if the certifier feels his bees Organic standards for mushrooms
Be vigilant, deal with the problem forage in a high risk zone. With regards to organic mushrooms
before it becomes a disaster. Beekeeping, like animal husbandry the culture medium for mushrooms
in general, must be carried out with shall contain ingredients such as
full respect for the hive, the queen organic grain and straw when appli-
and the growing brood. Harvest- cable. Other ingredients in the culture
ing of honey therefore must be done medium and the inputs used in the
with consideration given to minimal mushroom production shall be in
destruction of the complex hive struc- compliance with the organic stan-
ture and setting. Devastation of a dards for crop production.Thus if the
hive is prohibited, queen bee mutila- straw, maize stalks, etc. upon which
tion (wing clipping) is prohibited, the the mushrooms feed and grow is of
use of some sanitizers and antibiotics conventional origin, the mushrooms
are prohibited for hive sanitation, the may not be sold as organic mush-
feeding of bees with sugar water is rooms.
Paper changing
agriculture in Kenya
We are among the beneficiary orga-
nizations that receive The Organic
Farmer magazine regularly here in
Kitale. Information on sustainable
agriculture gained from the news-
paper is now at the fingertips of our
staff. Besides training local commu-
nities, we have also devised a way
through which all partner farmers'
groups get access to the vital infor-
mation through the magazine. We
now have a library where we stock
the magazine; we lend the farmers'
groups each of the monthly issues.
After reading, they return it back Participants attending a training programme on Organic Agriculture Development visit Su
to us and we give them some more Kahumbu's farm in Tigoni. They were drawn from 14 African countries (Photo TOF)
copies. Our librarian ensures that all
new copies have been circulated to all members, I request you to send more of international movements of species
our farmers' groups. copies of the newspaper to our group. of plants and animal products? Is it
To guarantee excellent utilization We are 20 in number. We hope you will posible for ICIPE scientists to estab-
of the newspapers, our staff usually assist us. Thanking you in advance. lish a center of field research here in
make follow-ups to check if the san Pedro del Parana?
Beatrice Nyaga, P.O Box 69, Siakago.
farmers are following the advice as We can discuss practical details of
stipulated in your magazine. I am I need back issues such a venture. Congratulations for
glad to inform you that the influence the nice work you are doing.
of this resourceful magazine is great
for our field school Our telephone numbers for contact
My group is Midzimitsano Farmers
and the impact is overwhelming. It are: +595 742 20151 / +595 975 659202
Field School. I have read the May
has improved not only the knowledge Fr Pascal Kinoti, svd, Coordinator
2006 issue of The Organic Farmer from
and skills of our staff but also the Pastoral Social- San Pedro del Parana
a friend; I am very much interested
production capacity of the farmers. Itapua, Paraguay
in getting copies right from the first
Farmers now are able to formulate
publication. I hope that my request Dear Father Kinoti,
their own botanical pesticides with We will forward your request to ICIPE.
will receive your consideration.
less supervision from our staff in con- Editors
trolling different types of pests and Francis Ngonyo Hinzano, P.O Box
diseases. This has reduced expenses 285, Kilifi Request for newspaper
and increased the profit margin, espe-
We hereby request you for the above
cially for smallscale farmers who for Farmers in Paraguay mentioned newspaper. We are a
decades have not been able to meet
the cost of chemical pesticides. ask for help group of six farmers from Nyambaria
On behalf of the YRREC and the Receive greetings from the district sub-location, North Kitutu location
entire community, I give a lot of credit of San Pedro del Parana Paraguay, Manga Division Nyamira District who
to the farmers magazine, the editor, South America! Im a Kenyan miss- want to know more about organic
sponsors and all other contributors ionary working in Paraguay. I work farming. We came across the Septem-
whose effort has enabled the newspa- with the Pastoral Social promoting ber/ October 2005 issue from a friend.
per to be an important tool in trans- organic sustanable rural farming. We We hope you will be sending us the
forming agriculture in the country. train our members on how to control newspaper on a monthly basis.
Keep sending us copies. pests and weeds without using chem- Nyauncho Nyangena, P.O Box 1165
ical herbicides and pestides. When I Kisii
Moses K. Tenai, Coordinator, Youth was recently in Kenya for holidays,
for Rural Reconstruction and Envi- a friend of mine passed me some
ronmental Conservation, P.O. Box past issues of The Organic Farmer. I
4541 Kitale Tel. 0724 523 676 enjoyed all the topics you write on.
Some four months ago, the field
We want organic agricultural technicians came across
poultry production the problem of stemborer which
affects sugarcane and maize. I was
I would like to thank you for The so delighted on reading about its
Organic Farmer magazine that is very control using the predator Telenomous
educative to farmers. On behalf of isis! How can we get it here in Para-
Kwinyinyia Farmers Field School guay taking into account restrictions
Birds are useful in organic farming Tissue culture bananas. Do you need
organically grown tissue culture
About three years ago, I had to visit bananas as from January 2007? Contact J
a friend in Nairobi. Since it was too G Njoroge 3N-Harvest, P.O. Box 82 Saba
early, I decided to while away the Saba Tel. 0721638034.
time in a local bookshop the first Organic Vegetables: I have organically
time in my life! Of course, on the shelf grown capsicums, butternut, carrots,
were books about agriculture, flowers and courgettes. Interested buyers can
and vegetables. I opened a book and get in touch with me at the following
found something very interesting. I address: Joseph Njoroge, P.O. Box 52542,
read that a pair of blue tits (a type 00100, Nairobi, Tel.0721 647 618
of bird) will collect up to 15,000 cat-
erpillars to raise a brood (raise their Conventionally certified seed: Benjamin
young ones). I also read that birds Lugano, the certified seedling grower
need a place to stay and to build their from Kitale, will be operating a stand
nests, and that the ideal habitat (living at this years Eldoret Agricultural Show
place) for birds is hedges. which opens on February 27. He will sell
Traveling home, I thought about the following fruit seedling varieties to
birds and hedges. Some days later, Blue tit feeding its young interested farmers: Hass and Fuerte vari-
I made some cuttings from a titho- Source: Organic Gardening eties of avocado, passion; Kent, Harden
nia bush somewhere in the corner In January, your newspaper brought and Tommy varieties of mangoes, tree
of my shamba. I planted them, and a series about agroforestry. You wrote tomatoes, oranges- Washington variety,
now, around two years later, I have a about the benefit of fodder shrubs paw paw, apples- ann variety. For details
very nice hedge of tithonia, making like calliandra, so I planted some of farmers can get in touch with him at:
boundaries between different parts theses bushes. Now they have grown Lugano Horticultural Farm Enterprises,
of my shamba. They produce won- into a thick hedge. The leaves I feed P.O. Box P.O. Box 323, 30200 Kitale Tel.
derful flowers, and a lot of birds are to my four cows. They just love the 0733 990 574.
going in and out. Since I read in The leaves of the calliandra, and the birds Articles wanted. Do you have some-
Organic Farmer about the benefits of like these bushes. It is such a nice thing interesting you would like to share
tithonia for composting, I regularly experience to listen to the birds sing with other farmers? From now on, The
cut the leaves and throw them into early in the morning. Organic Farmer will award gift items for
the compost. Phillipp Maina, Karatina every article published. Karibuni.
Use of legumes doubles maize yield

In the January issue of The Organic a period of three years. From the find- was also observed that the maize yield
Farmer you featured at length the ben- ings mucuna had the highest ground obtained from use of green manure
efits of growing legumes. By chance cover followed by crotolaria, doli- was the same as the yield from half the
I came across the same information chos, soya beans and purple vetch in recommended rate of both compost
in a scientific report conducted by that order. Although there were no and chemical fertilizers.
scientists from KARI among farmers significant Benefits for farmers
in Matunda area on the slopes of Mt difference
Elgon, which I wish to share with The result of the trials show that the
in the yield use of green manures on their own
other farmers. of maize
The soils in Matunda (Mt Elgon doubled the farmers' yields, but when
and beans used in combination with chemical
region) were very poor. The objec- planted
tive of the study was to determine fertilizers, the yields were three times
between higher. Since most of the farmers
the effect of several green manure the various
varieties on the yield of maize and were resource-poor and could not
g r e e n afford the cost of chemical fertilizers,
beans as a way of helping farmers to manures,
practise sustainable methods of pro- the research concluded that the use of
they all green manures on their own was not
duction to increase their yields and gave higher mucuna
income. Several trials were conducted only cost effective, but improved the
in which different varieties of green maize yields than what farmers had soils in the long term while suppress-
manures such as mucuna, soya beans, harvested before the experiment. ing weeds and adding nitrogen.
dolichos, crotolaria and purple vetch Green manures in combination with Benson Wafula, Nairobi
were planted using compost in com- chemical fertilizers gave higher maize Source: Proceeding of the 18th conference
bination with chemical (inorganic) yields than green manures on their and End of the Millenium Celebrations- 4th
fertilizers. Each of the green manure own, (the organic matter from green to 8th December 2000-Published by the Soil
crops was planted between the rows manure helped to make efficient use Science of East Africa, National Agricultural
of maize and beans alternatively over of the applied inorganic fertilizer). It Laboratories P.O.Box14733, Nairobi.
Nr. 22 March 2007
The month of March is an important

period in the farmers calendar. It is
time for preparing the land in readi-
ness for planting. However, it is also
a difficult time for the majority of
the farmers in the country: Having
harvested and sold their maize, many
farmers have various financial com-
mitments, the most urgent being the
payment of school fees. As a result they
may not be able to prepare the land in
time, or even buy fertilizer and seeds in
readiness for the planting season.
Although the Government has made
considerable progress in restructuring
Wellbred cows are healthier and produce more milk. (Photo TOF) the agricultural sector in the last four
years, one area in which it has per-
Inbreeding is a big problem formed dismally is in the provision of

credit to small-scale farmers.
Whenever the farmers complain
Most Kenyan dairy farmers and arti- practice among a section of small
scale farmers is to use a home-bred
about lack of credit facilities, the Gov-
ficial insemination service providers ernment is always quick to point out
do not practise artificial insemination bull to serve their animals whenever that it has allocated billions of shillings
(AI) services in the right way. This is they come on heat. One reason why to the Agricultural Finance Corpora-
to blame for the increasing cases of most farmers use such bulls is to tion (AFC) for lending to farmers. But
inbreeding. The result is deterioration avoid the high cost of artificial insem- the AFC Act is clear that only farmers
of the quality of dairy cattle and low ination (it costs Ksh. 600 to serve one with 5 acres and above can qualify for
milk production in the country. cow). This is regardless of whether the loans. Applicants must also possess
Inbreeding occurs when animals or not the bull and the animal are a title deed as security for the loans.
sharing great grandparents, grand- related. Use of village bulls can also Due to the increasing population, land
parents or parents are mated. The spread venereal diseases from one subdivision has increased in most of
cow to another, leading to abortions the high potential areas in the country;
and related complications. this means that more than 80 percent
What most farmers may not know of farmers have less than 5 acres (less
is that the semen used in AI services than 2 hectares) of land. Therefore a
comes from the same bulls based at the large proportion of our farmers have no
Central Artificial Insemination Service access to credit.
(CAIS) station in Nairobi. Each of the In the past, the Government oper-
bulls at the station has a name and ated the Seasonal Credit Scheme for
number. For example, unless a farmer this category of farmers, but it was
has kept records giving details on the discontinued. Clearly there is some-
bull that served a particular cow on thing seriously wrong. Otherwise one
the farm, there is a high probability cannot understand how a Government
that later on the artificial inseminator can deny such a big section of its
will end up serving the daughter of farming population any form of credit,
that particular cow with semen from yet they play such an important role in
the same bull - its father! (TOF) the countrys food security. If farmers
Good market for asparagus are such a risky group to lend to, then
See pages 4 and 5 the Government should look for other
Benson Chege, a Member of Kigogo
options that would allow them access
Farmers Group from Gilgil, delivers Helpful earthworms to credit. One of these would be to
organic asparagus to The Organic channel the loans through SACCOs,
Shop in Gigiri Nairobi. The farmers which have few cases of defaulting.
group is one of the beneficiaries of A number of local banks have also
The Organic Farmer Support Pro- Read more about launched lending schemes for farmers.
gramme, launched in April 2006. this friend of We encourage farmers to look around
Demand for asparagus from the the farmer on and find the best lender. They should
group has gone up since they started page 6. not wait for other people to solve their
growing it organically. See page 8 problems.
Nr. 22 March 2007
MY OPINION
In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is
Preparing seeds for germination
the lifeline of the economy. Women
are key farmers, food producers Different types of seeds germinate they are most likely to be unviable.
and natural resource managers. In under different temperature condi- This method is used to pre-treat seeds
the region, women produce 60-80 tions. Care should be taken while such as asparagus, artichoke, parsley
percent of domestically produced doing pre-treatment. and many more.
food and provide nearly half the
farm labour. Women work almost Jane Kigo Burning
twice as many hours as men. In Seeds become dormant during the Burning is used for very tough seed-
Kenya, women form the core of period of storage, and many woody coats of woody species such as acacia
the smallholder farm labour force. and it serves the same purpose as hot
Nearly all rural women (96 percent) species have hard seed-coats that
do not enable the seed to take in water pre-treatment. Place a patch
work on family farms, providing 75 of soil on top of the seed, pile trash
percent of the farm labour and 60 water. Water is crucial for germina-
tion of plants and if the seed cannot on top of the soil, and burn it. When
percent of farm-derived income.
absorb water then it needs pre-treat- the fire has burned out, the seed can
Sustainable agriculture extension be retrieved and is ready for sowing.
manual for Africa (1998). ment (making alternations in the seed
coat to enable the seed to absorb The seeds of some species appear to
water) before satisfactory germina- be dormant, even though the fruit is
The Organic Farmer ripe. However, if seed from multiple
tion can be occur. Different methods
The Organic Farmer is an independent of pre-treatment are recommended fruits are planted fresh, the germina-
newspaper for the Kenya farming for several types of dormant seed to tion rate is usually high. It is therefore
community. It promotes organic help ensure the rapid germination of recommended that such seed should
farming and supports discussions on the maximum number of seed sown be sown as soon as possible after
all aspects of sustainable develop- in the improved nursery. Different removal from the fruit.
ment. The Organic Farmer is published types of seeds germinate under dif- How to process fleshy fruits and
monthly and distributed ferent temperature conditions, hence wet seeds:
free to farmers. The care should be taken during the use 1. Put healthy seeds in a container
reports of The Organic of either cold or hot water methods. and close it. Leave it for 4 to 7 days;
Farmer do not necessar- For example, spinach seeds do not the mixture will ferment.
ily reflect the views of germinate well under warm condi- 2. Close the lid tightly, then shake
ICIPE. tions and thus soaking them in cold the fermented juice gently; pour it
water for 24 hrs immediately before into a bucket and add clean water.
sowing induces quicker and better The good
seeds will 1
germination. Soaking in hot water
will mean destroying or killing this sink to the
kind of seed. bottom and
the bad
Cold water method ones will
This is recommended for pre-treating float.
most types of seeds, whether dormant 3. Pour off
or not, since cold water aids in accel- the water
erating germination. Soak the seeds with the
in cold water for 24 hrs. The empty bad seeds.
seeds will float and can be discarded. Put the 2
The healthy seeds absorb water, swell, good seeds
and fall to the bottom of the pot and in a sack
are removed and sown immediately. and let
This method is commonly used to them dry
pre-treat maize. It also works well for 2 to 4
with beetroot, which is very slow to days.
germinate and is soaked in cold water (This
for 24 hrs, after which it is sown.
3
Hot water method
Steeping the seed in hot water softens
the seed-coat, hence making it perme-
able to water. Heat the water but do
not let it boil. Pour this water into the
container with seeds and leave them
for some hours. Remember not to boil
the seeds because this will kill them.
After a while the seed will absorb method is suitable for eggplant,
water, swell and sink to the bottom; cucumber, gourds, squash, etc.)
then it is ready for sowing. Seeds References- Agricultural Review 1997-1999
which do not become swollen within Gardening in East Africa.
24 hrs should be discarded because By Gabu Remnant
Nr. 22 March 2007
Are you ready for the planting season?
Lack of proper planning and use of rodents and birds. This will also facili-
the wrong inputs is to blame for poor tate contact with warm moist soil for
crop yields and poor earnings by most good germination. A planting depth
farmers. of between 2.5 cm to 5 cm is accept-
able. In case of dry planting, a depth
The Organic Farmer of 5 cm is preferable to avoid germina-
As we have mentioned in previous tion promoted by false rains.
issues of The Organic Farmer, the Spacing
planting season is one of the most
important in the farmers calendar. The common practice of many farmers
Planting means planning; a clever is to plant closely in the belief that
farmer writes down all the inputs the yield will be higher. When the
they will need, including the cost. plants are crowded, growth is poor
Proper planning will enable you to because the seedlings compete for
get the desired results, because at the sunlight, water and nutrients, becom-
end a farmer can find out if they have ing weak and reducing the yield. The
made a profit or loss. This involves correct spacing should be 60 cm (2
making decisions on which crops to ft) between one hole and the next.
grow, and the amount of compost Spacing between rows should be 75
fertilizer or seeds required. An orga- cm (2 ft). Ensure only two seeds
nized farmer will know the right are planted in each hole. Maize can
quantity of compost they will need, be intercropped with a second or
for example to plant 2 acres of land. If more crops that do not compete for
you planted maize last year or the last nutrients with it. Beans are the most
few years on the same parcel of land, common intercrop in Kenya.
it is also important to practise a bit of Fertilizer application
crop rotation or intercropping.
When using manure, farmers are
Careful preparation will enable
advised to ensure they use only well
farmers to utilize the first rains,
decomposed manure, at the recom-
which often start in mid-March or
Land preparation (Photo Pelu) mended rate of 10 tonnes per hectare
April. Many farmers end up planting
(about 5 tonnes per acre). For areas
late due to lack of early preparation, again and the farmer has to buy new with low rainfall, 8 tonnes per hectare
which reduces their yields consider- seeds every year. Composite seeds (about 4 tonnes per acre) are recom-
ably. It is important that farmers keep are stabilized during propagation and mended. The farmer can apply two
to the following guidelines to ensure the farmer can replant the same seeds handfuls of well prepared compost
they get maximum yields from their each year without affecting the yield. per hole at planting time.
farms: (Examples of composites are Katu-
Thinning
Land preparation mani, Coast composite and DLCI).
Land preparation should be done As we said in the last issue, farmers If at planting more than two seeds were
early enough before the rains, prefer- should always plant the right seeds used per hole, then thinning should
ably when the soil is still moist. Early for their own areas. It is important be done early, preferably within 14
preparation allows time for large to buy seeds from certified stockists days after emergence. Timely thin-
lumps of soil to break up and also appointed by seed companies who ning minimizes the use of soil nutri-
for the uprooted weeds to die on the can also give advice. ents and moisture by the extra plants.
surface under dry conditions. If it is For easy pulling of the extra plants,
Planting
a large-scale farm, it is important to thinning should be done when the soil
Proper timing of planting has its own is moist.
use a tractor. If the land size is small, benefits. Many farmers tend to wait
farmers are always advised to use until the rains have started before Weed Control
hand digging, which has been found planting. Seeds germinate well when Weeds compete with maize for nutri-
to be more appropriate because use of the soil temperature is still high. ents, moisture and light, so it is impor-
tractors on a small piece of land tends When it rains, the soil temperatures tant to control them early. Within
to compact the soil, making it harder tend to go down, affecting germina- the first month after germination,
for air circulation and survival of soil tion of the seeds. Research shows that the maize crop is most vulnerable to
organisms. a farmer loses up to 2 bags of maize stress, because that is the time when
Seeds per week if they plant after the rains all the ears and leaves start to form.
There are three types of maize seeds- have started. Maize planted early also It is important that weeds are con-
local, hybrid and composite. Local benefits from nitrogen flash.This is trolled within this period to minimize
seeds are traditional varieties that a process where nitrogen in the soil stress. The field can be kept weed-free
are low-yielding (sometimes local is readily available for uptake by by hand weeding. The first weeding
people prefer them due to their taste). the newly planted seeds before it is needs to be done within 3 weeks after
Hybrid seeds are high-yielding, but lost through leaching when the rains seedling emergence. In high rainfall
they require more fertilizer than local come. Maize should be planted at a areas, weeding three times may be
seeds. Hybrid seeds cannot be planted depth that will protect the seed from required.
Nr. 22 March 2007
Advice from top cattle breeder

Recordkeeping is a most important gree quality). Soon after, a senior
exercise for a dairy farmer. Lack provincial administrator bought the
of proper records is responsible for bull for Ksh 25,000. After selling
inbreeding. the bull I immediately decided that
breeding was my line of business
Peter Kamau, Njoro in farming, Karanja says. Learning
Going around James Karanjas 18-acre how to produce high quality animals
Pokea Farm in Njoro, one can easily from other breeders in the area, the
mistake it for any other farm. But a farmer perfected his skills and has
closer look at the Holstein Friesian never looked back since.
herd of dairy cattle reveals they are Today he has seven high-yielding
no ordinary dairy cows. Their bigger dairy cows. Due to his reliance on
body frame, good udders and general animals produced by the best breed-
health clearly distinguishes them ers in the world, some of his Holstein
from other cattle. This is by no means Friesian cows give between 50 to 60 kg Karanja with his dairy cows (TOF)
a coincidence, because James Karanja of milk per day. Many local livestock
is a renowned Friesian cattle breeder breeds in contrast, give an average tion (KLBO), they did not. This is
in the country. Over the years, he has of 15 kg a day. The main reason for to blame for the deterioration in the
managed to produce prize winning this low milk production among local quality of animals that many farmers
bulls and cows. Some of his bulls farmers, he says, is lack of knowledge keep today.
are being used by the Central Artifi- on modern breeding technology. Inbreeding and poor management
cial Insemination Service (CAIS) to Until the white settlers left the
country, local people were not allowed It is out of this situation that Karanja
provide farmers with quality breeds
to own livestock. After independence, has embarked on an education pro-
in the country. Animal breeding is a
African farmers started livestock gramme to sensitise farmers on the
process whereby a farmer produces
keeping without any knowledge need to upgrade their dairy herds
high quality cattle for milk or beef
of breeding. The few breeders who through proper use of artificial
through upgrading with semen from
have acquired the knowledge have to insemination (AI) services to stop
top bulls whose characteristics and
struggle on their own, since there is inbreeding, which is mainly to blame
potential are well known.
little support from the Government, for low milk production and even
High-yielding cows Karanja says. Although parastatals livestock diseases. Improved breeds,
Karanjas passion for cattle breed- such as the Kenya Dairy Board were on the other hand, give more milk
ing started back in 1980 when an supposed to play an important role in and income to the farmer.
inspector identified a bull he was farmer education or even support the Poor management is also to blame
rearing then as a pure breed (pedi- Kenya Livestock Breeders Organisa- for low milk production, Karanja says.
Recordkeeping is the first and most
How to upgrade your dairy cows important part in any serious farming
enterprise. Many farmers do not keep
James Karanja says that selection of
a cow for breeding purposes has any records on their animals. The most
to be done carefully with the help basic records that a farmer must have
of an inspector. Once the inspector are names of the cow, dates of birth,
identifies the cow, also called the age at service, number of services,
foundation, the farmer has to look and the breed and name of bull from
for a pedigree bull with certain char- the CAIS which sired (whose semen
acteristics, for example one that sires was used to serve the mother cow) to
cows with high milk productivity, avoid inbreeding, Karanja says.
good udder position, a good preg- This is how to keep records (Photos TOF) These details are important
nancy rate and has no complications known as the appendix is also reg-
while giving birth. The cow is then For breeders, all the animals must
istered with the KSB and served with be registered with the Kenya Stud
registered with the KSB as a foun- semen from a high grade pedigree
dation. When it comes on heat, it is Book (KSB). This is a secretariat that
bull of the same breed. Finally, the maintains records of all breeders who
served with semen from the selected greatgranddaughter is now 'the ped-
pedigree bull. are members of the Kenya Livestock
igree'. He says the breeder can main- Breeders Organisation (KLBO). They
The daughter of this cow should tain the pedigree line by continued
also be registered as soon as she is must also maintain a milk record
use of semen from high quality bulls book where daily milk production
born as intermediate stock. When from CAIS or other artificial insemi-
the daughter comes on heat, she is records for each dairy cow are entered
nation (AI) providers. and sent to the Dairy Recording Ser-
served with semen from a differ- Farmers' groups or individuals inter-
ent pedigree bull of the same breed. vices of Kenya (DRSK) on a monthly
ested in acquiring skills on breeding basis. The records should also indi-
Farmers should always take care not can contact the expert farmer at the
to use semen from the first bull which cate the cows details, calving inter-
address given below: vals, number of services, and health
served the mother as this will amount
James N. Karanja, Pokea Dairy Farm, P.O. records such as treatments, vaccina-
to inbreeding. The granddaughter, Box 157, Njoro, 20107, Tel. 0733 555 621. tions and deworming.
Nr. 22 March 2007
Dairy industry threatened by inbreeding
The majority of dairy farmers do not
understand the problems caused by
mating cows with the same bloodline.
By Peter Kamau
Lack of information on animal breed-
ing is one of the major obstacles facing
the development of the dairy industry
in the country. Although the majority
of those involved in milk produc-
tion are small- scale farmers, most of
them do not possess even the most
basic skills in utilization of artificial
insemination services. Figures avail-
able at the Central Artificial Insemi- Dr. Dan Omollo, a vet, inseminates a cow in Kiambu (TOF)
nation Service show that more than
To understand the problems associ- be mated. This means that family
90 percent of the 3.3 million dairy
ated with inbreeding, let us look at records of the bulls and cows should
cattle in the country are served with
the relationship between animals and be checked before any mating is done
CAIS semen. Unfortunately, most
how it affects their health and pro- so as to make the correct choices of
farmers do not keep any records of
ductivity. All animals carry genes that bulls and cows.
their animals. This has contributed
determine certain characteristics such
to increased cases of inbreeding. Privatisation of AI services to blame
as size, height, colour, shape, milk
Inbreeding is the practice of mating Before the privatisation of veterinary
yields and fertility. Although all cattle
closely related animals. services back in 1992, the Govern-
carry good genes, some have bad
Inbred cows have many problems genes that usually remain hidden if ment, under the Kenya National
their young ones are born of parents Insemination Services, could control
Research findings undertaken by
who are not related. Animals from the problem of inbreeding through
the Kenya Dairy Development Project
the same parents have many similar a number of measures. One of these
(KDDP) showed that of the 3.3 million
genes or traits, including bad ones, was the rotation of bull semen
dairy cattle in the country, only 5
and when they are mated, the young between regions after 2 years of use.
percent of the cattle had breeding
ones will get these bad traits from Farmers using the artificial insemina-
records. This means that a large per-
both parents. Animals born of related tion service were issued with a red
centage of farmers are yet to adopt
parents have many problems such file with cow index cards; each cows
practices that help upgrade their live-
as giving birth to dead calves, small identification was made by ear notch-
stock and prevent inbreeding. More
calves, poor fertility, frequent dis- ing to give each cow a unique iden-
than 75 percent of the dairy cattle in
eases and even deformities. In order tity. The inseminator had to carry a
the country (mainly owned by small -
to avoid the occurrence of these poor minimum of two bulls semen of each
scale farmers) are exposed to inbreed-
offspring, scientists recommend that breed, and was expected to check on
ing because the farmers do not worry
animals sharing great grandparents, the breeding information in the file
about mating cows with the same
grand parents or parents should not before carrying out an insemination
bloodline.
to avoid inbreeding. Artificial insemi-
nation officers in charge maintained
Farmers can avoid inbreeding farm record cards with details of each
farmer and each cow inseminated
Farmers can take several measures to Do not throw away the semen straw for supervision and follow-ups. A
upgrade their animals, improve milk when your animal is served through team of veterinary officers from the
productivity and reduce the dangers artificial insemination for future ref- veterinary headquarters would make
of inbreeding by observing a few erence. All straws are labelled with follow-up visits on selected farms
simple rules: the name and code of the bull, to to ensure the system was observed.
Always maintain records of each avoid serving the daughter with the Since the privatization of the AI ser-
animal, e.g. date of birth, AI records same bull, which will cause inbreed- vices, however farmers do not main-
such as name of bull that sired it, ing. tain any of these records any more.
date and age at service, number of Always use semen from high quality According to a survey of 80 small-
services, calving, interval etc. bulls whose potential is already scale farms, it was observed that the
Avoid using village bulls to stop known. Using semen from known majority of the farmers did not keep
transmission of venereal diseases. service providers such as CAIS will any farm records. They had only
Separate the bull from the cows at all upgrade your cows, improve their mental records of milk production
times to avoid inbreeding. milk production, health and acceler- and cow-offspring relationships.
Try and register your graded ate their growth rate. Persons who had records did not
animals with the Kenya Stud Book. have any entries in them, while others
An animal whose records are regis- Additional information obtained from
could not produce even the most
tered with KSB fetches a higher price a report by Dr. Lucy Muthui, Senior
recent insemination records as they
in the market than one which is not Assistant director of Veterinary Serv- could not remember where they kept
registered. ices- Artificial Insemination Service. them.
Nr. 22 March 2007
Earthworms, small fertilizer factories

Many farmers send us questions con- population of earthworms, the trees Soil organisms also play an impor-
cerning earthworms. These worms have up to 40% larger root systems. tant part of the earthworm diet, and
are very helpful, by increasing the Often roots follow the burrows and earthworms actually prefer organic
nutrients in the soil significantly. Thefeed on the more available nutrients matter with high concentrations of
earthworm is a farmers best friend, in the immediate vicinity. An amazing soil organisms.
however most farmers' are unaware fact is that roots often seek out the
Interesting worms
that the presence of earthworms is a earthworm waste. This happens even
sign of fertile soils. Generally, we canif the roots have to grow upward! The An earthworm is a segmented worm;
see the effects of earthworms on the reason for this is that the earthworms its body is divided into segments, and
environment in various ways. (or the tiny organisms present in their the animal has well developed organs
gut) have concentrated high amounts and systems. A single worm has both
Earthworms enrich the soil male and female parts. Pairs come
of growth factors and vitamins in the
They accelerate decomposition of casts. together and exchange sperm. Eggs
organic matter. During digestion, they are laid by depositing egg cases full
mix organic and mineral soil particles Earthworms need good soil of sperm into the soil. The eggs hatch,
and build stable crumbs of soil which As with all life phenomena in the soil, and the little white thread-like worms
help in maintaining the soils struc- earthworms are susceptible creatures are now on their own. Each egg case
ture. Their excrement (casts) contains and will not survive the application contains several tiny worms about
5 times more nitrogen, 7 times more of poisons and aggressive chemical 16 mm long. Earthworms are found
phosphate, 11 times more potash fertilizer. An earthworm cannot live everywhere on the earths surface
and 2 times more magnesium and in poor soil, it will starve and die. except in extremely cold northern
calcium than normal soil. They are, Water is another major necessity of and southern latitudes.
then, the smallest fertilizer factories earthworms, as they contain about
which keep working at no cost to the 80% water by weight, and lose about
farmer. The work is done on the spot 15% of their body weight per day. If
moisture is not available, they will
dig deep into the soil to find it. The
rate of water uptake is related to the
surrounding temperature.
and are hardworking
Earthworm manure, or castings, are
far richer in minerals than the soil
which the earthworm feed on, and
it is said that on average an earth- Dung Beetles
worm will produce its weight in cast- natures composters
ings every 24 hours. The earthworm There are around 30,000 species of
burrows down as deep as 6 feet into dung beetle, and here in Kenya, there
without fossil fuels and no transporta- the ground, aerating it and making are three types of these wonder-
tion is involved. The earthworm also holes for the rain to penetrate. The ful beetles. They all have one thing
works as a fine drainage maker, as burrowing of earthworms helps bring in common: they survive on fresh
their tunnels promote infiltration and up minerals from the lower layers of cow dung! Beetles of the first type
water drainage, and thus prevent soil soil to the upper layers. At the same roll manure into small balls. They
erosion and water logging. time the lower horizons get enriched either feed on the animal droppings
In its travels through the soil, with the organic matter from the or deposit their eggs in them. The
the earthworms digging stirs and upper A and O horizons. This inter- second group can be characterised
loosens the soil and aerates it, allow- mixing plus the increase of oxygen as a dung-burying beetle. They take
ing water and air to enter. The earth- and water penetration to the lower the manure to underground cham-
worm improves and enriches the soil, layers of the soil increases the depth bers where a ball is constructed to
making it easier for plant roots to house an egg. The ball is plastered
of the topsoil. As much as a 2-cm (1-
get nutrients, thus making the plants over with clay or packed for feeding
inch) thick layer of subsoil may be
healthier. For example, it has been or egg incubation. While perform-
shown that in orchards with a high brought to the surface each year by
ing this task, the cow dung pile
the burrowing of earthworms. may disappear in a day or less. The
Pest control by earthworms third group feeds on the dung and
Earthworms generally feed on organic completes their life cycle in the cow
matter that has started to decom- dung itself.
pose, including mammalian dung. Nature has produced solutions to
The deep burrowing species (geo- all of its challenges with the ultimate
phanous species) feed on soil, and intention of sustainability. These
some even feed on nematodes. It has natural biodegraders automatically
been found that nematode popula- start to process the bovine dung, and
tion may decrease by as much as 60% in so doing, bury the rich, ripe mate-
when earthworms are added to soil. rials in underground burrows.
Nr. 22 March 2007
Newspaper has We need assistance

improved our farming We are an organized farming group
First and foremost I would like to con- wishing to learn more from you and
gratulate you for your effort in making we request you to facilitate us with
us gain knowledge in organic farming. the following:
As a group we have received several First we request The Organic Farmer
articles and our group has improved newspaper for our 32 members. We
very much in farming through reading are also looking for an organization to
your educative magazine. Mavuno contract this group to grow any iden-
Self Help Group has 20 members who tified crop either organic or inorganic
are strong farmers. Working together for the benefit of the farmers income,
as a group, we have 10 bee hives in Send plant extracts issue e.g. watermelon, pepper, etc. We
would also be grateful if you can iden-
the project where we harvest at least There are about 10 additional farmers
20 litres of honey every three months. tify a donor to finance our farmers to
groups who have been requesting me implement most of the projects in
We have 200 chicken layers and fish for copies of the newspaper. I would
faming. We also practise horticultural our organization. Any other project
appreciate if you could increase my that can assist the farmers so as
farming, growing vegetables like kale allocation from 20 to 30 to cater for
and different types of seeds such as to eradicate poverty would be wel-
the request of those 10 groups. If comed by members. Your assistance
passion fruit, bean seeds, soya beans possible include or post separately
and pumpkins. We have encouraged and response will be highly appreci-
a copy of reprint in English of plant ated. Thank you.
every member of the group to plant extracts which appeared in Septem-
more bananas. ber/October 2006 issue. Joseph Muigai, Muriganio Farmers
The group has improved most in Group, P.O Box 44, Solai
fish farming. Through information J T Muriithi Simba, SOHGRO, P.O
Box 12, Sagana Thank you for your letter. However we
we got from the Fisheries Depart- would like to inform you that TOFs
ment, we have adopted new fish main objective is to educate farmers to be
farming methods. More advice from Visit us self-supporting in all the activities they
your magazine will help us improve. I take this opportunity to thank you undertake. Currently there are very few
Through the newspaper, we have most sincerely for the newspapers. donors willing to offer financial support
known many types of seeds. We have We received the five copies. Its the to farmers groups. We would encour-
tried some and they have given us wish of the farmers to request for age your group to work hard in planned
positive results. The group has learnt the addition of the newspaper to 10 income generating activities. In this way
a lot especially on marketing of our copies. The group wishes to invite they would raise all the finances they
produce without incurring much loss. Su Kahumbu to visit the group and require to develop their farms.
Please, if you know of a good market give a word of advice on the various
where we can sell our bananas we activities of the group. Thank you in Put us on mailing list
will supply them. Lastly, we thank advance for the immediate action per- We write to request for The Organic
you for being educative and available taining to the above matter. Farmer. We are a group of 25 registered
to us. Jacob Rware, P.O Box 453, Embu farmers based in Kinangop plateau
Jared Namanga, Mavuno Organic doing organic farming. We would
Group, P.O Box 3, Nyamira be grateful to be receiving copies of
We need training the monthly magazines. The group
Impressed with First and foremost I would like to con- is in charge of another 20 common
gratulate you for your tireless efforts interest groups registered under the
newspaper in educating us on organic farming. Department of Social Services doing
I am pleased to inform you that I Our groups are organic and orga- the same work. We hope you will con-
really enjoyed The Organic Farmer nized smallscale farmers engaged sider our case.
issue No 15. I read with my group in poultry, agroforestry, tree nursery,
and we were motivated to try organic beekeeping and horticulture. The James Kangethe, P.O Box 565,
farming. This group is registered with group is registered by the Depart- Naivasha
the Department of Social Services ment of Social Services and has 50
and has 30 members. We undertake members. The aim of writing to you
several projects like maize farming, is to request for monthly copies of the
horticulture, poultry, beekeeping and newspaper. Also, please remember
intend to start a mushroom project, our group whenever you organize
although we have scanty informa- farmers tours or training. All this will
tion. Please send us at least 10 copies motivate farmers and encourage them
which we will use to educate other to practise methods that help improve
members. Thank you in advance for soil fertility.
your motivating information.
Bright Wamela, Kwa U Youth Group, The Chairman, Tulukuyi Farmers
P.O Box 947, Kitale Group, P.O Box 1128, Kimaeti Market
Nr. 22 March 2007
Wangige group registered Calliandra: I would like to buy Cal-

Certification has made it possible Currently the group supplies bananas, liandra seeds
for the group to access organic tomatoes, avocadoes, mangoes, beet- for planting.
markets. root, cucumber, pumpkins, potatoes Anyone with
and organic honey to the shop. the seeds can
Philomena Nyagilo get in touch
Getting good prices
For the Wangige Farmers Group, with me.
January 15 this year was a big day; the Rahab Wairimu, another group Karago Tel 0734
group reached a first step on the way member, says that the prices being 961 391 Ngorika,
to the registration as organic farmers. offered by The Organic Shop are Nakuru.
The registration enables them to sell much higher than what they used to
their produce as under conversion", get in the conventional market, for Beeswax: I am a young beekeeper
meaning that they are in the process example a banana finger is sold at and I have 500 g of propolis. Any
of getting full certification as organic Ksh 5 in the organic shop, while in the one interested in buying it may get
producers after one or two years. With conventional market 4 or 5 fingers go in touch with me at the following
address:
the registration, the produce from the for Ksh10, she says.
Benard Kirono Marisin P.O. Box 245
group will carry a logo showing their The road to success has not been
Molo Tel.0726 736250 0736 617 134.
food items are in organic conversion, easy; the Wangige Farmers' Group
therefore selling at a higher price than had to undergo a rigorous training Tissue culture bananas: I would like
ordinary produce. The group is one programme on methods of organic to buy 500 tissue culture bananas for
of the beneficiaries of The Organic production. The Encert Certification planting. Those interested in selling
Farmer Support Programme, which Company then trained the group on should get in touch with me. Please
was launched in June last year with certification requirements. The inspec- indicate prices.
funds from BioVision. tion of the farms was later carried out Call Tel. 0721 311 541
First in the country to ensure the farmers met all the
Charles Kimani, the group Chairman requirements for organic certification. Rabbits: I am a farmer from Gatundu
of Wangige Farmers says : This is a Group to open stall and would like to know where I can
big step forward for our group and get Californian rabbits. If you have
To expand the market for organic
better things seems to be coming our produce, Charles Kimani says the any for sale, please get in touch with
way. With the certification we believe group has already approached the me on
sales will go up. We are happy with The local council to allocate them a stall at Tel. 0724 873 347
Organic Farmer newspaper for initiat- the Wangige market, which will offer Tissue culture bananas. Do you need
ing the programme. Since September consumers of organic produce in the organically grown tissue culture
last year, the group has been selling area an outlet where they can get their bananas as from January 2007?
their produce to The Organic Shop at supplies. Contact J G Njoroge, 3N-Harvest, P.O.
Gigiri owned by Su Kahumbu who Box 82 Saba Saba Tel. 0721638034.
runs a question and answer column A milestone
in our newspaper. This is a major For The Organic Farmer, the registra- Organic Vegetables: I have organi-
achievement as it is the first farmers' tion of the group is a major mile- cally grown capsicums, butternut,
group to be registered in the country. stone in the development of organic carrots and courgettes. Interested
They will now be able to sell a wide farming in the country. This program buyers can get in touch with me
range of organic products as they can was started after complaints from at the following address: Joseph
now prove their products are organi- farmers that they could not get a Njoroge, P.O. Box 52542, Nairobi,
cally produced, says Kahumbu. market for their organic produce. 00100 Tel.0721 647 618
After carrying out a survey Amaranthus: I have 100 kg of ama-
among the organic farmers, ranthus seeds (cream colour variety).
it was discovered that the Farmers inter-
problem was not the lack ested in buying
of market, but the fact that them can contact
small-scale organic farmers me on the fol-
lacked certification. The lowing address:
Wangige group has shown Solomon Sangalo, P.O. Box 2015,
a lot of initiative and hard Bungoma, 50200 Tel. 0725 660 213.
work during the certifica-
tion process. We hope other Articles wanted. Do you have some-
farmers groups will follow thing interesting you would like to
their example to make share with other farmers? From now
Members of the Wangige Farmers Group with their organic farming a profitable on a grateful TOF will award gift
organic registration certificate. (Photo TOF) venture in Kenya. items for every article published.
Nr. 23 April 2007
Mushrooms get popular

The Organic Farmer is exactly 2
Mushrooms are years old this month, as we cerebrate
becoming a popular the second anniversary; we bring you a
crop among small story on the production of mushrooms,
scale farmers in which have become a hot product in
the country due to the Kenyan market. Apart from the
favourable prices fact that they are organically produced,
and the increasing demand is high. They are also easy to
demand from con- grow and do not require a lot of invest-
sumers. Growing ment. The story clearly illustrates the
mushrooms is easy opportunities available for local farmers
because the farmer that are largely unexploited. Mush-
only requires crop room growing can drastically improve
residues which are
farmers income, but only if the produc-
tion is done with the market in mind.
plenty on the farm.
A number of institu- Before starting, farmers should do a
tions in the country small market survey to identify where
are currently they can sell the mushrooms, especially
producing seeds to the nearest market. If the market
(spawn) for farmers. is far from their farms, they can dry
mushrooms in order to prolong their
See page 4 and 5 shelf life. It is not wise to produce a
particular crop just because your neigh-
bour is doing it as it only leads to a glut
Conserving soil increases yields and poor prices. Market information is
available from the radio, newspapers
Simple prevention measures farm after the rains, this is a danger and even mobile phones. Some farmers
can stop soil erosion and increase signal that you are losing your fertile have even used the Marketplace column
land productivity. soil to erosion. For farmers in areas in our newspaper and managed to move
with land on a slope, the problem is their products. Farmers with various
The Organic Farmer usually severe. products need for sale can send an SMS
Soil conservation is a very important Making terraces and planting Napier on the telephone numbers provided (see
activity in a farm, but it is also one of grass strips across the slopes can save page 7).
the areas ignored by many small-scale your soil (see TOF, November 2006). The second lesson farmers need to
farmers. The topsoil is so valuable The problem of soil erosion is very learn from this article is the need to
because it contains some of the most serious in Kenya and is to blame diversify. If a farmer has various prod-
important nutrients that contribute for poor soils in all farming areas ucts on the farm, they cannot suffer
to healthy plant growth. Soil erosion huge losses when the price for any
usually takes place at this time of TOF goes on air! one of the products is low. Most of
the year because the topsoil becomes our farmers grow sukumawiki (kale),
On Thursday evenings, cabbages or tomatoes. Whenever the
loose after ploughing. When it rains, prices go down ,as they usually do, they
you can hear The Organic Farmer in the
the topsoil is often carried away to find themselves in a difficult financial
Kiswahili Service of KBC Radio, from 8.30
the lower slopes and into rivers. Soil situation. This is largely to blame for
to 8.45 pm. We share the programme with
erosion also takes away the organic the frustration and lack of interest in
the Agricultural Information Resource
matter that contains essential microor- farming.
Centre. Become organic! Listen to TOF on
ganisms and nutrients that the plants Right now there is a huge pork
Radio! We start on April 18, 8.30 pm
need. The land becomes less produc- shortage in the country. If you look
tive and its ability to retain water is throughout the country. The Ministry around your area, you will find that
also greatly reduced. Whenever you of Agriculture has a Soil Conservation almost all farmers keep cattle, sheep
notice small channels of water in your Department, but very little is being and goats. Very few farmers keep pigs
done to educate farmers on soil con- or chickens for commercial purposes.
servation these days. This means that A clever farmer would have made very
Avocado root rot 2 farmers have to do a lot on their own good sales from pork and poultry if
The disease can be controlled to ensure they prevent soil erosion in they had them at this time. It is only
without using chemicals. their farms. A lot of money used in when farmers learn to produce for the
purchasing fertilizers could be saved market that farming will truly become
Liquid manure 8 if farmers adopted simple soil con- a rewarding venture. Farming is a
It is easy to prepare liquid manure servation measures that maintain soil serious business, fellow farmersit is
to feed the plants at home. fertility. not a hobby!
Nr. 23 April 2007
MY OPINION
No doubt, the only way to spur Avocado root rot can be controlled
Africas development is to support Various preventive methods
rural agriculture. But the big ques- can save an avocado orchard from
tion is, again, will such a theory
transform into reality? Will the rural infection with avocado root rot
African population be able to actu- without using chemicals.
ally make this theory a reality? Philomena Nyagilo
And: do they want to? Africa has
so many cultures and peoples - will George Gatheca has a problem with
one strategy work for all of them? his avocado trees. They are affected
There are many questions and by avocado root rot. What can I do
concerns. But without trying it out as an organic farmer? he writes.
we will never know what will really He can do a lot. Root rot in avoca-
work!
dos can be controlled without the
Contribution in an Internet-discus- use of chemicals. Avocado root rot
sion about agriculture in Africa and disease, known as Phytophthora cinna- It is advisable to use equipment
the development of the continent. momi, is the most serious infection in (jembes, shovels, shoes, etc.) in the
nearly all avocado-producing coun- healthy groves before using it in a
The Organic Farmer tries. It attacks all varieties of avocado diseased grove. After use, you should
The Organic Farmer is an independent through rotting of feeder roots, which wash the equipment properly and rub
newspaper for the Kenya farming can result in death of the tree. alcohol on it and make sure it is dried.
community. It promotes organic In the last years, many control strat- If a diseased tree exists near healthy
farming and supports discussions on egies have been discovered which trees, a diversion furrow should be
all aspects of sustainable develop- will reduce the impact of avocado dug to divert rainwater that passes
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- root rot. A well managed package of through the diseased groves.
lished monthly by ICIPE all these control measures allow the Irrigation management
and distributed free to continued economical production of It is not easy to manage irrigation of
farmers. The reports of avocados, even in the presence of the avocado to benefit the avocado and
The Organic Farmer do disease. not the fungus; avocado roots are
not necessarily reflect Clean seedlings very shallow and sensitive to drying.
the views of ICIPE. But if it is a must to use irrigation,
The best control for avocado root
rot is to prevent introduction of the then be careful: you should use water
fungus into the orchard. Because dis- from deep wells, since surface water
eased nursery stock has been mainly from rivers and reservoirs is often
responsible for the wide distribution contaminated with the fungus. Do
of the fungus, clean nursery practice not over-water because it will invite
helps prevent avocado root rot from more fungus.
infesting the nursery. Mulches
Seeds used to propagate avocados Organic material in soil acts like
should be picked from the tree, not a trap to the fungus and reduces
taken from the ground. Or, the seed- avocado root rot by releasing degrad-
lings should be bought at a respecting compounds like carbon dioxide,
able tree nursery. Alternatively, treat ammonia, nitrates or enzymes that
the seeds with hot water to kill the are toxic to fungus. It also helps
fungus. If you immerse the seeds in improve the soil drainage and gives
water at 49 to 50 C for 30 minutes the trees more strength to develop
and then you cool them quickly, the defense mechanisms.
seeds will be free of the fungus. Research in the USA has shown
Site selection that these integrated management
Before you decide on the site for your methods are helping to fight avocado
avocado farm, you should know that root rot. If not, there are various
avocado root rot is severe in soils with chemical control methods for treat-
poor drainage, high clay content and ment which a farmer may use to save
high water tables, where water pools their affected avocado trees. But be
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige careful in using chemicals, because
after irrigation or rainfall. All water
should be prevented from movement this is not recommended in organic
from diseased groves into healthy farming. Rapid soil degradation may
ones. take place in some soils if chemicals
are used for disease control.
Grove sanitation
The fungus is easily moved from Would you like to know more about avo-
grove to grove on soil through culti- cados? Read the very informative Book:
vation equipment. Groves should be Avocado Growing in Kenya, by Jrgen Gries-
fenced to protect them from human bach, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O.Box
and animal traffic. 30677 00100 Nairobi, Tel: 020 722 4000
Nr. 23 April 2007
Learn simple methods of weed control

The longer you leave weeds to grow,
the harder it becomes to control
them.
The Organic Farmer
After planting, weeding is an impor-
tant activity that a farmer needs to
perform in the right way to increase
crop production. Kenyan farmers lose
between 15 and 90 percent of their
crops every year to weeds. One of
the major reasons why farmers fail
to control weeds is lack of labour. Overgrown weeds always reduce crop yields (TOF)
However proper land preparation can are also to blame for persistent weeds they can grow. Farmers can select
reduce this problem by ensuring that on the farm. The methods used in cover crops that have many uses, such
few weeds are allowed to grow and weeding can promote the spread of as for food, fodder or firewood, and
compete for nutrients with crops. In weeds rather than reduce them. Con- which produce a lot of green matter
organic farming a number of methods trolling weeds also prevents pests that covers the surface rapidly. Useful
are employed to ensure that as few and diseases. crops such as lablab can cover the soil
weeds as possible get a chance to completely in 2 months after plant-
grow. If a farmer manages to control Early weeding is important
ing.
weeds, it becomes cheaper for them Farmers should know that removal of
in terms of labour. If a farmer can give weeds and ensuring that they do not Cover crop after main crop
the crops an advantage over weeds by set seed makes it easier for them to A farmer may need to weed once in
weeding early enough, later weeding control them in the following year or order to give the cover crop a chance
becomes easy and labour costs will be subsequent seasons. The first plants to become established. If the rainy
drastically reduced. As we mentioned to grow or occupy space in the soil season is long enough, it is advisable
last year, many farmers only start tend to dominate and make it difficult to plant the cover crop after the main
weeding after the weeds have com- for other plants to grow. For example crop has been harvested. The crops
pletely covered their crops, taking if a farmer manages to control weeds will spread over the soil and suppress
away essential nutrients. in the first three weeks after plant- any weeds before they grow. Some
It is important to use a combina- ing their maize or beans, these crops crops such as the black oat control
tion of methods to control weeds. will occupy all the space and in the weeds by producing chemicals that
Organic farming promotes the use of process utilise the light, water and prevent weeds from growing.
sustainable methods of weed control other nutrients in the soil. This sup-
that do not damage or pollute the presses the weeds. Cover crops increase infiltration
environment. Below are some of the Weeds can be controlled using cover Research undertaken by KARI among
methods that farmers can adopt to crops and other forms of soil cover. farmers in Machakos last year, showed
ensure weeds do not become a threat Good cover crops spread over the soil that the use of cover crops can reduce
to their crops. Poor weeding methods quickly and suppress weeds before the labour for land preparation and
weed control by 80 and 75 percent,
Other organic methods of weed control respectively. Cover crops also increase
water infiltration and accumulation of
Ensure that the land is not disturbed
organic matter in the soil, which help
too much during cultivation. Cultiva-
to improve maize yields.
tion tends to bring buried weed seeds
to the surface. Hand weeding is better
Mulching can reduce weeds by A farmer can pull out weeds or slash
denying them space and light. Mulch- them with a slasher or a panga. A hoe
ing also helps reduce soil tempera- can also be used, although it disturbs
tures and conserve moisture. the soil surface. Uprooting weeds by
Planting a different crop than the An intercrop of maize and beans (TOF)
hand disturbs the soil less than using
one grown previously can break the Never allow weeds to flower and most types of equipment. Farmers
life cycle of weeds. produce seed. Pull them out before should avoid disturbing the soil too
Intercropping helps to cover the soil they set seed. much while using a hoe or any other
and suppress the weeds that grow It takes 3 to 5 years for the number implement. The use of tractors and
between the rows of the main crop. of weeds in a plot to be reduced to and ox ploughs has been found to
After the first rains have fallen, a minimum. The farmer should be spread weeds, as the ploughs cut
allow the weeds to grow or new persistent in controlling them. down the weeds and pull them along,
weeds to emerge. Then weed them Do not throw away weeds when spreading the weeds into parts of the
out before planting. weeding. This can transfer weeds farm which were previously weed-
Check the weeds every week and from one place to another on the free. Burning crop residues also pro-
control them by pulling them out by farm. Dig a hole and bury them or
motes the growth of certain types of
hand or scraping the soil surface. put them in a compost heap.
seeds.
Nr. 23 April 2007
It is not difficult to grow mushrooms

All a farmer needs to grow mushrooms the room on which to place the mush-
is recycled agricultural waste that room bags. Mushrooms should grow
requires a simple procedure to in a clean environment to ensure they
prepare. are disease free. Workers have to dis-
infect their hands, feet and even tools
Peter Kamau
used in the mushroom house.
Mushroom are grown organically. Material preparation: The material
Their popularity among farmers is to be used such as the maize stalks or
due to the fact they do not require bean leaves (also called substrate), is
a huge capital outlay, which many cut or chopped into very small pieces
small- scale farmers can ill afford. and put into polythene bags (enough
They do not need much space; even a to hold about 2 kg of subtrate) after
disused house, a garage or a godown mixing and applying water to make
can be converted into a mushroom it wet. The bags are then dipped in kilogram of spawn for button mush-
production unit. Most farmers cur- boiling water for 3 to 4 hours to kill room production costs Ksh 600 (1000
rently growing mushrooms are using any bacteria or other disease-causing bags of substrate require 20 to 30
grass-thatched mud houses reinforced organisms. The substrate is allowed Kilograms of spawn).
with polythene sheeting. The empha- to stay overnight in order to cool Oyster mushrooms
sis on the use of cheap and readily down (to around 27o C) after boiling.
available material is to encourage Spawning and harvesting: After This variety is gaining popularity in
resource-poor farmers, especially in cooling, the mushroom spawns are Kenya because of its good flavour. It
rural areas, to start mushroom pro- introduced into the bags containing is also a simple mushroom to grow
duction and improve their income. the substrate, this is done in a sterile since it does not require pasteuriza-
All a farmer needs to grow this crop way to ensure the substrate is not con- tion using steam. It can be harvested
is recycled agricultural waste such as taminated. The substrate is kept in an in a months time as does not require
banana leaves, maize stalks, beans, incubation room to allow the mush- composting like other varieties. A
millet, barley or wheat straw, water room fungus to establish itself in the kilogram of oyster seeds (spawns)
hyacinth, maize cobs, bagasse ( sugar substrate. This process takes about costs Ksh 600.
cane waste), coffee pulp, sawdust, 15 days, when the first mushroom Shiitake and ganoderma
cotton husks, paper or even tea waste. shoots (also called pinheads) emerge
These two varieties can be grown in
Below is the procedure farmers have from the bags. The mushroom bags
the same ways as oyster mushrooms
to follow in the production of mush- are then transferred into the fruiting
but they are highly medicinal and
rooms: room. The mushrooms will be ready
expensive. The mushrooms are dried,
for harvest after 28 to 30 days. Har-
Production of mushrooms ground and can be used as herbal
vesting can go on for two months,
Seeds: Mushroom seeds are called tea or put in capsules for ease of con-
after which the farmer can dispose of
spawn- these are very small cells or sumption. A kilogram of shiitake or
the substrate and use it as compost to
spores that develop into the mush- ganoderma spawn costs Ksh 1000.
grow other crops of their choice.
room when put in the right environ-
ment for germination. Spawn was Many varieties Medicinal and nutritional
previously imported from developed Below are a few of the various variet- value of mushrooms
countries, but a number of local insti- ies available for production: Mushrooms are full of B vitamins
tutions are currently producing it. necessary for good health and many
Button mushrooms (Agaricus) varieties have a protein content gram
The JKUAT produces high quality
spawn because they have the latest This is a popular mushroom that is for gram equivalent to meat. They
equipment in their spawn laboratory. grown using straw from wheat, barley make a tasty addition to the diet and
Production structure: The farmer can or rice as the main ingredient in sub- can be added to eggs, vegetables,
strate preparation. A compost from stew to boost their flavour and nutri-
make a thatched mud-brick room of
these materials is made by mixing the tional value. Button mushrooms can
any size, depending on the amount of
ingredients with water and letting it be eaten raw when very fresh, fried
mushrooms they intend to produce.
stand for a month. or boiled.
In order to keep the costs down, it is
The compost can then be enriched
advisable to use local material that Oyster mushrooms:
with bran, molasses, chicken manure,
can make an ideal structure. Shelves Nutritional value: (1 cup= 200 g) cal-
cotton seeds or even sunflower to
should be constructed on the walls of ories: 17.5, protein: 2.0 g, carbohy-
give more nitrogen to the substrate
for increased yields. Sterilization drates: 2.8 g, total fat: 0.23 g, fibre:
using steam is done before adding 0.84 g.
the spawn. Home made drum boilers Shiitake:
are used to generate steam for steri-
lization. Nutritional value: Protein: 13-18%,
The spawn establishes itself in the Niacin: 55 mg/100 g, Thiamin: 7.8 mg
substrate for two months and the /100 g, Riboflavin: 5.0 mg/100 g, Fibre:
harvest starts in the third month. Har- 6-15%.
vesting can take one or two months Note: Some wild mushrooms are very
A ganoderma mushroom before the substrate is exhausted. A poisonous. Avoid them!
Nr. 23 April 2007
The new cash crop for Kenyan farmers

Increased awareness of the health
benefits of eating mushrooms has
created a big demand in the country.
Peter Kamau, Juja
Very few Kenyans used to grow
mushrooms, let alone eat them; this
is because most consumers did not
know of the health benefits of eating
this fungus. Lack of mushroom seed
or spores (also called spawn) has
been another major problem for
local farmers, as no institution was
producing spawn. Research indi-
cates that there is a huge shortage of
mushrooms to meet the demand for
mushrooms in the country follow-
ing increased awareness. As a result,
mushrooms are becoming a real Damaris Nyambura inspects mushrooms in her fruiting room (TOF)
money spinner for a growing section kg of mushrooms on February 15. farmers who are currently growing
of farmers who have discovered this During our visit to her compound them.
new crop. Damaris Nyambura, a resi- she was already putting up addi-
dent of Githurai Kimbo, is one of tional structures where her pigsty Farmers lack marketing skills
them. Nyambura, who doubles as a once stood, I have been selling the With the increasing demand for mush-
school teacher at Githurai Primary mushrooms to my fellow teachers, rooms in the country, there is urgent
School, had tried dairy cattle, pig and neighbours and even construction need to educate farmers on all aspects
poultry keeping on her acre plot workers in the estate. The demand is of production and marketing. This
and given up on all. But when she so high that I cannot supply all those will enable them to get maximum
read a report in a local newspaper who need mushrooms. That is why benefit from the emerging market
about a lady in Nyanza who had I plan to grow more. I think it is a opportunities for mushrooms. Jane
changed her fortunes through mush- good enterprise, she says. She sells Gathenya is the managing director of
room growing, she decided to give it a kilogram for Ksh 500. She says it Honey Dew, a marketing consultancy
a try. This lady had converted her is not possible to get supplies from company that specialises in mush-
main house into a mushroom produc- other farmers because they also do room and honey production. She says
tion unit and moved to the servants not have enough. Recently when cus- that one of the main problems facing
quarters. She was producing 30 kg of tomers shunned beef for fear of the farmers in the country is that they
mushrooms per week. I was so moved Rift Valley Fever, mushroom prices are not able to link mushroom pro-
by this story and decided to learn went up to Ksh 600 a kilogram, but duction to the available markets. I
more about mushroom production, there were not enough from the few visited one of the mushroom farmers
she says. recently whose fruiting room was full
How to cook mushrooms of mushrooms ready for the market,
Enrolled for a course but the farmer had no idea on where
In December last year, she enrolled Slice mushrooms into thin stripes to sell them, she says. She advises
for a course in mushroom produc- including the stem (the stem is rich farmers to plan their production in
tion at the Ngong Farmers Training in fibre). such a way that they produce only
College and got further training from Fry your onion or garlic and cap- the amount they are able to sell. They
the Juja Pledge Centre. On comple- sicum, dhania, tomato, etc. with oil, can divide their production units into
tion she immediately went into mush- preferably corn oil (which has no four sections such that each section
room production. The two houses she cholesterol) has mushrooms at different stages of
had used for fodder storage were pre- Fry the onion until brown. growth at any one time. This way, she
pared for both incubation and fruit- Put your sliced mushrooms into the says, the farmer will maintain a con-
ing of mushrooms. She harvested 15 fried onion. sistent supply to the market.
Continue stirring your mushrooms University trains on production
until all the water is evaporated (use
medium heat) A mushroom consultant at the Jomo
Take care: Prevent mushrooms from Kenyatta University of Agriculture
sticking on the cooking vessel. and Technology Mr. Patrick Kanyi,
Add salt to taste plus any other says the institution has a training pro-
ingredient of your choice. gramme for individual farmers and
Continue stirring until the mush- groups. Here we teach all aspects
rooms are brown in colour. Do not of production and marketing. One
add water. If you need soup, add thing we emphasise to farmers is to
milk to the mushrooms instead. take mushroom production as a busi-
Serve with ugali, chapati or rice. ness in order to benefit from their
Mushroom spawn in a lab continues on page 7
Nr. 23 April 2007
Desmodium
Arrowroots like well fed soil good for fodder
A farmers group on a tour to Nairobi lowing suggestions: All plants need
saw and bought big smooth rounded feeding. Make sure when cultivating and seed
arrowroots (nduma) at a shop. Would that there is adequate feed in the soil,
TOF give tips on how to improve in the form of well matured compost. production
on their declining production? Healthy plants will deter insects and
How do I harvest desmodium and
J.G.Njoroge, 3N Harvest are more resistant to disease. Arrow-
when? This is one of the many
Hi J G Njoroge! Unfortunately I root grow in moist conditions, there-
questions we received in the last
do not have much experience with fore make sure to cultivate them in an
month on the use of desmodium.
arrowroots but can offer the fol- area where there is adequate water.
Declines in production could be for Desmodium is a very helpful plant.
many reasons. Uproot an entire plant If it is planted in rows between the
and look at the root. Is there evidence maize, it pushes out the stemborers
of insects or nematode damage? Is the and at the same time it avoids the
root stunted? (This would be evident growing of striga, a terrible plant
if the leaves are also small). If this is that kills the maize. After harvest-
the case, it could be due to lack of ing the maize crop, desmodium can
nutrients, and also due to pollutants either be harvested as forage for live-
in the water. stock or left to produce seed before it
Not too near the river is harvested for forage.
Many farmers grow arrowroot close Desmodium for forage
to the river sides, without consider- When you are harvesting desmo-
ing the possible pollutants coming dium for forage, always cut des-
from upstream. If the arrowroots are modium vines so
grown continually in the same spot as to leave out a
year after year without replenishing 6-cm stem above
the nutrients they take up, then inevi- the ground. It is
tably the yield will decline. a perennial plant.
With the first rains
Double digging is good, but a lot of work it will start sprout-
ing and will give a
Can I plant maize using double size, it can be very advantageous. new crop.
digging? Do I put dry material or Double digging requires digging Chop the har-
manure in the trenches? Allan through the hard pan in the soil and vested desmodium
Allan, you can put both dry mate- results in better drainage as well as and mix with
rial and manure in the trenches: The better root penetration. Napier grass to reduce the wastage
wider the diversity of the mix of any When done properly, double-dug when feeding it to livestock.
biodegradable material, the better. If I beds can be productive for up to 3 When forage is in short supply,
were you I would also add some green years before such intensive tilling is particularly during the dry season,
plant manure ( i.e. healthy crop waste required again. It is vital that plants chop the desmodium, Napier grass
banana peels, maize stalks, etc.) are continually fed, especially if they and maize stalks and mix them
Double digging is very labour inten- are heavy feeders. Rotation of crops before feeding to your livestock.
sive, however the result is a long-term is also highly recommended in order Desmodium for seed production
solution and depending on the area prevent disease and pest buildup. If desmodium is flowering and
podding, you may leave it for seed
Chilies need time for germination production.
I am a volunteer in Kilifi and I have enabled many farmers to get connected After harvesting the seed, you can
to you. Many of them are planting African birds eye chili, but it takes up to 6 harvest desmodium forage for live-
weeds to germinate. Can they soak them for faster germination? What is the stock feed (see above).
preferred method? Soren Green, 0723 100 809 One acre (0.4 ha) of wellmanaged
and properly harvested desmodium
Hi Soren. Yes, you can soak the seeds than cold water. Be careful not to seed crop can yield 50 80 kg of
for 24 hours before planting. Soaking leave them longer than 24 hours as seed. This can earn a farmer between
them in warm water is more effective they may rot. Also, when planting in Ksh 30,000 to 50,000 when sold at the
the seedbed, drench the bed first with current market price of Ksh 600 to
water. Chilies do take a few weeks to 800 per kg of seed.
germinate, so do not give up on them
There is an informative booklet: A
midway.
Primer on Planting and Managing
Make sure the seedbed is always
Push-Pull Fields for Stemborer and
kept moist. If after 8 weeks you
Striga Weed Control in Maize,
have no germination, there could be
published by ICIPE, P.O.Box 30772
other factors involved. This could
00100 Nairobi, Tel 020 863 2000
range from poor seed, nematodes,
soil-borne disease and even tempera- Tips from Dr. Zeyaur R. Khan, a principal
tures that are too cold. research scientist at ICIPE
Nr. 23 April 2007
We need assistance A good newspaper

First and foremost I would like to con- We thank you for the magazines that
gratulate you for your tireless efforts you send to us monthly. The farmers
to make us knowledgeable in organic welcomed your information and
farming. We are a community based appreciated your humble advice to
organization at Kiminini. Our objec- farmers countrywide. As the chair-
tives are: Agricultural based activi- man of the group wish to thank you
ties for alleviation of poverty and also for your advice and still request
hunger in the community. We plan to you to send us more copies of your
start a loan scheme. We are therefore informative magazine, enough for all
requesting you to supply to us with the 31 farmers in our group. I thank
copies of The Organic Farmer because you in advance for your assistance to
this will provide us with materials farmers groups in the country.
and help us to advance in agriculture. Joseph Muigai, Murigani Farmers
We are active members willing to
engage in collection of garbage and
Group, P.O Box 44, Solai Dear farmers,
We have found copies of The Organic
processing of waste papers and use
it for our nurseries to plant tree seed-
We need more copies Farmer sent to farmers groups and
Thank you for the newspapers you other organizations lying at the Secu-
lings. So please help us with advice. sent us. We have given to a few of ricor Courier Company offices even
We are still young and want to change our staff to read and they appreciate. up to two weeks after we had sent
from conventional to organic farming. Please give us another 60 to give to them out . This practice denies farmers
Our youth are ready to help you our farmers in the common interest important information, we cannot affor
carry out information dissemination groups. They are 20 in each of our 3 this wastage. There are hundreds of
to the community and teach organic divisions. We will really appreciate if farmers waiting to receive the newspa-
farming, if you are ready to train us. can supply us regularly. per at the beginning of every month.
Thank you in advance. Odoyo Bittar, District Agricultural To deny them the opportunity to read
Emmanuel Sirengo, P.O Box 120, Officer, P.O Box 381, Turbo the newspaper goes against the spirit
Kitale of this newspaper. We have decided to
Thank for your interest in organic We received copies remove from our mailing list any orga-
farming. The only form of training we We are in receipt of your newsletter nization or farmers group that does not
can offer your organization is through The Organic Farmer and take this distribute the newspaper promptly. We
the newspaper. We have already featured opportunity to express our heartfelt also request farmers to write to us or
many areas in past issues which we hope appreciation for the same. This has SMS their complaints whenever they
your group can use to train the commu- come to us at the opportune time and fail to get their monthly copies or when
nity on sustainable agriculture and espe- the right time it is required by our they are delayed. The newspaper should
cially organic farming. We hope you will farmers and staff. This is therefore is be available to all farmers by 15th day
make full use of the newspaper to educate to ask you to send us more copies for of every month. We would also like to
farmers in your area to improve on their distribution to both farmers and staff. remind farmers that the newspaper can
farming practices. Editors All information will reach the target only be sent to groups and not individu-
group. als. This is due to the fact that demand
for the newspaper is so huge while our
Mushroom, new cash crop Francis Muthami Tel. 041-522006
capacity is limited. We can only print
continues from page 5 Mobile 0723-747422 14,000 copies every month. That is why
daokilifi@yahoo.com
production. Farmers groups of up we encourage farmers to share copies
to 30 farmers pay Ksh 100,000 (about Good reference material within their groups. It is only through
Ksh 3,333 for every farmer) for a I take this opportunity first of all sharing that farmers can be able to
threeday training workshop on site. to congratulate and commend you learn, improve their farming practices
Individual farmers pay Ksh 15,000 for your excellent publication. I came and income. Editors
for a three day training course at the across the newspaper recently through
university. The training is exclusive of a friend and found it has good refer-
meals and accommodation. Writing ence material for small-scale farmers
material, spawns for practicals and an like me. I have a lot of interest in
attendance certificate are provided. farming and am sure I will benefit
The institution also links farmers with a lot by reading The Organic Farmer
buyers of mushrooms. Farmers with regularly. I intend also to share the
mushrooms, those who need seeds information with other members of
(spawn) or training can contact the my group. I would be very grateful if
university at the following address: you could include me in your mailing
Business Manager, JKUAT Enterprises LTD, list. Thank you.
P.O Box 62000, 00200, 0722 728815, 067- Stephen Kageche, PO Box 791, Git-
52420, Nairobi. hunguri
Nr. 23 April 2007
Make your own liquid manures Beeswax: I am a young bee keeper

Liquid feeds provide plants with and I have 500 g of propolis. Any
nutrients in a readily available form. one interested in buying it may get
Although organic agriculture pro- in touch with me at the following
motes the principle of feeding the address:Benard Kirono Marisin P.O.
soil, there are times when a liquid Box 245 Molo Tel.0726 736250 0736
feed can be necessary in an organic 617 134.
garden. Suitable liquid feeds are
made from manures, plants, animal Tissue culture bananas: I would like
wastes and rock minerals. These are to buy 500 tissue culture bananas for
basically the same materials that are planting. Those interested in selling
used in feeding the soil, but in a dif- should get in touch with me. Please
ferent form, and they are subject to indicate prices. Call Tel. 0721 311
the same constraints as to the source 541
of supply.
Suitable organic feeds can be bought Rabbits: I am a farmer from Gatundu
or made at home. It is easy to make and would like to know where I can
Comfrey at the edge of a garden
organic feeds at home. Liquid feeds get Californian rabbits. If you have
are suitable for potted plants but good for fruiting plants, although the any for sale, please get in touch with
they should only be used as a short- nitrogen levels may not be enough for me on Tel. 0724 873 347
term measure in gardens where the proper plant growth.
soils are poor or where root damage Nettles make a general liquid feed Organic vegetables: I have organi-
prevents the plants from taking up that is a little low on phosphate, cally grown capsicums, butternut,
enough nutrients for proper growth. but supplies magnesium, sulphur, carrots and courgettes. Interested
However it is important to note that and iron. Young nettles cut in spring buyers can get in touch with me at the
organic liquid feeds should never be contain the highest levels of major following address: Joseph Njoroge
used as an alternative to good soil nutrients. P.O.Box 52542 Nairobi, 00100 Tel.
care and management. 0721647 618.
Liquid feeds can be made using Recipe for liquid feeds
comfrey or nettle leaves. Comfrey Comfrey Articles wanted: Do you have some-
leaves are rich in plant nutrients. The Steep 3 kg of comfrey leaves in 45 thing interesting you would like to
leaves decay rapidly, releasing the litres of water. share with fellow farmers? From
goodness they contain. They can also Cover with a lid and let stand. now on a grateful TOF will award
be used as a mulch or compost activa- Use undiluted after 4 weeks. gift items for every article published.
tor. The leaves are slightly alkaline, Nettles
so the feed should not be used on Steep 1 kg leaves in 10 litres of Farmers, listen to TOF on
acid-tolerant plants. Comfrey liquid water. KBC, thursday April 18,
is high in potash and has reasonable Cover with a lid and let stand. 8.30pm.
levels of nitrogen and phosphate. It is Use after two weeks.
Mountain pawpaw is difficult to get

A farmer from Karen/Nairobi is inter- The mountain pawpaw (Carica can-
ested in getting mountain pawpaw damarcensis) is a native plant of Colom-
seeds. We would advise him to enquire bia and Ecuador. In Kenya it performs
at the nearest Prison nursery, since well from 1500 m to 2200 m. Propa-
they do a lot of tree planting. If you do gation by seed is easy, but since the
not find them, maybe a fellow farmer seedlings develop into either male or
can help. Otherwise, check and let us female plants, this has to be considered
know the outcome. A friend of one of when planting an orchard. Spacing,
the editors has a mountain pawpaw crop husbandry measures and plant
in his garden, but the fruits are not development are similar to the ordi-
yet ripe. There is little information on nary pawpaw.
mountain pawpaw. Additional infor-
"Perfumed" flavour
mation can be obtained from the book
A Guide to Propagation and Cultiva- The only remarkable difference is in
tion of Fruit Trees in Kenya. By cour- the fruit itself, which only grows to a
tesy of the author, Jrgen Griesbach, length of up to 10 cm. It develops a
we publish this short note out of this deep golden colour and has an acidic
book: and 'perfumed' flavour.
Nr. 24 May 2007
Pigs need care and good feed

A short while ago, a farmer wrote to
us lamenting that farming is so unpre-
dictable that it is just like gambling.
This statement is painfully true, at
least in terms of weather. The weather
pattern is becoming more and more
unpredictable with time, not only in
Africa but even in Europe, where the
snow nowadays falls when the crops
are already growing.
For Kenyan and other farmers in
Africa, climate change is really beco-
ming a challenge. These days it is very
difficult to know whether to plant early
or late to avoid crop failure. One thing
we have to agree is that there is very
little we can do about the weather.
There are some steps we can take to
avoid incurring heavy losses as a result
Pigs require clean, spacious housing and proper feeding. The current short- of rain failure, however. For quite some
time now, we have been telling farmers
age of pigs has led to increased pork prices. A six-month-old pig can fetch
to plan ahead and choose carefully at the
an average of Ksh 7000 in the local market. Most farmers keep pigs in unhy- beginning of the season what crops they
gienic conditions, which lead to diseases and worm infestation. See page 3 want to grow.
Plant extracts: safe and cheap For example, there are some varieties
of crops that take a short time to grow.
If you are growing maize, for instance,
When farmers use plant extracts in the soil. Aphids, for example, can it is always wise to select varieties that
pest control, they save money and be easily controlled by use of soapy suit the climate in your area. Last year
protect the environment. watera very simple control measure we met a farmer in the drier parts of
that any farmer should be able to Nakuru who did not harvest anything
The Organic Farmer apply. This is exactly what we are from his maize crop; when we asked
As soon as young plants emerge from trying to tell you on pages 4 and 5. what maize variety he had planted, he
the soil, various enemies often wait There is only one problem we have said he had opted to plant H614, as it is
to destroy them. Sometimes these noticed with the way in which farmers high yielding. We told him that variety
enemies, in the form of pests, are use plant extracts: A farmer will apply is only suitable for high potential areas
much more powerful than the young, the extract only once and expect the in the district and regions such as Trans
weak plants. There are several organic Nzoia or Uasin Gishu, which receive
methods that can be used to control TOF on air! adequate amounts of rainfall.
pests on the farm. A wise farmer will On Thursday evenings, Every year the farmer should sit
always look for the most cost effective you can hear The Organic Farmer in the Kiswa- down and plan what he/she intends
hili Service of KBC Radio from 8.30 pm to to grow and where. Due to the fre-
way to control pests on their crops. 8.45 pm. The programme is shared with the
The use of plant extracts is one such Agricultural Information and Resource Centre. quent changes in weather patterns, a
method. These natural pest control Learn more about organic farming by tuning in wise farmer should be able to plan and
products are not only easily available, to this programme. decide the best crops they can grow
but the farmer will not incur any cost Every Thursday, starting from 8.30 pm! each season and which have a higher
in preparing them. Some of the extracts chance of survival should the weather
pest to disappear. Farmers should change. For every region in the country,
will also provide essential nutrients to
understand that plant extracts do not our research institutions have developed
work in the same way as chemical varieties that can do well in those par-
pesticides. They have to be applied to ticular areas. The farmer only needs to
Cash crop 2 the affected crop several times (some- talk to the agricultural extension offi-
Lack of clean passion fruit seedlings times up to three times a week) until cials in their area or visit and talk to the
research institution to know this. A drip
has led to the spread of Fusarium wilt the pest problem is controlled. When
making plant extracts, farmers should irrigation system can help farmers grow
disease. vegetables and fruits during the dry
also ensure the solution is concen-
Natural fertilizers 6 trated highly enough to be effective. spells. We cannot change the weather,
How to rear earthworms and boost A very dilute solution will not give but we can change our farming prac-
soil fertility in your farm. good results. tices and get good returns.
Nr. 24 May 2007
Nature has much to teach us.

Passion fruits in high demand
Nature is expert in zero tillage, in Although production of passion fruits
providing plant diversity, in recyc- has gone up, farmers do not control
ling energy and nutrients through Fusarium wilt disease and pests.
sunlight, animal wastes and ve- David Macharia, Eldoret
getation, and in balancing prey and
predator numbers. Passion fruit growing is becoming
Our intelligence means we can a popular occupation among many
learn from nature and then forge Kenyan farmers. This is due to the
ahead to enhance natural pro- increasing demand for passion fruit,
cesses for the benefit of all life both for local processing and export.
forms and to make planet earth Unstable prices of traditional cash
itself more fruitful. crops such as tea and coffee also have
Excerpt from the book: Natural forced many farmers to start passion
pest and disease control, by Henry growing in order to diversify and
Elwell and Anita Maas increase their income. The major vari-
eties grown in the country are:
- Passiflora edulis var flavicarpa: It
grows in the cooler highland areas, Pest-infested passion fruit (Photo TOF)
produces yellow fruits and is grown
mainly for the supply of fresh fruits. 3 weeks before transplanting. When
- Passiflora edulis var purple: It does digging the planting holes, the topsoil
well in the coastal strip. It is purple in should be kept on one side of the hole
colour and is mainly used for process- while the subsoil is kept on the other.
ing and the fresh fruit market. Mix one debe (10 kg) of farmyard
Farmers who have tried passion manure with the topsoil and refill
fruit production in many parts of the hole with mixture. The subsoil is
the country have been unsuccessful added last.
due to attack by Fusarium wilt fungal Planting
disease and aphids. This is because The soil around the seedling should
farmers ignored advice from agricul- be made firm but not too firm. The
tural experts on the use of certified position of the seedlings has to be
planting material and pest control. similar to that in the nursery. After
Farmers need to acquire seedlings planting, the grafting point should
from certified seedling producers to not have any contact with the soil to
avoid using diseased material and avoid fungal infection. The seedling
spreading infection in their passion should be irrigated to ensure quick
plantations. To reduce the incidence rooting and shooting of the plant.
of diseases and pests in the purple
variety, grafting with the yellow Trellis system
variety is recommended using the A trellis system is a line made to
yellow variety as rootstock (lower support climbing plants. In passion
section of the graft). planting, the system should be erected
Climatic requirements immediately after planting. Posts are
placed at spacings of 6 m in line with
Passion fruit requires fertile, well- the passion fruit, thus alternating one
drained soils that are weakly acidic post with the plants (this means that a
(pH 5.5 to 7). It requires a moist post is placed after every two plants).
climate with at least 1000 mm of Posts should be dug about 40 cm
rainfall per year. The purple variety deep before placing them into the soil
requires about 1600 mm of rainfall. and should be treated with a suitable
The purple variety prefers moderate chemical to prevent termite attack.
temperatures between 18 to 25 C. The end-posts should be anchored
The yellow variety can do well in firmly in the ground. Running along
areas with temperatures between 25 the top of the post is a wire. Use an 8
to 30 C. gauge wire for this purpose.
Land preparation Maintenance of plantations
Passion fruit has a deep root system, Soon after planting, the young plants
therefore proper land cultivation is are tied to training sticks till they
necessary. Deep ploughing and har- reach the wire at the top. Two vines
rowing is needed due to hard pans in are allowed to grow, while the weaker
the soil. Planting holes of 45 x 45 cm ones are removed. When the vines
at the spacing of 2 x 3 m for hand cul- reach the wire, the two are wound
tivation and 3 x 3 m for mechanized carefully around it in opposite direc-
cultivation is recommended at least tions. continued on page 8
Nr. 24 May 2007
If kept right, pigs can be good business

The pig industry is threatened by the crop residues. Farmers should be pre-
outbreak of swine fever and poor pared to buy the recommended feeds
production methods. with the right proportion of nutrients
to promote healthy growth in their
Peter Kamau pigs. A well-fed piglet weighing a half-
More than 48 percent of all pigs kept kilogram (500 g) can attain a weight of
by small-scale farmers in the country 70 90 kg in 5 months if provided with
die before they reach weaning stage, a well balanced feed. A lactating sow
says Dr. R. Wahome, a pig special- (mother with young piglets) produces
ist and lecturer at the University of 13 16 kg of milk per day (compared
Nairobis Kabete campus. This state- to an average cow which produces
ment sums up the problem facing the 7 8 kg of milk daily). A sow there-
pig industry in the country. fore requires 6 7 kg of good quality
Most farmers do not build the right feed per day to provide her piglets
structures that can offer protection to with adequate milk. Proper feeding
pigs. Unless provided with adequate is therefore important for a farmer to
space for movement and rest, newly succeed in pig keeping. A pig should
born piglets have little chance of sur- also be provided with adequate clean
vival, as they get smothered by the water, as it consumes 2 times the
sow (mother pig). The construction weight of its daily food ration.
of the pig shelter has to take into Swine fever a major threat
consideration the climatic conditions
Currently there is an acute shortage
in an area. For example in cold areas, Piglets drink water from a nozzle (TOF) of pigs in the country, especially fol-
piglets die from pneumonia. In such
lowing the outbreak of swine fever
areas, it is important that farmers is to blame for the high death rates
in Eldoret and Nakuru. The disease
put up structures that help retain in pigs.
is mainly spread by wild pigs when
heat and protect them from the cold,
Quality of feed is important they come into contact with free-range
apart from taking other measures
pigs. Dr. Wahome says that the disease
that protect the young from adverse Feeding is another challenge for
poses a major threat to pig produc-
weather conditions. Pig structures farmers. A pigs digestive system is
tion. This means that pigs should be
can be built using local materials, similar to that of a human being. They
confined and provided with space
but farmers have to maintain a high therefore require high quality feed
where they can walk around. The
standard of cleanliness. Lack of clean- and not the common feeds available
place should be well fenced so that
liness and general neglect by farmers on the farm such as Napier grass and
they do not come in contact with wild
pigs.
The experience of a pig farmer Confining pigs would also reduce
Pig farming is an occupation Samuel located in his 12- acre farm in Lanet the problem of worms such as Trichi-
Gitonga finds easy, having come on the outskirts of Nakuru town, has nella spiralis and Taenia solium (tape-
from a pig-rearing family in Nyeri. 110 pigs at different stages of growth. worm) that can cause epilepsy when
He has gone through all problems This ensures he has pigs for delivery transmitted from pigs to human
that have faced pig farmers when he all year round to Farmers Choice, a beings. Another serious pig disease
served as pig manager at the Uplands local pork processing company with is scouring or diarrhoea, which can
Bacon Factory that collapsed in the whom he has a contract. be prevented by maintaining good
late 1990s, and at the Agricultural Lack of breeding material is another hygiene. Most Kenyan farmers keep
Development Corporation (ADC), problem facing farmers. Many govern- pigs under very unhygienic condi-
which was one of the major suppli- ment institutions that used to supply tions, which is to blame for diseases
ers of breeding pigs to farmers in breeding material stopped production and worms.
the country. Gitonga, who studied when the industry collapsed. These Profitable business
for a degree in agriculture at Maker- institutions included the ADC and Pig keeping can be a profitable busi-
ere University, Uganda, says the pig KARI. The government holds the key ness if practised in the right way,
industry in the country started facing to the revival of the pig industry. because pigs reproduce twice a year
problems when the tourism industry It should go and grow fast. A farmer can start with
went down as a result of the Likoni back to its one pig unit which comprises one
clashes at the coast in 1997. role of sup- boar (male pig) and 10 sows (female
There was a big market before plying pigs pigs) and will have 20 pigs at the end
the clashes, but many pig farmers for breeding of the year.
were forced to reduce their produc- to farmers. Because they breed fast, farmers
tion capacity due to lack of market, They can should produce only the number of
he says. However, he notes that the even import pigs they are able to sell. Another
demand for pigs has shot up follow- new blood- solution is for the farmer to make a
ing the revival of the tourism industry lines, contract with a processing company
and after the outbreak of swine fever Gitonga to ensure there is a ready market for
a few months ago. Gitongas piggery, says. Samuel Gitonga the animals.
Nr. 24 May 2007
Plant extracts fight diseases

Instead of using harmful chemicals, Spraying
farmers can fight pests and diseases
with fermented plant extracts (FPE). Fresh plant extracts for use against
pests and diseases can be prepared
The Organic Farmer in the same way as the recipe given
Organic farming is a method of agri- on Page 5, without adding EM.1
culture that works with rather than and molasses. It is important that
against natural systems. The inci- you add a little soap (not detergent)
dence of pest and disease damage in to the extract and that you dilute Aphid predator: Ladybird beetles
organic systems is reduced if a farmer the extract. Spray only the plants
that are affected; repeat the spraying Aphids are sap-sucking insects that
uses a number of fundamental prac- can be found on a very wide range
tices. after 2 days.
of plants. They will attack all parts
Crop rotation: Effective crop rotation control in organic farming. Crop rota- of a plant. If numbers of aphids are
boosts fertility and pest and disease tion provides a break in the life cycles
Watch the stalkborers!

of the pest by removing host crops for
prolonged periods of time. Rotation
Control aphids
also helps in building populations of very high, they can actually kill the
Monitor plant growth through- natural pest-predators. plant they are living on. Aphids feed
out the growing season to observe Biodiversity: By encouraging and not by puncturing and tapping into the
crop conditions and to recognize destroying the insect population in plants veins to feed on the sap. This
any attack by maize stalkborers. To organic crop production, the organic feeding method can spread plant
monitor, start looking for stalkborer system preserves and enhances biodi- viruses, as the insects fly from plant
egg masses when the plant is a month versity. Natural enemies of pest species to plant. Below are some ways for
old. The egg masses are found on are able to thrive, exerting control on the organic farmer to control these
pest populations. Conservation and common pests:
improvement of natural features of Make sure conditions are favour-
the landscape, such as hedgerows and able for strong, healthy plant
sown flower strips, will also enable growth.
communities of pest-predators to Make your garden a friendly place
Stalkborer
flourish. Grow flowers that attract hov- for a range of beneficial creatures
eggs on a
erflies, lacewings and ladybirds, the by avoiding harmful sprays and
maize leaf
main predators of aphids. providing suitable wildlife habitats.
the top surface and underneath the Crop health: The driving force behind There are many creatures that feed
leaves near the midrib (the long vein agricultural sustainability and envi- on aphids, including birds, insect
in the centre of the leaf). ronmental preservation comes through larvae, earwigs and bats. Grow
Curative methods a healthy, living soil. Microbes in the flowers that attract hoverflies, lace-
soil process organic matter to provide wings and ladybirds.
Dust ashes evenly on the leaves to Inspect plants regularly and
a balance of minerals and nutrients
dry out and kill the eggs. squash any aphids that are seen.
that are utilised by plants to achieve
Spray with wood ash mixed with Pick off heavily infested shoots and
healthy and vigorous crop growth.
soapy water. leaves and drop into a bucket of
When this balance is achieved, the
Pick pyrethrum flowers, dry them soapy water.
healthy plants are able to withstand
in shade, grind into a powder, dust An insecticidal soap is helpful,
pest and disease attack.
over the eggs. and pyrethrum or chilies can also
Pour 1 litre of boiling water over Resistant varieties: It is also good to be used (see table on the left). Also,
50 g pyrethrum flowers, soak for use crop varieties with natural resist- the sprays based on rapeseed oil can
several hours, add a little soap and ance to particular pests and diseases. be used, as this does not harm bees,
spray. The problems can be significantly
reduced. Source: Soil Association, UK ladybirds or lacewings.
Some of the best plants for FPE preparation

Plant/herb Pest problem
Marigold Nematodes, cutworms, caterpillars, ants
Red peppers, chilies Ants, aphids, armyworms, caterpillars
Onion, leeks, garlic Ants, aphids, armyworms, caterpillars
Stinging nettles Maize stalkborer, banana weevils, storage pests
Blackjack Aphids, ants, beetles, cabbages, mites, caterpillars,
crickets, whiteflies, termites
Tomato leaf solution Cabbage butterfly, caterpillars and other insects
Lantana camara Potato weevil, cassava weevil, grain weevils
Neem Maize stalkborer, banana weevil, storage pests
Pyrethrum Most of the pests mentioned above Aphid predator: Lacewing
Nr. 24 May 2007
Feeding the soil with vital nutrients

The better the soil quality, Mineral deficiencies
the stronger the plants and the
higher the crop yield. Lack of Nitrogen (N) Prevention and care
Build up organic matter levels
The Organic Farmer in the soil. Grow nitrogen-
If you walked around your shamba fixing green manures (like
at the time when your maize and lablab, desmodium, leucae-
Symptoms on leaves of maize, beans and veg- nia). Apply composted green
bean crops are just beginning to grow, etables: Poor growth. Leaves are pale green.
chances are high that some parts of waste and animal manures;
In brassicas (sukumawiki, cabbage, etc) leaves mulch plants; apply nitrogen-
the farm have crops which have devel- may have tints of yellow, red or purple. Lower
oped a yellow or pinkish colour on rich organic liquid fertilizers.
leaves are affected first. Flowering and fruit-
their leaves. That is a warning to you ing may be reduced or delayed.
that things are not well. The colours
on the leaves show that your crop is Lack of Phosphorus (P) Prevention and care
missing some very important plant Apply Mijingu rock phos-
food or nutrients. The most important phate. Farmers can order
nutrients needed for proper growth directly from Mijingu Phos-
are nitrogen, phosphorus and potas- phate Fertilizer Company
Symptoms on leaves of maize, beans and in Nairobi, Tel. 0720 81 70
sium (see box in next column).
vegetables: Poor growth. Leaves turn bluish 72. A 50 kg bags costs Ksh
Healthy plants are resistant green with purple tints, but not yellow. 1000. The Mijingu company
Of course, the farmer has to take Fruits stay small and green with acid taste. does not have a distribution
action. A wise organic farmer must This deficiency is not easy to diagnose and network in Kenya, so farmers
have a long-term soil fertility manage- can be mistaken with drought damage, root can buy Mavuno fertilizer. It
ment plan for their farm. The better damage or nitrogen deficiency. is preferable to DAP, but it is
the soil quality, the higher the crop not fully organic.
yield a farmer will get. Healthy plants Lack of Potassium (K) Prevention and care
are strong; they are able to withstand Improve soil structure; use
pests and resist diseases. plant-based potash ferti-
One way to do this is to plant lizers, for instance comfrey
leguminous plants which provide leaves or comfrey liquid.
the soil with essential nutrients (see Symptoms on leaves of maize, beans and Apply well rotted compost
TOF Nr. 20). Some of these plants vegetables: Brown scorching of leaf tips, or manure. Add some wood
include lablab and desmodium. Tree which may curl up; purple-brown spots may ash to compost heap (do not
crops such as sesbania, tephrosia and appear on underside of leaves. Poor flower- add directly to soil as it is
crotalaria (ask for these tree seeds ing and fruit set. Plants are prone to frost very soluble).
from any KARI station near you) can damage and disease.
be interplanted into a young maize
and hedges. Tithonia is so rich in is more effective than urea when
crop and allowed to grow as a fallow
nutrients that when used for example applied at the same nitrogen rate
during the dry season. After harvest-
in a maize field it gives twice the because tithonia also adds other plant
ing the wood from the tree fallows,
amount of fertilizer a farmer would nutrients, particularly potassium, as
nitrogen-rich leaves, pods, and green
need when using chemical fertiliz- well as micronutrients. These include
branches are hoed into the soil before
ers. This organic source of nutrients calcium and magnesium.
planting maize at the start of the fol-
lowing rainy season. The quantities
of nitrogen captured are similar to Recipe for preparing 20 litres of FPE
those applied as fertilizers by com-
mercial maize farmers in developed You will need
countries. 1 litre Molasses Fill the jerrycan to the top with water
Another useful shrub is Tithonia diver- 1 litre EM.1 and seal with a lid to keep airtight for
sifolia, which is common in roadsides 4 kg of plants of different nutritional 14 days.
value, e.g. stinging nettle, neem,
Use
African marigold, tithonia, comfrey,
onions, other sappy green vegeta- After 14 days, filter the solution,
tion dilute it at a ratio of 1 litre FPE to
A 20-litre jerrycan 100 litres water (1:100) and use as a
(Molasses and EM.1 can be found in spray.
every Agrovet shop)
Note
Preparation Fermented plant extracts used as a
Mix the molasses with the EM.1 and foliar feed will feed your plants as
5 litres of water. well as impart an insecticidal effect if
Chop up the vegetation into small the materials used have insecticidal
pieces and add to the jerrycan. properties.
Tithonia diversifolia shrub
Nr. 24 May 2007
It is easy to build a worm breeder

Earthworms can and should be
respected as helpful providers
of high-value foliar feed.
The Organic Farmer
We can farm these lucrative creatures
by providing them with optimum
conditions for their survival, and in
return we can extract the valuable
nutrients from their casts (mbolea) in a
very simple and affordable way. This
is done by breeding the worms in Su Kahumbu
shows farmers
a contained environment and every
her earthworm
so often, running water through this
breeding unit
wormery. The intention is to collect
at her farm
the nutrient-rich water as it seeps
in Tigoni,
through the soil and dissolves the
Limuru
worm casts (worm mbolea) along the
(Photo TOF)
way. This nutrient-rich liquid solution
makes the basis for a perfect foliar well-cleaned plastic drum cut in two. Material for the interior:
and liquid plant feed. The worms are A metal drum may not be suitable as 2 debes of medium-size rocks
hardly more disturbed than during a it may contain toxic residues which A 1 x 1 metre piece of gunia or
rain shower, and continue to get on will kill the worms and, over time, it is shade net
with their lives so long as we continue sure to rust. A wooden structure may 2 debes maize stalks
to feed them and make sure their also be used, but unless lined with a
1 debe dry grass
living conditions are suitable. strong plastic under-sheet, it will be
impossible to collect the worm juice. 1 debe soil
To begin with, we must recognise
the worms needs as well as potential The structure must allow for drainage 1 debe mbolea (compost)
hazards. in order to collect the juice, and it is 1 debe green materials, garden waste,
Earthworms need: Moist soils, biode- advisable to leave this drainage open weeds, etc.
gradable material, air, regular feeding, at all times to avoid waterlogging. 1 debe dry leaves
ambient temperature. This can happen when more water is Some kitchen waste, egg shells, fruit
Hazards to earthworms: Dry soils, put into the system than is collected. peelings, etc.
pollutants in soils, waterlogging of It can also happen if the wormery is 20 litres of clean water
soils, rodents, safari ants, birds, high not adequately covered and rainwater A 20litre container or something for
temperatures. collects in the system. collecting the juice
Armed with this information, we It is important to note when con- A handful of earthworms
can now consider how to create an structing the system that worms are (Farmers can buy earthworms from
artificial environment that will take cold composters and cannot survive JKUAT Enterprises, P.O. Box 62000-
all these issues into consideration and in a warm compost heap. To prevent 00200, Tel. 067 52 420, 0721 167 244)
create a comfortable home that will the chances of temperatures rising
in the worm medium, allow for no Construction:
contain the worms, allowing them to
breed happily. more than a 20cm (8 inch) depth of 1. Drill a hole in the underside of the
material. It is also advisable to build drum.
The Housing the system at an elevation of at least 2. Cut posts in half and nail together
Housing for earthworms can be made 1.5 metres (3-4 feet) off the ground. to make cross frames.
out of various materials. Since the This will allow for easy collection of 3. Support tank upon a pair of X
medium held within the housing will the worm juice and also allow for the frames (see page 7).
be constantly moist, it is advisable to creation of barriers for rodents and 4. Oil the legs of the frame with used
use a waterproof material to construct siafu (safari ants). diesel oil to prevent insects, especially
the housing. One can use cement and siafu, from getting into the wormery.
mortar, or more simply a 200-litre Material for the structure:
Filling the interior:
A 200litre plastic drum cut length-
ways into two small bathtub-like 1. Lay 8 cm (3 inches) of stones along
pieces. the bottom of the drum.
2. Now lay the gunia or shade netting
4 poles, 2.5 metre (9 foot).
over the stones and up over the sides
Some nails of the drum. This net is very necessary
One drum makes two units; therefore as it will act as a Kichungi (sieve). It
you can either produce twice as much is very important to have the stones
juice, or sell the second unit, pos- and the net in place. Without them,
sibly even rent it out; you could also you will have a very messy system
produce excess and sell or trade the and it will be impossible to collect the
juice with fellow farmers. worm juice. continued on page 7
Nr. 24 May 2007
We need information costs money. If you send us the stamps, Send plant extracts issue
We request you for some copies of the money we would have used to buy I want to be put on your mailing list
The Organic Farmer and to be put in stamps for postage is used to do the pho- to get The Organic Farmer monthly.
your mailing list. If possible, send us tocopying for you. I am associated with one of the
each copy of the past issues. We are
interested in biointensive agriculture
More on organic farming schools in the Thika area and with
several small-holders, all of whom
and doing the little we know, but Lildai Development Group is a regis- expressed great interest in your Sep-
need to be equipped with additional tered group and we reside in Bomet tember/October issue, which was lent
knowledge which we can use to prac- District. I would like to request for to me by a friend. Everyone has been
tise in our farms. We will appreci- The Organic Farmer magazine for my particularly interested in the plant
ate any other information on organic group. The main activity of the group extracts special in the centre of the
agriculture. is farming. Right now we are under magazine. There is an ICIPE shop in
Benson Wasike, P.O Box 9, Kapsara training under the Farmer Field School Thika town. Perhaps you could send
To get past issues, your group will have programme. them several copies each month so
to send us postage stamps worth Ksh 350. The Chairman, that the farmers can collect on their
Since we no longer have past issues we Lildai Development Group, own. Some members of the Earth-
have to photocopy them for you and this P.O. Box 608, Sotik watch team, who do a lot of work
with small farmers on the Kinangop
and elsewhere, also expressed great
Breeding earthworms is easy interest in your magazine. Thank you
continued from page 6 for your very interesting and helpful
3. Layer the remaining materials, publication.
and the system will cause waterlog-
filling the drum almost to the top, ging, which will kill the worms. You Mrs B. Boy, P.O Box 270, Thika
starting with the maize stalks, dry will then have to reconstruct it from
grass, soil, green materials, mbolea, scratch. Newspaper is useful
and soil. The final layer should be We hereby kindly request you for
the dry leaves; this will act as mulch Introducing the worms The Organic Farmer magazine since
against evaporation. Dig four holes about half-way through we found it helpful to our farmers.
Remember, worms do not like deep the moistened materials and intro- Through a nearby group we read one
compost as it heats up. Try to keep duce a few worms into each hole. of your issues and it assisted us, most
materials at about 20 cm (8 inch) Cover the holes. especially the article on DBM. The
depth only. group has 20 members and would
Feeding like your assistance. Thank you.
Now the worm housing is almost
ready. If we were to introduce the Feeding the worms is very important. Daniel Kemei, Muungano Self Help
worms at this stage, however, they Once or twice a week add a few hand-
would die, as it is too dry. We must fuls of kitchen or garden fruit, food Group, P.O Box 41, Moiben
and vegetable waste to the holes in
therefore pour water over the interior
the unit, the same way as you intro-
Send us newspaper
contents until we have ensured ade- We are a young organic group by
quate moisture throughout the entire duced the worms, then cover. Do not
the name Makiki Organic Group. We
materials. This is also a good test to put this on top of the mulch as it will
are registered and we have under-
see if your drainage works properly. attract flies and rodents.
gone three basic courses conducted
On adding water, you should see Extracting the juice: After about a
by KIOF. We have been reading your
the excess run out of the drainage month, your unit will be ready for its
newspaper through friends whose
hole at the bottom of the tank. If this first juice extraction. Pour 20 litres of
supply seems to be unreliable. We are
does not happen, something is wrong water gently over the entire system,
currently 15 and would be grateful if
collecting the run-off in a bucket
you could include us in your mailing
under the drainage hole. Dilute this
list. Thank you.
liquid 1:10 with water and use as a
foliar feed, as a pour-on or through Richard Musembi, Makiki Organic
your drip system (be sure to strain Group, P.O Box 1292, Kangundo
off any particles first). For this size
of unit, one can collect juice once a
month.
Things to note:
Make sure your wormery never
runs dry.
Construct a shelter over the system
to protect from rain and sunshine. A
One drum makes two units. The photo shows low mabati roof is good.
a tap in the front as a drainage and collec- Make sure no vegetation is touching
tion hole. This is not necessary and can be the unit, otherwise siafu will find their
replaced with a hole at the base of the drum. way in. Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Nr. 24 May 2007
Seed germination on paper towels Installing drip irrigation: I am an

In the TOF April issue, Su Kahumbu engineer working on hydraulic and
answered a question about the germi- water systems. I have experience on
nation of seeds. A reader went to the installation of drip irrigation systems.
Internet and found another method I run my own company which can do
for seed germination which he sent to fitting, installing and teach farmers
us. Try it and let us know the results! about drip systems. If I can be of
There is a very low-tech method of assistance to TOF readers, I will be
germinating seeds using damp paper happy to arrange a visit to your farm
towels and plastic bags. Moisten one and do the installation.
Green gram seeds
towel and arrange your seed on the David Smith, Tel. 020 2044334, 0727
paper towel. If the seed is large (peas, that dont germinate can begin to 721 694 or 0734 761 587.
beans, maize), apply another moist mould and this mould will infect
towel on top and roll the 2 sheets nearby seeds if they are too close or The following conventionally certi-
together into a tube. If the seed is touching. fied fruit tree seedlings are avail-
After about 2 days, check the paper able for sale. Hass and Fuerte vari-
small, the sheet can be folded over
towel at least once a day to see if the eties of avocado, Mango- Tommy,
and then rolled onto itself. Kent and Harden varieties. Apples-
Once rolled, the paper towel should seeds have started to germinate. If
the towels have started to dry out, re- Ann variety, pawpaws, tree tomato,
be placed inside a plastic bag to keep Swedish apples and indigenous trees.
it from drying out. Finally, place the moisten them with a couple of drops
of water. Most seeds will germinate Call Lugano Horticultural Farm
plastic bag in a warm spot. Before Enterprises, P.O. Box 323, Kitale,
rolling the sheets, make sure the seeds within 5 days at room temperature.
30200, Tel. 0733 990 574
are not too close to each other. Seeds Paul Odhiambo, Kisumu
Farm-fresh produce needed: The
Horn meal as organic fertilizer Organic Shop at Gigiri is in need
of the following products: Garlic,
An organic fertilizer TOF hasnt intro- ginger, wheat, oats, barley, passion
If horn meal is applied at the begin- fruit, grapes, oranges, tea, poultry
duced to you yet is horn meal, the ning of the planting season, the nitro-
crushed or cracked horn of cows. feed, lamb and beef.
gen has enough time to fully unfold in Contact Su Kahumbu: Tel. 0721 100
It is especially useful as a nitrogen the soil. It works for all plants, but is
provider, a nutrient which fuels the 001, or email: info@organic.co.ke
best for vegetables and flowers.
growth of leaves and shoots and Horn meal is available from the jew- Mushrooms wanted: Any mush-
which is as important to the soil as ellery designer, Ms Marie-Rose Iberl, rooms for sale? Farmers with any
water and light. in Nairobi. She uses horn for produ- quantities should contact Jomo
Horn meal works as a long-term cing her designs and gets the meal as Kenyatta University of Agriculture
fertilizer: The nitrogen will only be a byproduct. and Technology at the following
released into the soil little by little. The address:
smaller the components, the faster the Contact: 0733 736 445, 020 4343 430 The Business Manager, JKUAT Enter-
process. It will take six weeks for the or maro@wananchi.com. The 2 kg- prises, P.O. Box 62000, 00200,
meal to completely release the nitro- packet goes for KShs 80, a 20 kg-bag Tel. 067- 52420 or 0724 256696, 0736
gen into the soil; larger shavings need costs KSh 1,200 (prices without trans- 524 200.
considerably longer. port costs).
also helps reduce disease and pest pruning should be disinfected to

Growing passion fruits incidence. All equipment used for control the spread of viral diseases.
continued from page 2 Weeding and fertilizer application
Secondary shoots appearing along the In organic farming use of organic
wire of the trellising system must be fertilizer is recommended. Regular
left while any others are pruned. application of compost and Fer-
mented Plant Extracts (FPE, see page 5)
Pruning increases yields and helps to control
Old unproductive shoots and dead- diseases and pests. To avoid the build-
wood must be removed. Secondary up of soil-borne diseases and pests,
shoots also need pruning when they passion fruits should not be grown
are about to reach ground level. The for more than two years on the same
lateral shoots which bear the fruits piece of land. To get certified passion
should be left to hang down freely fruits seedlings, you can contact:
from the wire and the entangling ten- Benjamin Lugano, Horticultural Farm
drils need to be cut off to allow free Enterprises, P.O. Box 323, Kitale 30200,
air and light penetration. Removal Tel. 0733 990 574
Nr. 25 June 2007
Bees give honey and money

A wise farmer Apart from good soil fertility,
diversifies their another requirement for the success-
farming activi- ful farmer is quality seed. If the
ties to maximize seeds are of poor quality, farmers
their sources will incur crop failure, which lowers
of income. One
their own income and also affects
the countrys food security. In the
way they can do last few years, many seed compa-
this is to start nies have been licensed to sell seed
beekeeping. Here, in Kenya. However, the quality of
a beekeeper uses some of the seed varieties has raised
a smoker to calm questions, because there are many
bees while reported cases of crop failure and
harvesting a even diseases which have not been
Langstroth hive. seen before. This clearly indicates
See page 4 and 5 that something is very wrong with
the seed industry in the country.
Photo P. Luthi Either the regulatory authorities are
not doing their work as expected,
Solving seed potato problems or there is a problem with the legal
framework under which they operate.
Allow small-scale farmers to National Potato Research Centre In this confusion, how sure are we
produce seed potatoes for their own (NPRC) and multiplied in its sub- that the country is not being made
use and sale to other farmers. centres at the ADC farms in Molo, a dumping ground for all manner of
The Organic Farmer
Njabini and Marindas in Meru under seed, including genetically modified
strict supervision by the Kenya Plant varieties which are banned locally?
There is a severe shortage of certified Health Inspection Service (KEPHIS) Last month, Agriculture Minister
seed potatooes in the country. Small- can qualify as certified seed. Kipruto Kirwa set up the Seeds and
scale farmers are suffering because Change the law Plants Tribunal, whose mandate is to
they cannot get clean planting mate- handle complaints from farmers over
The problem is that most of the land the quality of seed sold to them. But
rial, which has forced them to use
previously owned by these institu- the question is: How many farmers
commercial potato stock as seed. The
are willing to spend their money
practice has led to the spread of bac-
terial wilt disease to areas that were filing cases against seed companies
previously unaffected. To overcome TOF on air! once they discover the seed sold to
the problem of seed potato short- On Thursday of every third them is not of the right quality?
age, the Ministry of Agriculture with week of the month, you can hear The Clearly there is a need to overhaul and
assistance from The German Techni- Organic Farmer on the Kiswahili Service streamline the seed industry. One
cal Cooperation Agency (GTZ) and of KBC from 8.30 pm to 8.45 pm. The pro- area that needs changing urgently
the International Potato Centre (CIP), gramme is shared with the Agricultural are the many archaic laws that are
Information and Resource Centre. Learn
has trained 120 potato seed growers more about organic farming by tuning in
no longer in line with the rapidly
changing situation in the agricul-
across the country who it was assumed to this programme, Every third week of tural sector. Two years ago, we wrote
would multiply seed and sell it to the month, starting from 8.30 pm! about the shortage of certified potato
other farmers. However, the Seed and seed following the spread of the dev-
Plant Varieties Act (1975) says that are currently unable to produce the astating bacterial wilt disease. The
only seed produced by the KARI required quantities of potato seed. government institutions mandated
Since these government institu- to multiply seed for sale to farmers
had failed to do so because most of
requirements, we feel the best way to the land used to multiply seed had
Organic fertilizers 2 solve the problem is to allow small- been grabbed.
Your crops can get nitrogen scale farmers to produce the seed In developed countries, seed pro-
from green manures and sell it to fellow farmers, says Dr duction is done by the private sector
Jackson Kabira, the NPRC director. while the governments role is only
Rearing turkeys 6 He says about 99% of seed potato in
Turkeys need a lot of care regulatory. But in Kenya, the Seed
the country is grown by small-scale and Plant Varieties Act does not
and good feed farmers, but without changing the allow individuals to produce seed.
East African Standard 8 Seed and Plant Varieties Act, these What needs to be done is to change
Is the East African Organic potatoes cannot be legally sold as such laws which stifle rather than
Mark a confusing label? seed. See also page 3. develop the agricultural sector.
Nr. 25 June 2007
A farmer gets sent to jail, and his wife Organic nitrogen is best
is trying to hold the farm. Shes not
very good at farm work, so she writes All plants need nitrogen. Organic
a letter to him in jail: Sweetheart, I farming has many ways to add this
want to plant the potatoes. When is important nutrient to the soil.
the best time to do it? The farmer The Organic Farmer
writes back: Honey, dont go near
that field. Thats where all my guns Farmer Paul Macharia in Nakuru
are buried. When the prison warders likes organic farming, as he writes to
read the letter, they all run out to the our newspaper. But if I plant hybrid
farm and dig up the entire potato field maize, I need to use artificial fertiliz-
looking for guns. After two full days ers containing nitrogen, such as DAP, Lablab: Nitrogen fixing
of digging, they dont find one single urea or CAN, to get a good yield. manure, so it cannot be washed away
weapon. The farmer then writes to Otherwise my harvest will be so little, and so goes slowly into the soil and
his wife: Honey, now is when you
that I will not even recover the cost to the roots.
should plant the potatoes.
of the inputs. Nitrogen is the key to a Organic and sustainable farming
A farmers joke
good harvest. does not allow the use of chemical fer-
In one way, Paul is right. Even the tilizers. Sustainable agriculture is the
handbook of the International Fed- approach to agricultural production
eration of Organic Agriculture Move- that stresses the improvement and
ments (IFOAM) says that chemi- preservation of the soil while increas-
cal fertilizers offer large amounts of ing productivity. Organic farming
nutrients to the plants in an easily feeds the plants indirectly by feeding
available form. They can lead to an the soil with organic matter. It is the
impressive increase in the yield. On main nutrient for the plants. Organic
the other hand, these fertilizers are manures usually contain all required
not only expensive (1 bag now costs nutrients in sufficient amounts and in
Ksh 2000/=), but they also disrupt the a balanced composition. Deficiency of
natural growth and development of a single nutrient can in most cases be
plants. avoided by applying compost, animal
Damage to soil structure manure and other organic sources.
They do not feed the soil, but merely Organic soil improvers
supply a limited range of nutrients to Green manure: Green manures are
the plants themselves. Oversupply plants grown to improve the soil.
of nitrogen leads to a softening of These plants may fix nitrogen, protect
the soil from drying, improve soil
which are more sensitive to diseases structure via roots, suppress weeds
and pests. In addition, soluble nitrates by fast growth, and control pests by
may reduce the numbers of beneficial harbouring predators. Fallowing is
soil organisms which are essential recommended to create a rest period
for stabilising soil structure. This can for soils. They may be ploughed back
result in increased soil acidity and a into the ground or cut and left to use
tendency to erosion. as a top mulch or may be cut and
Feeding the soil used in the compost pile. Examples
of good green manure plants are
Another real problem of using chemi- amaranthus, crotalaria, lablab, beans,
cal fertilizer is that about half of the peas, purple vetch, lupin, mustard
applied nitrogen fertilizer usually or rye.
gets lost through runoff, leaching and Animal manures: These manures
evaporation. If there are strong rains must be well rotted or composted
or long dry periods, the efficiency before use. They are best incorpo-
of nitrogen may be even lower. This rated together with the bedding of
is the reason why farmers often mix the animals, as this will have most
these fertilizers with compost or with of the nitrogen that is in the animal
urine. The bedding will also provide
bulk, which will further improve the
soil structure.
Compost: All garden vegetative waste
can be composted. Animal bedding,
cereal straw, maize stalks, etc. are all
good. Additional inputs like wood
ash sprinkled between layers of mate-
rial, as well as bone meal and/or
rock phosphate are added if required.
Desmodium: Nitrogen fixing (Photos TOF) continued on page 3
Nr. 25 June 2007
New method to control bacterial wilt

A seed plot can always provide pest control. The fungal diseases can
a farmer with stock of disease-free be controlled by use of copper oxy-
seed potatoes chloride, which is allowed in organic
farming. Removal and destruction of
The Organic Farmer diseased plants, good field hygiene
Most potato growers nowadays hardly and crop rotation (avoid planting
manage to get good potato yields due crops in the potato family) should be
Infected potato tubers (Courtesy KARI-NARL)
to lack of quality seed, pests and the practised. This will help control bacte-
increasing threat of potato bacterial as capsicums, tomatoes, bananas or rial wilt and other diseases.
wilt, among other diseases. Lack of egg plant. The seed plot should be Harvesting and grading
certified seed has forced farmers to established on fertile land, and there Seed plots must be harvested 3 weeks
recycle their commercial potato stock should be no runoff water in and earlier than in the case of a ware
and use it as seed. around the plot. potato crop. Potato vines (stems) must
The main problem here is that farmers Use disease-free potato seed
will select the large sized potatoes for Farmers should buy seed potatoes
the market while leaving the under- from a reliable source, preferably a
sized ones for use as seed. The small- seed production centre or a recog-
sized potatoes do not make good nized seed dealer. Potato seed tubers
seed. They are also prone to bacterial should be 2.5-5.5 cm in diametre.
wilt and other diseases. Researchers Land preparation and planting
have developed a method of making Mark out the beds to about 2 metres
the best use of good quality seed wide and a sufficient length depend-
potatoes and maintaining their health ing on your seed needs. Loosen the
to enable farmers to get maximum soil to a desirable depth and break
potato yields. In this method, called the crumbs to make it fine. Spread
the seed plot system, potatoes meant well decomposed manure and rake it
for multiplication as seed are grown in. Make holes at a spacing of 20 cm
on a separate plot from the ware (8 inches) by pushing a spade handle
potatoes (potatoes for sale or home or similar tool through the soil to a
consumption). The farmer takes good depth of 15 cm (6 inches) and plant Affected potato plant (Photo KARI-NARL)
care of the seed plot by ensuring that a well-sprouted tuber in each hole. be removed about 2 weeks before har-
they are free from diseases and pests. Cover the hole with fine soil. vesting to allow the potato skin to
Requirements for seed plot Weeding and hilling harden. Grading involves selecting
The land to be used for the seed Hand weeding is recommended. unbruised, disease- free tubers, which
plot should be left fallow or planted Making hills as is done in commercial are 2.5 5.5 cm in diametre. Potatoes
with crops that cannot be affected potato fields is not necessary so long larger or less than this size are unsuit-
by bacterial wilt, such as maize or as the farmer uses the recommended able for use as seed.
beans, and preferably a short season planting depth of 15 cm.
Disease and pest control How to use seed potatoes
crop. The land should not have a
history of potato production nor of Seed plots need to be inspected regu- Harvested seed potatoes should be
other crops of the potato family such larly to ensure that pests such as divided into two lots: One lot is used
aphids, the potato tuber moth and in establishing a new potato seed plot
others are controlled. Diseases such as explained earlier and the other lot
Organic nitrogen ... as early and late blight should be planted in the commercial potato field
continued from page 2 controlled promptly. Farmers can use at the recommended spacing of 30 x75
comfrey and tithonia leaves added plant extracts (read the April 2007 cm and following the usual potato
to compost act as a compost activa- issue of TOF on plant extracts) for management guidelines.
tor as well as adding micronutrients.
Addition of Effective Microorganisms In every farm
(EM1) can also help speed up your there are suit-
composting time by adding a ready able sites for
source of microorganisms. seed plots (in
Permitted organic fertilizers: Organic grey): virgin
fertilizers are products of plant, land, bushland,
animal or mineral origin that gen- homestead, but
erally release nutrients slowly over not where you
time. Some are compound mixtures have previously
e.g. bone meal, seaweed meal and, grown potatoes
fishmeal, rock phosphate and potash. or other plants
These organic fertilizers are normally of the potatoe
used where there is a deficiency in family such as
the crop. One must therefore learn to tomatoes, capsi-
identify the deficiencies and strive to cums etc.
correct the cause of the problem.
Nr. 25 June 2007
Beekeeping is a good sideline for farmers

Honey fetches a good price on the
market. Beekeeping is not too difficult, Inform yourself!
but a farmer needs some knowledge. If you would like to know more
about bees, there are some books on
The Organic Farmer the market:
beekeeper: Honey is healthy, it is high Thomas Carroll, A Beginners Guide to
Beekeeping can be an ideal source in energy, is helpful against coughs,
of income for small-scale farmers. Beekeeping in Kenya, Nairobi 2006, ISBN
ulcers, wound, etc. It is also a source 9966-7078-8-7. Available at Legacy Books
It does not need a lot of expensive of cash; beeswax is used for making
investments, and it does not need a lot Press, Yaya Centre or Baraka Agricul-
candles, shoewax or soap and in the tural College, Molo ( 051 721 091) Price
of land or good soil. On the contrary, manufacture of cosmetics; propolis
hilly and rocky land which is not KSh 1,200. It is by far the most informa-
has antibiotic properties and is used tive book. See also www.apiconsult.com
arable can be used productively, pro- in medicine. Royal jelly is used in
vided that there are flowers and flower Make Money From Bees, KARI Kitale,
medicine and pharmaceuticals and as P.O. Box 450, Kitale.
bushes. Bees are very important, as a dietary supplement. S.K. Raina, Commercial Insects, A
they act as pollinators of many plants. Practical Guide for Raising Silkmoths and
Bees transfer pollen grains from the Beekeeping skills are necessary
Honey Bees in Africa, ISBN ISBN 0 86098
stamens (male parts) of flowers to the A farmer who is eager to become a 246 7 Published and available from
stigma (female parts) of other flowers, beekeeper should have some knowl- ICIPE Science Press, P.O.Box 30772,
enabling pollination and fruit forma- edge on the life cycle of bees. A begin- Nairobi, 00100. The book is available in
tion to take place. In this way, bees ner should always ask experienced English and Kiswahili versions.
increase the quality of flowering crops, beekeepers or join a group already
e.g. coffee, pawpaw, banana, avocado, working with bees to acquire the understandable introduction on bee-
mangoes, etc. Without bees and other necessary skills. There are also some keeping with all the important tips
insects, many plants would disap- books on the market (see box on this and advice. In our newspaper, we do
pear, for instance onions, cabbages, page); the most informative is the not have space enough to go too deep
carrots, fruits, lucerne and cotton. In one written by Thomas Carroll, A into the details of beekeeping. We can
addition to their pollination activities only give you some few requirements
there are many direct benefits for the Kenya. It is a wonderful and easily which a farmer should consider if
Beekeeping pays! they want to start beekeeping.
Every supermarket and most shops sell honey. There is a high demand for Making an apiary
it, especially now that Kenya is licensed to export honey to the European A farmer should know where to place
Union if it meets export requirements. Thomas Carroll gives a very impres- the apiary (the structure for housing
sive example of the relationship between costs and benefits in the table below. a colony of bees, see opposite page)
He takes a farmer with 20 Kenya Top Bar Hives (KTBH) (see opposite page on their shamba. The apiary should
5), with an 80 percent occupation rate (16 hives are occupied) and an average be away from people and livestock,
honey production of 20 kg per occupied hive. Farmers sell honey in bulk at a away from a main road or public
price of KSh 100 per kg. areas, and should not contain more
than 20 hives. The apiary should be
Expenditure Cost in KSh
20 Kenya top bar hives, KSh 2,000/hive 40,000
1 Bee suit 3,270
1 Smoker 800
25 Hanging posts (KSh 150 each) 3,750
Grease and other various items 500 surrounded by a hedge of shrubs; if
they are not growing fast enough,
Total 48,320
the beekeeper can put up a fence
Assuming it is a good year, and 16 of 20 beehives are occupied (80%), the (for instance with off-cuts, which is
result looks as follows: also good against theft). The apiary
Estimated honey production from one colony 20 kg should have some trees to protect the
hives against strong direct sunshine
Total honey production from 16 occupied hives 320 kg
and wind. And, it should provide
Estimated price of 1 kg honey in 2007 KSh 100/kg the bees with water and, of course,
Estimated income from 16 occupied hives KSh 32,000 shrubs, trees and flowers to provide
nectar.
- KSh 16,320
minus KSh 48,320 (investments)
Trees and shrubs provide nectar
This means that in the first year the farmer will not have any income. But
As mentioned above, a farmer should
the equipment has a lifespan of an average of 10 years or more, supposing
know about the life cycle of bees.
a farmer works carefully. In the second year, the investments (capital costs)
When there is plenty of food, bees
will be paid off and the farmer will get a good income. The Langstroth hive,
produce more honey for eating in
which has 10 bars instead of only one bar as in the KTBH, will yield even
times when there is less food. Each
more honey, although the initial cost of the hive is greater.
region of Kenya has its own flowering
(Source: Thomas Carroll, A Beginners Guide to Beekeeping in Kenya) Continued on page 7
Nr. 25 June 2007
Beekeeping skills are as important as beehives

The highest costs for a beginner KSh 2000. Bee-specialist Thomas Kenya Top Bar Hive
in beekeeping are the beehives. Inter- Carroll says that KTBH are the most 483
ested farmers can even make their convenient hives for beginners since
own. they are relatively cheap. One can buy
them at Baraka Agricultural College,
The Organic Farmer Molo (Tel. 051 721 091) or the National 230
Most farmers in Kenya use a log bee Beekeeping Station, Nairobi (Tel. 020
hive in beekeeping practice. Below we 564 302). Beginners can make the hive
introduce you to two types of modern themselves if they have some car-
side
side
840
880
beehives; the Kenya Top Bar Hives pentry skills or if they can follow the
(KTBH) and the Langstroth bee hives instructions given here on how to
bottom
which are very efficient in terms of build it.
the quantity and quality of honey Advantages of the KTBH
they can produce. The two hives also 20 280
Easy to check for ripe honey. top end
make honey harvesting and bee man-
Easier to harvest than the traditional bar side
agement easy for farmers.
483
log hives on the top of a tree.
On this page, we briefly give details
Easy to manage the bees during
on the two types of beehives. More
scarcity of flowers and dry weather, lid
information can be obtained from 32
since food for bees and water can be
585
books or from an experienced bee-
provided during such adverse condi-
keeper.
tions to maximise honey production
The Kenya Top Bar Hive (KTBH). Honey extraction is easy compared 960
This is the most common hive in to log beehives or to Langstroth hives,
Kenya. The cost of a KTBH is about as there is no need for special equip- lid
ment. end
end side
The hive keeps swinging and cannot side
be easily attacked by the honey badger wire
(a nocturnal honey-eating animal). It
bottom
side
can fill very quickly in the honey
side
season. comb
Disadvantages
The combs in KTBH are not sup- Drawing of a Kenya Top Bar Hive
ported; therefore, combs tend to break (measurements are in millimetres) Source:
if not handled carefully. Baraka Agricultural College Workshop
Beeswax is harvested with honey, The volume of the KTBH is fixed,
forcing bees to build more wax to so the hive can fill very quickly in the
replace harvested combs, which honey season.
P. Luthi results in lower honey yields but more Whichever hive a beekeeper chooses,
Kenya Top Bar Hives hang on a tree branch harvested wax. the most important thing is that they
are building up their own skills,
The Langstroth hive can give more honey capacities and knowledge. Even the
This is a fairly modern hive (see photo Advantages best hive cannot be productive if a
on page 1). It is also called a frame hive beekeeper is not able to manage it
The frames make the combs very well to get a good harvest!
since it has frames where the combs strong, especially when transported.
are fixed. It has a brood chamber It produces high quality honey
where the queen lays her eggs. She is and high yields since combs are not
Important tips
restricted from moving to other cham- Grease the posts on the wire loop
destroyed.
bers by a wire (the queen excluder). In to prevent pests from getting into the
It allows harvesting of other high-
the super chamber (above the brood beehive. Cut any vegetation below
value hive products such as propolis,
chamber) is the honey storage area. the hive for the same reason.
royal jelly, etc.
The combs are formed on the frames Never use poisonous material
and not on the bars as in KTBH. For Disadvantages for smoking bees while harvesting
harvesting, the frames with honey- High initial costs. honey. Some farmers use foam mat-
filled combs are removed and har- They are more complicated to tresses, human hair, wild fungal
vested using a centrifugal equipment. manage and they require more spare material, cypress or tephrosia leaves
Langstroth hives are relatively expen- parts such as frames, foundation to smoke. These are dangerous and
sive, and cost an average of KSh 4,000. starter sheets, etc. spoil honey quality. Use only the
You can buy them at the two institu- A centrifugal machine is used to allowed material for smoking.
tions mentioned above or from private extract honey. They are not easily For packing, use clear food-grade
companies such as Honey Care Africa available in Kenya and are expen- plastic or glass jars.
(020 574 448) or African Beekeepers sive to purchase, although groups of Maintain a high standard of clean-
(0722 700 226) farmers can share or even rent one. liness.
Nr. 25 June 2007
Calliandra is good fodder

I would like to grow calliandra. Please farming system since they produce
direct me as to where I can get it. both milk for sale and manure for
Karago from Ngorika 0734 961391 crop production. Milk production
It is a good idea, Karago, to grow was normally in the region of 10 kg/
calliandra. It is one of the best fodder cow per day when the animals were
trees and one of great value, because fed on a diet based on Napier grass
of its high protein content. It is very and crop residues, together with 24
useful for adding to livestock feed, kg/day of commercial concentrate.
especially when they are only fed on In terms of milk production, adding Soya beans
grasses like Napier, which are often 3 kg of fresh calliandra had the same
low in protein. effect on yield as 1 kg of additional Soya - a source of protein
Calliandra grows to a height of 4 dairy meal, and at normal produc- Can you please explain to me how
to 6 metres. It requires rainfall that tion levels, the effects of the two soya beans (Glycine max) looks like
is above 1,000 mm per year. It does supplements were strictly additive. and in which parts of the country it
better in well-drained soils, as it does Calliandra had a marked positive can be grown? Augustine Tel. 0723
not tolerate water logging. Fodder is effect (about a 10% increase) on the 170756
ready for harvesting in 9 months after butterfat content of the milk, a factor
planting, and 4 to 6 harvests are pos- The above photo, Augustine, is soya
that was highly valued by farmers, bean. It is a good crop to plant. Soya
sible per year.
even though institutional buyers as
Two on-farm experiments and
yet offer no premium price for milk sources of oil and protein. Cultiva-
one on-station study were conducted
quality. The average small farm can tion is successful in climates with
between July 1994 and September
produce enough calliandra fodder hot summers, with optimum growing
1995 in Kenya to determine the effect
to supplement two dairy cows. You conditions and mean temperatures of
of supplementation with fresh fodder
can purchase calliandra seed from 20 to 30 C; temperatures below 20 C
of Calliandra calothyrsus on milk pro-
any farmer or tree nursery near your and over 40 C retard growth signifi-
duction. One study used grade Frie-
area. Most district agricultural offices cantly. The crop can grow in a wide
sian and Ayrshire cows in the second
now have an information desk which range of soils, with optimum growth
trimester of their lactations. The cattle
can also assist. Alternatively, you can in moist alluvial soils with a good
were kept under zero-grazing systems
buy seeds from the VI Agro-Forestry organic content. Soybeans, like most
on small farms in the coffee-based
Project P.O. Box 2006, 30200 Kitale, legumes, help fix good quantities of
land use system at altitudes of 1500
Tel. (054) 20 139 or 30 283. nitrogen in the soil.
to 1800 m on the slopes of Mt Kenya.
These cows form a pivotal part of the
Turkeys need proper care
I am a small scale farmer and I keep ers. Adult turkeys require at least 0.35
turkeys, but I find it very difficult to kg per day of feed depending on their
raise even one chick. Do you have any body weight.
advice? Stephen Sino Butere. Turkeys are ready to breed at approx-
imately one year and will lay about 20
We understand your problem, eggs before going broody (sitting on
Stephen. Young turkeys, (also called their eggs to hatch). A hen will make
poults) are very delicate to rear, as they its own nest, but dark well-protected
easily succumb to adverse weather nests can be provided. One mating
conditions such as cold and dampness for a hen is enough for the whole egg-
in the housing pen. Once they hatch, laying period.
it is important to confine them with The eggs will then hatch within 25
their mother for at least one week. to 28 days. Although artificial incuba-
The chicks should have ready access tors can be used, eggs are best hatched
to food and clean water at all times. naturally. Turkey should be raised
Unlike chickens, turkeys require feed separately from other birds since they
with a higher protein content of 27 would otherwise bully them and keep
percent from birth to about six weeks; them away from the feeders. Keeping
this can be reduced to 18 percent them separately can also prevent cross
later as they grow. If chick mash -infection of diseases. They should be
is used, then it should kept within a fenced
be supplemented with a area, and a small area
high protein source like should be thatched to
fishmeal. Unlike chick- protect them from the
ens, turkey chicks have rains. In the absence
problems locating their of trees, perches for
feed, especially when rest should always be
you use artificial brood- provided. (TOF)
Nr. 25 June 2007
Useful for our project I have gained a lot from

We thank you for keeping us your newspaper
informed and educated about organic
When I got The Organic Farmer news-
farming. We are a self-help group of
paper last month, I went through and
14 members practising poultry, dairy
I learned a lot and now I am gaining
and horticultural farming and we are
experience in organic farming. As
looking forward to beekeeping. We
I am the secretary to our farmers'
came across issue No.14 and found
group, I have to inform you that we
it to be very helpful and informative.
have formed a group of 15 members
We are kindly requesting you to send
and we have been registered at the
us a copy of the previous issues and

supply us with your monthly edi-
now we have a certificate. Before I
tions. We shall appreciate.
summarize, I would like to ask you
Allan Njenga, Chambiti Youth Group, to remember us with the newspaper
P.O Box 11, Maragoli when you supply.
Protus M Wasike, Safina Self Help
Beekeeping as source of income ... Group, P.O Box 1226, Kitale
vegetation that bees like and which
Miriam Mugwe, a Home Economics Officer Send us past issues
shows farmers how to use Money Maker We are a group of 6 farmers who share
do not flower at the same time during pump in Kongoni Division, Lugari District ideas on how to develop our individ-
the year. Clever farmers know the ual farms. We have been impressed
floral calendar of their region. They More copies for our district by the information contained in The
are knowledgeable and are sharp This is to acknowledge receipt of Organic Farmer newspaper No.16 and
observers of their bees and the behav- five magazines of The Organic Farmer 17, which were given to us by a friend.
iour of a bee colony. They plant trees posted to our office with thanks. We would like to get past copies and
and shrubs according to the needs of However, the district has seven divi- continue to receive the newspaper as
the bees and write down this infor- sions and we were able to dispatch it is published. We enclose postage
mation, because it guides them on to four divisions. One was retained stamps worth Ksh.350 to assist you in
when to harvest the honey. Trees and at the district headquarters informa- the noble task of educating us.
shrubs as hedges do not need a lot of tion desk. We would appreciate if you
space and do not interfere with other would send us three more copies for Samwel N Ngoru, P.O Box 64,
crops. In his book, Thomas Carroll the remaining divisions since every Othaya
gives very good tips for bee forage in division has been encouraged to put I will share the newspaper
the various regions of Kenya and for up information desks to act as ref- Thank you for putting me on your
beekeeping management. erence points for information. We mailing list. I will share the copies
Managing an apiary once again thank you very much and with other farmers. 0724 732049
we hope to continue receiving such
The apiary should be kept clean; cut
documents with vital information for Grateful for copies
the grass short and trim branches that We are extremely grateful for the 5
farmers.
reach hives to prevent pests, (e.g. ants) copies sent to us for distribution to
from invading the hives. All the tools Augustine K Kenduiwo, DAO, P.O our farmers. This is to inform you
that are used for harvesting should Box 54, Kajiado that we have found it most useful and
be kept clean to avoid infection of the informative (especially for our exten-
bee colony. Good management means Thank you for copies sion staff) and would want to request
producing good quality honey that I do request you to send us your Sep- that we get 20 copies every month for
fetches a good price. Remember one tember/October 2006 issue that fea- distribution to our extension staff and
very important piece of advice at the tures plant extracts. Also enclosed are farmers in Baringo district. Thank you
end: When a beekeeper is harvesting stamps worth Ksh 350 for photocop- and may God bless you.
honey, he has to remove the honey ies of past issues. I very much appre- Dan Odhiambo Guda, DAO Baringo,
from the combs (beeswax structures ciated being put on your mailing list P.O Box 4, Kabarnet
produced and used by the bees to rear and have received the November 2006
brood and to store honey). For extrac- issue. It has thus encouraged us to
tion of honey, put the bucket with practise organic agriculture.
honey in hot water (warm the honey Benson Wasike, P.O Box 9, Kapsara
indirectly); if it is warm enough to
drip, sieve it through 3 mm mesh I also need it
or nylon cloth or mosquito net. But I recently came across a copy of TOF
be careful when harvesting: Never magazine through my neighbour. I
boil the honey directly. This destroys found it very helpful, as I have an
important nutrients in the honey organic kitchen garden.
which are good for your health and M. A. Njoroge, P.O Box 62-0029,
also lowers its value. Nderu Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Nr. 25 June 2007
East African Organic Mark is tricky Jomo Kenyatta University of Agri-

The planned launch of the East fiers becoming inspectorates, forcing culture and Technology University
African Organic Standard in Tanzania them to forfeit their corporate identi- (JKUAT) has the following items of
at the end of May is cause for great ties. interest to farmers:
concern in the organic industry. At Secondly, what will happen if i) Mushroom spawn (seed): Buttons
the launch, the East African Organic the certification companies refuse to (Agaricus) Ksh 600 per litre; Oyster
inspect against the East African Stan- Ksh 600 per litre; Shii-
purpose of which is to help guide con- dard for fear of losing their identities? take Ksh 1000 per litre;
sumers to identify regional organic If they choose that option, it means Ganoderma Ksh 1000
products. Although this appears to the East African Mark will not see the per litre.
be a step forward in the marketing light of day. I feel we should be sup- (ii) Organic fertilizer:
of organic produce in the region, I porting our local certification bodies. packed Ksh 24 per kg,
fear the use of such a symbol in its In the worst case scenario, what if our loose Ksh10 per kg.
current form has major implications pioneer certification bodies threw in (iii)Red earthworms:
for organic producers and may even the towel? The resulting impact would Ksh 2000 per kg.
cause more confusion among con- be disastrous; the industry would be iv) Tissue culture banana variet-
sumers of organic produce in the back to square one. Our farmers ies: Chinese Dwarf, Vallery, Grand
five countries, which now include would be left in limbo. The local Naine, Giant Cavendish, Kampala,
Rwanda and Burundi. organic industry would collapse.
Organic consumers are willing
Confusing customers plant.
to pay higher prices (premiums) for
foods produced without artificial In a brighter scenario, should the (v)Aloe seedlings: Tissue culture
chemicals and pesticides. These prod- Mark succeed, as a producer I would
want to use the promotional advan- (vi)Chaff cutters
But: How can consumers be sure tage of the EA Mark as well as guar-
that the products they are buying are antee consumers my products are cer- Contact the Business Manager JKUAT
organically produced? And how do tified, however the cost implications Enterprises for all the above items at
farmers prove that their products are of double labeling may consume any Tel. 067 52420, 0736 524200, 0724
organic? This is where the issue of premiums I may realise on my prod- 256696.
verification comes in. There are dif- ucts. Furthermore, as the Mark can be (vii) Mushroom production trai-
ferent forms of verification, the most used without a certification symbol, ning: Farmers interested in training
recognized being certification. This is there is a real danger that producers for mushroom growing can contact
a process whereby farmers wishing could use the Mark without third Patrick Kanyi, Tel 0721 167 244 or Tel.
to sell their produce as organic have party verification by using a more 067 52420.
to undergo a process of inspection by lenient verification system. This in
an established certification company. itself will undermine the integrity of Need organic parsley? I am a farmer
Currently there are three such bodies, the Mark. It may in turn steer certified based in Limuru. I have about 2000
namely Encert (Kenya), Tancert (Tan- producers away from using the Mark, fully mature plants of organically
zania), and Ugocert (Uganda) in the thus causing confusion in the organic grown parsley under shade net.
East African region. In Kenya, the industry. Unfortunately I cannot seem to find
Soil Association (UK) uses the exper- a buyer. Please contact Irene Ngugi,
Certification symbols
tise of EnCert CEO Musa Njoka for Field Agronomist, USAID - Kenya
I feel that for the Mark to have any Horticulture Development Pro-
their inspections of export organic meaning, it must be used in paral-
produce. gramme, MPPS Building, Mombasa
Road, P. O. Box 3074, Nairobi, 00506
National identities This will guarantee the consumer that Kenya. Tel: 020 - 556728 / 556807 Fax:
Returning to the East African Mark, the products are certified. One way 020 556804.
the Mark neither claims nor indicates to do this would be to incorporate
Fish for sale: We run a fish hatch-

that products bearing it are certi-
ery called WISE Fish Hatcheries in
into the Mark, indicating clearly that
fied. Certified producers in the three
the products are certified organic.Bungoma. We supply quality catfish
countries are currently acknowledged
and tilapia fingerlings. Contact us on
Without the certification symbols, the
by consumers through certification
Mark has no relevance. Tel. 0723 006508. We can arrange to
symbols of their respective recognized
deliver to the nearest town.
certification body (Encert or Tancert Su Kahumbu
or Ugocert). With the huge consumer Clarification
awareness campaign for allowing the The Organic Farmer, there is a mix-up of the two
use of the East African Mark alone, passion fruit varieties described on page 2. Passiflora edulis is the purple
producers may no longer require the variety and does well in the cool highland areas and is mainly grown for the
national certification symbols. This fresh market, while Passiflora flavicarpa is the yellow variety that grows well
may result in the three national certi- in lowland areas mainly at the coast, and is used for processing.
The magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 26 July 2007
If you hold this issue of The Organic

Farmer in your hands, you might feel
that something has changed. You are
right. We have used a slightly thinner
paper, and for one simple reason: We
have increased the number of copies from
14,000 to 17,000. This means that with
nearly the same amount of money, we
can print 3,000 more copies for you.
No doubt, the story of The Organic
Farmer magazine is a real success story.
In the last few months, we have been
receiving at least 10 new applications
from farmers groups every week. At the
same time we get at least 10 letters from
Many farmers lack good quality dairy cows to increase milk production Photo TOF farmers groups asking for more copies
(indeed almost all letters to the editor
Cows too expensive for farmers on page 7 are sent by farmers who want
more copies). We reach nearly 2,000
groups throughout the country. Accord-
Small-scale farmers are yet to benefit their earnings. One of the questions ing to our research, every issue is read by
from increased milk prices, most frequently asked by farmers to an average of six people that means that
due to lack of good-quality animals. TOF is how they can acquire good we reach about 100,000 farmers every
dairy cows. month.
The Organic Farmer To purchase a quality dairy cow
nowadays is not easy, as the prices We thank the Swiss foundation, BioVi-
One of the most important changes sion, for the commitment it has shown
that have taken place in the agri- have suddenly shot up. Even poor-
quality heifers today sell for between in helping smallscale farmers in Kenya.
cultural sector in the last four years BioVision supports both production and
is the revival of the dairy industry. Ksh 15,000 to 20,000, and high-quality
delivery of the magazine in the hope that
The revival of the Kenya Coopera- breeds now go for between Ksh farmers will use this free information
tive Creameries (KCC), together with to improve their farming methods. For
increased competition from the many TOF on air! us, investing in farmers education is a
private processors, has led to good On Thursday of every third worthwhile venture.
prices for milk and its by-products. week of the month, you can hear The Several times people have asked us these
However many farmers are yet to Organic Farmer on the Kiswahili Service simple questions: Do farmers try out the
reap the benefits of these good prices. of KBC from 8.30 pm to 8.45 pm. Learn various tips you give in their day-to-day
One reason is that most farmers had more about organic farming! In the next
farming activities? Are they changing to
already sold their dairy cattle when programme we will talk about legumes,
organic farming? Of course, we do not
the KCC, which was the major buyer on Thursday 19th July, 2007.
know how many farmers take our advice
of milk, collapsed in the 1990s due to seriously. We do know, on the other hand,
mismanagement. The majority of our 100,000 to 120,000. This is beyond the that farmers are cautious people; they do
farmers lack good-quality dairy cows reach of many small-scale farmers. A not want to make mistakes and lose their
that would enable them to increase few farmers have managed to restock precious crops. But we do have some indi-
their milk production and improve through credit from the Agricultural cations that farmers are really interested
Finance Corporation (AFC). In order in trying some of the ideas we provide in
to obtain a loan from the AFC, a farmer TOF. After we carried articles on dairy
has to deposit their title deed as secu- goats and mushrooms production, dozens
rity. Since the majority of farmers have of interested farmers, eager to start these
no title deeds, they therefore cannot enterprises, made enquiries to our maga-
qualify. It is really sad that there is no zine and to the addresses we had given.
credit scheme that can assist most of Every month, we send quite a number
Kenyas small-scale farmers to acquire of past issues of the magazine to farmers
good-quality dairy cattle. who want to catch up with articles they
Kenyan milk consumption per missed. We have tried to do our part
Rabbits produce high-quality meat. person is amongst the highest in the by providing you with the appropriate
Their manure is suitable for organic world. More than 600,000 smallhold- information, but you farmers also have
farmers. First of all, rabbits can ers, with between one and three cows, to do more to make farming a rewarding
provide farmers with an extra source currently produce 80 per cent of occupation.
of income. Pages 4 and 5 Kenyas milk. Editors
Nr. 26 July 2007
In mid-June, the Government released

Find a safe place for beehives
860 million for payment to farmers for The apiary is a place where defensive, it may help to work with the
maize delivered to the National Cereals beehives are kept. It is important colonies at dusk.
and Produce Board in January and to look for an ideal site.
February this year. Up to now quite a How to place hives
number of farmers are yet to be paid Eliud Muli* After beehives and sites have been
for maize delivered in the same period. After our articles appeared on bee- acquired, the next step is to prepare
One can only imagine the problems hives for installation:
keeping (TOF Nr. 25, June 2007), we
these farmers have faced in purchasing Clean the hives to get rid of dirt,
of essential inputs such as fertilizers, received many responses from farmers
wanting to know where to place the spider cobwebs and other debris.
seeds and even other expenses such Bait the hive (beekeepers use raw
as payment of school fees. What would beehives. That is why we publish addi-
tional advice here from a bee expert at beeswax or propolis among other
the Minister of Agriculture and those
ICIPE. Once all the equipment has been baits, and rub them against the inner
responsible at the Cereals Board say if
they got their salaries six months late? acquired, the next thing is to decide walls of the hive).
where to put the apiary. Simply said, For installation, a hive can be hung
John Karanu, farmer, Nakuru an apiary is the site where a number of from a tree or from posts or installed
honey bee colonies are located. on a platform or a rock. This is a deci-
sion for the farmer to make according
Where to place hives to his personal preference or depend-
Finding an ideal site is sometimes a ing on prevailing conditions in their
magazine problem. Some major considerations locality.
are listed below.
Owing to the defensive nature of Use of wires
African bees, it is not advisable to Advantages of using hanging/sus-
place hives right on the farm but rather pending hives:
near it (about 150 200 metres away - It is cheaper compared to construct-
from the crop or homestead). ing hive stands.
Hives should be placed in such a - There is less danger from predators
way as to minimize drifting (acciden- (e.g. lizards) and vandals.
tal entry by bees returning from a - Suspended hives are better protected
flight into the wrong colony). from floods and are not easily carried
Hives should not be too far apart, to away by flood water.
reduce the amount of walking by the - It is easier to control ants.
beekeeper when servicing the colonies Disadvantages
at inspection. - Suspended hives usually swing
during inspection and bees tend to
An ideal apiary site should be: become more defensive.
quiet and away from public utili- - It is not easy to change the location
ties (schools, hospitals, playgrounds), of the hive.
and noisy commercial and industrial
areas; Use of platforms
near a freshwater supply river Advantages of installing on platforms:
banks, fish ponds, lake, dishes of water - It is easy to place or remove the hive
or dripping tap; from the stand.
near food (pollen and nectar) sources - The location of the hive and stand can
and crops that need pollination citrus, easily be changed.
avocado, coconut, eucalyptus, acacia, - Installed hives do not swing during
etc.; examination, thus bees are not unduly
fairly dry not in swampy areas; disturbed.
humid areas promote fungal diseases Disadvantages
and hinder proper honey curing; - Grazing animals can easily knock the
away from unfriendly neighbours hive over. A colleague from Uganda
and hidden to avoid vandalism; once narrated to me the chaos in a
easily accessible to the beekeeper rural village when a pig strayed into
throughout the year, to ensure that an apiary and knocked down a hive
bees can be moved away at short full of bees!
notice should the need arise; - Predators can more easily gain access
with sufficient shade, especially to the hive.
during hours of the day when the sun - It is more tedious and expensive
is hottest; sheltered from winds; to make reliable stands than to buy
far from farms where there is insecti- metallic wires for hanging hives.
cide usage. - Installed hives are more prone to van-
Shrub or hedge rows that separate the dalism: it is a matter of only lifting the
hives both from each other and from hive and carrying it away.
dwellings can help minimize sting- * Dr. Eliud Muli is a scientist at ICIPE in
ing incidents. If bees are particularly charge of Apiculture
Nr. 26 July 2007
Many farmers have problems with tomatoes

Every week we receive questions asking for advice on early some helpful tips. Organic farming standards allow the
blight, late blight and spider mites. Although we have use of copper oxychloride (WP) in the fight against blight.
answered such questions in previous issues, we again give We will write about spider mite in the next issue.
tomatoes with related crops such as
Early blight potatoes, peppers or eggplant. Stake
Strong plants grown in humus-rich plants to keep them off the soil and
soil and fed on compost are better able keep tomatoes free of weeds. After
to resist diseases such as early blight. harvest, residues should be removed
Seeds: Early blight is a fungal disease from the field or destroyed immedi-
and is seed-borne. The first step to ately.
avoid damage is to buy certified Control: In organic farming, fungi-
disease-free seeds, and to use resistant cides except for copper oxychloride
varieties, e.g. Summerset F1, Zest F 1. are not allowed. There are several
Transmission: The fungus survives plant extracts that help in controlling
from one season to the next in residues fungal diseases, including:
of infected plants, particularly if the African marigold: Fill a drum to
soil is dry. The spores (the microscopi- full of flowering plants. Leave to
cally small 'seeds' of a fungal disease) stand for 5 to 10 days. Stir occasion-
are formed on infected leaves, stems ally. Strain before use. Dilute the fil-
and fruits, and can be spread by the trate liquid with water at a ratio of 1
wind and splashes of water. A combi- part filtrate to 2 parts water(1:2). Add
nation of warm weather and rain pro- 1 teaspoon soap to every litre of the
duces serious outbreaks, praticularly extract.
if plants are stressed by poor nutri- Garlic: Bulbs may be dried and
tion, nematode attacks or by having crushed. Add water to the powder
too many fruits. and spray.
Planting: Do not plant consecutive Milk: Spray every 10 days with a
tomato crops on the same land from mixture of 1 litre milk to 10 15 litres
one season to the next. Do not rotate water.
Tomato leaves and fruits affected by late blight
Late blight in the soil after harvest can be a source

of the disease for crops which follow.
Late blight is one of the most serious Crop rotation with crops that are not
diseases in cooler and moist condi- from the tomato family (e.g. maize,
tions and may completely and rapidly beans, sukumawiki or cabbages) for
destroy the crop. The leaves turn 3 to 4 years helps to break the disease
brown; under humid conditions, a cycle. After harvest, remove the resi-
white dusty layer that contains the dues or dig them deep in the soil.
spores can be seen on the underside There, the fungus does not persist for
of the leaves. long.
Seeds: There are no certified disease- Control: Use wider spacing. Prop up
free seeds on the market. the plants to keep them off the soil.
Transmission: When the weather con- Mulch to reduce splashes. Pruning
ditions are cool and moist, the spores will increase air movement, reduce
spread very fast. Splashes of water can humidity within the crop and thus
transfer the spores from plant to plant. reduce disease intensity. If you irri-
Wind can carry them much greater gate, do it in the heat of the day; this
distances. allows the crop to dry before nightfall
Planting: If you plant tomatoes in a and reduce transmission and develop-
field after Irish potatoes, remove all ment.
tubers, as the remaining potato tubers In wet weather, sprays should be
applied as soon as the disease is seen.
In organic farming chemical fungi-
cides are not allowed. There are plant
extracts that help:
Onions: Use 100 grammes of leaves
per 1 litre water; let it stand for 4 to
7 days in a covered container before
spraying.
African Marigold: Crush 100 200 All Photos courtesy of ICIPE. Recommended
grammes of leaves, roots or flowers. further reading:
Pour on 1 litre boiling water, soak for A Guide to IPM in Tomato Production by
24 hours, add 1 litre of cold water, Ana Milena Varela, Abdurabi Seif and Bern-
hard Loehr, published by ICIPE Science Press,
spray. Nairobi 2003.
Nr. 26 July 2007
Rabbits are good for meat and income

Rabbits provide quality meat tion of Kenya (DGAK), rabbits have
and manure; they are also a good many more benefits:
source of income. Rabbit urine: The urine contains a lot
of ammonia and uric acid. It can be
The Organic Farmer
diluted with water at a ratio of 1:7 and
Rabbit-keeping is one of the simplest applied on crops as a fungicide that
farming activities, although it is not helps to control most fungal diseases
very common in Kenya. Many people in plants. The urine also acts a foliar
keep rabbits as a hobby or as pets. If feed because of its high ammonia
kept clean and well fed, rabbits take a content.
short time to mature. There are three Rabbit dung: The droppings are rich Californian White
common breeds: in nitrogen and phosphorus. Added to
California White: This rabbit is white the soil, it helps give plants resistance
in colour with black ears, nose and against attacks by pests and bacteria.
tail. It weighs 7 to 8 kg. With good Proper feeding is important
spacing, it is able to kid (produce
offspring) four times in a year, giving Organically grown rabbits have a
around 8 kids each time. higher nutritional value compared to
New Zealand White: This rabbit conventionally kept rabbits (rabbits fed
with commercially produced feeds).
is pure white in colour. It weighs
To rear rabbits organically, one has to
approximately 8 kg. It also kids four select their feed carefully. Rabbits can
times in a year with good spacing. It feed on all weeds that goats feed on.
can produce between 7 to 15 kids each On these feeds it is advisable to add Flemish Giant
pregnancy. Mexican Marigold; this plant contains
Flemish Giant: The colour of this certain substances that control para-
rabbit is light grey to black-blue. It sites. To protect rabbits against intesti-
weighs 6 kg when fully grown. When nal worms, farmers should feed them
cross-bred with other breeds, the off- with Nasturtium (Indian cress).
spring reproduces even more than the
parents. It is also bigger in body size. and so is cleanliness
If rabbits are neglected, they are sus-
Meat not the only benefit
ceptible to the following diseases:
The most important benefit of rabbits Coccidiosis: The disease occurs when
is their meat. As yet, the meat is locally feeds are contaminated with dung
not very popular as in many other (especially from poultry) or when
parts of the world, but in Kenya rabbit they feed on wet fodder. Signs and
keeping is slowly becoming more New Zealand White (Photos TOF)
symptoms of coccidiosis include
popular. In Kenya a mature rabbit diarrhoea and inability to feed. The pings do not build up on the floor will
weighing 7 kg goes for an average best way to prevent this disease is to help to protect the animals.
of Ksh 500. Many local hotels prefer ensure the rabbit house is always kept
rabbit meat to chicken meat. Accord- clean. In case of an outbreak of the Good housing
ing to John Mucheru, an extension disease, amaranth seeds and cucurbit Rabbits are very sensitive to diseases
officer with the Dairy Goats Associa- (plants of the cucumber family such if not kept well. They rarely become
as cucumbers, zucchini, melons, etc.) sick if well taken care of and kept in
seeds are used to provide lost energy proper housing and space for rest and
and nutrients to the rabbits. Aloe vera movement. The hutch (rabbit house)
( the white milky liquid in the leaves should be properly built to provide
of the plant ) can be used to prevent or a comfortable and safe place for their
cure the disease. stay. The hutch should be 1 metre
Pasteurelosia: Occurs when the above ground to keep off predators.
rabbits are exposed to the wind. It Rabbits naturally like dark places. The
affects the lungs. A sign of this disease hutch should be a bit dark but with
is abnormal breathing. The only way some light.
to prevent the disease is by protecting The leeward side (the side shel-
the rabbits from the wind. This can be tered from wind) should be com-
done by covering the hutch at night. pletely shielded. The material used
Pneumonia: This disease arises to build the hutch should not leave
by exposure of rabbits to wind. It any gaps that will allow wind into the
also occurs when the droppings are hutch. The floor should be well con-
trapped in the hutch. The decompos- structed such that the panels or wood
ing waste releases ammonia which or sticks allow the free flow of urine.
when inhaled into the lungs causes Farmers who want to trap the urine or
pneumonia. Protection of rabbits from droppings should place a trap (basin)
Godfrey Gichuhi with some of his rabbits the wind and making sure that drop- under the hutch.
Nr. 26 July 2007
My family likes rabbit meat

Peter Kamau, Ruthagati country. Every year he has scooped
the top prizes during annual Agri-
When 65 year-old Godfrey Gichuhi, cultural Society of Kenya shows in
a farmer in Ruthagati village in Kara- various parts in the country. Apart
tina, started rabbit-keeping 16 years from being a major supplier of rabbits
ago, fellow farmers in his village did to farmers, schools and hospitals,
not take him seriously. But he has he has been able to fill orders from
proved them wrong. Rabbits have across the borders in Tanzania and
become a major source of his income, Uganda. Whenever the Ministry of
as well as providing his family with a Agriculture officials get enquiries
good supply of high-quality meat.
I keep rabbits for several reasons,
from buyers, they refer them to him, Northern leaf blight is
which has increased his customer
the most important being the fact base and income. In a year, Gichuhi difficult to control
that everyone in my family likes their sells between 300 to 400 rabbits, at an How can one deal with the northern
meat, which is soft and nutritious. average farm gate price of Ksh 300 leaf blight? Despite good cultural
The second reason is that they are a to Ksh 400, making him an average practices in subsistence farms, the
good source of income, and thirdly, of Ksh 100,000 a year. Sometimes disease is still persistent in maize.
because they provide me with high the rabbits reproduce so fast that he
quality compost that contains all has difficulties finding markets for Z.M. Kinyua *
essential nutrients that the soil needs them. He is now planning to set up a As with any problem, proper diag-
for crop production. I no longer use website on the internet to tap buyers nosis (identity) of a disease is impor-
chemical fertilizers in my shamba, in the international market. Gichuhi tant in determining how to control/
he says. Gichuhis passion for rabbits also keeps three dairy cattle and manage it. Assuming that the farmers
started in 1991, when he attended a grows coffee and other food crops in raising the question on how to manage
training course at the Kenya Institute his 7 - acre (3 ha) farm. northern leaf blight have correctly
of Organic Farming (KIOF). After the identified the disease, the following
training he bought five rabbits from Group campaining for market
highlights might be useful:
the Ngong Farmers Training College, Together with other farmers who have
1. The disease northern leaf blight is
where he received further training on embraced rabbit keeping, they have
caused by a fungus known as Exsero-
rabbit husbandry. formed the Mathira Rabbit Keeping
hilum turcicum, which attacks maize.
Today, Gichuhi is one of the most and Horticultural Fruit Growers. The
The disease is also referred to as Tur-
prominent rabbit farmers in the 80-member group is carrying out a
cicum leaf blight.
major campaign to educate fellow
2. The disease is particularly damag-
farmers and consumers on the ben-
ing in high-altitude areas (above 2000
efits of rabbit meat and their produc-
metres), under cool, humid condi-
tion. Many people who could not
tions. This is opposed to the southern
touch rabbit meat are now becom-
leaf blight (caused by the fungus Hel-
ing consumers and they have started
minthosporium maydis) and northern
keeping them. This is a sign that
leaf spot (caused by Bipolaris zeicola,
many Kenyans could turn to rabbits
also known as Helminthosporium carbo-
as a cheap source of protein since
num), which are prevalent in warmer,
they are easy to rear and require little
humid environments.
space, Gichuhi adds.
3. Northern leaf blight may be con-
If you need more information, contact
trolled by applying the following mea-
Godfrey Gichuhi, P.O Box 137, Karatina,
Gichuhi's awards for rabbit keeping (TOF)
sures, preferably in combinations:
0720 406 195
Control methods
What can I feed rabbits in the dry season? Field sanitation: Destroy diseased
This question from Wellington Njeru, difficult time because most of these plant remains, for instance by plough-
Kianyaga, and other farmers is easy to feeds are in short supply. Rabbits need ing under the residues soon after har-
answer. Rabbits like to eat grass, weeds, to feed on concentrates such as maize vesting dry maize, in order to reduce
garden and kitchen waste, however, bran and pollard at this time of the the survival of the fungus. This will
during the dry season farmers have year; however many farmers cannot prevent attacks on a subsequent sea-
afford to buy these concentrates as sons crop. Removal of lower leaves
Take care of rabbits they are too expensive. Gichuhi cuts if they are heavily attacked is also
Many farmers keep animals in unhy- arrowroot tubers or bananas into useful in reducing disease spread.
gienic crowded cages without ade- small pellets, which he then dries and Crop rotation: Avoid planting maize
quate light and air. Organic Farming feeds the rabbits. He also feeds them in the same field during consecutive
Standards demand that animals are with maize. Pellets are nutritious and seasons. Rotation allows the fungus to
kept in a clean environment with can sustain the rabbits when other die due to lack of a host on which to
adequate space for movement. They feeds are not enough. Rabbits can also multiply. Again, this is for the protec-
should also be handled in a humane be fed on good quality hay. To fatten tion of subsequent maize plantings.
way to reduce injury and stress. Do them, rabbits can be fed with dairy Use of resistant varieties: A variety
not hold rabbits by the ears. meal, porridge or even bread. named EH05272 has been reported to
continued on page 7
Nr. 26 July 2007
Watermelons dont like it too wet

What preventive / curative means on this method of watering. Overhead infections, it is best to lift the entire
watermelons are possible in organic irrigation and rain will also result in plant as soon as you spot the infection
farming? the spread of both bacterial and fungal and destroy it, preferably by burning.
diseases in this plant family group. Fungus infections, however, if
Watermelon and all other plants from detected early can be treated organi-
the same family, butternut, pumpkin, Remove infected plants cally the following ways:
zuchinni cucumber, etc., generally all Finally, these plants can also be subject - Spray with milk diluted with water
suffer from the same diseases. This is to virus diseases. This is when the 1:5
a family group that is prone to suffer leaves, especially the new growing - Soak 4 kg stinging nettle in 10 litres
from viral, bacterial and fungal dis- ones, are mottled, veiny, curled and water, leave for 7 days then spray
eases. scrawny looking compared to healthy - Spray with neem solution
It is extremely important therefore leaves. Insects and pollinators can - Spray with Thiovit (sulphur, accepted
that these plants are kept as healthy as spread viral disease from plant to in organic farming and available from
possible. Have you ever noticed how plant. In the case of viral and bacterial most agro- veterinary shops).
the strongest and largest pumpkins
grow around compost pits? In learn- Guinea pigs are nutritious
ing from this we realise these plants but not popular
need a lot of nutrition, they are heavy "Can you print something on Guinea
feeders. pigs?" asks a farmer (0723 006 508).
To avoid heavy fungal infections on They can play a major role to promote
the leaves that are normally due to farm waste recycling and produce
powdery mildew or downy mildew, quality protein for human food.
we must recognise the conditions in
which fungi thrive, and avoid them. You are right! Guinea pig meat is
Fungi thrive in areas of high humid- rich in protein, low in fat and choles-
ity. Thus, when planting in areas of trol and is described as being similar
high humidity, make sure to have to rabbit meat or the white meat
adequate spacing between the plants, of chicken. These animals, a little
resulting in good aeration around What about hedgehogs? smaller than rabbits, are a staple food
each plant. How can I control hedgehogs and for the population of the Andes, the
Further to this, plants that are in areas squirrels? high mountains in South
with water logging or too much water America. In Peru
are easily subject to soil-borne bacte- Squirrels love to eat seeds and often for instance (28
rial diseases. This is obvious when the dig up newly planted butternut , Mio inhabitants),
plant starts to wilt and leaves easily zuchinni, cucumber, etc. Fortunately people consume
rot off the main stalk. It is wise to I do not have the problem on my an estimated 65
make sure soil drainage is very good farm, though I have heard about a million guinea
and irrigation is controlled if using farmer who does the following. After pigs each year. Due to the
planting, he sprinkles dried crushed fact that guinea pigs require much less
chillies around and over the seedbed room than traditional livestock and
or seed holes. Squirrels love to pick reproduce extremely quickly, they are
the seed in their hands and chew on for rural and urban families a more
them. As they walk over the chillies, profitable source of food and income
their feet and hands are contami- than many traditional animals, such
nated. The resulting chillie taste soon as pigs and cows. Guinea pigs were
deters them from the field or area. once popular laboratory animals for
I imagine the same application of scientific research. Since the middle
crushed chillies may be a good deter- twentieth century, they have been
ent to hedgehogs, though hedgehogs replaced in laboratory experimental
generally feed on small insects, slugs, test in many countries primarily by
snails, beetles and worms and are said mice and rats.
to be insectivores. It is not likely they In Africa and Kenya people tend to
Water melons are heavy feeders are damaging your crops or seeds. see guinea pigs more as rats, they
On the contrary, they are helping to refuse to eat them. In April 2007, the
control the bug population in your Daily Nation wrote
fields and should be encouraged. In an article about a
many parts of the world especially farmer in the out-
the UK and other European countries, skirts of Eldoret,
organic farmers encourage hedgehogs who is rearing
into their fields by creating conducive guinea pigs and
habitats, for example hedge rows, for is totally desper-
the little animals. Some farmers even ate: he can not
feed them to keep them around when find buyers.
insect populations area low! (TOF)
Nr. 26 July 2007
Radio programme Our soils improved ili nizidishe maarifa zaidi kwa yale
We are a registered group dealing ambao yalikuwa. Sina ujuzi nao
helped us know you with dairy goat breeding under the kwa vile ni mara yangu ya kwanza
Khwisero United Farmers Organi- Dairy Goat Association of Kenya. As kuwasiliana nanyi tuzidishe ushiriki-
zation is a communitybased civil an organized group of 25 members ano kwa shughuli zote. Sina la ziada
society organization currently operat- we would be grateful to be sent your ila hayo.
ing in four sublocations of Khwisero educative magazine. We learned Ronald Ben Nzomo P.O Box 78, Mar-
Division with the following objec- about it from a friend and found it iakani
tives: useful because we also practise other
- Access to marketing systems of their farming activities in our farms apart I heard you on radio
products from goat breeding. For instance we I am a small scale farmer, and became
- Access to modern farming technolo- do poultry keeping, dairy farming, interested in organic farming after lis-
gies maize, potatoes, carrots and beetroot tening to your programme Kipindi
- Soliciting for assistance from the growing among other crops, using cha sikio la mkulima. Now, please
government and other well wishers EM compost and plant extracts. This can you send me the magazine. I
and addressing food security within believe this will help me much in
group is in Malewa location, Kipipiri
our divisions. organic farming.
On farming technologies, we col- Division of Nyandarua District. As an
organic farmer, I have experienced soil Lawi Mutuma, P.O Box 6383 00300,
laborate with research organizations Nairobi
such as ICIPE, KARI, KEFRI, AATF improvement in texture and fertility
etc. to reduce striga weed, which is a since I started using EM and compost
major problem affecting food security in my farm. Also helpful insects like A valuable magazine
in this region. In your programme earthworms, sugar ants which attack We are farmers in Ol Joro Or
W Orok,
ok, Nyan-
aired over the radio, you mentioned aphids and cutworms in the farm have darua District. We have found The
The Organic Farmer magazine of April increased tremendously. Thank you. Organic Farmer magazine very helpful.
which featured mushroom farming. Mwangi Kimani, Kimuru Dairy Goat, We are interested in becoming organic
Our group is very much interested P.O Box 5, Wanjohi farmers. Include us in your mailing
and wishes to kindly request if you list.
could be sending us copies of your
Tumejifunza mengi Peter Kambo, Oraimutia Primary,
monthly publication. We will ensure Nikiwa msikilizaji sugu wa kipindi School, P.O Box 344, Ol Joro Orok
that they reach all members of our cha sikio la mkulima kila alhamisi,
group. We enclose a copy of our reg- nimeweza kuwasikia mkizungumzia More on zero grazing
istration certificate. kuhusu kilimo hai. Ama kwa kweli We recently received a copy of your
Drecky E. Okeno, P.O Box 125-50101, nimeweza kujifunza na kujiongezea very useful magazine from another
Butere maarifa mengi ambayo ninajaribu group in Kangundo. We would like
Dear Drecky, we will send you the issue on kuyatimiza katika mradi wa kijamii to receive future copies of the maga-
mushroom growing. Let us know about your ninaoendesha. Hivyo basi ili kuweza zine as our 25 members were all very
experience in the fight against striga. We kufaridi vyema na kuweza kuwan- impressed by the quality of articles
are very interested to know more about the ufaisha wanakijiji wenzangu hasa and the many useful tips for dairy
problem. kutokana na mbinu bora za kilimo farmers. Please kindly put us into
hai, naomba mnitumie nakala moja contact with somebody who can
Northern leaf blight a problem au zaidi ya The Organic Farmer hati- advise us whether we can conduct our
continued from page 5 maye mko huru kuutembelea mradi zero grazing in an organic manner,
be resistant to Turcicum leaf blight. huu ili kujionea yale ninayoyafanya what advantages there will be, and
It is a late-maturing variety suited to mathalani ufugaji wa mbuziwa the costs sacrifices involved.
highland areas (between 1800 2200 maziwa, ngombe wa maziwa, ufugaji Soo Nzioka, Itethye Ngutethye Group,
m). More information on availability wa nyuki, ufugaji wa kuku wa mayai P.O Box 814, Machakos
of EH05272 seed may be obtained na mengineo mengi. Asanteni sana. Dear Soo, we will send you some copies of
from KARIs Maize Breeding Pro- Ali H Kimani, Care for the Earth Farm an article we carried in our magazine in our
gramme or Dr. George Ombakho Project, P.O Box 34-40602, Ndori March 2007 issue. We hope this will provide
(Email: irmaktl@africaonline.co.ke). your group with the information you need.
You may also assess various variet- Tushirikiane
ies that are available to you for their Kwanza pokeeni salamu zangu nyingi
tolerance/resistance to the disease sana, nina wapongeza sana kwa kazi
by planting them in portions on the yenu nzuri sana ambayo imetueli-
same field; select the most promising misha vilivyo ikiwa kwanza mimi ni
ones (the ones that show no sign of kijana ambaye ninajishughulisha na
the fungus) for large-scale planting in kazi ya shamba, kama vile upandaji
subsequent seasons. mboga na mimea ya migomba nita-
furahia sana nitakapoona tunashiriki-
* Dr. Kinyua is a plant pathologist at the
ana vilivyo kupeana usaidizi kwa
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute,

kazi hizi zetu. Kwa upande wa lile
NARL), Nairobi.
toleo nitashukuru sana nitakapopata Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Nr. 26 July 2007
Blackjack is not just a weed!

As we are getting on with our farm Training: Baraka Agricultural College
work, I would like to share some prac- Molo, offers training opportunities for
tical advice on the so called weeds. farmers, development workers and
In almost all systems of cropping, rural business people. The following
weeds are quoted as a big nuisance, courses of one week duration will be
causing yield disadvantage to farmers. offered in July and August 2007: Dairy
To get rid of these weeds, herbicide
use is promoted by most farmers -
and the cost is very high. Therefore, garden, people normally get amused
agro-management of these weeds in a when they come across a Bidens pilosa Introduction to beekeeping August
useful manner is important. garden and also when our workers
Keep weeds as secondary crops. collect the seeds. To be more precise,
Farmers should be taught the value the plant can earn huge income to 6000 and Ksh 8000, covering tuition,
of these socalled weeds and how to many if well utilized. Take a look: 150 food and accommodation. The Certifi-
harvest and utilize them for their own grs. of Bidens pilosa tea goes for KSh cate in Sustainable Agriculture course
well-being. Let me take you quickly 150, therefore 1 kg of tea will give you takes 60 weeks and the Diploma takes
through a known plant (called a weed about KSh 1,050. Fellow farmers, just 57 weeks.
by many): the blackjack or Latin, let us be honest when answering this Baraka Agricultural College
Bidens pilosa. Honestly, this plant does question (you can text me or answer P.O. Box 52 Molo, 20106, Tel. 051
wonders both healthwise and envi- it through The Organic Farmer): How 731 091, Cell: 0725 777 421, email:
ronmentally in general. Bidens pilosa is much do each of you spend in eradi- baraka@sustainableag.org
used as a vegetable (leaves), medicine cating such weeds like the one I have Watermelon: I am looking for buyers
(for intestinal worms, gas remover, mentioned? of my watermelon fruits. They are
natural antibiotic, eye & ear prob- Johannes B. Samikwo, Multiplan Interna- not yet ready for the market but
lems, malaria fever etc.); it is helpful tional Medicinal Conservation, Endebess, interested buyers can get in touch
as natural fertilizer, fodder and as 0735 393 608, Fax: 054 311 26, Email: bosco- with me. Call Owino Tel. 0727 127128
insect repellant. In our botanical joannes@yahoo.com Siaya.
Growing seed potatoes in mid-air Beehives for sale: I make beehives of
type ORION 12. Interested farmers
The alternative method can produce In the normal way, the produc- can contact me. Karago, Ngorika Tel.
more seed and is cheaper than the tion of minitubers is done on soil or 0734 961391 or 0724 245958.
methods used currently. compostbased substrate which has Fish for sale: We run a fish hatch-
to be sterilized to kill disease-causing ery called WISE Fish Hatcheries in
The Organic Farmer organisms. The new method avoids Bungoma. We supply quality catfish
The International Potato Centre (CIP) the need to disinfect the soil with and tilapia fingerlings. Contact us
harmful chemicals and keeps it heathy
has developed a lowcost and afford- on Tel.0723 006508. For orders we
as well. The frames are covered with
able technology of fast production of can arrange to deliver to the nearest
black plastic to keep out the light and
potato seed without exposing it to town.
the plants sprayed with a solution of
soil borne diseases. Local research Indigenous trees: I am from Ngorika
nutrients to allow them to grow. The
institutions have inadequate land and I have indigenous tree seedlings
method is up to ten times more effec-
to multiply basic seed for sale to for sale. Contact Daniel Mugi 0723
farmers. The new method known as tive than the use of the conventional
methods of seed production which 686960.
aeroponics overcomes this problem
by growing minitubers from disease- produce less seeds. Indigenous chickens: I have 100
free plantlets in insect-proof screen Seed production cost reduced locally bred indigenous chickens for
houses. In this method potato seed- sale. Any buyer interested can get
The new technology also reduces the in touch with me. Chairman Kimasa
lings are grown on specially made seed potato production cost consider- Youth Group Tel. 0729 750707.
frames in such a way that the roots ably. Results show that up to 60,000
and the tubers grow suspended in the minitubers can be produced in a Rabbits for sale: I am a farmer
air without touching the soil. single 15 x 5 feet screen house. In the dealing with rabbit production, and
conventional production system, only I am looking for markets. My rabbits
18,000 minitubers can be produced. are organically fed. Tel. 0724 857878.
Another advantage is that the tubers Do you know this farmer? John
can be harvested at any size the seed Njagi, a farmer in Malindi would like
user wants, say from 5 to 30 grammes. to get in touch with Stephen Nguyo,
The KARI Horticulture Division has a mushroom grower who also owns
shown interest and is seeking funding a hotel in Nyeri town. Do you know
to establish the technology within the Mr Nguyo? Please tell him to contact
Growing potatoes are suspended in the air National Potato Programme. Mr Njagi on 0722 171 518.
The magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 27 August 2007
Green manure is best fertilizer

Mucuna or crotalaria or One of the most frequent requests we
purple vetch (pictured) are receive from the farmers throughout the
not just weeds. Used prop- country is to provide them with financial
erly, they are the best way assistance for buying farm inputs. We
to improve soil fertility. lack resources to help the farmers. As
much as farmers are eager to improve
The Organic Farmer their production and income, their request
is a clear indication that they are unable
Crop yields in sub-Sa-
haran Africa have hardly to access credit in the local financial
institutions. This is mainly because of the
increased since the 1960s. many conditions attached to loans.
The reason for this poor
performance is the declin- As we have reported many times in
ing soil fertility in the this column, there are many low-cost
continent. On 85 percent methods farmers can use to improve their
of the African farmland, production. One of these methods is to
the yearly loss of nutri-
incorporate green manure legumes into
their cropping systems. These legumes
ents is more than 30 kg contain important nutrients such as
per hectare much more nitrogen that help improve soil fertility.
than on all other conti- Although many farmers already know
nents. The poverty of the that legumes offer a simple and cheap
African farmers is the method of improving soil productivity,
main reason. Smallholder many have largely ignored this advice;
farmers in the region do most of them burn bean residues after
not have the means to threshing the beans.
access inputs (such as Apart from the above-mentioned finan-
fertilizers) and extension cial dilemma, behind this behaviour lies a
services needed to raise their produc- worldwide is pinning much hope on structural problem. Many rural house-
tivity. At the same time, traditional the use of green manure legumes and holds and have neither the labour to
methods of replenishing soil fertility, their addition of nitrogen to the soil devote to careful crop management nor
such as fallowing or rotations, are no time to learn new techniques, writes
longer possible due to the diminish- TOF on air! Robert Tripp in an article for the British
ing size of land holdings. On Thursday of every third Overseas Development Institute. Added
A way out of this sad development week of the month, you can hear The to this is the fact that new technolo-
is the use of green manure legumes to Organic Farmer on the Kiswahili Service of gies such as the green manure method
improve soil fertility. Legumes such KBC from 8.30 pm to 8.45 pm. In the next may require some additional labour, even
as lablab, desmodium and purple programme we will talk about income though it would be more than worth-
vetch have many benefits, includ- generation with dairy goats, poultry and while.
ing soil fertility replenishment, soil mushrooms. Tune in on Thursday 20th We would really encourage small-scale
and water conservation and weed August, 2007, 8.30pm! farmers to open their minds and try new
and pest control, not to forget their (the most important nutrient for crop methods that could help improve their
use in human and animal nutrition. production). However, the change is yields. It is only those who are ready to
Research done by the Kenya Agri- slow and is not seen for three to four adapt to new ideas that manage to survive
cultural Research Institute (KARI) seasons. in the rapidly changing situation in the
as well as by many other institutes agricultural sector. Instead of looking for
According to KARI studies in
solutions to their problems elsewhere, it
the Kenyan highlands, legumes is time farmers tried to find the solution
such as mucuna, lablab, crotalaria within their own farming systems and
and canavalia, planted as a mono- practices. In other words, the farmers
culture during one season, added 2 future lies in their own hands.
15 tonnes of organic matter per Finally, we have one point to make:
hectare and were contributing 35 - Many farmers groups are complaining
150 kg nitrogen under the same area. that they do not get our magazine from
Research by scientists and farmers in their distribution institutions, or group
Kisii discovered the benefit of these chairmen do not hand them out. We
legumes in intercropping with maize: know that this may be a genuine problem.
Before the use of green manure, the Those groups who are unable to get their
The fruit fly can cause great loss to yields were 12 bags of maize per acre, monthly copies can write to us, giving
farmers' mango trees. How can they and afterwards, the yield rose to 20 their full addresses so that we can send
control this pest? Page 4 and 5 bags per acre. See pages 2 and 3 the magazine directly to them.
Nr. 27 August 2007
OPINIONS
Quote: There is, of course, a gold
Mixed cropping is good practice
mine or a buried treasure on every Planting different crops on the same
mortgaged homestead. Whether the land has many advantages for the
farmer ever digs for it or not, it is small-scale farmer.
there, haunting his daydreams when
the burden of debt is most unbear- The Organic Farmer
able. A short while ago, farmer Zachary
Quote: Life on a farm is a school of Mwarari sent us an SMS asking us to
patience; you cant hurry the crops or show the difference between inter-
make an ox in two days. cropping, mixed cropping and asso-
ciative cropping. There is no sharp
Quote: No one hates his job so line to draw, as all three are somewhat
heartily as a farmer. H.L. Mencken related, and all three methods play a
major role in sustainable and organic Row intercropping
Quote: Never answer a question agriculture. Since many farmers send
from a farmer. Hubert H. Humphrey taller stems ensures good soil cover
us questions on this issue, we feature and moisture retention.
it together with the article on legumes Leguminous crops (e.g. beans) may
on page 3. be grown in association with crops
Different needs or before crops which have a high
magazine
Associative cropping means the demand for nitrogen (e.g. maize).
growing of two or more crops on Perennial plants can be effectively
the same field at the same time. This associated with seasonal plants.
method relies on the simple fact that Benefit of associating crops
different plant species, or even vari- Due to the more efficient use of
eties, have different needs for nutri- space (over and under the ground),
ents, water, light, etc. Different plants and because of beneficial interactions
require different amounts of nutrients between the mixed crops, this method
to produce a good yield. Some plants permits more intensive production.
have an especially high demand for The yields are usually lower for each
specific nutrients. While some plants crop than when the crops are planted
like full sunlight, others prefer half- separately, but the total yield of the
light. Plants growing in poor soils field is usually much higher when two
prefer to be shaded more than plants or more crops are grown.
growing under ideal soil conditions. Diversification is important: Mixed
There are two different ways to asso- cropping reduces the dependency on
ciate crops: only one crop. If one crop fails, the
Mixed intercropping: Two or more other one will provide food. Inter-
crops are randomly sown at the same cropping spreads the economic risk
time, and share the same space (row), among various crops.
or can even be planted in the same The different crops do not mature
hole. at the same time. This means that
Intercropping in lines: Two or more one crop will remain and provide the
crops are sown at the same time in
neighbouring lines in the same field crops are harvested. And, there is not
(as Kenyan farmers do with maize and so much work in harvesting the entire
beans). field at the same time.
Since different plants have different Soil quality improves when nitro-
needs, the root competition should
be minimal, and the periods of most mixed with crops or when a green
active nutrient uptake should not manure legume is planted for this
coincide. A farmer has to carefully purpose (see page 3).
select the plants that can be planted Intercropping means that there is
together (associated): less need for rotating crops from one
Crops with strong rooting systems season to the next.
should be associated or alternated A variety of crops reduce pest and
with plants with a weak root growth. disease attack compared to single
Planting distances should be such cropping systems. The deterring or
that nutrient competition between attracting effects of some plants helps
plants can be minimized. to prevent pest attack on other crops.
Deep-rooted crops are best grown Planting garlic or onions next to other
together with shallow-rooted plants to plants, for example, helps to repel
maximize efficient use of space. pests such as nematodes; their smell
makes it difficult for the insect to
plants or creepers with plants with detect its target crop.
Nr. 27 August 2007
Legumes are a cheap source of nitrogen

When it comes to fertilizing the soil, nutrients quickly. This is different
green manure legumes are best.Small- from crop residues, which decompose
scale farmers rarely use this method, at a slower rate and will therefore
however. contribute more to the build-up of
soil organic matter than to fertilizing
Philomena Nyagilo the crop.
Instead of spending money on com- Increased yields for the farmer
mercial nitrogen fertilizers, farmers
can use green manure legumes to Green manures penetrate the soil with
improve soil quality and get a better their roots, bind nutrients and support
harvest. However, using up space in the infiltration of water into the soil.
a small shamba for plants that cannot The contribution of organic matter to
be eaten is a very strange idea to the soil from a green manure crop is
many farmers. comparable to the addition of 9 to 13
The green manure method is a pillar tonnes per acre (0.4 ha) of farmyard
of organic and sustainable farming. manure.
Green manures are plants grown to Leguminous plants fix nitrogen
accumulate nutrients for the main from the air into the soil. This nitro-
crop. When they have built up the gen enriches the soil and feeds all
maximum biomass, they are cut and plants in the area. The portion of Legumes: nitrogen factories
incorporated into the soil. This fresh green manure-nitrogen available to All plants need nitrogen to grow well.
plant material will decompose within a crop planted later is usually about In theory, there is no lack of nitrogen.
a short period of time and release 40 to 60 percent of the total amount Air consists mainly of nitrogen (78
of nitrogen contained in the legume. percent), but most plants are not able
to take nitrogen directly from the air;
How to For example, a purple vetch crop that
accumulated 90 kg of nitrogen per they need it in modified form. Some
use green manures acre prior to plowing down will con- plants, especially from the legume
If you grow green manures in crop tribute approximately 45 kg of nitro- family, are capable of fixing nitrogen
rotation, the time of sowing must be gen per acre to the succeeding grain directly from the air with their roots,
chosen such that the green manures or vegetable crop. Lesser amounts are and changing it into a soluble form
can be cut down and worked into the available for the second or third crop as nutrients. Some of this nitrogen
soil before the next crop is sown. following a legume, but increased is spread in the soil and can be used
Green manures need water for ger- yields are apparent for two to three by neighbouring plants. That is why
mination and growth! growing seasons. Other advantages of intercropping is important (see page
If legumes and green manure are green manure are as follows: 2). The effect is even better when
grown in a field for the first time, Some green manures can be used as legumes are dug into the soil. They
inoculation of the seeds with the fodder plants, or even to provide food enrich the soil with nitrogen, and
specific rhizobia (soil bacteria) may for human consumption (e.g. beans plants growing next on the same field
be necessary to benefit from nitrogen and peas). benefit from this readily available
fixation by the legume; you can find By decomposing, green manures nitrogen.
the inoculation material in Kenya release all kinds of nutrients, includ- Legumes: Lablab (above), mucuna (below).
Seed Company stores and shops. ing phosphorus, potassium, calcium, (Photos courtesy of Top Tropicals)
In the undersown method, the magnesium, sulphur, and others.
green manure is sown at the same They are accumulated by cover crops
time as the main crop or a little bit during a growing season. When the
later, if the green manure grows green manure is incorporated or laid
faster than the main crop. down as mulch, these plant-essen-
The time gap between digging in tial nutrients become available during
the green manure into the soil and decomposition.
planting the next crop should not - Green manures suppress weeds and
be longer than 2 to 3 weeks, so as to protect the soil from erosion by wind
prevent nutrient losses from decom- and water and direct sunlight. Soil
posing green manure. cover reduces soil crusting and surface with the main crops they compete
Green manures are worked in easily water runoff during rainy periods. for nutrients, water and light, but
when the plants are still young; if the benefit of having a source of high
they are taller or too bulky, it is pref- Important points to consider protein food (e.g. beans) may out-
erabe to chop the plants. The best Green manuring is an inexpensive weigh this.
time to dig in green manures is just way to improve soil fertility and the If there is not enough food available
before flowering. nutrition of the main crops grown. in a farmers family and little space
Green manures should be incor- There are some aspects which must on the shamba, it may be more appro-
porated near the surface of the soil, be considered: priate to grow a food crop rather
not too deep: In heavy soils, dig in Green manuring requires some than a green manure and recycle the
5 to 15 cm; in light soils, 10 cm to a additional labour. crop residues, or to intercrop a green
maximum of 20 cm! If green manures are intercropped manure crop with the main crop.
Nr. 27 August 2007
Protect your mangoes against fruit flies

Fruit flies cause great losses to mango eggs under the skin of the mango
farmers. Here are some methods to fruit. The eggs hatch into whitish
control these pests. maggots that feed in the decaying
flesh of the fruit. Infested fruit quickly
Sunday Ekesi (ICIPE)*
rot, causing considerable losses in
Mango production is continually production.
gaining recognition for its potential as In the past, yield loss on mangoes
a major source of income, especially in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda due
for smallholder farms. The total area to the indigenous fruit flies range
under mango production in Kenya between 30 to 70 percent, depending
alone is estimated at 16,000 ha. Mango on the locality, season and variety.
exports from Africa were estimated at This problem became aggravated by
Fruit flies: Ceratitis capitata mating
35-40 thousand tonnes annually and the fairly recent introduction of Bac-
worth around KSh 3 billion (US$ 42 trocera invadens, and damage has now
million). The EU remains the largest increased to between 40 to 80 percent, Con
destination market for export from especially in lowland areas where it is
Africa. now the dominant fruit fly pest.
Three types of pests Control methods
In each region where mango is grown, There are several methods of control-
it is attacked by fruit flies of different ling fruit flies. The approach that is
types. being promoted by ICIPE is to adopt a
One of the major pests of the fruit fly combination of methods by applying
family is Bactrocera invadens. In addi- Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
tion to mango (which is the primary techniques.
host), the insect also attacks other cul- Baiting technique: The traditional Bactrocera invadens male enlarged 800
tivated fruits such as oranges, tomato, method of fruit fly control is based times (Photos courtesy: Robert Copeland)
banana, guava, custard apple and on use of food baits. The bait attracts and can be applied using the on-label
avocado. the fruit flies from a distance to the information on the container.
Another fruit fly is Ceratitis cosyra. spot of application, where the flies Major problems in the use of baits
In addition to mango, it also attacks feed on the bait, ingest the pesticide in Africa is that they are expensive
guava, custard apple and marula. and die. The bait is normally applied and inaccessible to a large number of
The insect gradually has been pushed to a 1 square meter (1 m)spot on the fruit growers. Research at ICIPE has
away by other fruit fly species from canopy of each tree in the orchard on shown that a protein bait from brew-
the lowland areas, but they remain a weekly basis, starting from when ers yeast obtained as an industrial
a threat to mango production in the the fruits are about 1 cm in size by-product provides good control
highlands. and continues till the very end of of mango infesting fruit flies when
Third in terms of economic impor- the harvest. Several commercial baits applied in low volumes as spot spray
tance on mango are Ceratitis rosa and are available in the market, such as to 1 m of mango canopy or to the
its close relative, Ceratitis fasciventris. NuLure, Buminal and Solbait, that mango trunk. Research is continuing
Apart from mango, they also attack can be mixed with pesticide such to formulate the bait to enhance its
a broad range of cultivated and wild as Spinosad and applied as above. attractiveness to fruit flies. The new
fruits. Another commercial product is GF- bait should be available as an alterna-
Fruit flies cause direct losses to 120 (Success). This bait is already tive to imported products in the very
mango when the female fly lays her pre-mixed with pesticide (Spinosad) near future.
Soil inoculation: During develop-
ment, mature maggots of fruit flies
drop from the fruits to the ground,
burrow into the soil and form a
resting stage called the puparia. An
important part of fruit fly suppression
research at ICIPE includes soil treat-
ment with a fungal pathogen to kill
the mature maggot and puparia. The
active ingredient in the granules is a
fungus called Metarhizium anisopliae,
a naturally occurring fungus that is
used worldwide as a biological pesti-
cide for controlling different kinds of
insect pests. The fungus is formulated
as granules and can be manually dis-
tributed by hand and then raked into
the soil under the mango canopy.
Healthy Tommy mangoes (L). Infested mango fruit full of maggots(R). (TOF / R. Copeland) Application is usually done once in
continued on page 5
Nr. 27 August 2007
Common mango varieties grown in Kenya

A mango orchard should be kept 2006 and as we report here again.
clean to prevent pests and diseases.
Good care can improve productivity shaped trees within the first four years
and income for farmers. and do not require pruning unless
The Organic Farmer there are excessive branches or unless
they acquire an unusual shape. The
Like other farmers, Linner Sigei from orchard should always be kept clean
Bomet is interested in mango produc- to prevent pests and spread of fungal
tion. She has 50 grafted mango trees diseases. The most common diseases
which are about four years old now, are powdery mildew and anthrac-
and wants to know if she can grow nose. Powdery mildew is a serious
them organically. Yes, she can, as we
have shown already in TOF January in Kenya. Infections can lead to com-
Ngowe Variety: Ngowe is the most
plete crop loss. Anthracnose is also a
easily recognised of the local mango
ntrolling the fruit fly... common disease limiting production,
varieties. Ngowe mango trees are
Continued from page 4 especially in areas with high humid-
comparatively small and round in
ity. Farmers growing mangoes con-
the season at the onset of fruiting; the shape. The fruit is good for commer-
ventionally could use chemicals such
fungus can persist in the soil for over cial production and export, however
as Benomil or sulphur mixed with a
one year. Additional research is still the tree is susceptible to powdery
sticker. For those growing mangoes
being conducted on the appropriate mildew.
organically, copper oxychloride may
formulation and the product should be used to control these diseases. Haden variety:
be available in the near future for Because of its good
application by farmers to control the Fertilizer application quality, seeds from
pests. For farmers who prefer growing the Haden variety
are used as parent
Additional control methods compost can be applied every one or for several other
Orchard sanitation: Poorly managed two months around the tree following varieties of mangoes. It produces
or abandoned orchards and a variety the drip line (where the trees absorp- medium to large-sized fruit and is
of wild hosts can result in a build- tion roots are located). Farmers must very juicy with a pleasant aroma.
up of fruit fly populations. Orchard be careful not to apply too much The Haden variety has an attractive
sanitation, which entails the collec- compost, as this tends to promote appearance and is suitable for com-
tion and destruction of all unwanted rapid tree growth at the expense mercial production.
fruits containing fruit fly maggots of flowering and fruiting. For the
on the tree and on the ground, can mangoes to be certified as organic,
significantly to reduce damaging fruit the orchard has to be inspected to
fly populations in the orchard. This ensure all certification requirements
is a very laborious exercise, but can are met. It is recommended that soil
be quite effective if the fruits are col- and leaf samples are taken for analy-
lected regularly and destroyed twice sis before any fertilizer application
a week for the entire season. The col- is done in order to know the plants
lected fruits should be destroyed by nutrient requirements.
either burning, burying (at least 50 cm
deep), or putting them in tied plastic Tommy Atkins variety: The Tommy
bags and exposing them to the heat of Atkins variety has become an impor-
the sun for a few days until the fruit is tant commercial variety. It has a firm,
rotten and all the maggots in the bags
are dead. moderate fibre and pleasant aroma. It
Mechanical fruit protection: Wrap- is good for export because of its longer
ping or bagging of individual fruits shelf life. It can also resist anthrac-
with newspaper or plastic bags to nose and powdery mildew.
prevent adult fruit flies from laying Apple Variety:
eggs on the fruits is also a practice This variety orig-
for producing fruits that are free from inated from the
fruit flies. To be effective, the fruits Kenyan coast. It
must be wrapped or bagged well has a rich yellow/
before fruit fly attack, at least one Kent variety: The Kent variety has a orange colour when
month before harvest. Although labo-
rious, it is an effective method for or crimson blush on the shoulder. Its to large fruits that are
expensive fruit species produced for flesh is juicy, melting deep yellow and round in shape and
export or fruits produced in backyard fibreless, with a rich flavour. The Kent smooth in texture and
gardens for family use. tree is large and vigorous with a dense that do not have fibres.
*Dr. Sunday Ekesi is a Senior Scientist at The tree is susceptible to anthracnose
ICIPE and leads the fruit fly programme. and is suitable for export. and powdery mildew.
Nr. 27 August 2007
Control bean flies with sodom apple
What ratio of sodom apple fruit or If your field is seriously affected, lift
leaves should I use to control the bean and burn the beans. Bean flies are less
fly? prevalent during the rainy season,
Peter Okello, Sondu Tel 0729 518 628. therefore plan your planting of beans
Sodom apple solution is made using accordingly.
1 kg of fruit and leaves to 3 litres of If a field or area has a high level
water. Be sure to earth up the beans of infestation with bean flies, rotate
stems that are already affected by the with another crop. Bean fly maggots
pest, to allow the beans to send down can persist in the soil for an entire
Compost kitchen secondary roots. season.
waste well before use Sukumawiki is a nutritional powerhouse

Can I use kitchen waste directly on
bananas? Or which is the best way? P. Do you love kales or sukumawiki
Gachanja, Ruai Tel. 0722 304 469. (push through the week vegetable),
as we say in Kenya? I really do. It is
Yes, you can use kitchen waste directly an amazing plant. It is one of the most
on bananas, although it would be potent health-promoting vegetables
better to first compost this waste. By known. Sukumawiki is a nutritional
directly applying the fresh waste, the powerhouse and is seriously under-
nutrients will not be evenly distrib- rated by being considered as a poor
uted to the banana roots. However mans food. Sukumawiki, a member
by composting, and then feeding the of the brassica family of vegetables,
plants, you will have a better result. contains all the important miner-
If you must feed the bananas directly, als and vitamins for human life and
try to disperse the different kinds of boosts the immune system. But Tiluk
waste evenly around the plants, and Samwel has some doubts: Using
then be sure to cover the roots with sukumawiki as a vegetable causes in four of us suffers from heartburn.
grass, hay or banana leaves. These heartburn and speeds up blood pres- Heartburn is an irritating condition
will act as a mulch, thereby reduc- sure more than local vegetables, he called acid reflux; it is very uncomfort-
ing the likelihood of nutrients escap- writes to us. What could be the able, causing a burning pain behind
ing through evaporation, soaking or cause? the breastbone and a taste of acid in
rodent damage. Beware of rats and Sasa, Samwel! Sukumawiki does not
the back of the throat or mouth. It
other rodents, and even dogs, that speed up blood pressure, on the con- occurs when acid is forced out of the
may be attracted to the direct fresh trary! Sukumawiki is rich in potas- stomach via the valve that connects
waste. sium. Potassium is a mineral used by
the stomach to the gullet (oesopha-
Not all kitchen waste is suitable. the body to eliminate blood impuri- gus).
The inclusion of meat and bone waste ties and improve overall circulation. Most of the frequent causes of
will atttract rodents and will give Therefore, potassium is important heartburn (or acid reflex) are related
off an offensive smell. Biodegradable in the reduction of blood pressure. to your lifestyle. There are a number
vegetable waste is fine. Old newspa- However, potassium is partly lost in of factors that can contribute to the
pers and cardboard are also suitable. the cooking process, so it would be symptoms of heartburn, including
It is also worth noting that given better to steam sukumawiki rather smoking, eating too quickly, wearing
the fact that banana roots will be than boiling it. Alcohol and caffeine your clothes too tight around your
beneath the added waste material, also block the potassium. midriff, and consuming the wrong
these need to be watered regularly for kinds of food and drinks (alcohol).
optimum absorption. Many banana Eat Garlic! In this context, sukumawiki can cause
growers plant bananas in deep holes Two foods that are especially rich heartburn; however, this is very rarely
and add composted waste into the in potassium and magnesium and the case and only happens if you have
holes, which gradually fill up as more are easily added to meals and can a very, very sensitive stomach.
compost is added. Watering a system also be eaten raw are parsley and Heartburn can be avoided by good
like this is more effective, as the water garlic. Researchers have found that
eating habits. You should avoid
and nutrients it carries are retained in people who eat one clove of raw meals containing fatty or spicy
the area around the banana roots. garlic a day have lower blood pres-
ingredients;
sure, because it helps improve car-
sweet foods;
diovascular health and prevents the
eating quickly large portions and
arteries hardening. If you dont fancy
not chewing enough, which will force
smelling of garlic, take a supplement.
the stomach to produce more acid to
Other commonly available foods rich
digest the contents;
in potassium include bananas, avo-
beverages such as coffee, acidic fruit
cados, leeks, spinach, peas, beans,
juices, carbonated drinks and alcohol;
chickpeas, lentils and nuts. instead, you should drink at least 2
Heartburn? Change your lifestyle! litres of water a day;
Samwel has another question: Can eating a big meal immediately before
sukumawiki cause heartburn? One sleeping. Philomena Nyagilo
Nr. 27 July 2007
The E.A. Organic Mark is a step forward Good tips for seed selection
We would be grateful if you include
The concern of Su Kahumbu (TOF, could gang up and refuse to inspect us in your mailing list. We have been
July 2007) is justified, but with some and certify on the E.A Organic Stan- reading The Organic Farmer maga-
reservations of what might tran- dard would be a scenario which could zine through others and it has been
spire on consultative forums before impel us to consider encouraging the very useful to us. The February 2007
the implementation stage. It is my formation of more certification bodies issue really updated us in selecting
view,that it could be too early to in the E.A region. Allowing the for- the right seeds for the season. Johari
worry on the outcome of the launch mation of more certification bodies enterprise is composed of 10 peasant
of the E.A. Organic Mark. It is impor- would create a competitive service farmers and businessmen. We grow
tant to note that the final draft of E.A. providers situation. cereals, vegetables and fruits.
Organic Standard has not yet been Involve the ceritification bodies Lawrence J Opondo, Johari group,
perused, debated and ratified by the
East African legislative assembly. It is possible that Tancert, Ugocert and P.O Box 242, Sondu
Encert participated in the formulation
Certification requirements of E.A Organic Standard; their own Students need magazine
The three certification bodies such as standards should by now be revised On behalf of Young Farmers' Club
Encert-Kenya, Ugocert-Uganda and to incorporate the requirements of the in Netima High School, I would like
Tancert- Tanzania, mentioned by Su E.A. Organic Standard. It is encourag- to request you to send us a copy
Kahumbu are presumed to be recog- ing on our part to note from Mr. Musa of the above magazine to help our
nized and acceptable by their respec- Njoka, the CEO of Encert, that their club, which is involved in horticul-
tive countries. They would automati- organic standard is already revised to tural projects in our school. We badly
cally qualify to oversee the certifica- accommodate the requirements of the need access to information on organic
tion process based on the E.A. Organic E.A Organic Standard. It is assumed farming.
Standard. I do not foresee any objec- that Tancert and Ugocert have also
updated their standards. Mr. Nyongesa Wanyonyi, P.O Box 24,
tion on the use of the certifying bodys
Malakisi
symbol and that of the E.A. Organic Co-operation needed
Mark on products certified in accor-
dance with E.A. Organic Standard. To have an Organic Standard and Send me magazine
The future E.A. Organic Accreditation its Mark for the region is a major Kindly do send me a copy of The
Committee should be able to ascertain step forward towards uplifting the Organic Farmer magazine. I am an
a reasonable and affordable charge economic base of our communities. enthusiastic farmer and an ardent
payable by the certification bodies for This could also create the necessary listener to your radio bulletin on KBC
the use of the Mark. The cost of the and important international recogni- every week on Thursdays between
Mark would most likely be passed by tion of our capacity to initiate and 8.30-8.45. Congratulations!
the certifying body to the producer manage a well-organized and signifi- Kennedy Messo, P.O Box 142-50241,
who in turn could raise the selling cant organic industry. It is therefore Kipkaren River
price to the consumer. The cost impli- important that all organic stakehold-
cation of the E.A Organic Mark is ers should support that initiative. Magazine informs us
therefore crucial. J.T Muriithi Simba, SOHGRO P.O Box 12 I am an organic farmer practising sus-
The insinuation by Su Kahumbu 10230 Sagana 0726 593 818 tainable agriculture with my family
that the three certification bodies SOHGRO@yahoo.com members. So I request for monthly
copies of your magazine. I will appre-
Mushroom-story helped us Good training g material ciate most because it will keep us on
We hereby kindly request to be put on Mutuambay Self Help Group is our toes and be alert with regard to the
your mailing list in order to receive undertaking farming activities in benefits of organic farming, sustain-
monthly copies of The Organic Farmer Meru North District. Our activities are able agriculture, as well as sustainable
spread in two sub-locations Morega development in our community.
based organic group by the name and Anjuki. The group has started
Rila Wamukota Natwati, P.O Box
Makerecha Organic Group. We came projects which are on-going and are
1996, Kitale
across a copy of your magazine from doing well. We collaborate with agri-
a friend of a member in the group. It cultural extension staff. We also intend
happened to be the April 2007 issue to start beekeeping projects.
on mushrooms and you can never We have decided to get informa-
imagine how much it has assisted tion from your institution on organic
us because that is what we are cur- farming technology, now that our
rently dealing with. We are 15 active group has become a source of informa-
members in the group who are inter- tion for the members and our neigh-
ested in becoming more knowledge- bours who highly rely on chemicals
able on organic farming. Your consid- in their farms and homes. We shall be
eration will be highly appreciated. ready for whatever feedback.
James Gacheru, Rebecca Thairora, P.O Box 182 60607,
P.O Box 521-00902 Kikuyu Mikinduri Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Nr. 27 August 2007
Spider mites are tricky to control Training: Baraka Agricultural Train-

ing College offers a wide range of
Spider mites are the most important short courses for farmers, develop-
non-insect pest of tomatos. The pest is ment workers and rural business
spreading rapidly into the drier areas people: Sustainable agriculture July
of Kenya. The eggs, which are white/ 29-August 4, Participatory project
pink and tiny, are usually laid on the planning August 5-18, Introduction to
under-surface of leaves. The reddish beekeeping August 12-18, Bee equip-
adults (0.25 mm long) have eight legs, ment-making August 19-25, ICT for
and produce a fine silk webbing on rural development September 16-23,
leaves which tends to protect them Processing of bee products August
from predators. 14-20, Sustainable Development
Transmission: In warm dry weather, October 28 November 24, Microsav-
mites can multiply and spread very ing and Credit Scheme November
quickly; heavy rains or irrigation can 4-11, Animal health November 18-24,
reduce the population. They can be Community Development November
dispersed by the wind or even on 25-December 1. Charges vary between
the farmers trousers! Ksh 6000 and Ksh 8000 covering
Damage: Spider mites prefer the tuition, food accommodation and
underside of leaves, but in severe training. Participants must apply at
infestations will occur on both leaf least three weeks in advance to book
surfaces as well as on the stems. a place. The college also offers a 16
Heavily damaged plants are weak- month Certificate in Sustainable Agri-
ened, produce smaller and lighter culture and Rural Development. The
fruits, or can even be killed as result deadline for applications is August 8,
of feeding by large numbers of spider 2007 for the 2007/2008 academic year.
mites. Tomato plant and fruit infested by spider mite
(Photo courtesy ICIPE)
Applicantion for a 16-month Diploma
Control: Patrol the field regularly to in Sustainable Agriculture and Rural
determine the level of infestation. ticides (botanical or synthetic) only
Development course that caters for
Cultural practices help control mites. when it is really necessary. If you
students in East Africa will close on
Keep the field clean and keep it free of want to use neem, look for a product
August 8, 2007.
weeds. Old crops or weeds infested that contains a high proportion of
with spider mites are ideal breeding neem oil, as it is more effective. Organic Produce: David Gakere, a
grounds for these pests remove Intercropping with garlic, basil and Kenyan resident in Johannnesburg
them or burn them immediately after onion can give some protection due to is keen to contact local exporters or
harvest. Sticks for holding tomato their strong smell. farmers growing organic produce.
plants should be scrubbed with water Tomato spray: Boil moderately 1 He would like to buy only certified
and soap before using them again. kg of fresh tomato leaves in 2 liters organic produce. Those with these
Natural enemies such as ladybird water; cool and use as a spray. products can contact him.
beetles, lacewings or predatory mites Castor oil plant (Ricinus) spray: Write to: gakere@mweb.co.za
can control the spider mites.There- Soak green seeds and leaves in water
fore avoid broad-spectrum pesticides, for 24 hours, filter and spray. Caution: Land for sale: 25 acres in Passenga
especially those based on pyrethrum, Castor bean seeds are poisonous, so scheme, well-drained fertile soils on
since they kill the predatory mites, do not allow people or animals to a gentle slope, currently under potato
causing spider mite numbers to flare drink the spray or eat tomatoes with and oats; clean freehold title. Electric-
up. You should therefore use pes- spray on them. ity and piped water available. Contact
Waiyaki Mungai Tel. 0723-787171.
Farmers like growing tomato variet- contaminated soil does not come into
ies which do not require stakes for contact with the leaves or the stem, Amaranthus Seeds: Ronald M
support. But these varieties are prone thus reducing the chances of spread- Nyabuya has about 300 kg of Amaran-
to tomato blight, especially during ing the diseases. thus seeds. Any farmer interested in
the wet season as they are near the buying them can contact him. Write to
ground. The varieties pick up contam- Ronald Nyabuya P.O.Box 995, 30200,
inated water on the ground leading to Kitale, Tel.0721 562 678.
rapid infection of the tomato plant by Charcoal Stoves: Aruba Farmers
both early and late blight. Farmers are Group are making charcoal stoves for
advised to plant these varieties only
chicken rearing. Any farmer who is
during the dry season when there
is less water on the ground. They interested can contact the group coor-
could also reduce the blight problem dinator, Mr. Kibiwot Cheruiyot, at the
by going for varieties that require following address: William Kibiwot
support with stakes, but care should Tomato varieties not supported by sticks are Cheruiyot P.O. Box 596, Kitale 30200
be taken when irrigating to ensure prone to blight. (Photo TOF) Tel. 0728 342 166.
The magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 28 September 2007
Market A short while ago, on August 9, we

visited Kinale market along the Nairobi-
day Naivasha road. The purpose of our visit
was to find out how much money small-
Do small-scale scale farmers make when they take their
farmers make produce to the market (see page 3). In the
any profit, gloomy weather, with fog reducing visibil-
despite the hard ity on the mud-soaked slippery grounds,
work on their were dozens of farmers busy bargaining
shambas? with middlemen and transporters who
See editorial on
had converged on the market.
this page and If one would like to learn more about
pages 2 & 3. the desperate situation of our small-scale
(Photo TOF) farmers and the exploitation going on in
the marketing of agricultural produce,
Poultry keeping is profitable then they should visit this or any other
market in the country. It is a clear indi-
cation that farmers will never be able to
With good management, farmers important to avoid contamination of improve their lot if the prevailing market
can earn more from rearing both any sort, whether it is through the environment continues.
indigenous and exotic chickens. feed, water or handlers. Illness and Why? Let us illustrate this with an
The Organic Farmer disease in chicken production are example: A watchman in Nairobi in 1995
predominantly spread through han- earned a salary of Ksh 3,500. By Sep-
More than 80 percent of farmers in dlers via hands and shoes. Biosafety tember 2007 he earns Ksh 12,800. But
Kenya keep indigenous chickens. measures can reduce mortality and at the Kangemi market Nairobi, he still
They are popular with consumers disease spread by up to 60 percent. pays Ksh 5 for a bundle of sukumawiki
because of the good taste of their eggs See pages 4,5 & 6 or Ksh 20 for a big cabbage. In the last 20
and meat. Exotic breeds, on the other years or so, any keen observer of producer
hand, are faster growing and their prices must have noticed that prices of
egg production is higher because of agricultural products have more or less
selective breeding. The main breeds stagnated or even gone lower than they
are the white Leghorn, the yellow- TOF on air!
skinned Rhode Island Red, Light On Thursday 20th September,
Sussex and the Black Australorp. In 2007, you can hear The Organic Farmer on
the Kiswahili Service of KBC from 8.30
this issue we talk about rearing chick- pm to 8.45 pm. Tune in your radio!
ens the organic way. In one of the next
issues we will feature the commercial used to be, while prices of other consumer
production of indigenous chickens.
goods continue to rise. Its a contradic-
tion that in a booming economy such as
Farmers should be aware: Hygiene is Kenyas, growing at a rate of 6.2 percent
of the utmost importance when raising in 2007, small-scale farmers are getting
poultry. It is therefore extremely poorer and poorer. Even worse, the small-
scale farmers lose money due to the fact
Budget of a chicken farmer Ksh that most of them cannot sell directly to
the consumers. Instead, the marketing
1. Cost of 200 day-old chicks @ Ksh 77 15,400 cartels operate in a selfish way, where
2. Cost of feeds (chick, growers and layers mash) 36,400 they continue to make hefty profits at the
3. Brooding costs (labour, materials, heating, lighting and expense of the struggling farmers.
7,770
disease control) at 15% of total cost of production Farmers should take action. One option
4. Total cost of production 59, 570 is to get organised as groups or coopera-
tives and market their produce directly to
5. Average monthly egg sales @ 140 per tray incl. expenses 10, 316 established retail outlets in towns nearest
6. Total eggs sales for 12 months (10,316 12) 123,792 to them. Another alternative is to make
7. Bird sales at culling stage @ Ksh 150 per bird 30,000 use of available market information
8. Total income 153,792 and grow products that can fetch good
prices on the market. A third way out is
9. Gross profit margin 94, 222 diversification. Farmers should venture
Note: It is uneconomical to keep the birds beyond 12 months, as their egg into areas that bring them more income,
production goes down. Maintaining them longer eats into your profit. poultry keeping for instance, as we write
(Source: William Makechi, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development ) on pages 4, 5 & 6.
Nr. 28 September 2007
OPINIONS
If current trends in food production
Farmers work, middlemen profit
continue, child malnutrition in Africa Small-scale farmers do a lot of work,
is expected to grow from 38.6 million but when they sell their products,
to 41.9 million children by 2025. Poor prices are less than what
governance, inadequate infrastruc- they were 15 years ago.
ture, limited access to markets, and Peter Kamau and Philomena Nyagilo
low investment in agriculture contrib-
ute to the under-performance of Afri- John Mbugua is a farmer in the Kinale
cas agricultural sector. The continent area in Kiambu district. It is Thurs-
will fail to meet the Millenium Devel- day morning and he has delivered
opment Goal to cut child malnutrition 300 cabbages from his -acre plot to
in half by 2015 unless more aggres- soko mjinga market along the Nairobi-
sive measures are taken now.
Naivasha highway. The scenario
Food Security in Africa to 2025, report looks promising in terms of busi-
from the International Food Policy ness. The market is full of activities,
Research Institute (IFPRI) with farmers, traders and middlemen
bargaining for better prices. Mbugua
sells the cabbages at Ksh 3 apiece. He
pays Ksh 1 apiece for transport to the
magazine market and Ksh 20 cess to the local
county council for the consignment.
In this business, the middlemen and
Mbugua is well known in soko mjinga.
the traders are the big winners. They
I have been here for a long time, he
decide the price and thats why they
says, but the situation is not getting
have reason to smile. Jane Wanjiku
any better.
sees herself as a broker. She buys
David Thugu transports four big
the cabbages from Mbugua and other
bags of sukumawiki to soko mjinga.
farmers for between Ksh 3 and Ksh 5
On his 1-hectare piece of land he plants
and sells it for between Ksh 12 and Ksh
cabbages, sukumawiki and carrots.
15 to traders from Nairobi, Mombasa
Thugu pays his casual workers Ksh and other towns; she has a profit of
150 a day. Going to the market, he has Ksh 8 to 10 per cabbage. A middleman
to pay Ksh 50 for the five sacks on the who will not give his name is buying
donkey cart, not to forget the contri- sukumawiki for Ksh 200 from David
bution to the local council: Ksh 40 for Thugu; he sells it to a pick-up driver
parking the donkey and Ksh 20 for for KSh 400. This means that in two
the trading space. This morning, he is or three hours and without breaking
offered Ksh 200 for 1 full bag of suku- a sweat, the middlemen earn double
mawiki. This is the same amount as the amount of money the small-scale
15 years ago, says Thugu, but now farmers get after months of hard work
we have higher production costs. The on the shamba. Middlemen do not
price of all commodities has gone up. have any risk. They only buy if there
For instance, the price for a bag of are traders around or if they have a
fertilizer has gone up to Ksh 2,000. clear order from a trader. They never
This means that I am getting less than sit on a mountain of sukumawiki as
what I got 15 years ago, he says. farmers do when they lack buyers. In
Smiling faces soko mjinga, the middlemen ensure by
all means that the farmers do not sell
On this chilly and foggy day only the
directly to the traders as this would
faces of the middlemen and traders

are smiling. They have parked their
hired trucks and pick-ups beside the Cartels control marketing system
market and wait for the middlemen We asked small-scale farmer Mwangi
to haggle for prices with the farmers. Kariuki: Why do farmers not co-
The middlemen buy directly from operate and fix the prices? What
the farmers. They decide and mark would happen if the farmers came
up the prices for cabbages, suku- together and decided, Today, we
mawiki, carrots, spinach and potatoes will sell a bag of sukumawiki for Ksh
for that particular day, depending 350? Mwangi Kariuki, a father of
on the demand from the traders and four, who is at times forced to work
the amount being supplied. Although as a labourer in other peoples farms,
most of the farmers here in soko mjinga tells us without any illusions, I have
do have a mobile phone, they do not to sell my cabbages at any price.
make any effort to find the market I cannot risk to go home without
price for the day, as David Thugu money. Even if the farmers organ-
confirms. ised themselves and hired lorries to
In honour of sukumawiki
While enjoying their popular daily coli, spinach, leeks, or capsicums; it
meal of ugali and sukumawiki (the is also not prone to diseases. Suku-
vegetable that enables one to survive mawiki was initially very marketable
during the week), many Kenyans may but of late farmers have flooded the
not know how sukumawiki came to markets with it, leading to depressed
be such a common vegetable on our prices. On the other side, sukumawiki
dining tables. At the beginning of the would never have become so popular
20th Century Africans relied heavily if so many people in Kenya did not
on the various indigenous vegetables live in poverty. The popularity of
which have now been discarded in sukumawiki variety is synonymous
favour of sukumawiki (or kale) and with poverty. With one bunch selling
cabbage. Sukumawiki has become at a price of Ksh 5/=, a low income
one of the most common vegetables earner is assured of a meal. Apart
in Kenya following introduction by from salt and some onions, you do
agricultural extension personnel. It not need many ingredients, and it
has a lot of nutritional benefits; and does not take long to cook. Until such
is said to contain most essential vita- a time that Kenyans can increase their
mins and proteins. earnings and afford a variety of foods
or develop a desire for traditional
Common man's food ones such as kunde, sucha or even
Apart from this, sukumawiki is very sagaa, which enjoy good prices in the
easy to grow as it does not require a market, sukumawiki will continue to
lot of inputs and work to grow like enjoy a dignified place on wananchis
other exotic vegetables such as broc- dining tables.
transport their vegetables to other for Ksh 400; he sells it in Kangemi for before they get spoilt. Elijahs neigh-
markets such as Nairobi, it would still Ksh 900. He pays Ksh 60 per bag for bour Simon Gitonga says that five
be difficult to sell. This is because the the transport, Ksh 5 to the loaders for days before our visit, a bag was going
vegetable market is dominated by each of the 30 bags on his own small for Ksh 500, but even then, he only
middlemen who operate like a cartel lorry, and Ksh 10 per bag for bringing made a profit of Ksh 350 a bag. The
or the mafia: They are ready to do the bags to the retailers in Kangemi. two traders sometimes sell cabbage
anything to protect their interests. The total costs a day are Ksh 14,250. and agree that the earnings are more
From our research two issues If he sells all the 30 bags for Ksh 900 a or less the same. The traders cannot
become clear: First, small-scale bag, Joe remains at the end of the day tell what the price for the day will be,
farmers rarely get the real value for with a profit of Ksh 12,150. as this keeps on changing depending
their produce. This is the most impor- Chege Gichinga, a trader at the on demand and supply.
tant reason for the increasing poverty Kangemi market, travels every two The way out
in most rural areas in the country. days to Naromoru near Nanyuki. He
Secondly, most small-scale farmers do buys between 2600 to 3000 pieces of Our research have shown us the dif-
not even try to find ways of avoiding cabbages at Ksh 11 apiece and hires ficulties that small-scale farmers face
middlemen and traders by taking the a lorry at Ksh 13,000 to deliver it to to earn a living from their shambas.
produce directly to retailers. Kangemi, where he sells each piece at There are alternatives, as we have
between Ksh 20 25, depending on mentioned in the editorial on page
Super profit for traders the size of the cabbage and season. In 1. The way out might not be easy
Three hours later we are at the a week he makes two or three trips for small-scale farmers, but it is still
Kangemi market in the outskirts of that earn him a weekly net profit of better to try them than to remain in
Nairobi. The lorries and pickups with between Ksh 30,000 40,000. poverty.
cabbages and sukumawiki and other On this day,
vegetables are offloaded in Kangemi. Elijah Muiruri
Here also many retail dealers are buys a bag at Ksh
buying the produce they will sell 900. On his small
during the day. Joe, a trader, buys a stand in Kangemi,
bag of sukumawiki in soko mjinga he ties the veg-
etables into small
bundles, which
he sells at Ksh 5
a bundle, making
him a profit of Ksh
250 for every bag
he sells. Sometimes
he cannot sell all
the sukumawiki,
so he has to sell
the vegetables at a
throwaway price
All about...
Raising chickens can be a good busi- A brooding room must be kept free
ness if you take care of them, and keep from draught at a constant tempera- What do you need
proper records and strict hygiene. ture of 35C, and must have suitable at the beginning?
bedding that enables the chicks to Depending on the type of chickens
Su Kahumbu
excercise their feet through gripping. you choose to rear, it is wise to have
Before buying your chickens, you all of the necessary equipment avail-
Bedding
should do some preparations. Wash able and in clean working condition
out all feeders and sun-dry before The bedding in the brooding room may before you purchase the chicks. The
introducing the first water and feeds. be wood shavings or straw bedding. If following items are necessary for
Also, heat the room for two hours or raised on flat slippery flooring, the approximately 200 chicks of either
so depending on the room size before chicks develop week tendons in their layers or brooders.
introducing the chicks. feet that cause problems as they gain A secure, draft free brooding
I use a small stone house approxi- weight. Fast-growing broiler chicks room with a source of constant heat
mately 2.5m x 2.5m for my 200 chicks, may develop spraddle leg, which is and good ventilation.
and cordon off one third of the room a combination of weak feet tendons 4 small water feeders for first
for the first two weeks with a wire coupled with vitamin deficiency. This 2 weeks, gradually increasing in
mesh frame, gradually moving it back can be seen when chicks refuse to number as the chicks grow.
and increasing the bird floor area as stand and instead sit back with their 4 grain feeders, gradually increas-
they grow. I use 2 x 250Watt brooding feet spraddled forwards in front. To ing in number as the chicks grow.
lamps for the entire 4-week period, avoid this, one can add a few drops Clean, dry bedding material
gradually raising the lamps to accus- of cod liver oil to the chick water once wood shavings or straw.
tom the chicks to cooler temperatures a week for up to 5 weeks. Be sure not A packet or two of Coccid (avail-
by a few degrees every week. to add too much as this may result in able from any agro vet shop).
runny stools. Chick mash produced by a reli-
Brooding The bedding must always be dry, so able animal feed manufacturer.
When choosing chicks, normally one must always keep a look-out for Two bottles of E.M. (Effective
sold as day-old, look out for listless water spillage. Wet bedding can cause Micro-organisms). (See page 6.)
ones and those that may have oozing the growth of fungi and bacteria that
umbilical cords. These will be prob- will effect the chicks, as well as being lamps slightly until they are comfort-
lematic and are better exchanged for a cause of chilling the young birds. able. If the chick's start to huddle or
healthy bright-eyed ones before you Water feeders and grain feeders for crowd into each other away from the
bring them home. chicks should be checked and cleaned lamp, it may be that the lamps are too
Like the young of all animals, regularly, as very young chicks are high and the chick's are cool. In this
chicks require brooding or incubation susceptible to diseases brought about case, lower the lamps.
during the first few weeks of their through contamination of these imple- The first week of a chicks life is
lives. Both layers and broilers may ments. the most important. It is this period
be brooded together, say 100 of each. As the bedding becomes soiled, that will determine the chicks future
However, it is best to start off with rather than remove and add new, top potential. It is thus very important
the layers for two weeks before intro- up the bedding it with 4 inches of to keep a keen eye, ear and nose on
new material at 5-day intervals. Some the situation in the brooding room.
ducing the broilers, as broilers gain
organic producers believe this allows Observe the chicks often and look for
weight much faster and may crush
the bacteria that destroy the eggs any unsual behaviour. Chicks with
the slower growing layers.
of the coccidiosis parasite to grow sunken eyes and arched backs with
in number, causing a natural reduc- drooping wings and ruffled feathers
tion in the parasite prevalence. It is
are sign of illness.
also more cost effective. The resulting
The same is true for smelly, bloody
deep litter also creates a blanket of
stools. At a very early stage, blood
warmth on the floor.
in the stool could be an indication of
Observations coccidiosis, a parasite that effects the
When introducing chicks to your gastrointestinal tract of the chicks. If
brooding room on the first day, sit noticed early, this can be prevented
back for an hour or so and observe with Coccid and may not affect
them. They should be quite inquisi- the chicks in the long term. If left
tive and active and will start pecking unchecked, coccidiosis can result in
around happily as they investigate up to 40 percent mortality of the
their new surroundings. After feeding flock. Cocciddiosis is spread by chicks
a little they will begin to huddle picking up the eggs of the parasite
around the warm areas and start to through litter of other chicks. In some
sleep. If using lamps, the birds will cases, chicks may build up immu-
form a round yellow carpet like a nity, however good litter (bedding)
patch beneath the lamps. If the lamp is hygiene is the best control. Vinegar
too hot, the chicks will be panting and (half a cup to 5 litres of water) can
Lack of space and minerals causes stress and the area under the lamp will remain also be added to the chicken water to
pecking (cannibalism) in chickens. chick-free. If this is the case, raise the control bloody stool.
continued on page 5
...chickens
Keep an eye on the outside tempera-
tures also, as on sunny toasty days,
one can reduce the brooding tem-
peratures and allow windows to be
opened.
Hygiene
Always stay alert for illness, dis-
eases and signs of stress. Deal with
these as soon as possible, as chick-
ens are quite fragile. Hygiene is of
the utmost importance when raising
poultry. It is therefore extremely
important to avoid contamination of
any sort, whether it is through the
feed, water or handlers. As part of
our biosafety measures, we have a Nesting box should be clean and comfortable for the layers; Inset: an ideal nesting box
pair of boots dedicated to the chick
housing. Handlers must first wash immediately and gives us time to Nesting box
hands and change shoes for the desig- ignite a longer-lasting lamp. Layers must also have access to a
nated boots before entering the chick Lighting can be expensive and specially designated area where they
housing, and these boots must never unnecessary, thus we phase the lights can lay their eggs. If not, they will
come out onto the external area. This off after one week. Most commer- drop them all over the shamba. When
boot control is practised at all levels cial breeders leave lights on to allow making a nesting box area, allow one
of chicken production. Illness and chickens to feed for 24 hours, in the nesting box for each five chickens. I
disease in chicken production are belief that they gain weight faster. have a shelving system: two shelves
predominantly spread through han- I personally believe chickens need high without partitions but covered
dlers via hands and shoes. Biosafety to sleep and are stronger and better on the sides. The shelf is thus dark
measures can reduce mortality and weight gainers when rested and less and allows hens a little privacy. I also
disease spread by up to 60 percent. stressed. If you observe chickens in cover the shelves with straw and make
On a larger scale, when rearing permanently lighted rooms, they sure not to have straw anywhere else.
chicks and older birds on the same trample over each other as they head (I use shavings or maize stalks for the
property, it would be wise to have for the feeders, waking and disturb- bedding floor). This prevents chick-
separate handlers dealing with each. ing each other continuously. ens from laying on the floor, which
Cross contamination, especially from Weaning from brooding heat they would do if the material used on
older birds to chicks, can be a risk.
Broiler chicks are ready to leave the the floor were the same as the nesting
If only one handler is available, the
brooding room when they no longer material.
chicks (which are more fragile) should As the chickens grow whether
have signs of yellow downy feathers
be handled first.
on their heads. You will notice with broilers or layers always keep an eye
Lighting broilers as they feather out that the out for illness, diseases and signs of
stress. Deal with these as soon as pos-
Young day-old chicks are terrified head normally is the last area with sible, as chickens are quite fragile.
of the dark. When lights are put baby chick yellow fuzz. Once this is It is important when raising chick-
off, they begin to scream! They then gone they are ready to move on and ens that you remember that happy,
begin to huddle together for comfort need a lot more space as now they
healthy chickens are less stressed and
and in so doing, the weaker ones are begin to grow quite quickly.
crushed and killed. If brooding with Our chickens are removed into a cheaper to deal with than stressed
lamps, the light they emit is suffi- large secure shed which is especially chickens. More about feed, water and
disease control on page 6.
cient, however should the power go secure from rodents and predators
off, you will need to have a very quick as well as birds of prey. They have
back-up plan. This can be in the form outdoor access to a large area covered
of a kerosene lamp, or a china lamp. in netting where they can come out
For extreme safety measures, we have to enjoy the sunshine, grass, insects,
a solar lamp back-up that comes on etc. I feel this helps to keep the chick-
ens happy and less subject to stress-
related activities like fighting and
pecking, which can have fatal conse-
This feeder,
quences.
developed by Layers need to take a little longer in
KARI, Naiva- the brooding room before they, too,
sha is hygienic must be removed to a larger space.
and reduces feed To maximise on the quality of eggs,
wastage. make sure layers also have an outside
(Photos TOF) run, with plenty of greens in their
feed. A dirty waterer: they should be kept clean
and more about chickens

Chickens need good feed, clean water
and a hygienic evironment
Chicks require a balanced feed, and
unless you are an expert in this area, it
is advisable to buy from a feed manu-
facturer. Feed continously, and keep
an eye on making sure the feed is
always clean. It is wise to hang green
materials such as weeds inside the
chicken coops, as this adds nutrients
and vitamins to their diets. Chickens
can get 30 percent of their daily feed
requirements from grass.
Water
Water feeders and grain feeders for
chicks should be checked and cleaned
regularly. (For more about hygiene,
see pages 4 & 5.) We add a cupfull of We use a mobile chicken housing tion are reduced as the chickens have
E.M. to 5 litres of drinking water for unit on the farm that we move twice a eaten most of them.
the entire life of the chickens. This year. The benefits are three fold: 3. By rotating our chickens, we reduce
helps build up immunity and vital- 1. The ground is very fertile for crop the incidence of disease build-up that
ity of the birds. It also helps with production due to the chicken drop- otherwise may affect future flocks.
their feed conversion, thus resulting pings which are high in soil nutrients. This is done in the same way that
in healthier and heavier birds. We 2. The insect and nematode popula- organic producers rotate their crops.
also add cod liver oil (fish oil) to their
water, 1 tablespoon to 5 litres once a Soya is a good source of protein
week for 4 weeks. I would like to get an alternative way of 8.1.1. I would like to make my own
Give chickens free space of making poultry feed without using poultry feed using soya bean, which
Allowing your chickens access to a omena (fish meal). I saw the formula is an equivalent protein source.
large outdoor area during the daytime in one of the recent copies of TOF What weight of soya bean do I require?
reduces build-up of chicken manure in which proposed 8 kg maize, 1 kg Hudson Wanjohi, Tel. 0722 461 772
their shed. The sun and its effects are sorghum and 1 kg omena at the ratio
the best known sanitizer for chicken Soya bean is very rich in all the nutri- stitution of the feed without the use
droppings, thus disease build-up on ents necessary for proper growth. of omena. Remember to mix at the
the outside is naturally controlled. It can also be a good substitute for same ratio as you have given above
Chickens also control their own body omena (fish meal), so we would rec- (i.e. using 1 kg of soya bean instead
mites by having regular dust baths. ommend that you go ahead with con- of omena).
The best way to control poultry diseases

We have a problem with our poultry. be suffering, from the symptoms
There is a disease affecting the 3-week
you have given. This is because most Unhygienic
old chicks: Wounds around the eye poultry diseases show almost similar feeding con-
and beak and the chicks dont feed. symptoms that can require differ- ditions are
What shall we do? Can you also give ent methods of treatment. We would responsible
us signs/symptoms and treatment of advise you to consult a veterinary for many
fowl typhoid and coccidiosis? Tel. doctor near you or animal health chicken
0728 406720 assistant who can observe the chicks diseases.
It is very difficult to pin-point the and give you a correct diagnosis and
disease from which your chicks could the best method of treatment. Some- be affected. Regular vaccination can
times the doctor may even recom- protect your chickens against coccidi-
mend a laboratory test if they cannot osis because the bacteria responsible
identify the disease. are always present in the soil. One of
Fowl typhoid is a serious problem the best ways to avoid this disease is
which is very difficult to eradicate. to make sure the poultry sheds are
The best thing to do when the disease kept as clean as possible at all times.
strikes is to clear the whole stock of Wash the floor regularly with organic
chickens in the homestead and avoid acaricides such as neem powder to
bringing any new stock for up to 4 keep the disease at bay. The following
months. By the end of this period, vaccinations are important to prevent
the disease-causing bacteria will have diseases:
cleared and any new stock will not Marek: This is an injection admin-
continued on page 7
We will distribute maga- Fighting poverty would like you to organize tours and
field days for farmers to learn about
zine to groups Lack of knowledge has contributed to
new methods of agricultural produc-
hunger and poverty in Kenya. We are a
Intmunity tion. Also, we would be grateful if you
church-based group and have started
Services (IDCCS) Ltd is a faith-based can provide us with more information
passion fruit growing and would like
organisation involved in sustainable, on growing of desmodium seed.
to go organic. We came across your
participatory and integrated com- David Kamotho, P.O Box Makimen,
magazine through a friend and it is
munity development programmes in Via Sotik
very informative. We are 20 members
agriculture, health and water sanita-
and request you to be sending us your We will improve yields
tion. As a keen listener to your radio
monthly copies to help us improve on
programmes, I wish to request for We are a small village in Kitui. We
farming.
The Organic Farmer magazine. Our
J. K. Kungu, P.O Box 335, Matuu
office covers Kuria, Migori and Rongo owing to our small pieces of land.
Districts and we will make it avail- I read with great interest! We discovered that your newspaper,
able to common interest groups (CIG) The Ministry of Agriculture gave me The Organic Farmer has a lot of useful
involved in organic farming. IDCCS your March 2007 issue and I went information to enable small farmers
mainly partners with CIGs by offer- through it with much enthusiasm. I to get maximum production by using
ing technical trainings to farmers. For write to request for a few copies of it, the latest information you provide in
the benefit of our health, environ- say 10 to enable me and a few farmers your articles. We would appreciate if
ment, sustainable crop production benefit from your information. I shall you could send us copies so as to keep
and appropriate utilization of natural be grateful. ourselves abreast with the new trends
resources, which reduces cost of farm in farming; otherwise we have been
J. K. Arap Kirui, P.O Box 152-20210,
inputs, IDCCS works with CIGs in borrowing a copy each month from
Litein
sustainable agriculture. Your maga- friends. Thanking you in advance.
zine will definitely be beneficial to our Solving farmers problems Gabriel Wambua, P.O Box 189, Kitui
agriculture office and to the commu-
nity, as we will guide them towards Thanks for the good work you are Helping young farmers
implementation of the various topics doing. Actually, the magazine has
come at the right time because it is Following your frequent educative
covered. Kindly send us 4 copies for programmes over the radio about
onward delivery to farmers. We will solving most of the farmers daily
problems. Though I have not been organic farming, Isanga Horticul-
be grateful. tural Farmers hereby request for The
in this field for long, I experienced
Gordon Abwajoh, P.O Box 483 40400, a hard start and needless to say the Organic Farmer magazines. This will
Suna, Tel.0723 458690 going has been tough all through. teach, educate and highlight impor-
From a distant friend, I learnt of your tant information to our young farmers
monthly publication and just wish on new farming techniques and new
Chicken diseases... that you include me in the mailing list plants. It is our hope that you will
Continued from page 6 send us the magazines to boost our
of this wonderful newspaper. I would
be very grateful if you consider as I knowledge on new methods of pro-
istered at the hatchery on young
want to start organic farming. Other- duction.
chicks.
Newcastle: These are inter-nasal wise kudos ICIPE and Biovision. Daniel Nandasaba, P.O Box 1437
drops applied to the eyes at 2 or 3 Peter Gakungi Gichure, P.O Box 598, 50100, Kakamega
weeks and repeated at 18 weeks and Nyahururu Listening to radio
after every 6 months. We, the Riziki Development Group
Fowl Typhoid: This is applied as an Paper should be read members hereby humbly request for
intra-muscular injection at 8 weeks in worldwide copies of The Organic Farmer maga-
high-risk areas and 18 weeks in less I thank you for your magazine which zine. We have been duly listening to
risky areas. has educated me a lot about organic your radio programmes.
Fowl Pox: This is applied in the wings farming. I have been reading it from
Kenneth Onyango Abuya, Riziki
at 8 weeks in high-risk areas (e.g. the a friendly neighbour, I also have
Development Group, P.O Box 124,
coast and Kisumu) and at 18 weeks in contact with farmers who keep dairy
Kadongo
other less risky areas. cattle and goats. Please provide us
Gumboro: It is applied in drinking with more information on breeding
water at the 4th and 14th day. of high milk yielding dairy cattle. I
Our own chickens, fortunately, are will also be grateful if you can send us
produced vaccine-free and as yet we monthly copies of the newspaper to
have not had any problems. It could improve our knowledge. I hope that
be that we are in an area that does not the newspaper is reaching farmers
have a lot of disease pressure, though in other parts of the world in order
I like to believe it is because our birds to spread this useful knowledge. We
are raised in a stress-free healthy envi- are grateful to you for sending the
ronment, resulting in happy birds magazines to farmers in our region,
with good immunity! with whom we have been sharing. We Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
New opportunity for organic products Organic Produce: David Gakere, a

Certified organic farmers now need Kenyan resident in Johannnesburg
not worry about lack of markets for is keen to contact local exporters or
their produce. From the beginning of farmers growing organic produce.
July this year, Su Kahumbu has teamed
He would like to buy only certified
up with the Nakumatt retail chain
of supermarkets and opened another organic produce. Write to: gakere@
shop at the new Nakumatt Westgate, mweb.co.za
an ultramodern shopping complex off Land for sale: 25 acres in Passenga
Peponi road, Westlands next to Naku- scheme, well drained fertile soils on
matt Ukay. The Green Dreams Organic a gentle slope, currently under potato
Shop offers farmers an opportunity and oats, clean freehold title. Electric-
to sell their organic produce in larger ity and piped water available. Contact
volumes since the new branch which is Waiyaki Mungai Tel. 0723-787171.
frequented by more than 3000 custom- Amaranthus Seeds: Ronald M
ers in a day will require a steady supply Nyabuya has about 300 kg of Amaran-
of organic produce to meet the needs of thus seeds. Any farmer interested in
the citys organic food consumers. tification. Farmers supplying the shops buying them can contact him. Write to
Su Kahumbu says the shop is will have special identification to prove
Ronald Nyabuya P.O.Box 995, 30200
currently being supplied by farmers their produce is genuinely organic.
Already-established certified organic Kitale, Tel.0721 562 678.
trained under The Organic Farmer
brands such as Meru Herbs (which Charcoal Stoves: Aruba Farmers
Support Programme, but she is trying
to set up a supply chain that will specialise in herbal teas and sauces), Group are making charcoal stoves
involve all other organic producers Limuru Archdiocese Farm and Nyum- for chicken rearing. Any farmer who
whose products are under organic cer- bani Childrens Home Farm (are sup- is interested can contact William
plying fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy Kibiwot Cheruiyot P.O.Box 596, 30200
Punishing African organic farmers products, meat and honey). Su says the Tel. 0728 342 166.
The Organic Farmer would like to express main problem at the moment is lack of Rabbit meat: Anthony Dodds rears
its total support for African farmers who adequate and consistent supply from rabbits for their skins, however he
export their organic produce to the Euro- farmers, Most of them can only afford would like to sell the rabbit meat to
pean markets. It is seems strange that the to supply once a week but we need anybody interested. Contact him on
Soil association that has assisted in the them to supply us three times a week Tel. 0721 440941.
certification of producers in Africa can to be able to meet the needs of our
turn around and start punishing the same Rabbits for sale: I am a rabbit keeper
customers, she adds. Organic farmers and would like to sell them to any
farmers. Africa's contribution to the total interested in selling their produce can
global carbon emissions to the atmosphere interested buyer. Contact me on Tel.
call the shop.
is negligible. The campaign on carbon foot- Contact: Zak 0722572717, or Su Kahumbu 0724 852678.
prints appears punitive and misplaced. 0721100001, info@organic.co.ke
New information service for farmers

Are your vegetables, lets You can reach it on two ways: the information and also all numbers
say cabbages or toma- Go to the Internet and dial www. of The Organic Farmer. All you need to
toes, affected by a pest infonet-biovision.org and you will know is somebody who has a com-
and you would like to find the answers for your questions. puter. We are sure that all farmers
react in organic ways? So many young farmers nowdays groups have one or two members
But how? Is your maize have computer knowledge, and they who know someone with a computer.
showing strange signs of disease and know how to surf the Internet. But The Infonet CD will be available in
you do not know what to do? Would it is not only young farmers who can December 2007.
you like to know more about tillage, make use of the Internet. Some weeks The farmers in Kilifi were very sur-
for instance, or about safe maize ago, members of a farmers group in prised how fast they learned to deal
storage measures, or about the bene- Kilifi had the opportunity to use Inter- with the computers, and how fast they
fits of calliandra? Then very soon you net in a cybercafe at the coast. Not got the information they needed. We
will find help. BioVision, the sponsor one of the farmers had previously sat are happy to get urgent advice about
of The Organic Farmer magazine, is at a computer, and not one had any our problems, the farmers said. We
launching in a new service called experience with the Internet. After do not have to wait for extension
Infonet in October. ten minutes all were able to do their people who never come. We are now
Infonet is an information platform. own research about diseases or pests more independent.
It presents a lot of information on sci- facing them. In the October issue of The Organic
entifically proven ecological methods If you do not have a telephone Farmer, we will give you tips on how
for the prevention and control of pests landline for access to the Internet, to use Infonet, this helpful new infor-
and parasite infestations of plants, you simply order a CD from The mation platform designed for small-
humans and animals. And it is free! Organic Farmer. This CD contains all scale farmers. (TOF)
The magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 29 October 2007
Whenever we talk to experts on dairy

farming, they all hold the same view
that Kenyas farmers can produce a lot
more milk and improve their income
through dairy farming. However, the
way in which farmers manage their live-
stock is a major impediment to increased
production. The Organic Farmer has
given very useful tips over the past two
years on how farmers can increase milk
production through proper feeding, good
breeding practices, disease control and
the general care of a dairy cow. When we
A Sahiwal herd: well-fed and properly managed cows produce more milk (Photo TOF) visit most of the farmers, however, we are
really disappointed to see that they do not
Feed and keep animals well take this advice seriously. This tendency
to do things the way they have always
When it comes to feeding, many is very low when compared with other done is not only evident among dairy
farmers focus their attention on the countries such as Egypt, which has a farmers, but also among those in other
quantity and not the quality of feed. rural per capita milk consumption of 62 sub-sectors such as tea or coffee.
litres. The main reason for this disparity At the moment there are numerous
The Organic Farmer is Kenyas rural poverty and manage- institutions such as KARI and ILRI that
Kenyas dairy industry is growing at a ment of dairy cattle by farmers, who are are working with farmers to ensure they
fast pace, especially with the current lucky to own a single dairy cow. improve production in order to allevi-
higher milk prices together with Although many farmers in Kenya ate hunger and poverty in the rural
have good dairy cows, they neglect areas. These institutions produce and
increased demand for milk products disseminate very useful information that
in the international market. Kenyan them, and farmers are therefore to
blame for decreased milk produc- is meant to help farmers adopt new and
farmers have been unable to supply sustainable methods of farming that can
enough milk to meet the demand, tion. Proper feeding, care and disease
control contributes to more than 70
change their lives for the better. The
however, due to the poor quality of problem could be that either farmers do
their animals. There are 14 million percent of a dairy cows milk produc- not know where to get the information, or
cattle in the country; of these, only 3.5 tion. Feed experts at KARI advise if they do, they do not care to utilise it.
million are dairy cattle that the country farmers to buy feeds from established
manufacturers to avoid poor quality The Swiss foundation BioVision, which
depends on to produce milk both for
feeds that have flooded the market. funds the publication of The Organic
domestic consumption and commercial Farmer, has launched an Internet-infor-
purposes. See pages 4 & 5
mation service called Infonet with a great
The per capita milk consumption in TOF on air! deal of information for farmers (www.
rural areas stands at 35 litres per year, On Thursday 18th October, infonet-biovision.org). When farmers in
while people in urban areas consume 2007, you can hear The Organic Farmer on Kilifi were shown how to access informa-
an average of 70 litres annually. Milk the Kiswahili Service of KBC from 8.30 tion from the Infonet last month, they
consumption, especially in rural areas, pm to 8.45 pm. Tune in your radio!
were elated. This service will reduce our
dependence on extension officers, who in
New internet service for farmers most cases are unavailable to solve our
problems, said one of the farmers. Right
Beginning this and diseases. They have only to go to
the following address: www.infonet-
now, the Government is trying to make
month, organic information and communication technol-
farmers in biovision.org. BioVision, together ogy (ICT) available in all rural areas.
Kenya and East with The Organic Farmer, will also
Africa can get produce a CD for use by farmers who The main objective of our magazine
information on do not have access to the Internet but is to provide you with the most impor-
all aspects of know someone who has a computer tant knowledge on organic farming and
which has a CD drive. The CD con- farming in general. We know that having
organic farming on the Internet. The the right information is the first step
Swiss foundation BioVision, which tains all the information in the Infonet in solving a problem. The new Inter-
is also the sponsor of The Organic and also all the issues of The Organic net service Infonet is meant to serve
Farmer magazine, has launched a new Farmer with an index, where you can this purpose: All the information farmers
website - the Infonet. It is an informa- find the various articles. The Infonet need is readily available at all times. The
tion platform where farmers can do is sponsored by LED, the Develop- challenge now is on you, the farmers,
research on ecological methods for ment Service of the European state of to use this information to improve your
the prevention and control of pests Liechtenstein. See page 2 farming skills and your livelihoods.
Nr. 29 October 2007
Farmers, do you need help? Go to Infonet!

Infonet opens for farmers a new cal methods for the prevention and Isaac went to a cybercafe in Hurling-
opportunity to access information. control of pests and parasite infesta- ham/Nairobi, where we joined him.
tions of plants, humans and animals. 5. Two minutes later he holds 13
The Organic Farmer
Isaac Maina is an organic farmer in 1. This is the first time in his life that
Subukia. Many farmers know him, Isaac is sitting at a computer. Chantal,
since he is representing and distribut- the officer in charge, explains to
ing our magazine, The Organic Farmer, Isaac in five minutes how to use the
on field days. Isaac has a problem computer. In a cybercafe, he is con-
with his beans. In the last issue of TOF nected with the whole world through
he read the article about Infonet (see a telephone line. Isaac only needs to
also page 1). Infonet is an information know how to click on the different
platform. It presents a lot of informa- pictures and words.
tion on scientifically proven ecologi-
2. Now Isaac is alone at the compu-
ter. He types in the address: www.
infonet-biovision.org. Isaac finds it
very strange. He checks to make sure
magazine he has not made any mistake, then he
clicks enter. This is the command to
tell the computer, go ahead!
3. One minute later, Infonet appears at

the screen. Isaac chooses vegetables,
and then he clicks on the word beans.
Now all possible information with
pictures appears on the screen. Isaac
finds the disease his beans are suffer-
ing from: It is the black spot disease.
Infonet gives him a lot of advice to
fight the disease, for instance with
EM (effective microorganisms). Isaac
writes down the advice.
4. Isaac is a curious man, so he reads

what is written about other diseases
and tips on beans. He thinks: This
information is of high value, so he
clicks the bottom print.
pages with all possible diseases and

pests on beans and all the possible
cures against them. And he learned
a lot about beans in general. He pays
for 30 minutes of using the computer
and for the printing of the 13 pages.
It cost him KSh 195/=. Hey, this is
a very good thing, Isaac says when
leaving the cybercafe. I can do my
own research with www.infonet-bio-
vision.org and it is so easy!
No telephone line for getting Infonet? Use a CD!

From December 2007/January 2008 a computer that can read a CD. You
onwards, you will not even need a simply order a CD with all the infor-
telephone line to access Infonet. You mation on it from The Organic Farmer.
only need to know someone who has We will inform you in the December
a computer. In most farmers groups issue how to order this CD. Good
these days, there is someone who has luck, farmers!
Nr. 29 October 2007
Information centre enlightens community

Farmers need information. A rural
information centre in Lugari district
has shown the way.
Peter Kamau, Lugari
Star Rays Education Centre is an insti-
tution with a difference. Here, chil-
dren attending normal classes mingle
with adults who have come for a dif-
ferent form of education. For the last
seven years, the Centre has served
as a formal school, a learning centre
for farmers interested in improving
their knowledge in farming, and as a
church on Sundays.
As we enter the Centre, located in William Makechi (left) at the Centre's demo plot. Farmers catch up with news from the
Likuyani division of Lugari district various publications availble at the Centre's library. Photo TOF
along the KitaleEldoret highway, we
find a group of men and women sitting that the farmers could not pay for the changed the way we do farming,
in the waiting shed in deep concentra- services provided. I realised the best says Kizito Wanyama. He says in
tion, reading newspapers, newsletters way to utilise the facility was to start the past, farmers did not want to
and various other publications such a school where parents would pay share information with others, but the
as our magazine The Organic Farmer, a nominal fee for their children and Centre has changed all that.
while the normal classes go on in the at the same time farmers could be Every month, Wanyama and
main building. Inside the school office trained in this region. members of the farmers groups
more adults are busy reading; these We have learned a lot receive copies of TOF and discuss the
are not teachers but more farmers ideas and tips given in the articles,
At first we thought it was a per- which they then try to practise in
who have come to read, exchange
sonal business. I attended the April their respective farms. Instead of
ideas or to get market information.
seminar and it has really changed buying expensive fertilizers and pest
During the holidays, farmers benefit
the way I practise farming. I had control chemicals, we have learnt in
from training programmes offered
left a huge pile of farmyard manure The Organic Farmer magazine about
by the Government, local NGOs and
behind my house, but now you can simple methods of preparing plant
agricultural institutions.
see what I have done with it, says extracts with various nutrients and
Every aspect of farming, from
Morris Wanyonyi, a local farmer. His pest control properties. I have known
compost-making to beekeeping and
garden holds a lush crop of bananas, about the Lantana camara plant since I
marketing of farm produce, is taught
potatoes, passion fruit, indigenous was a young man, but I never knew it
at the Centre. Last April more than
vegetables, maize and beans. He uses could control pests, he adds.
200 farmers drawn from Lugari, Uasin
only compost in his farm. Makechi
Gishu, Trans-Nzoia, Bungoma and Learn appropriate technology
says that the biggest challenge facing
Kakamega districts benefited from
training. The farmers have an oppor- the Centre is lack of resource mate- Lugari settlement scheme is a densely
tunity to learn through video shows rial for use by farmers. To overcome populated farming area, comprised of
this problem, he has tried to collect
and also to get practical lessons in the mainly internally displaced families.
Centres demonstration plot and from any information or publication he They originally came from Turbo,
successful farmers in the neighbour- comes across, especially handouts parts of Uasin Gishu and Bungoma
hood. Participants are charged Ksh 30 given during workshops and semi- districts following tribal clashes in
to discourage idlers. nars which he has attended. He also those areas back in 1992. This has led
subscribes to several local and inter- to subdivision of land, with many
Rural farmers lack information national agriculture journals. In the of the farmers owning an average
The rapid growth of the Centre is one office are many files with newspaper of one acre. Makechi says one of the
thing that surprised even the founder- cuttings on every subject in agricul- objectives of the Centre is to train
director, William Makechi, a livestock ture. the farmers to improve and diversify
extension officer with the Ministry Important source of information their farming methods for food secu-
of Livestock and Fisheries Develop- rity, health and income generation. If
ment. For many years, farmers came When William Makechi came across funds allow, he plans to start training
to me whenever they had problems. The Organic Farmer magazine, which on appropriate technology.
There is nowhere a farmer can get was given to him by an official from
information on agriculture here, so the VI Agroforestry Project in Kitale Solar energy
I decided to set up the Centre to fill last year, Makechi immediately Makechi says he will introduce simple
this gap, he says. And why operate subscribed. The magazine has now tools such as coolers for perishable
a formal school on what is supposed become an important source of infor- farm produce, water filtration, use
to be a farmers' training institution? mation for training local farmers. of animal power, energy-saving jikos
Makechi says that the idea of the We had no knowledge of organic and ways of harnessing solar energy
school came about when he realized farming before, but TOF has really to the community.
Nr. 29 October 2007
Management is key to good milk production

Feeding, care and disease control centrates, 1 percent minerals and an transportation of nutrients through
accounts for more than 70 percent of a unlimited supply of water. Although the bloodstream to all parts of its
dairy cows milk production. many farmers are satisfied to see their body. The water must also be clean
dairy cows with a full stomach, this and adequate. Watering animals only
Peter Kamau does not mean that the cow is well at particular times, sometimes only
The management of dairy cows is one fed. twice in a day, is wrong. Water should
of the biggest challenges facing the Most farmers feed their cows on always be available. The amount of
Kenyan farmer today. Following our maize stalks and banana stems, but water given to a dairy cow deter-
article about the problem of avail- maize stalks contain only 4 percent mines how much feed it can take in a
ability of dairy cows (TOF July 2007), crude protein, and a large portion of day, and consequently the amount of
our research reveals that management banana leaves is composed of water milk it can produce. A cow requires
problems such as feeding, breeding, that does not add much to the animals an average of 40 litres of clean drink-
housing and disease management are nutrient requirements. Hay made ing water per day and an additional
to blame for the reduced milk produc- from grasses such as Boma Rhodes 4 litres for every litre of milk pro-
tion in Kenya. To keep their animals is a more preferable fodder because duced.
in good health, farmers need to main- it has a higher percentage of crude Disease control: A good dairy farmer
tain the highest level of management, protein (between 7 to 9 percent). Some should be able to take preventive
which will then lead to increased farmers prefer feeding their cows with measures to protect their animals,
milk production and higher incomes. wheat straw, which again is not such as diseases reduce milk production
Dairy farmers need to observe the a good feed as it has a crude protein or even result in death. Tick-borne
following areas that are crucial to the content of less than 5 percent. diseases such as East Coast Fever
health of a dairy cow: More than 70 percent of a dairy (ECF) and anaplasmosis should be
Feeding: Feeding is one of the most cows feed should contain roughage controlled by regular dipping. Brush-
important (and most neglected) (fodder with a lot of fibre). Roughage ing the cows removes dung from the
areas in the management of a dairy is important because all animals in udder and skin that attracts flies that
cow. Every day, a dairy cow requires the ruminant class depend on small transmit diseases.
energy, proteins, minerals, vitamins microorganisms or microbes (pro- Housing: A properly made housing
and plenty of water. To get these tozoa, fungi, and bacteria) to assist unit should have a rough concrete
nutrients, a cow must be fed with them in feed digestion; roughage can pavement slanted to allow the free
good quality fodder, crop residues only be found in good quality forage off-flow of urine. The unit should
(by-products), minerals and concen- in pastures such as hay, Napier grass have adequate walking, dunging
trates. (Concentrates are well bal- or lucerne. At least 30 percent of the and resting areas. It should also have
anced feeds with essential nutrients daily feed should be comprised of bedding material to keep the animals
formulated by experts to meet the feed concentrates (see table below for comfortable. Dirty housing is to blame
daily requirements of a cow.) A dairy feed requirements). for diseases such as foot rot and diar-
cows daily ration should contain Water: A dairy cow requires water to rhoea.
75 percent forage, 24 percent con- facilitate the digestion, absorption and Breeding: Good breeding of dairy
cows starts with fertility manage-
ment. Farmers need to have adequate
Calves need special care! knowledge on how to detect the heat
of their dairy cows. Many farmers
often get confused when they see two
cows mounting each other. A knowl-
edgeable farmer should be able to tell
which of the two is on heat. The only
telltale sign is that the cow on heat
discharges a clear mucus, and the
sides of the vulva appear swollen. A
cow that is not on heat will not accept
being mounted. Once identification
has been done, the cow should be
served within 18 hours for conception
to be successful. Farmers should also
maintain all Artificial Insemination
(AI) records to stop inbreeding. (Read
Calves are especially delicate and tion. Calves can also get foreign body more about this topic on page 5, or
require careful handling, as they are pneumonia when fed poorly and if read our previous TOF issue of March
very susceptible to diseases. When the milk goes through the nose to 2007).
fed on too much milk, calves can get their lungs. (Farmers are advised to Record keeping: A good farmer keeps
diarrhoea. Farmers can control this by use calf nipples to avoid this.) Calf all records of their animals, for example
adding some water to the milk. Diar- pneumonia can also be caused by daily milk records, AI service records,
rhoea in calves can also be caused by exposure to wind, especially in cold and cost of feeds to determine if they
poor housing where they are exposed areas. Proper housing can prevent have made any profit or loss in the
to muddy conditions that cause infec- this. farming business.
Nr. 29 October 2007
Improving dairy cow breeds

Lack of proper record keeping and
poor management is to blame for
inbreeding and low quality of dairy
cattle in the country.
Peter Kamau
The main problem facing the Kenyan
dairy industry is lack of good quality
dairy cows. This is the opinion of
William Ayako, a livestock expert at
KARI, Naivasha. One reason for this
situation is the fact that the major-
ity of farmers do not understand the
benefits of breeding; this has led to
deterioration in quality. Although
most farmers have access to Artifi-
cial Insemination (AI) services, many
of them still rely on bulls with an
unknown pedigree, that sire dairy
cows that produce less milk. A Sahiwal breed
AI services not properly used for Kenyan dairy farmers
The reason farmers do this is to
As the quality of dairy cattle in the
reduce expenses: AI costs Ksh 600
country continues to deteriorate due
to serve one cow. Another problem,
to poor management and inbreed-
apart from the costs, is that farmers
ing, one institution has struggled to
who regularly use the AI services do
maintain standards. It is the KARI-
not keep any records. In this way,
National Animal Husbandry Research
they risk the danger of serving the
Centre in Naivasha. Aware that more
daughter of a particular cow with A FriesianSahiwal crossbreed cow and calf
than 80 percent of the country is
semen from its own father, since all
arid or semi-arid, the Centre has exotic Friesian breed. The breed is also
semen comes from the same bulls
a breeding programme that breeds resistant to most of the common cattle
based at the Central Artificial Insemi-
dairy and beef cattle suitable for diseases. The NaivashaKARI Farm
nation Service (CAIS) at Kabete in
both high potential and arid areas of has an average of 1400 Sahiwal and
Nairobi. This causes inbreeding.
the country. The Sahiwal breed was FriesianSahiwal crosses. Requests for
Ayako says that of the 3.5 million
imported from the semi-arid and arid this breed are so high that the Centre
dairy cattle that the country depends
region of Pakistan and India in the is not able to meet the demand from
on to produce milk both for domestic
1930s, after attempts to improve the farmers. Ayako says that this year
consumption and commercial pur-
local Zebu breed showed little genetic alone the Centre has sold 64 bulls and
poses, only 5 percent are registered
progress. Due to its excellent perfor- 23 cows to farmers from Narok, Trans-
with the Kenya Stud Book (KSB).
mance, KARI Naivasha established Mara and Kajiado. Semen collected
The KSB-secretariat keeps records of
the National Sahiwal Stud (breeding from bulls bred at the Centre is pro-
all animals with known pedigrees in
farm). Its two main objectives are (i) to cessed and sold in the local and inter-
the country. Without proper dairy
produce pure-bred Sahiwal cattle for national markets. An in-calf heifer at
farm records, it is very difficult for
use in the arid and semi-arid areas, the Centre goes for Ksh 40,000 while
the country to have a breeding plan,
and (ii) the cross breeding of Sahiwals a bull costs Ksh 55,000. Farmers can
says Ayako.
with exotic breeds such as Friesians place orders through the following
Dairy farming in the country started
to produce a breed that is suitable for address:
facing problems with the collapse of
milk production in both high- and
the Kenya Cooperative Creameries Centre Director, KARI National
low-potential areas.
and the liberalisation of the sector Animal Husbandry Research Centre,
The SahiwalFriesian cow can
in the 1990s. This led to low milk P.O.Box 25, Naivasha Tel. 0722 336
produce up to 20 litres of milk in a
prices that forced most farmers to 589.
day, yet it does not eat as much as the
sell their dairy cattle. Ayako advises
farmers who would like to restock farmers in the country can improve the will help the dairy industry to grow,
to buy animals from established live- quality of their dairy cows by having he says. He is also concerned that
stock breeders organisations or from them inspected and upgraded (See local breeders are selling their high-
individual farmers with good-quality TOF March 2007 issue). He is of the yielding dairy cows to other countries
animals that are registered with the view that farmers should not wait for faster than they can replace them. It
KSB. the government to restock them, since is important that we maintain the
Farmers can now get credit the dairy farming sector has been lib- national herd. If you have 12 cows,
eralised. The role of the government you can sell 4 and remain with 8. This
James Karanja, a director of the Kenya now is to provide an enabling envi- way the country will not lose all its
Dairy Board and breeder, says dairy ronment and formulate policies that good dairy cows, he says.
continued on page 7
Nr. 29 October 2007
Marigold plant has many uses

What is the difference between
African marigold and Mexican mari-
gold? 0734 418288
The marigolds are members of the The African

Tagetes family, of which we have Marigold
Mexican, African and even French Tagetes
marigold species. African marigold erecta (above)
is known as Tagetes erecta and is the is taller and
tallest of the family, while Mexican has small
Garlic likes it hot marigold is known as Tagetes minuta
(small).
flowers. While
Please give some advice on garlic the Mexican
The Mexican marigolds also have Marigold
production and uses. Mwongela 0720 large flowers in comparison to the Tagetes
143 977 African marigold, which have the minuta
smallest flowers. In Kenya we have (below) is
Garlic is grown from garlic cloves that both types, with the Mexican species small in
are separated from the garlic bulbs. being more exotic and mostly avail- size and has
The plants like a well-drained soil able as seed or seedlings in the road- large flowers.
high in organic matter, and a warm to side flower nurseries. African mari- (Photos TOF)
hot climate. gold is fairly widespread all over the
Cloves should be planted 2 inches in country and is commonly treated as a In areas where there are problems
the soil at 4 inches spacing between weed. It is the tall, rather smelly, fast- with nematodes, leave the marigold
cloves. The larger the cloves, the larger growing weed seen in most shambas. to grow for a season as a lush weed-
the new bulbs will turn out. It is sometimes mistaken for a can- like cover and plough it back into the
Garlic does not like competing with nabis plant when young, as it has a soil before it goes to seed. This is one
weeds; therefore weed regularly and similar leaf structure. of the most effective plants against
mulch well. Feed the plants at least Organic farmers use the Tagetes nematodes, as the roots of the African
once during their growing season and family as an insecticide, fungicide, marigold give off a substance that kills
make sure not to over irrigate. Check nematicide and also to harbour ben- nematodes. One can also use the plant
bulbs beneath the soil after about eficial insects. To make an insecticide, as a rotation crop on rested soils.
4 months. If they are bulging out crush leaves and roots of the mari- As the flowers of the Tagetes attract
of their outer cover they are almost golds and soak in water for 5 7 days beneficial insects, they can be useful
ready. Lift from the soil before the until the material has decayed. Sieve when interspersed with your crops
green growing leaves are dried up the mixture and use the resulting or around the crop bed borders. They
and cure as in an aerated area. This liquid diluted 1:1 with soapy water are also very attractive to look at
can be done by hanging the bunches as a spray. This mixture repels most and brighten up your field. For pets,
together. Do not cure in the sun as insects and can also help plants resist bedding made up of sacks filled with
this lowers the quality of the bulbs. fungal diseases such as blight in pota- dried marigolds helps deter fleas and
When the bulbs are dry, cut off the toes and tomatoes. ticks.
now-dried leaves and your crop of
well cured garlic should keep for up
to six months. Be careful with greenhouses
Garlic has antibacterial, antifungal
and even antiviral properties. It is What can you grow in a greenhouse? ronment, I had continuous problems
thus used in alternative medicine to Wekesa Kibuka, 0724 834 801 with pests and diseases. If I was not
treat or help in these conditions. In Greenhouses are expensive to con- fighting off mites, I was battling with
the organic shamba, it is used crushed struct, and create an unnatural envi- fungus. The entire struggle was not
and soaked in water, or as an oil ronment. Farmers using greenhouses worth any gains.
against fungi, as well as being used as do so in order to control the growing My advice to farmers preparing
an insect repellent when combined in environment. This does seem to go to produce organically using green-
solution with African marigold and against the logic of organic produc- houses is to start with one house first
chillies. tion, which centres on working with and build up the experience you will
the natural environment, however need before investing in a large oper-
there are many organic producers ation. As the build-up of pests and
using greenhouses. diseases in greenhouses can be quite
Greenhouses naturally raise temper- swift, one really does need a solution
atures and thus are used for the pro- with a fast reaction, time in order to
duction of hot-weather, high-value avert risk of crop failure. Our organic
crops such as tomatoes, peppers, solutions to pests and diseases are not
cucumbers, courgettes, chillies, but- as quick in bearing results as conven-
ternuts, melons, etc. My experience tional chemical solutions. I believe
with greenhouse production ended the success of organic greenhouse
with the deconstruction of the entire production depends largely on the
structure. Due to the controlled envi- experience of the farmer.
Nr. 29 October 2007
Happy to come my community members. I therefore

request to be supplied with enough
across magazine copies to help me spread the gospel
We are a group practising organic of organic farming. Organic farming
farming. One day we came across is the only sure way of ensuring a
The Organic Farmer and we were very healthy nation. Long live The Organic
happy with the information it carried. Farmer magazine. I also kindly request
We liked the articles so much that we to be sent single copies of the previous
would like you to send us any edition issues of this informative magazine. I
containing more about poultry and thank you in advance for considering
dairy keeping. We will be very happy my request.
if you address our problem. Jesse Luchetu Shivachi, PO Box 41
Edwin Kavulu Kathuo, Organic 50108, Lugari, Tel 0721 664131
Farmers, P.O Box 247, Tulia Kitui, Tel.
0726 385694 We need it in Ghana
W
We write to request for copies and
We need current and past
W subsequent subscriptions of your
issues of the magazine
g magazine The Organic Farmer, r which
I kindly request for monthly copies we realize will help our educational
of The Organic Farmer. I learned about and entrepreneurial programmes.
this wonderful magazine through Thank you.
a friend who had the August 2006 Joseph M.Agbeko, Executive Director
issue. Personally, I am a graduate Fair River International - (FARIAD),
of sustainable agriculture and rural The Plant Extracts Special which appeared
P.O.BOX OS 2369, OSU ACCRA
development from Baraka College. in Sept/Oct 2006 issue is now available in
GHANA. (West Africa)Telephone:
In my community in Lugari district, I English. Interested farmers can order it.
+233 217012472Direct: +233 24 3107106
am promoting sustainable agriculture Fax: +233 217012472 e-mail: info@fair- Suitable for farmer training
g
and I work with Self-Help Groups, river.orgWebsite: www.fairriver.org I am a field extension staff, working
youth groups, women's groups and with the ministry of agriculture, Mum-
church- based organizations. I am a Organic
g farming
g is cheap
p beres division. I received a copy of
secretary of two registered groups of Wakulima Bora is a registered self- your TOF magazine from a friend
21 and 17 members respectively. It is help group which has a total mem-
h who works in Baraka college. I have
on this basis that I feel your maga- bership of 16 people and member- practically demonstrated on compost
zine will be very relevant to me and ship is still open to any farmer who making, using EM1 solution, in three
iis interested. One of our key objec- field days and the response has been
tives is to encourage organic farming, very good. Your magazine contains
Dairy cow breeds... which is more cost effective and is very rich, honest and useful informa-
Continued from Page 5
also good for sustainable agriculture. tion for the farmer. Please consider me
Our research has shown that a We are small-scale farmers involved in your mailing list, plus five copies
number of local banks and finan- in the production of potatoes, maize for the groups that I train. Samwel
cial institutions in the country have and wheat. We also keep dairy cows. K Rotich, P.O Box 36, Timboroa sml-
already initiated credit facilities for Some of members are now venturing rotich@yahoo.com
farmers who would like to restock. It into mushroom farming while others
is easy for farmers to access credit. All have gone into poultry farming. We I want to go
g organic
g
a farmer needs is to open an account request you to be sending us copies off I am a farmer in Kakamega district
your magazine.
y who is specialized in horticultural
with the bank and show records of
Gichuru Ikiara, Wakulima Bora farming. I want to practice organic
their milk deliveries, which will be farming, as inorganic farming is
the security for being considered for Group, P.O Box 1992 60200, Meru
expensive and has low yield. Accept
a loan. 0720
0 720 437220 my request of The Organic Farmer
Total mixed rations for a dairy cow (See page 4) magazine. Shadrack Nyikuli, P.O Box
84 50105, Bukura
Milk Live body Maize Lucerne Napier Rhodes Concen- Total Forage Cost
yield weight Silage hay (Kg) Fresh Grass trates Dairy Concen- per kg
target (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) Meal trate of milk
(Kg) Intake Ratio
(Kg)
30-35 600 14 3 3 2 15.2 21.3 1:1.5 8
20-25 550 14 3 3 2 10.4 16.8 1:1.1 15.9
10-15 550 16 - 4 6 6 15.6 1:1.5 15.9
For 5 kg milk produced above the target, add 0.5 of each individual ingredient.
Production system is semi-intensive. (Source: KARI, Naivasha) Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Nr. 29 October 2007
Rabbit farmer swamped by orders Training: The Kenya Organic Agri-

Godfrey Gichuhi, the rabbit farmer culture and Environmental Tech-
from Ruthagati village in Karatina, nologies Institute offers a range of
whose story we featured in the July courses to farmers in the following
2007 issue, must be smiling all the areas:
way to the bank. Since The Organic i) Extension services for individuals
Farmer wrote about rabbit keeping and farmers groups
as an easy way of income generation, ii) Certificate in organic agriculture
farmers from all over the country and environmental science
have been calling Gichuhi with orders iii) Diploma in organic agriculture
for rabbits. He says he has been and environmental science
swamped with telephone calls from Farmers groups in Budalangi and The courses start in January 2008.
farmers eager to start rabbit keeping Bungoma have also invited him to For enquiries farmers can contact:
since they read the article. Farmers train them. Gichuhi plans to write a The Training Manager, KOAETEC
are calling from as far as Budalangi, book on rabbit keeping. Farmers inter- Institute, P.O.Box 32 60125 Kubu-
Kisumu, Kitale, Kisii and Kericho ested in rabbits can get in touch with Kubu Embu.Tel.0725301195 Fax
and many other parts of the country. him at the following address: Godfrey 06841074
Every day I receive an average of 10 Gichuhi P.O. Box 137, Karatina, Tel.
calls from farmers who want to buy 0720 406 195. The overwhelming Organic fertilizer: EM Bokashi is an
rabbits. So far I have sold 250 rabbits response to the article on rabbits and organic fertilizer containing a high
within a few weeks, he says. He the others we have done before (as concentration of essential nutrients
organizes delivery to any part of the on mushrooms, for instance, or dairy required for plant growth, manu-
country. goats), is a confirmation that farmers factured under licence from EMRO
Gichuhi has been forced to buy really appreciate and use the infor- Japan. The nutrients are made using
rabbits from members of his farmers mation we give every month in The Effective Microorganisms (EM).
group. Increased demand has forced Organic Farmer magazine to improve Farmers interested in buying EM
him to start more farmers groups their farming methods and liveli- Bokashi can get in touch with the
in his area to breed more rabbits. hoods. (TOF) manufacturers at the following
address: EM Technologies Ltd, P.O
The benefits The watering plant Box 1365,60100 Embu, Kenya Tel.254
of a kitchen garden I am almost making a breakthrough 068 41074/ 072640174 email: embu@
in discovering a system whereby emtechkenya.com.
Currently nearly every farmer owns a plants are used in irrigating other Organic produce needed: The
kitchen garden for vegetable growing plants naturally. The plant to be used
which produces organic products. in irrigating other plants has the capa- Organic Shop would like to buy the
The Integrated Pests and Disease bility of absorbing moisture from the following organic farm produce from
Management (IPM) system is highly air at night and releasing the mois- certified organic growers: All types
practised in the gardens. The first step ture through the stem. This system of fruits such raspberry,sugar,corn
is to re-establish the natural order wets the ground, enabling it and other oil,sunflower oil, garlic, strawberry,
and reinstate the fertility of the soil plants nearby to grow with little or green peppers, eggplant, organic tea,
by minimizing soil disturbance and no rainfall. Through observations in and coffee, grains such as wheat,
maximizing soil organic matter. The the last 10 years, I have no doubt that barley and oats, beef, lamb, duck.
second stage is to re-introduce plant the plant is useful for this purpose. Farmers can get in touch with the
diversity. This is the most effective During drought spells you will find shop at the following address: contact
way of maintaining pest control and that the base of the stem around it is Zak Tel. 0722 572717 or Su Kahumbu
ensuring continued soil fertility. The always wet. The tap root is relatively Tel. 0721 100001, email: info@organic.
law of plant diversity says that there long with very short root hairs, which co.ke
should be a wide variety of different shows that the plant does not necessar- Petition: Last month we sent out fliers
plants on the land at any one time. ily require watering, as it is able to get on a petition against the ban on air
Here is a recipe for pest control: water on its own. freight of organic produce to Euro-
Neem tree extract I have not done further research pean markets. Farmers were supposed
Add 1 kg finely shredded neem leaves because the plant has no seeds, as it to fill in the petition form and send
to 1 litre of water, shake vigorously, propagates through spores. I am there- it to the Kenya Organic Agriculture
filter, then add 4 litres of water. Add fore asking anybody who can help in Network (KOAN) in Nairobi or send
2 teaspoonfuls of paraffin and a little reproducing this plant to get in touch an SMS to show solidarity with those
soap. with me for us to do carry out further opposed to the ban. Farmers who have
Target pests: aphids, bugs, cutworm research. If successful, the plant could not done so are requested to send their
and nematodes. be intercropped with others, such as forms as soon as possible.
Austin Mumo, Development worker, millet, to provide them with water research. David Osiako, Umoja Forest
P.O Box 102, Sultan Hamud Tel.0727 during drought periods. I hope to have Conservation Group, P.O.Box 49,
554529 / 0735 591678 the discovery patented after further Kesogon Tel. 0735 578 416.
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 16 August, 2006
Dear farmers,
In this newspaper, we have laid empha-
sis several times on the need for farmers
to be more creative in order to remain
competitive and get good returns from
their farms. It appears, however, that
many farmers have continued to prac-
tice farming as they have done in the
past.
If you look around your neighbour-
hood, you will find farmers growing the
same type of crops they grew 10 years
ago. This is regardless of whether these
crops give them the desired yields and
income. Take for example farmers in the
Through tiny holes in these pipes water flows directly to the plant roots (TOF) maize-growing areas of the country; in
these regions, you will find farmers
Every drop for the plant who have grown maize in the same field
for the last 30 years. As you have read
The increasing demand for water by availability is the limiting factor to in this newspaper, this practice wears
agriculture calls for more efficient plant growth, farmers have to devise out the soil and thus it cannot support
use of this resource for instance other ways to minimize the risks of a good harvest.
through drip irrigation. rain-fed agriculture. Another practice that is not wise is
More and more farmers have "copy-cat" farming. If one farmer
Philomena Nyagilo become aware of these problems and grows tomatoes and makes good
Water is a crucial element vital to life are installing irrigation systems on returns in a particular season, every
on earth. Every farmer knows quite their farms. The most efficient system farmer in the neighbourhood will
well that if there is no water, there are of irrigation is drip irrigation, which switch to tomato growing. What hap-
no plants growing and there is no we feature in this month's edition of pens is that all these farmers will har-
food. The water taken up by the roots The Organic Farmer (see pages 4,5). In vest and deliver the tomatoes to the
of a plant is combined with nutrients the next issues we will explain meth- market at the same time. This flooding
from the soil and carbon dioxide ods of water conservation. of the market with the same product
from the air to make food, while lowers its demand, and in the process
some water is lost to the atmosphere Dairy goats in great pushes down the price. Agricultural
product markets are very dynamic and
through a process usually called demand by local farmers prices change every day. It takes a
transpiration.
Water is therefore an essential After our story on dairy goats in clever farmer to understand the market
resource to the farmer. Its manage- September last year, many farmers trends and only grow what is likely to
ment to a great extent decides how have written to us requesting for sell at a particular season. This is the
successful a farming enterprise is or information on where they can buy only way farmers can survive in this
can be. Smallscale farmers in Kenya the goats. This clearly indicates that market environment.
depend on rain to satisfy the water the demand for the goats is very high Diversification on the farm has many
requirements of their farms. Unfortu- among our farmers. The problem is advantages if it is carried out in a
nately, this rainfall is often low, that very few farmers have managed planned way. Different crops take dif-
erratic and unreliable. Since water to get the goats for breeding pur- ferent nutrients from the soil. Crop
poses. Government agricultural insti- rotation helps to balance the various
in this issue tutions do not have any for sale
either. Except for a few places such
nutrients needed to improve soil fertil-
ity and maintain plant health. In mixed
as Nakuru District, where farmers farming, where livestock and crop pro-
Maize production 3
have come together to start a breed- duction are practised, farmers have the
Farmers can make more
ers' association, there are no orga- advantage of the livestock converting
money from sale of green maize.
nized dairy goat breeding associa- crop residues into meat and milk.
Do we need greenhouses? 6 tions in the country.
In organic farming greenhouses It is easy to understand why many What we are saying is that Kenyan
may not be necessary. farmers want dairy goats. They are farmers have enough resources at their
easy to handle, while their milk is disposal. If these resources are well
Helpful but dangerous 8 highly nutritious. On page 2 of this planned and utilised, it is possible to
Tephrosia can help control most issue, we give you more information greatly improve the overall producti-
pests if farmers use it correctly. on how to take care of them. (TOF) vity of the farm, including income.
2 The Organic Farmer Nr. 16 August 2006
MY OPINION
While it is obvious that population
Dairy goats need proper care
increase is to blame for increased Proper management of dairy goats der into small pieces so that the goats
sub-division of available agricultural can help improve their health and can chew them easily. If more than one
land, I believe the trend is not good and productivity. type of forage is available, goats will
for the development of agriculture in digest the roughage more efficiently.
the country. The subdivision has led The Organic Farmer This forage can include potato vines,
to acquisition of unviable agricul- Dairy goats require a high standard of maize stalks, sorghum, and waste
tural units that cannot help improve vegetables, among others. Clean
management for them to give good
food production. The government is fresh water should always be avail-
to blame for this problem. Most of returns to the farmer. Lack of know-
ledge on goat management is a prob- able. A block of salt should also be
our farmers have only been trained hung up in an accessible place for the
to produce food. No effort is made lem for many farmers. From the many
farmers we have visited, it is evident goats to lick.
to impart knowledge on value addi- It is important to know how a goat
tion which could help create jobs that farmers do not maintain the ani-
mals to the expected standards. Most feeds; it has a big stomach in compari-
and reduce pressure on land. A son to its body size, which is what it
major overhaul of the agricultural of the goat sheds we have seen are not
sector is needed to change the atti- kept clean the way they should be. uses to convert its food into milk. It is
tude of the farmers for the benefit of Most farmers house the goats in such more efficient in converting dry
the country. tiny sheds that the animals do not roughage into milk than a cow, but it
Peter Karimi, a farmer in Nyeri have enough room for rest and move- must have good quality clean, dry for-
ment. Lack of hygiene also exposes the age at all times. The amount a goat
eats will depend on its size. If there is
The Organic Farmer goats to diseases and pests. Dairy goat
a lot of waste, either the animal finds
owners should observe the following
The Organic Farmer is an independent guidelines to ensure the goats are the food unpalatable or the quantity is
newspaper for the Kenyan farming too much. A 45 kg goat should be con-
comfortable and productive.
community. It promotes organic suming up to 7% of her body weight,
farming and supports discussions on Housing
in this case 3.2 kg daily.
all aspects of sustainable develop- Except for drinking water, dairy goats
A goat should not only eat roughage.
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- do not like wet conditions. The ideal
It is important to add concentrate to
lished monthly by ICIPE home for a goat should be dry and
and distributed free to the feed to increase milk production.
clean. A simple way of doing this is to
farmers. The reports of The Dairy meal should be added and fed
build a goat house with a raised tim-
Organic Farmer do not nec- when it is still fresh. The amount of
ber floor that ensures good drainage
essarily reflect the views of concentrate should depend on the
and allows the free flow of urine and
ICIPE. amount of milk being produced. A
faeces through spaces left in the tim-
small quantity should be fed to a preg-
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by ber. This waste is valuable crop
nant goat in order to build up her
BioVision, a Swiss-based founda- manure that can be used to fertilize the
body reserves and help in the devel-
tion for the promotion of sustain- garden. Always remove waste pro-
opment of her unborn kid.
able development. ducts twice a day.
Dairy goats are very selective of what Dairy meal rations should be divided
www.biovision.ch into two, with half being given in the
they eat and will often not eat or drink
anything that is dirty. That is why their morning and the other half in the
Publisher evening. A dry female should get 0.5
International Centre of Insect water, fodder and feed boxes are
located outside the house, to prevent kg of dairy meal, a female producing 1
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) litre of milk should be fed 1 kg of dairy
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi contamination.
Goats are inquisitive and intelligent meal, 2.0 litres - 1.5 kg, 3 litres - 2.0 kg,
KENYA 4 litres - 2.5 kg and 5 litres - 3.0 kgs of
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 creatures and should be allowed to see
dairy meal daily.
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org what is around them. It is important
homepage: http://www.icipe.org that the farmer allows them to go out Breeding
Editors every day for exercise and to browse One healthy buck (male goat) can
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner on whatever plants are available. One serve up to 30 females in a season. It is
Secretariat important practice of organic farming uneconomical to keep a buck for a
Lucy W. Macharia is to allow the animals to move freely. whole year to serve only a few
Advisory Board No goat will perform well if it is con- females. It is advisable for farmers in
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE fined in a room. one area to form a breeding group and
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE Feeding purchase a buck to be used by each
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE The food intake of a dairy goat is member when needed.
Charles Kimani, Farmer, Wangige higher than that of local breeds. This is Rearing and milking
Address mainly because its productivity is also Kids reared naturally stay with their
The Organic Farmer higher. The amount consumed by a mothers until they are weaned at 4
P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi dairy goat depends on the individual months of age. Since most farmers
KENYA goat's selective habits. However, if purchase dairy goats to provide milk
Tel. +254 020 445 03 98 good quality forage is available, it will for the household, the kid should be
e-mail : info@organickenya.com often eat more. If the forage quality is separated from its mother at night and
Layout low, the refusal rate is often higher. It the goat milked in the morning to pro-
In-A-Vision Systems(k) is always advisable to chop green fod- vide milk for the family.
Nr. 16 August 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
Green maize can raise farmers income
The government fears sales of green Kenyan farmers suffer between 15 50
maize can interfere with per cent in postharvest losses. Farm-
the country's food security. ers who sell green maize overcome all
these losses and get a maximum return
Peter Kamau on their investment.
Aloisia Kirembu is a maize farmer Money for every cob sold
with a difference. Unlike many far- Japheth Wanyama, a social economist
mers in Wamuini area in the outskirts at the Kenya Agricultural Research
of Kitale town, she specializes in the Institute (KARI) in Kitale says research
production of green maize. She is undertaken by the institute shows that
lucky because there are several the returns from sale of vegetable
springs on her 9-acre farm. This maize are much higher than dry
enables her to grow maize on 2 acres maize. He says that at a spacing of
all the year round through irrigation. 75cm by 30cm, a well tended maize
When the green maize is ready for field can produce more than 44,000
harvest, middlemen from Kitale maize cobs. Most varieties of maize
town, Kiminini trading centre and can produce up to three cobs, which
places as far as Bungoma town flock means that the yield can be much
her farm to buy it. higher. Assuming the price of one cob
"Sometimes they come as early as 6 is KSh 5 then a farmer can make up to
a.m and almost fight over the maize if KSh 220,000 in one acre of maize. He
I do not have enough, she says. The said in practice, farmers earn between
maize is later sold in open air markets KSh 150,000 to 200,000 per acre. Most
and to roadside maize roasters in farmers selling dry maize earn less
Kitale town and neighbouring dis- than KSh 25,000 per acre. However,
tricts. the production of green maize is con-
"Growing green maize is profitable. fined to farmers whose farms have
Sometimes I can make as much as five river frontages where maize can grow
times the amount of money I would at any time of the year. The only other
make from dry maize on 1 acre. The producers are large-scale farmers who
yield would be much higher if I grew can afford to install irrigation systems
hybrid varieties, but I prefer growing for maize production. KARI economist
traditional varieties as they have a bet- Wanyama advises farmers who want
ter taste that is popular with my cus- to get good returns to practise correct
tomers", she adds. On her farm the timing and plant early so that the
first crop is planted at the beginning of There is always a market for green maize maize matures when the prices are
January while the second is sown in favourable in the market.
August. Apart from the 2 acres costs Ksh 3 per cob. A different crop
can also be planted immediately after Government controls sale
reserved for green maize, spaces left
the maize is harvested, which also However, Wanyama notes that the sale
by harvested maize, cabbages, pota-
fetches extra money. The maize stalks of green maize can have serious conse-
toes or beans are immediately cleared
are very valuable as they provide fod- quences in the household and on
and planted with a new maize crop;
der for her four dairy cows and also national food security if it is encour-
this ensures there is always some
improve the quality of the farmyard aged. He says the good prices can be
maize growing as an intercrop on the
manure. It is easy to see why she does encouraging to those who could end
other parts of the farm to keep her cus-
better than other farmers. They have up selling all their maize, leaving none
tomers supplied throughout the year.
to wait until November to start har- for their families. The good earnings
She prefers chicken and farmyard
vesting, since most of them do not sell from green maize production can be
manure to fertilize all her crops.
the maize immediately, they have to very tempting and there is fear that it
Postharvest losses to farmers wait for 1 or 2 months before they can can be practised at the expense of
Aloisia Kirembu is not alone; many shell the maize and sell it to the national food production, says
farmers in the maizegrowing areas of National Cereals and Produce Board, Wanyama. But if the money is prop-
TransNzoia and Bungoma districts where payments may be delayed for erly utilized it can really boost income
have discovered the advantages of up to 6 months. Those who are not for most of the poor farmers.
selling vegetable maize. There are sev- able to wait due to pressing financial This is the reason why the govern-
eral reasons why many farmers are needs such as payment of school fees, ment is forced to impose a ban to con-
turning to vegetable maize produc- land preparation or farm inputs are trol the sale and roasting of green
tion. One reason is that maize can give forced to sell at low prices to middle- maize from August every year to
much more money when it is sold men. ensure farmers do not sell all their
green than when it is dry. For example, Unlike dry maize, there is no danger maize at this time. He adds that many
during the MayJune season, one ear of pest damage and rotting in green farmers often plant early-maturing
(cob) goes for Ksh. 5 while in the July- maize. Research findings by the varieties which they sell as green
August season when the crop is United Nations Food And Agricul- maize while the late-maturing ones are
maturing in most growing areas, it tural Organisation (FAO) show that later sold as dry maize.
Drip irrigation is cheap and efficient

The system brings the water immediately surrounding the plant. Maintenance of drip
directly to the place where it is There is no water wasted.
needed most the roots of the plants. irrigation pipes important
There are different types of drip
pipes. Some have the outlets at a dis- Ann Wangare
Philomena Nyagilo Mwangi advises
tance of 20 cm or 30 cm apart. You
plant the seedlings near the hole in the that for the drip
Since Ann Wangare Mwangi, a
drip pipe. The spacing between plants irrigation system
smallscale farmer in Kiserian, started
depends on your crops. Cabbages to work well, there
using drip irrigation, her life has
need a spacing of 30 cm between the is need for con-
improved. "My water tank has a
holes, lettuce or onions require 1520 stant maintenance
capacity of 6000 litres and irrigates
cm. so as to remain
about 3/4 of an acre", she says. "Last
efficient and oper-
year I irrigated and harvested toma- Working efficiently
ate at the optimum. According to
toes worth KSh 100,000. Drip irriga- Drip irrigation allows you to produce her, farmers should:
tion is working efficiently". crops the whole year much more Use clean water to avoid clogging
Ann is not alone with her opinion. compared to rain fed irrigation. It has the water emitters.
Thousands of farmers in Africa and all many other advantages: Be careful during farm activities
over the world use drip irrigation to It is very efficient; this is because like weeding to avoid damaging the
water their crops. Su Kahumbu, for water soaks into the soil before it can water pipes, hoses and drip pipes.
instance, says it very clearly: "You need evaporate or run off. Inspect the system on a regular
less water, and drip irrigation allows Water is supplied to the soil around basis so as to detect any destruction
you to farm 12 months a year". the plant. This means that less water is from pests (such as termites,
Simple operating system wasted, while high moisture condi- rodents), blocked emitters, and leaks
Drip irrigation is an effective system tions are maintained close to the roots that cause water loss.
that uses water most efficiently to proof the plant. This makes drip irrigation Ensure the filters are cleaned re-
duce vegetables and other crops dur- appropriate for areas where water is gularly.
ing drought periods. Smallscale farm- scarce. Make sure you put away the sys-
ers in semi-arid areas who are already Drip irrigation is easy to install and tem and store it when not in use.
using the system are finding the tech- can be inexpensive if locally available Use mulch (dry plant material like
nology to be very appropriate and materials are used. grass) between the plants to mini-
suitable for production of fresh vegeta- It allows you to add soluble nutri- mize water loss through evapora-
bles, field and tree crops throughout ents into the water, so they can feed tion and reduce the growth of
the year. the plants directly. This economises on weeds.
The system is easy to explain: In drip your fertilizer use, and is called 'ferti- With all the gains that can be
or trickle irrigation, water is allowed to gation'. achieved through these measures,
drip to the soil around the plant roots. It gives you a higher yield because changing to drip irrigation can
Water flows out very slowly in drops you can plant on both sides of the increase food production, especially
from a small-diameter plastic pipe fit- pipe. where irrigation has not been
ted with outlets. This means that water It helps reduce diseases associated explored before. There are numer-
is applied only to that part of the soil with excess moisture on some plants: ous economic and social advantages
With drip irrigation you do not wet the when farmers use drip irrigation.
leaves. Fungal spores need hours of
leaf wetness to develop.
Drip irrigation can be used in fields
that have uneven landscapes.
It decreases weed populations. Since
water is applied close to the roots of
the plants, the soil surface between
rows is dry, so weeds cannot grow.
The drip irrigation system does the
watering without any labour, reduc-
ing costs. Inside a drip pipe: Only clean water can
Costs and installation run out of the small holes shown (arrow)
Ann Wangare Mwangi bought her irri-
for more than 500 plants. It is advanta-
gation system at the Kenya Agricul-
geous for smallscale farmers to buy
ture Research Institute (KARI) in 2004
the materials in groups so they can
at a price of KSh 37,000. The installa-
bargain for a discount. For instance, if
tion was also done by the same institu-
a roll of irrigation pipe is normally
tion at a small fee. However, there are
sold at KSh 8 per metre, farmers can
smaller and cheaper systems which
get it for less if they buy it in bulk.
make the applications available to
It is important that the pipes are
smallscale farmers. At the cost of
fixed properly, otherwise the water
Bucket drip is the simplest system about KSh 8,500 you will get a system continued on page 5
Choosing the appropriate drip system
Farmers should know
the type of crops and soils before
making a decision on which drip
irrigation system to buy.
There are many drip irrigation com-
ponents available. Choosing a parti-
cular combination depends on vari-
ous factors. Using clean water is very
important. Water from ponds, rivers
and wells may contain small parti-
cles that can block the holes that
release water to the plants (see
photo). It is necessary to have a filter
to remove these particles. If there is
no money for a filter, you can let the
water run through a piece of cotton
or a sock when filling the bucket or
the drum.
The best approach for smallscale
farmers is to keep their systems as A 200 litre drum can provide water for 500 plants as shown above (Photo TOF)
simple as possible. They should try
20-litre bucket. The bucket is placed The drum irrigation system
to wet only the areas close to the
at least 1 metre above the ground so The drum system will cover a garden
desired plant, so that the roots can
that gravity provides sufficient water 6.5 metres wide and 16 metres long.
easily access the water. It is impor-
pressure to ensure even watering for The drum kit is used to cover five
tant to realize that the larger the
the entire crop (see page 4). planting beds and therefore the plant
plant, the more the water it will need;
Water is poured into the bucket population depends on the type of
the number of holes on the pipe
twice daily and passes through a fil- crops grown. Water is supplied from
(emitters) that discharge water to the
plant may need to be increased, a 200-litre drum that is fixed on a
depending on the type and size of platform at a height of at least 1 metre
the plant. The system might need to above the ground.
run more often during dry weather The 1/8 farm system
than during wet or humid condi- This system covers 1/8 of an acre (a 15
tions. The type of soil also deter- metre x 30 metre plot). A platform 2
mines the number of emitters to be metres high is constructed to create
used. In sandy soils, the pipes need enough water pressure. A drum with
to be closer together than in clay a capacity of 1000 litres would be
soils. ideal to supply enough water per
The bucket kit system day. (PN)
This system is ideal for growing veg- If you wish to know more about drip irri-
etables in small home gardens dur- gation, the Regional Land Management
ing the long dry season. The bucket Unit (RELMA) has published a very
kit consists of fittings and 30 metres informative book: "Drip Irrigation:
of irrigation drip tape connected to a Options for Smallholder Farmers in
Eastern and Southern Africa; Techni-
cal Handbook No. 24, Nairobi 2001. The
Drip irrigation... continued from page 4 illustrations and a lot of information for
the articles on pages 4 and 5 were
will leak. Proper installation can obtained from this book.
guarantee a lifespan of at least 10
Farmers interested in buying drip
years. When your drip irrigation is Main pipe supplies the drip water pipes should make enquiries at the
on, watch how deep the water has
following institutions:
gone, so you can see how long a time ter; it fills the drip tape and is evenly
The Kenya Agricultural Research
the water needs to run. distributed to 100 watering points.
Institute, National Research Labo-
Smallscale farmers can make modi- The multi-chambered plastic drip
ratories (KARI-NARL), Waiyaki
fications to the drip irrigation system tape is engineered to dispense water
Way, Nairobi, Tel. 0722 397750,
to satisfy their practical needs in their through openings spaced at 30 cm. A
Ask for Esther Muriuki
farms. According to Esther Muriuki, seedling is planted at each wet spot
Or
who works as a technician at KARI, so that all the moisture is absorbed
SHADE NETS LTD,
the bucket and the drum systems are directly by the plant roots. Two
P.O.Box 2127, Thika
simple designs that can be easily bucket kits will produce more than
Tel. 067 31051/6 Ask for Judy
assembled and maintained on the enough vegetables for a family of
E mail: shadenet@wananchi.com
farm. seven.
We have to understand Mother Nature

Barbara Lamperth Hounnou from
Zimbabwe has sent us a picture of a
diseased plant. "As a regular reader,
printer and distributor of The Organic
Farmer here in Zimbabwe, I would
like to ask you a question. I run my
garden exclusively organically and I
am shocked how much people here
rely on fertilizers and chemicals for
pest control. In the picture is a leaf of
a paprika plant. The owner of the
field says that if she doesn't treat her
plants very soon, they will all
become like this and she will have no
harvest. So she is going to spray; she
mentioned about seven different
possible products, all of them sound-
ing quite toxic and being awfully Though there are many organic we are to understand her fragility
expensive. What natural measures botanical solutions to a wide variety and persistence. We also then recog-
can be taken to protect paprika of problems, it must be recognized nize how our existence is dependant
plants? Can they be intercropped that using organic solutions in con- on nature.
with something protective? What is ventional crop production may not I also asked Dr. Zachary Kinyua, a
the cause of the disease?" result in the desired effects. As long plant pathologist at the Kenya Agri-
Firstly, if grown in optimum condi- as the production methods are out of cultural Institute (KARI). Here is his
tions, crops rarely suffer from sync with nature, nature will always answer:
chronic disease, deficiency or even try to fight back. This natural adjust- "Diagnosis of plant diseases from a
insect damage. Organic production ment then becomes viewed as a prob- picture may not be too accurate
creates fertile soils, and diversity in lem, when it is in fact Mother Nature unless verified through laboratory
both flora and fauna (plants and ani- producing a solution to the man- tests. This is because different agro-
mals), resulting in a natural balance made imbalance. ecological zones have different dis-
and thus a stable environment. Change to organic farming ease-causing organisms and pests.
Where we upset, defy or challenge Barbara, a starting point would be Unfortunately it is not possible to
and change these conditions, we cre- to encourage your friend to incorpo- send the sample to Kenya because of
ate problems. More often than not, rate intercropping, crop rotation and phytosanitary restrictions that pre-
we use artificial solutions to correct soil fertility-building in her planting. vent the transfer of plants from one
these. In the case of the paprika leaf, Nature has many intrinsic links country to another. We therefore rec-
at first glance it does look like a fun- which we need to discover and ommend that you take samples of
gal disease. Its presence may be due understand. Hopefully your friend the plant to the Zimbabwe Plant Pro-
to many reasons. It could have will start exploring the exciting tection Research Institute (PPIR),
spread from neighbouring plants, by world of organic production. The who will carry out a test and give
being wind-blown, or have come more knowledge we have on the you an accurate answer on the cause
from the soil, from insects, or workings of nature, the better able of the disease."
frompoor crop hygiene. It may be
due to pathogen build-up in the soil, Greenhouses not suitable in organic farming
as there may be poor or no crop rota- Elijah Nyarangi ( Tel. 0733 88 85 87) control. One requires a lot of vigilance
tion practised. It is difficult to make a wishes to start greenhouse farming. and knowledge to succeed with
diagnosis based on a snapshot photo- He asks: "Is it possible to do this organ- organic greenhouse production. These
graph without the surrounding his- ically?" issues can be overcome, but can this be
tory and evidence. It also looks fairly done economically? Organic produc-
well established, which would make Elijah, this is a very important ques-
tion to ask before you have actually tion aims to create a sustainable bal-
a cure both organically and conven- ance with many players in nature.
tionally difficult. started. On a personal level, I invested
in a greenhouse four years ago, and Greenhousing requires a financial
investment where space becomes
Su Kahumbu took it down this year. Last week, I vis-
prime property and unless done on a
answers your ited a farmer who started off produc-
very large scale, the outside conditions
questions ing organically in three greenhouses
that create a balance cannot be copied
and who has now, one year later,
resorted to conventional production. on the inside. One easily gets into a
Write to vicious cycle of trying to control one
In my case, the problems associated
The Organic Farmer with the greenhouse far outweighed outbreak after another of pests and
P.O. Box 14352 any benefits. Pest populations in a diseases. Soil pathogens also thrive in
00800 Nairobi Kenya controlled environment can very eas- humid greenhouses.
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 The farmer who eventually turned to
e-mail: info@organickenya.com ily get out of hand and disease is very
often swift in its onset, and difficult to conventional production could not
continued on page 7
We need support ent by far. We have booked one male Excellent and informative
and one female goat from Mukur- I have just finished reading the Febru-
I am an organic farmer living in the weini Nyeri and they will be brought ary 2006 copy of The Organic Farmer.
most remote part of West Pokot Dis- on the 15th of this month for demon- May I congratulate you all on an excel-
trict, Sigor Division. I hold a certificate stration because they are a bit expen- lent magazine, with some very infor-
in Bio-intensive Agriculture from sive and we fear that they may not do mative articles. I would be very grate-
Manor House Agricultural Centre, well in this area. ful if you could please add my name
Kitale. But am not employed. Cur- to your mailing list, as per the address
rently, I have managed to come up Rachael Nduriri, Gikingi Church
Group, P.O Box 1334, Nyahururu at the end of this letter. I work with
with a small grass root group called various communities all over Kenya
Kapon-pon youth group for sustain- Tel.0720 616435
and also in Malawi, doing workshops
able development (KAYG-SD) which on sustainable and organic agricul-
operates with limited resources and ture, water harvesting, tree planting
therefore requires support. and health matters. The Organic Farmer
Samson Kuyo, Mbara Primary, will be of such help to me and the
School, P.O Box 211, Kapenguria communities I work with. If I may be
Dear Mr. Kuyo, so brash as to ask for at least 2-4 copies
Thank you for your initiative in starting each month? If you have any spare
a group. Although the newspaper is cur- copies of the magazine from last year I
rently giving part assistance to selected would be so grateful to have them, as
farmers groups to facilitate the market- I feel I have missed out on a lot of
ing of their organic produce, we do not information! He that plants trees
give financial support to farmers groups loves others besides himself. My very
because all our funds go to the produc- best wishes.
tion of the newspaper-Editor Organic material is not waste (TOF) Grete Davey, Box 285-00204,
Athi River, Kenya,
Will dairy goats survive? Waste management kikoken@wananchi.com
I take this opportunity to thank you The Green Towns organization was Cell. +254 (0) 722 243 774.
for TOF newspaper. I understand the initiated in the early 1990s and has
shortage and postage. Our members projects in over 48 towns with varied More organic substitutes
regional projects that are aimed at In our area now everyone who has
have accepted to share the copies. heard about your newspaper has
They are 14 in number. I have dis- conserving the towns sustainably
with respect to the environment. One reduced the use of chemical fertilizers
tributed all and the farmers are and pesticides. Many have started
always anxious. About the milk of the key areas of intervention is
waste recycling and utilization. organic farming. Why don't you give
goats, we would like to know us organic substitutes to chemical
whether there is a problem with cli- Organic waste, being over 70% of
most urban waste, necessitates its use dewormers, vitamins and even vac-
mate because when we compare cines?
Nyahururu and Nakuru, it is differ- in agriculture. Through our farmers
network we have been able to train Aruba Farmers Group,
urban and periurban farmers on the P.O Box 596, Kitale
greenhouses... continued from page 6 skills.Your newspaper The Organic Good for arid areas
Farmer has complimented our work Our geographical area as stated in
afford to take down such an expensive
because farmers experience many the questionnaire is semi-arid. Some
investment. Her greenhouses are full
problems. Working together with of the organic methods can assist our
of diseases and pests that she is now
you will make us reach more farmers. farmers. Please assist us to get past
frantically trying to control with syn-
This will enable them acquire skills in issues and ensure we do not miss any
thetic poisons. It will never make
organic farming and improve food other issue of this educative maga-
financial sense to leave her houses
security. We will therefore be grateful zine.
vacant. Pest problems are to be
if you can increase the number of Samwel Maina Mburu, Arutani Self
expected. Most greenhouse produc-
copies to serve the more than 200 Group, P.O Box 85, Nakuru
tion is monocropping, therefore there
farmers in the programme.
is an abundance of food for those pests
that survive on the crop. They will
Elijah Githee, Green Towns, P.O Box
766, Nakuru
Dear Farmers,
therefore breed very successfully.
Looked at another way, if I were to
072
If you have any questions or

find a market for the leaf miner pest, I
My questions answered ideas for articles, or if you
15
would want to breed them in large would like us to publish

numbers. I would concentrate on con- Personally I am very happy and
41
grateful because you have answered experiences about your

taining them and feeding them, hop- shamba or within your farm-
my questions in the last issue and I
590
ing they would breed in massive num- ers' group, please send us (with
bers. I would plant a greenhouse full am satisfied. The magazines are
helpful, educative and full of advice sms) your contacts. We shall get
of tomato plants as food for insects. So back to you!
then, is it not natural that pest prob- Francis Ndungu Kungu P.O Box 69
lems are common in greenhouses? Solai Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
tips and bits Marketplace

from farmers, for farmers
Potatoes for sale. Patrick Nganga, a
Tephrosia is helpful but dangerous farmer from Molo, has potato seed,
In the last few months, we received Protecting stored grain: Pick fresh Tigoni variety for sale. The seed is cer-
some letters from farmers asking leaves from the shrub and allow to tified by the Kenya Plant Health
about the use of the plant Tephrosia dry. Pound the leaves to a powder. Inspection Service (KEPHIS). Any
vogelii (Utupa). Mrs. Rosalie Faull Mix approx 100 grams of powder to farmer interested in the seeds should
(Mugie Ranch Ltd., P.O. BOX 30 100 kg of stored maize. Before eating get in touch with him through the fol-
20321 Rumuruti) for instance, wants maize, thoroughly wash the maize lowing:
to know if we have written anything grains (see below). Patrick Nganga, P.O. Box 893 Molo,
about the uses and method of prepa- Animal welfare: For control of ticks, Tel. 0722 946 823
ration of Tephrosia vogelii. "It has been lice and flies: Pound fresh leaves and In the last issue
very good against aphids on suku- small branches. Dilute 1:5 in water we asked farm-
mawiki and broccoli here." and allow to soak for 8 to 12 hours. ers who have
And John Sprite (P.O Box 1781, Alternatively, boil to extract the tox- dairy goats to
30200 Kitale) sent us the following ins for no more than 30 minutes. give their
letter: "Last season farmers discussed Wash animals with the solution. addresses. The
in a Farmer's Field School class (FFS) House hygiene: For repelling following
on how to control stemborers locally mosquitoes, cockroaches and bed- farmers have
using tephrosia. Those who practised bugs in the house, beat the walls (par- responded:
it managed to control the pests with- ticularly in corners and furniture Astone Ndude Olutali, P.O.Box 1,
out buying chemicals. legs) with fresh branches of Bukura, Kakamega. Tel. 0723 938 649
How do you prepare and use it? tephrosia. Joseph Kimunge Macharia, P.O.Box
1. Crush 50 fresh leaflets in 1 litre of Moles: To prevent root rats from 36, Mukurweini, Nyeri, Tel. 0722
water and let stand for 24 hours, DO entering the farm or field, plant 506114.
NOT USE SOAP. (Tephrosia is said to tephrosia along the boundary at 1 Samuel Njoroge, Technical Manager,
be most effective against aphids if the metre intervals. After approximately P.O. Box 14748-20100, Nakuru,
water is warm when sprayed on 12 months, the bounded area should Tel. 0723 793 414.
crops.) be free of root rats. But caution! Once Samuel Thiongo, Ruthimitu Organic
2. Crush stems and leaves and dry, root rats are gone from the field, Group, PO Box 489-00605, Uthiru, Tel:
then grind into powder and put 2 tea- remove the plants, leaving only those 0722 565 642.
in the field boundary. Therefore sow
crops such as maize (not affected by Need potato beet? I have potato beet
nematodes) after a tephrosia fallow. and other organic farm products
Be careful! which are ready for sale. Please con-
tact me! Doris Njuguna, Tel: 0723741
If you are working with Tephrosia
955
vogelii, be careful! Ideally, wear pro-
tective clothing and gloves. Try to Farm credit. I am also in contact with
avoid skin contact with the pesticide. financial institutions interested in
Should you come into contact, wash providing credit to small and
affected parts immediately and after medium organic farmers. Only farm-
handling the compound. Foliage ers who have formed groups with
(leaves) and seed of tephrosia are not five to 30 members and which are
suitable for human and livestock con- well managed, transparent, account-
sumption as it is poisonous. able and honest to their members
Tephrosia also attracts root knot need to apply. If your group meets
spoons in the maize funnel to control nematodes and may cause high infec- these conditions please get in touch
maize stemborers. Repeat every 3 tions in susceptible crops such as with us. Please call Tel. 0723 484 810,
weeks. beans and tomatoes. ask for David Ngugi Kimani.
3. Crush 1 kg leaves and stems and Organic regulations restrict the Land for sale. 2.2 hectares, prime
ferment in a plastic container for 4 use of Tephrosia vogelii, as Su agricultural land situated at Meru
days. Add 1 litre water, sieve and Kahumbu writes: "According to the farm next to Kitale showground in
apply in the maize funnel. local EnCert Organic Standards, the Kitale Municipality. Please contact the
Results showed no maize losses use of tephrosia must allow for a 7- owner. Kihara Mwai, P.O Box 24214,
caused by stemborers, especially day post-harvest period. According 005200 Nairobi, Tel 0722 575 816
when applied early. The tephrosia to the Soil Association Standards
pesticide solution is also effective as a Immune Boosters. Kabete HIV/AIDS
(UK), the use of rotenone (the active Vigilante Group is appealing to those
contact treatment spray on vegeta- ingredient in tephrosia) is restricted.
bles against aphids, cutworms, cater- affected by HIV/AIDS to grow and
This means one must first request eat organic health foods to boost their
pillars, beetles and termites. permission to use it and get written
Many different uses immunity. For more information con-
permission from the certifying body tact David Ngugi Kimani, P.O.Box
The NGO Pelum Zambia proposes before one can use it. That means: be 1388 Kikuyu, Tel. 0723 484 810
tephrosia for many other uses: careful with tephrosia!"
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 17 Sept/Oct 2006
Dear farmers,
In Kenya, many cabbage and sukuma
wiki (kale) growers have suffered losses
because of the diamondback moth
(DBM). Our newspaper has written
two articles on the wasp that kills the
pest. The wasp was discovered and
imported from Taiwan by scientists at
the International Centre of Insect
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in
Plants solve farmers' problems Nairobi. ICIPE, with assistance from
KARI, has released a lot of these wasps
Organic farmers have a wide range of natural methods for fighting pests and in the important cabbage-growing
diseases on their crops. In this issue, our newspaper brings you some of the areas in the country. In most of these
plants that can be used to prevent these problems instead of applying harmful regions, the diamondback moth has dis-
chemicals. This is the right way to protect the environment and our future. appeared, and farmers are harvesting
healthy cabbage.
The moth is still a problem in some
parts of the country, as our newspaper
is still getting letters from farmers seek-
ing assistance from ICIPE on the same
issue, since their cabbages are affected.
Feeding and housing a dairy cow ICIPE is willing to assist, as you can
read in the answer given by Dr. Bern-
The Organic Farmer they keep and maintain their milking hard Loehr, a scientist at the institu-
herds. While the well established tion, who coordinated research on the
All over the country, farmers are now farmers get as much as 30 litres from diamondback moth (see page 6). While
trying to rebuild their milk herds in a single cow per day, most ordinary we admit that the problem is still there,
order to sell more milk following farmers get an average of 6 litres it is important to note that farmers can
increased prices from the newly from one cow (see The Organic Farmer make the problem worse by using
revamped Kenya Cooperative Nr. 14, June 2006). chemicals to control the diamondback
Creameries (KCC). However most The difference in milk production moth. These chemicals kill the wasp,
farmers may not realise their milk has a lot to do with the way farmers but not the diamondback moth, which
production targets due to the way feed and manage their animals. hides under the leaves of the cabbage.
Many farmers cannot see the rela- This means that if the farmers did not
tionship between feeding and milk
in this issue production, and if they do, then they
use chemicals, the wasps would do their
work, which is to lay their eggs in the
lack the most basic knowledge on larvae of the diamondback moth and in
Pushing out stemborer dairy cattle management. Take your- this way kill them.
Are you one of many Kenyan maize self as an the example - if you cannot
farmers who lose much of their yield eat for the whole day, then you will
Our newspaper has on many times
every season to stemborers and the not have the energy to perform any
warned of the dangers of using chemi-
witchweed striga? On page 5, we work on your farm. In the same way,
cals. There are many natural ways to
explain how you can fight these pests, a cow cannot produce enough milk
kill or to expel damaging insects from
double your harvest, and earn addi- unless it is given adequate and qual-
the farm (see the article on push-pull
tional income, by using the push-pull ity feed that provides it with all the
for stemborer control on page 5). This is
strategy. In this strategy, the plant essential nutrients.
why we have published a special insert
desmodium plays an important role. The zero grazing sheds that many
in the centre pages on important plants
farmers put up nowadays are like
that can be used in the fight against
prison cells, with up to four animals
pests and diseases.
put in one small enclosure. The ani- As you can see in this issue, we have
mals have no room for movement prepared additional pages for you. In
and rest. The sheds have no drainage September, we will take a break as we
to allow the free flow of urine and did last year, so we will not have an
animal waste. If the animals are not issue in October. This will give us time
comfortable, they become stressed, to reflect and plan on future articles for
and this affects milk production and the newspaper. It will also provide us
even their health. For more informa- with the opportunity to visit some of
tion see pages 2 and 3. the farmers groups in the country.
MY OPINION
Sometimes it is difficult to believe
Requirements of a cowshed
that farmers will ever get fair prices Philomena Nyagilo make a paste of red soil, cow dung
for their farm produce. The recent and ash, and smear this paste on
hike in fuel prices has led to a hike When building a cattle shed, most the sides and bottom of the pit;
in transport costs. While the cost of farmers do not consider the space, then allow it to dry. Repeat five
production has continued to rise, size and number of the animals to be times to build up a leak-proof
the price given to farmers for their kept in the shade. They build the layer.
commodities has remained the sheds too small to allow the free Each cow should have its own
same or even reduced. A big bunch movement and the behavioural cubicle. The cubicle floors should
of spinach vegetables is sold for needs of the animal. Building a shed be made of dry soil, as cattle prefer
only Ksh 40 in the supermarkets. is therefore not only hammering to lie on soil rather than on cold
Also, despite a government ban on together some timber. Building a concrete.
the use of extended bags for potato shed costs money, so farmers should For calves, put in temporary barri-
packaging, traders are back into the avoid mistakes and consider several ers of wood to make smaller pens.
game of farmer exploitation. Travel- demands of their animals: The calves' pen floor should be
ing to Nairobi recently, I could see The shed should be close to a reli-
mountains of extended potato bags. raised about 4 cm and be made of
able source of clean water, and if wooden slats, to help keep the
It seems there is no end in sight to possible near your fodder farm.
farmers problems floor clean and protect the calf
The roof can cover the whole pen from diseases.
Phillip Kiget, a farmer in Molo
or just animal cubicles and should A stall for use as a milking area
slope away from the pen so rain- should be set aside.
The Organic Farmer water doesn't fall into the pen. It Provide troughs for water and feed
The Organic Farmer is an independent should be high enough for a person in the walking area and the calf
newspaper for the Kenyan farming to stand up. pen. A trough should also be pro-
community. It promotes organic The walking area should have a vided in the milking area so that
farming and supports discussions on floor made of concrete or hard- the cow can feed even
all aspects of sustainable develop- packed soil. Concrete is easy to during milking.
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- clean. The floor should slope
lished monthly by ICIPE gently towards a channel lead-
and distributed free to ing to a manure pit outside the
farmers. The reports of The pen and should not be made too
Organic Farmer do not nec- smooth, otherwise the cattle
essarily reflect the views of are likely to slip on it.
ICIPE.
To hold the manure,
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by dig a large
BioVision, a Swiss-based founda- e n o u g h
tion for the promotion of sustain- manure pit
able development. and line the
channel lead- Suggested further reading:
www.biovision.ch
ing from the More Forage, More Milk,
Publisher walking area to Technical Handbook No. 33,
International Centre of Insect the pit with con- Published by RELMA, Nairobi
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) crete. You can also 2005.
KENYA
Tel. +254 (020) 863 2000
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org
Editors
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner
Secretariat
Lucy W. Macharia
Advisory Board
Charles Kimani, Farmer, Wangige
Address
The Organic Farmer
KENYA
Tel. +254 (020) 445 03 98
Layout
Nr. 17 September/October 2006 The Organic Farmer 3
If done well, zero grazing is profitable
Proper feeding and housing
of dairy animals increases milk pro-
duction and income for farmers.
Philomena Nyagilo
"The scarcity of land and animal
destruction of crops made me realize
the importance of practising zero graz-
ing." With these words, James Kamau
Kungu explains why he changed to
zero grazing. Kamau, a farmer in
Kibichiku, Wangige area, is one of
those many farmers in Kenya who
have embraced the practice of keeping
and feeding their cows in a pen, by
providing forage and not allowing the Proper feeding and housing of dairy cows can increase their productivity (TOF)
cows to graze freely in the fields.
It requires labour stems and with the banana stems and Zero grazing reduces the number of
leaves from my farm. It was a good pests such as ticks and intestinal
Population growth and urbanization
decision to change to zero grazing", he worms, since the animals do not
in Kenya have reduced pasture land
says. graze on infested pastures.
available for grazing; this has
James Kamau started off zero graz- There is enough milk for the house-
degraded the environment due to
ing in 1986. He now has 3 heifers and 2 hold nutrition and for sale, hence in
overgrazing and deforestation. As a
cows; he has sold 3 bulls in the past 5 return, enough money to buy for-
result, smallscale farmers have
years. He has a constant supply of age for cows during the dry period.
adopted the system of zero grazing,
milk; his cows give around 40 litres of In case of a disease outbreak, it is
which is an eco-friendly practice for
milk per day, which is enough for the easy to control.
animal husbandry if dairy cows are
family income and nutrition. Kamau It reduces damage to crops caused
kept in good living conditions.
prefers imported or cross-bred cows. by grazing cattle.
Kamau says: "It is an intensive
"They grow faster and produce a good The farmer is assured of manure,
method of farming that produces a
amount of milk if well fed". However, made up of cow dung and urine,
lot of milk from a small amount of
he adds, "If the cows are not properly which sustains soil fertility where
land. But it requires sufficient labour
fed with the right quantities and at the fodder and crops are grown.
to provide forage and maintain the
appropriate time, during all stages of "If you feed your cows well, the price
unit."
growth to maturity, their milk produc- of milk is usually high enough to meet
The labour constraint to the use of
tion drops. The same happens if they the costs of production and make a
fodder is closely tied to the size of the
are not kept in a clean shed". profit", he says. On the other hand,
farm. Kamau has planted Napier
Numerous advantages money is required in order to build
grass, improved Kikuyu grass from
James Kamau is convinced that zero and maintain the shed and manure pit;
South Africa and Kakamega grass in
grazing is a good and suitable system labour is also involved.
his half-hectare (1 acre) farm; he also
for smallscale farmers in Africa. He A farmer should be ready to cut and
grows bananas and maize. "I cut the
points out a lot of advantages: carry the feed, and fetch water for the
Napier grass and mix it with maize
animals. James Kamau is in a good
position with respect to water: he
Standards for organic animal husbandry pumps the water from a nearby river
up to his zero grazing shed in the
In organic farming, zero grazing is ture, an open-air exercise area or run, homestead.
allowed under the conditions set by whenever the physiological condition
the organic standards of the Kenya of the animal, the weather and the Feeding is important
Bureau of Standards. Farmers should state of the ground permit. This means A constant supply and sufficient quan-
ensure that the environment and the that landless zero grazing is not tities of good quality forage is a basic
facilities are adequate for the size and allowed. necessity for increased milk produc-
number of the animals, so as to pro- The farmer should ensure sufficient tion and keeping the animal healthy.
vide for the behavioural needs of the fresh air, water, feed and natural day- "Without good food, not a lot of milk is
animals. Some farmers keep their ani- light to meet the needs of the animals; produced", says Kamau. Forage
mals in crowded sheds without ade- where animals require bedding, ade- includes all plant materials used to
quate space for free movement. We quate natural materials must be pro- feed livestock. Leguminous forage is
should not forget one thing: If you vided. very important. It improves soil fer-
stress the animals, their milk produc- Access to resting areas, shelter and tility through its ability to fix nitro-
tion drops. protection from sunlight, high or low gen, and the quality of feed is higher
temperatures, rain, mud and wind are because it contains proteins. Some of
Organic standards demand that: ways to reduce animal stress. the protein-rich forages include
There should be sufficient free The animals social structures must lucerne, desmodium, calliandra,
movement and opportunity to express be maintained by ensuring that herd lablab or leucaena species. For an
normal patterns of animal behaviour. animals are not kept in isolation from energy feed, maize germ, bran and
All animals should have access to pas- other animals of the same species. other cereal milling by-products are
good for the animals.
Conserve water to boost production

Reducing water wastage can help sition and the content of organic mat-
farmers grow crops all year ter. Soils rich in clay can store water
round. up to three times more than sandy
soils. Soil organic matter acts just like
By Peter Kamau a sponge for storage of water, and
All Kenyan farmers know the impor- soils rich in organic matter will pre-
tance of water in agriculture; without serve their moisture for a long time.
it, no crop can grow. Indeed, if all To increase the content of organic
farmers had an adequate supply of matter, farmers are advised to apply
water, we would not be talking of organic manures, compost, mulch or
food shortages and the devastating green manure. A thin layer of mulch
famine that affects parts of the coun- can considerably reduce the evapora-
try so often. But the questions we tion of water from the soil. It protects
should all ask ourselves are: Do we Bare soil loses water faster... the soil from direct sunlight and pre-
make use of the available water vents it from getting too warm. While
resources in the right way? Why is it affect the water supply either posi- preparing land, the farmer should
that so many farmers lack water to tively or negatively. The amount of avoid digging too deep and disturb-
sustain agricultural production? water available in a farm depends on ing the sub-soil, as it contains small
One way in which we can solve this factors affecting the sources of water channels that help the water to rise to
problem is to understand and adopt and also on the ways the soil is man- the surface for the benefit of plants.
practices that can help us make max- aged. In rain-fed agriculture, for (See our previous issues on mulching
imum use of the available water to example, a farmer can store water in and organic manures).
improve food production. In the last a tank for use in the dry season. In Let the water go into the soil
issue of The Organic Farmer, we cov- organic agriculture, however, farm-
During heavy rains, only a small per-
ered the most effective way of water ers are taught how to conserve water
centage of water penetrates the soil.
use - by drip irrigation. In the next through methods which prevent
A large part of the water flows away
issue we will feature the different water loss, such as mulching, pre-
as surface run-off. The run-off does
methods of water conservation that vention of soil erosion and correct
not benefit the crops; instead, it
farmers can adopt in their farms. soil cultivation practices. The chal-
makes the situation worse, because
Here we will look at the importance lenge that faces farmers is therefore
the best soil on the surface is swept
of water in sustainable agriculture. to ensure that as little as possible of
away. In order to harness this water
Farmers in nearly three-quarters of the available water is lost in order to
for crop production, the infiltration
the country experience severe water promote plant growth and ensure the
of rainwater needs to be increased. To
shortages in their farming operations. farm has adequate water for other
achieve a high infiltration rate, a
One reason for this is that they lack uses.
farmer has to maintain a topsoil with
simple water harvesting technologies Keeping water in the soil a good soil structure. Earthworms,
that help conserve water for use dur- In many farms today, farmers over- cover crops and mulch application
ing the dry spells. The concentration come water shortages by installing can also help to slow down the water
of rainfall in one season means that irrigation facilities. However, the first flow and allow more time for its infil-
farmers have to use conservation step farmers should take to conserve tration.
methods that enable them to store water is to improve the water reten- On steep slopes, the infiltration of
and use the water when the need tion and infiltration (penetration) rainwater can be increased through
arises. This would ensure that they capacity of the soil. During the dry digging of trenches along contour
get maximum benefits from the avail- season, some soils can hold water for lines. If this done, running water is
able water resources. Organic farm- plant growth better than others. The slowed down, allowing infiltration
ing involves use of the available farm ability of a soil to absorb and store into the soil. The tumbukiza method is
resources in a sustainable way. Active water largely depends on its compo- used by many Kenyan farmers. These
water retention, water harvesting and semi-circular bunds (plant pits) also
storage are therefore very important help to collect water flowing down
to organic farmers. It is important for the slope and encourage its infiltra-
farmers to learn water conservation tion near the root zone of the crop.
methods in order to increase produc- The effect of these water traps can be
tion. increased if a layer of mulch is added
Water management into the pit.
Managing water involves practices Excess water can be used for irriga-
that protect available supplies and tion in the dry season if it is well
which help reduce losses. This can be stored. Generally, reduction of water
done through conservation. The way loss and wastage through proper
in which water from different sources management can go a long way in
is used for people, crops and animals increasing farm productivity and
is a part of water management. A income. It is important that farmers
farmer has to take these into account, use this scarce resource in the right
because agricultural practices can ...than well covered soil. (Photos TOF) way for their own benefit.
The Organic Farmer
Plant Extracts Special Nr. 17 September/October 2006 I
Pests Pest Damage Solutions Diseases
Repellents: African
marigold, black jack,
Diamondback moth tephrosia, garlic, crotalaria, Maize smut
chilli and peppers, eucalyp-
tus, tomato.
Insecticides: African
marigold, black jack,
tephrosia, lantana, garlic,
tea, papaya, pyrethrum,
Stemborer crotalaria. Maize Streak virus
Antibacterial: African
marigold, garlic, tea,
tomato.
Antifungal: African
marigold, garlic, papaya,
crotalaria, tithonia, sweet
Cutworm potato, tomato, oleander, Mosaic virus
rhubarb.
Nematicide: Cassava, ole-
ander, garlic, papaya.
Aphids Late blight
Herbal cures safer than chemicals

All African farmers know about the damaging effects of tats for predators; while the insect pests live directly on the
insect pests. These are responsible for 2030 percent of plants, the predators which prey on these pests live in
the crop being destroyed. And all African farmers know that hedges and trees and do their work during day time. That
modern chemical pesticides are not only poisonous and means farmers should never spray during day-time, but
harmful to human health but they destroy the environment. early in the morning or late in the afternoon, when the
In most cases, chemical insecticides do not solve the prob- predators have gone back to their habitats. Thirdly, farmers
lem. should re-introduce plant diversity into cropping. This is the
There are many safe, natural and simple methods of pro- best way to maintain the pest/predator balance.
tecting plants. On the following pages we give you some Every farmer should be an observer and examine care-
useful advice for environmentally safe alternatives to fully what is going on in their shambas. Every farmer also
replace agro-chemicals. has to be a researcher: They have to know which method
But this is not enough. Farmers should observe nature can be used to restore the natural balance that restores the
closely, then they will find the answers. First, they should natural balance. Plant extracts are slow in acting, they do
reinstate the fertility of the soil; healthy plants are more not work like chemicals; this means that farmers have to
resistant against pests. Second, they should provide habi- use them several times a week to produce good results.
Hedges are natural barriers Tithonia Pigeon peas Beans

Plants can act as a physical barrier to the movement of pests.
Hedges hinder the movement of aphids into the garden. A hedge
of Tithonia, for instance, is a natural barrier against many insects.
A row of pigeon peas (mbaazi, also called Congo peas) has been
used to protect tomato, potato and cabbage crops against red spi-
der mites. Beans have been planted as decoys in rows around
cabbages to protect this vegetable from spider mites. Beans are
an ideal decoy for it serves four functions: insect control (decoy),
improvement of the soil (legume), food for livestock, material for
mulching or compost. Hedges are also habitats for many preda-
tors. Here agro-forestry can play an important role.
II The Organic Farmer Nr. 17 September/October 2006 Plant Extracts Special
African marigold / Mbangimwitu (Tagetes erecta)
Inazuia: Bacteria, fungi, nematodes,
Wadudu: Ants, beetles and many other insects.
Kutayarisha:
1. Ponda gramu 100-200 ya matawi, mizizi na maua; mwaga kwa lita moja ya maji
yaliyochemka; lowa kwa masaa ishirini na nne; ongeza lita moja ya maji baridi,
nyunyiza kwa mimea au mchanga.
2. Panda mimea tofauti kila wakati ili kuzuia hawa wadudu.
Blackjack / Kishonanguo (Bidens pilosa)
Inazuia: Insects
Wadudu: Repels aphids, ants, beetles, cabbage root fly, caterpillars, crickets, mites,
termites and whitefly.
Kutayarisha:
1. Funika kikombe kilichojaa mbegu ambazo zimekomaa na maji; chemsha kwa dakika
kumi au lowa majini kwa masaa ishirini na manne, kisha upoeshe. Ongeza lita moja
ya maji na kijiko kimoja kidogo cha sabuni; halafu unyunyizie mimea.
2. Mbegu zinaweza kutawanyishwa karibu na vichaka kuvutia mchwa. Mmea waweza
kupondwa au kusuguliwa kisha maji yake yatumiwe kunyunyizia mimea.
Maelezo zaidi: Kiasi kingi cha dawa hii chaweya kuyadhuru baadhi ya maua ya mimea.
Cassava / Muhogo (Manihot esculenta)
Inazuia: Nematodes and aphids.
Kutayarisha:
1. Toa maji ya matunda kwa kuponda mizizi; pima kiwango kimoja cha maji ya
matunda sawa na maji ya kawaida (1:1). Nyunyiza haraka ukitumia lita nne kwa
mita moja mraba, inasemekana kuwa na athari kubwa. Ngoja siku ishirini kabla
kupanda.
2. Tumia maganda ya mihogo kuzuia nematodes.
Maelezo zaidi: Mizizi ya muhogo iliyo chungu ina sumu, kwa hivyo lazima iondolewe
kabla kuliwa.
Castor oil plant / Mbariki, Mbono (Ricinus communis)
Inazuia: Panya, fuko na mchwa pamoja na magonjwa ya Ukungu (fungi)
Kutayarisha:
1. Kama kinyunyizo cha kawaida lowa mbegu ya kijani kibichi na matawi kwa maji
masaa ishirini na nne; chuchunga na unyunyize.
2. Kausha mbegu za kijani kibichi na matawi na usage kuwa hali ya unga.
3. Kwa sota (cutworms), weka vikombe vinne vya maganda ya mbegu iliyopondwa
kwa lita mbili ya maji; chemsha kwa dakika kumi. Ongeza sabuni kiasi, changanya
maji kufikia lita kumi kisha unyunyizie haraka kwenye mchanga.
4. Weka mbegu za kijani kibichi kwa shimo ya fuko au njia za panya kuwa kama
vizuizi.
5. Lima mbegu, matawi au oil cake, kwa mchanga ili izuie magonjwa ya ukungu (fun-
gal diseases)
6. Majani yanayotiwa shinani mwa mimea ili kuhifadhi unyevunyevu hufukuza
mchwa:
Maelezo zaidi: Matawi yenye shina nyekundu yana matokeo mazuri kuliko yale
yenye shina ya kijani kibichi.
Chilli and Sweet pepper / Pilipili kichaa, pilipili hoho (Capsicum frutescens)
Inazuia: Mchwa na wadudu wengine
Kutayarisha:
1. Nyunyizia kawaida; saga mikono miwili ya pilipili; lowa kwa maji lita moja siku nzima.
Tingiza vizuri kwa dakika chache, chuchunga; ongeza lita tano ya maji na sabuni
kidogo.
2. Pilipili ya unga inaweza kupakwa kwa nguzo za mimea kuzuia ants, cutworms, slugs
and snails na aina tofauti za wadudu mchangani.
3. Maji ya matunda kutokana na pilipili tamu, itazuia virusi vya mosaic na kukataza
ueneaji wa virusi vinginevyo.
4. Pilipili hutumika sana kama kizuizi.
Maelezo zaidi: Inazuia virusi aina ya mosaic na kukinga virusi vinginevyo.
Crotalaria / Marejea (Crotalaria Juncea)
Inazuia: Huzuia magonjwa ya Ukungu (fungal diseases)
Wadudu: Huzuia wadudu aina nyingi.
Kutayarisha:
1. Panda mmea mahali na wakati tofauti ili kuwafukuza nematodes na wadudu
wengine kutoka kwa mimea yako.
2. Weka sehemu ya mmea uliopondwa ndani ya maji kuunda kinyunyizo
Onyo: Ni sumu kwa ngombe kwa kiasi cha chini. Usiweke mbegu kwenye chumba
ambacho watu wanamoishi.
The Organic Farmer Nr. 17 September/October 2006 Plant Extracts Special III
Garlic / Kitunguu Saumu (Allium sativum)
Inazuia: Bacteria pamoja na magonjwa ya ukungu.
Wadudu: Ants, aphids, armyworms, caterpillars, moths, grubs, mice, mites and
mosquitoes.
Kutayarisha:
1. Kinyunyizo cha kawaida, ponda kitunguu saumu; ongeza kwa lita moja ya maji
kisha changanya ndani ya sabuni kidogo, halafu uitumie haraka.
2. Kitunguu chenyewe chaweza kukaushwa, kupondwa na kutumiwa kama poda.
Poda inaweza kugeuzwa kuwa kinyunyizo kinachopendekezwa kwa scab,
mildew, bean rush na tomato blight.
3. Kitunguu saumu ambacho kimepandwa kuzunguka miti ya matunda na mimea
mingine huzuia aphids, fruit tree borers, panya, fuko na mchwa.
4. Mchanganyiko ambao umeundwa kwa kufunika vipande vitatu vya saumu vilivyo-
pondwa na kuwekwa ndani ya mtungi na nusu kikombe cha mafuta ya mboga;
lowa na uongeze lita kumi ya maji ya sabuni yaliyo joto kadiri; inasemekana kuwa
inatengeneza kinyunyizio kinachoweza kuwauwa wadudu wa aina nyingi.
Maelezo zaidi: Usitumie kwenye mimea ya jamii ya kunde,inadumu kwa muda wa
mwezi mmoja,inaua wadudu wote.
Lantana / Mwingajini (Lantana camara)
Inazuia: Aina nyingi ya wadudu
Kutayarisha:
1. Ponda mkono mmoja wa majani kwa lita moja ya maji; ongeza sabuni kidogo,
halafu nyunyiza.
2. Panguza ukitumia jivu, kausha na usage iwe poda. Choma utanzu na umwagilie
jivu kwenye wadudu kama beetle na leaf miner.
Onyo: Mmea ni sumu kwa mifugo
Oleander (Nerium indicum)
Inazuia: Fungi, nematodes, rice brown leaf spot
Wadudu: Repels ants, flies, beetles, diamond back moth, rodents, and weevils
Kutayarisha:
1. Kata na ulowe matawi, ngozi na maua kwa maji kwa dakika thelathini halafu nyun-
yiza
2. Kausha na usage sehemu ya mmea kuwa poda.
Onyo: Majani huwa na sumu kali
Papaya / Mpapai (Carica papaya)
Inazuia: Fungi, nematodes, coffee rust, powdery mildew and rice brown leaf spot na
wadudu aina kadha.
Kutayarisha:
1. Nyunyizia kawaida, ongeza kilo moja ya majani yaliyokatakatwa kwa vipande vidogo
vidogo kwa lita moja ya maji, tingiza kwa nguvu, ongeza lita nne za maji na uongeze
sabuni kidogo (20g or ml) halafu nyunyiza kwa mchanga kuzuia cutworms.
2. Toa maji ya matunda kutoka kwa mbegu ambazo hazijakomaa kuzuia mchwa.
Pyrethrum / Pareto (Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium)
Inazuia: Aina yote ya wadudu.
Kutayarisha:
1. Chuna maua siku ya joto, anika kwa kivuli; saga iwe unga, halafu umwagie
wadudu.
2. Mwaga lita moja ya maji juu ya gramu hamsini ya unga wa pareto (au 20g poda);
lowa masaa kadhaa; ongeza sabuni kidogo, chuchunga na kinyunyiza.
Maelezo zaidi: Nyunyizia jioni kabisa na uwe mwangalifu ili kuwalinda nyuki.
Rhurbarb (Rheum spp.)
Inazuia: Magonjwa aina ya Ukungu.
Wadudu: Aina ya wadudu walio na miili nyororo kama aphids, whitefly, caterpillars.
1. Lowa gramu mia moja ya matawi mabichi kwa lita moja ya maji kwa masaa ishirini
na nne; ongeza sabuni kidogo, halafu nyunyiza.
2. Kutoa nyunyizo lililo na nguvu zaidi, tumia hadi matawi tano.
3. Mmea wa rhubarb uliopandwa karibu na kabeji huzuia ugonjwa wa club root.
Maelezo zaidi: Majani ya mmea huu huliwa kama tunda.
Stinging nettle / Thabai
Inazuia: Fungi
Kutayarisha:
Chemsha kilo mbili za stinging nettle katika lita tano ya maji. Chuchunga na unyu-
nyizie mimea. Mchanganyiko huu waweza kuzuia magonjwa ya ukungu kama mildew.
IV The Organic Farmer Nr. 17 September/October 2006 Plant Extracts Special
Sweet Potato / Kiazi kitamu (Ipomea batatas)

Inazuia: Rice brown leaf spot, rice blast and other fungi.
Wadudu: Aphids
Kutayarisha:
1. Ponda na ulowe majani kwa maji, nyunyiza
2. Maji yanayo wanga mzito baada ya kupika yanaweza kunyunyizwa kwa wadudu
wadogo kama aphids.
Tea / Chai (Cammelia sinensis)
Inazuia: Magonjwa ya ukungu.
Wadudu: Wooly aphid, squash bug, konokono na mchwa.
Kutayarisha:
1. Matawi ambayo yametumika yaweza kutawanywa karibu na mimea kufukuza
dudu makamasi (konokono).
2. Maji baridi yaweza kunyunyiziwa kwa mimea.
3. Matunda ambayo yamelowa kwa maji hutumiwa kufukuza mchwa.
Tomato / Nyanya (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Inazuia: Bacteria, fungi
Wadudu: Aphids, ants, asparagus beetle, cabbage, worms, diamondback
moth,cockroaches,mites, nematodes, whitefly na magonjwa ya ukungu.
Kutayarisha:
1. Chemsha kwa moto kiasi kilo moja ya matawi yaliyokatakatwa kwa maji, nyunyiza.
2. Katakata mikono miwili ya matawi au matunda kwa lita mbili ya maji ndio maji ya
matunda ya kijani kibichi ikongolewe. Wacha kwa masaa matano, chuchunga na
uongeze sabuni kidogo; nyunyiza kila baada ya siku mbili wakati vipepeo na
wadudu wa kabeji wanapo pepea. Ni vizuri kutumia majani mabichi iwapo yatatu-
miwa wakati huo huo.
3. Sehemu zilizokauka zaweza kupondwa kuwa poda na kuchanganywa na maji ili
kupata kinyunyizo au kupakwa kama poda, lakini adhari yake haina nguvu kuliko
sehemu ya mmea ambao haujakauka.
4. Nyanya ambazo zimepandwa kuzunguka mimea mingine hukinga mimea
kutokana na asparagus beetles.
5. Mmea mzima unaoninginia kwa shamba la matunda au ndani ya nyumba hukinga
miti ya matunda kutokana na wadudu wengi wa nyumba kama mende.
Onyo: Matawi ni sumu kwa binadamu.
Many insects are friends of the farmer

Su Kahumbu, well known to the readers of The Organic Farmers should take care of these predators. A farmer who
Farmer, calls beneficial insects ''good guys" (see photos is interested in natural order and balance should create
below). There are indeed a lot of insects that are of bene- good living conditions for predators so that they can carry
fit to farmers; they feed on insects which damage crops. out their task of keeping all crop-eating insects in check.
Ladybirds Lacewing Spider

The green lace-
Ladybirds are wing is widely
really good bio- used to control
logical control many different All spiders are
agents. Adult pests. The lace- predatory on
ladybirds will prey wing is always insects. Their
on greenfly and hungry; it is the catching system
Photos courtesy, Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening, London 2005.
blackfly and most voracious varies, and not all

especially on and will eat nearly spiders use webs
aphids. all pests. as traps.
Ladybird Wasps Centipedes
larvae
Ladybird larvae Wasps are good
feed mainly on biological control Centipedes are
aphids, but also agents. Adult in general
on other bugs. females lay eggs ground-based
While it is in the in other insects predators, feed-
larval stage, one and the wasp lar- ing on slugs,
ladybird beetle vae develop as slug eggs and
can eat nearly parasites, killing soil-dwelling
500 aphids. the host. insects.
Published by: The Organic Farmer, PO Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, Tel: 020 4450398, email: info@organickenya.com
Fight maize's worst enemies with push-pull
Farmers can increase their maize yield
by 2530% in areas where stemborers
are a big problem - by practising a very
clever method.
Anja Bengelstorff
Stemborers and striga weeds are the
most powerful enemies of maize in
Africa. The moths can destroy up to
80% of a harvest in a short period of
time; striga causes losses of 2080%.
When both pests occur together, the
entire crop can be lost.
Based on ages-old African practices
of mixed cropping, which help restore
the balance of nature, ICIPE together
with research partners and farmers,
developed a strategy to limit yield
losses by stemborers and striga. The Desmodium planted between the maize rows covers the soil and repels the stembor-
so-called push-pull technology is ers while the Napier grass attracts the pests and traps it. (Photos Dr. Z. Khan,ICIPE)
effective, cheap and easy to use. The
idea is to trap stemborers on highly fragrances (smells) are very important. duced by the roots of desmodium are
susceptible trap plants (the pull) and They are used for orientation, but also responsible for suppressing the striga
drive them away from the maize crop to push the insect away from one plant weed. (Once the striga emerges above
using repellant intercrops (the push). and to pull it towards another. This the soil, much of the damage to the
The most effective trap ("pull") plant secret of nature is applied in the push- maize will already have been done.)
has proved to be Napier grass (Sudan pull strategy. Therefore, striga does not grow where
grass can also be used); its partner for How push-pull works desmodium is growing. Being a
the push effect is the desmodium Desmodium is planted in between the legume, desmodium also fixes nitro-
legume (silverleaf and greenleaf rows of maize. It produces a smell or gen in the soil and thus improves the
desmodium). In the world of insects, odour that stemborer moths do not soil. Both Napier grass and desmod-
like. The smell "pushes" away the ium are useful protein-rich fodder
Grow and sell stemborers from the maize crop. plants.
Benefits of the push-pull strategy
desmodium Napier grass is planted around the
maize field as a trap plant. Because of When adopting the push-pull strategy,
its smell, the Napier grass is more farmers enjoy the following gains:
attractive to most of the stemborer Increase in maize yield by 2530%
moths than the maize itself. It pulls the in areas where stemborers are the
moths to lay their eggs on it and leave only problem. Where both stembor-
the maize alone. But Napier grass does ers and striga occur, the maize yield
not allow stemborer larvae to develop can be doubled (100% increase in
on it. When the eggs hatch and the yield).
small larvae bore into the Napier grass Increase in the supply of cattle feed
Growing desmodium seed to meet stem, the plant produces a sticky sub- from harvesting Napier grass and
the high demand is a new income- stance like glue which traps them, and desmodium. These can feed a
generating activity for farmers. So they die. Very few stemborer larvae farmer's own cattle or can be sold
far, only the Western Seed Company survive and maize is saved in the on the market.
in Kitale is producing desmodium 'push-pull' strategy: Pushed away Fixing nitrogen into the farm soil by
seed locally. Before, it had to be from the maize field by desmodium, desmodium, enhancing the soil fer-
imported at high costs from Aus- pulled by Napier grass outside the tility the organic way.
tralia. Western Seed buys the maize field (see sketch). Push-pull also Soil protected from erosion, as
desmodium harvest from its 600 works for sorghum and millet farming desmodium acts as a cover crop.
smallscale contract farmers, pro- systems that are especially important Soil retains moisture, as desmod-
cesses it and sells most of it to ICIPE in dry areas. ium acts as a mulch, too.
for distribution to new project farm- This is by far not the only advantage Money earned from the sale of
ers. By the end of 2006, Dr. Zeyaur of the approach. In addition, the desmodium seed at an attractive
Khan estimates that desmodium ground cover of desmodium, which is price of KShs 600 per kg.
seed will be sold on the open market. interplanted among the maize, More income from increased milk
Seed can be multiplied and used on reduces the striga weed, whose roots production.
the farm for more than 10 years, penetrate the maize roots and draw Savings on farm labour (after initial
depending on the care with which nutrients from the host, causing severe phase), as farmers don't have to
the farmer manages the desmodium. stunting and yield loss. Nitrogen fixed manually remove striga weed from
by desmodium and chemicals pro- the farm.
continued on page 7
Organic farming is a process Tithonia is excellent

I would like to practise organic farm- can take 23 years to reach organic for foliar feed
ing says Michael Karago of Ngorika certification status, however with a "I want to know how to prepare
Ol-Kalou. I have 6 acres. How can I history of good detailed records, this foliar feed using Tithonia." Moses
go about it? 0724 245958. time period can be reduced. This is Juma, Box 37, Kwanza, Kitale.
advice to all farmers and must not be
Great to hear you are considering taken lightly. Alternatively and even This question is asked time and time
organic farming, Michael. Wanting to better, register with a certifier as soon again. Most of our botanical (plant-
start now is the most important step, as you start, and as you get the hang based) foliar feeds are made the same
far better than having to do so after of it, you will be certified. way. Soft sappy material is taken from
destroying your land with synthetic the plant, shredded or chopped up and
chemical inputs.
Organic farming is all about
Choosing the right added to water at a 1: 4 ratio. It is left to
steep for a few days, during which
improving soil fertility. Therefore a irrigation system time the nutrients are released into the
starting point would be to learn as Plants do better in rainwater or over- water as the plant material breaks
much as you can about how this can head irrigation than furrow irriga- down. After about 7 days the foliar
be done. tion. Can you show us the advan- feed is ready for use, and is diluted
If you are currently farming con- tages and disadvantages of each? 1:10 with water. You can use more than
ventionally and depend financially one type of plant. In fact, the more
on your farm products, it would be Different plants require water in dif-
ferent quantities. Added to this, some diversity, the more balanced a foliar
advisable to start your organic pro- feed. We use a combination of tithonia,
duction in stages. True organic pro- plants do not do very well with over-
head irrigation, as it encourages the comfrey and African marigold. To add
duction can result in lower yields for to this, we also add EM 2 and some
about a year as your soil adapts. If, spread of fungal disease. Examples
of these are the Solanacea family: farmyard manure. We have a 3000-
however, you are committed to going litre tank and suspend a sack of each
full on organic, then your first step is potatoes, tomatoes, peppers,
aubergines, etc. product in the water. After 7 days we
to rid your stores of all synthetic then remove the sacks and use their
inputs and empower yourself with as Some plants are better suited to fur-
row irrigation if managed well. Prob- contents in the seed beds. The result-
much information on organic pro- ing water is diluted 1:10.
duction as possible. lems occur when there is too much
The same day, the tank is refilled and
A copy of the Organic Standards is new sacks filled and submerged in the
an indispensable tool and can be pur- water. This way every week on the
chased from Mr Musa Njoka of same day we are sure we have a liquid
EnCert (PO Box 74510, 77200 Nairobi, feed available.
Tel 0722 767 755). In the Standards
you will learn the expectations of
organic production and will also find
information on all of the banned ICIPE
practices and products. From there, answers
detailed information on production
can be found in The Organic Farmer Many farmers ask: "Why do we still
magazine which has already pro- lose so much of our cabbage to the
duced 17 editions. You can order it diamondback moth"?
(address see page 2). They are excel- The main reason why the diamond-
lent tools to guide you through your back moth is such a bad pest is its
conversion. resistance to most insecticides. The
Record keeping is important farmer uses a product without know-
If your intention is to produce coming the resistance status of the pest,
water, resulting in stagnation around and then the product often just kills
mercially and you will be seeking the plant roots. This encourages root
certification, it is extremely impor- the beneficial insects, making the
rot and diseases that use the capillary problem worse. Diamondback moth
tant that you start a record-keeping action of the water as a route to
system as early as possible. A certifier parasitoids were released almost all
spread between plants. over Kenya and are certainly in your
makes decisions based on records. It Rain-fed irrigation is erratic and area. Be patient with pesticide appli-
unreliable; it limits our agricultural cation. If you have to use a pesticide,
Su Kahumbu productivity. Both furrow and overuse a Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)-based
answers your head irrigation can be very wasteful, product, like Dipel, Javelin, Thuri-
questions especially where lack of fresh water cide or Xentari. They kill the dia-
is a growing global concern as it is mondback moth and do not harm the
today. beneficial insects. Aphid control
Write to Knowing your crops water require-
The Organic Farmer should be by spot application to
ment and investing in a system that affected plants only, then any con-
P.O. Box 14352 conserves water like drip irrigation is
00800 Nairobi Kenya ventional pesticide can be used with-
the way forward this century. It out affecting natural enemies.
Tel: 020 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 should be a consideration for every
e-mail: info@organickenya.com Dr. Bernhard Loehr, ICIPE
modern farmer.
We need paper for our

resource centre
We are a community-based organiza-
tion registered with the Department
of Culture and Social Services and
working in Keringet Division, Kure-
soi Constituency with 57 other self-
help groups. Our core objectives are:
1. livestock and agriculture-based
activities for alleviation of poverty
and hunger among community mem-
bers;
2. promoting the use of information
and Telecommunications technology
in community development;
3. participating and contributing to
environmental natural resource man- Farmers listen as Su Kahumbu explains a point on organic farming. The 25 farmers
agement; were taking part in a tour organized by The Organic Farmer newspaper last month.
4. contributing to education and liter-
acy efforts; Your advice worked Research helping us
I am member of a farming youth Please continue sending more infor-
5. sanitation, housing and better shel- mation on 'How to avoid using chemi-
ter provision to community members. group. On behalf of fellow members,
we are extremely grateful for what cals on our foods' and continue train-
We intend to establish an information ing more trainers and supply them to
we have just discovered from some of
resource centre to serve the farmers rural areas so that the community can
your magazines. They were really
and the Mau complex community, benefit from this important research.
helpful owing to the rising cost of
focusing on improving productivity Our agro-forestry group has played a
production and now the limited
for poverty alleviation and sustain- good role and this has changed life in
farming land. We have tried some of
able socio-economic development. most active groups here. Even though
your ideas like the ones on pests, dis-
We hereby request your support to most of them are only one year old, we
ease control and land preparation.
building this resource, and subscrip- can see some improvements.
We really appreciate the results and
tion to your publication. James Munialo, Guyana Garden of
this is why we regret the long period
Rono Suleiman, Baraka Development we have remained ignorant. Finally, Hope, P.O Box 461, Kitale
Initiative, P.O Box 124, Keringet we would like to have past issues and
also to be retained in your mailing
Newspaper helps us
Receive many thanks and God's bless-
push-pull... continued from page 5 list. We are still young and want to
ings. I am requesting you to supply us
change from the conventional to
Maize plants protected from falling with copies of The Organic Farmer
organic. Farming is our only source
over in strong winds by Napier through the above address. I am one of
of livelihood and we like to improve
border rows. the founding members of the group. I
the way we do it.
Even though the push-pull approach have read some of your issue copies
Dishon Odero Owuor, P.O Box 259, and gathered a great urge to read from
demands a high labour input at the Rongo
beginning, the benefits are likely to the copy No. 1. Please enclose some for
me to update myself. The materials in
increase as time goes on. For example, Newspaper motivating some of them will no doubt help us to
desmodium is labour-intensive to First and foremost I would like to
establish, since the plot requires fre- advance more in agriculture. Thank-
congratulate you for your tireless ing you in advance.
quent and thorough weeding if the efforts to make us knowledgeable in
emerging seedlings are not to be over- the use of organic methods in farm- David N Kimani, P.O Box 23195-
come by weeds. However, once estab- ing. Fortunately I came across your 00604, Lower Kabete
lished, the desmodium can grow for issue No.8 and after reading it, I was Tel.0720 884549/ 0722 633426
up to 5 years, as it is a perennial.
According to Dr. Zeyaur Khan, who
motivated to try organic farming. My Dear Farmers,
members are organized smallscale
developed push-pull for ICIPE, there farmers in poultry, agro-forestry, tree
072
are currently 6,000 farmers in Kenya nurseries, bee keeping and horticul- If you have any questions or
and 300 in Uganda who use the ture. The group is registered by the ideas for articles, or if you
15
approach with great success. Apart Department of Social Services and would like us to publish
41
from higher maize yields, many farm- has 32 members. We will be grateful experiences about your
ers make a significant additional if send us monthly copies of the shamba or within your farm-
590
income from selling Napier grass and newspaper. ers' group, please contact us
desmodium as forage, investing the Rulas Mosoh Barango, Muungano (sms!). We shall get back to you!
new assets in buying dairy cows or Youth Group, P.O Box 319, Nyamira
using it to meet family needs. Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Tel. 0735 913 319
tips and bits Market place

from farmers, for farmers
Need clean water? Try the SODIS method... Shop for organic products Natures
Organics, run by Green Dreams Ltd,
Do you lack clean water? Are your (belonging to Su Kahumbu) is open-
children getting sick because of ing an organic products shop in Gigiri
drinking untreated water? Then you Nairobi in September 2006. Farmers
should try the SODIS-method to wishing to supply their commodities
clean the water. SODIS stands for to the shop can contact her through
Solar Water Disinfection. Developed the following address:
in Switzerland, it is a very easy Su Kahumbu, Tel. 0721 100 001;
method to apply. All you need are e-mail: info@organic.co.ke
empty transparent plastic bottles.
You fill the bottle three-quarters with Goats! Due to
water from the well or the river, the increased
shake it 20 seconds, then fill the bot- demand for
need to be exposed to the sun for 6 dairy goats
tle completely. Then lay the bottle in
hours if the sun is shining or 50% among the
the sun. After 6 hours in the sun, all
cloudy. If the sky is too cloudy, let the farmers, we
microorganisms which cause water-
bottles renmain exposed to the sun have requested
borne diseases are destroyed. The
for two consecutive days. During those with
water is safe to drink.
days of continuous rainfall, SODIS dairy goats to provide us with their
How does SODIS work? Sunlight
method does not work well. Rainwa- addresses. The Nakuru District Sheep
treats the contaminated water
ter harvesting is recommended dur- and Dairy Goats Breeders Association
through two mechanisms: Very pow-
ing these days. works with 42 groups that breed
erful rays called the ultraviolet (UV)
If you take the water from a river, you quality dairy goats and sheep. It also
go through the plastic bottle and kill
may discover some dirt in the water, deals with 6 groups that rear Dorper
the microorganisms. The process is
since it is not clear. You should sheep. They have quality male and
very fast because the temperature in
remove this dirt, because the cleaning female goats, as well as sheep. The
the water bottle rises due to heat
process of dirty water will proceed group offers training to new goat and
from the sun. If the water tempera-
more slowly. In this case, you take a sheep owners. It also assists in the
ture in the bottle is higher, the clean-
piece of cotton and sieve the water establishment of goat breeding cen-
ing process is three times faster. Why
through the cotton. Fill it in the bot- tres and can assist farmers get high
do you have to shake the bottle? The
tle, then shake it and lay it in the sun. quality breeding stock. Interested
reason is simple: The more air in the
You can then drink the water without farmers can get in touch with the
bottle, the faster the microorganisms
any fear of a stomachache! association. Any farmer who may be
get killed.
You may ask, "What can I do when Felix Mbitu Murimi, P.O.Box 14352 interested to buy or get information
it is cloudy"? Normally, the bottles 00800 Nairobi on dairy goats should get in touch
with the following farmers who have
Broad spectrum treatment for chickens given us their addresses::
Joseph Muraya, The Marketing Coor-
Organic farmers can make their own months. It is advisable to administer dinator, Nakuru District Farmers
natural antibiotics for the control of this mixture before any outbreak. Marketing Federation, P.O.Box 2816,
diseases in chickens. Below is a Nakuru, Tel. 0722 457 260.
David Osiako, Umoja Forest group
recipe:
Group, P.O.Box 49 Kesogon. Kubukubu Organic Farmers Group
Boil the bark of Erythrina abyssinica
(also known as the rubber stamp tree has four German Alpine male goats
or omurembe in Luhya) and the bark
Facts and myths for sale. They also have other goats.
of Croton megalocarpus (mukinduri in Myth: A good farmer is the one Call Jacob Rware, P.O.Box 453 Embu,
Kikuyu and musine in Luhya). Mix 1 whose field has been ploughed and Tel. 0733 273 240; 068 53 075
part of the solution with 3 parts of cleared of everything. A farmer with Astone Ndude Olutali, P.O.Box 1,
water and give to the chickens to crop residues is lazy. Bukura, Kakamega. Tel. 0723 938 649
drink for 3 days and repeat every 3 Fact: A good farmer is the one who Joseph Kimunge Macharia, P.O.Box
conserves the soil with crop residues 36, Mukurweini, Nyeri, Tel. 0722
which provide organic matter and 506114.
increases yield. Samuel Njoroge, Technical manager,
Myth: Many farmers think they P.O. Box 14748-20100, Nakuru,
must plough to make the soil soft so Tel. 0723 793 414.
that plant roots can penetrate easily. Samuel Thiongo, Ruthimitu Organic
Fact: The opposite is true; ploughing Group, PO Box 489-00605, Uthiru, Tel:
destroys the soil structure and cre- 0722 565 642.
ates a hardpan. Need potato beet? I have potato beet
Adapted from Conservation Agriculture: A and other organic farm products
Manual for Farmers, by the Institute of which are ready for sale. Contact me!
Erythrina abyssinica (TOF) Rural Reconstruction, Nairobi 2005. Doris Njuguna, Tel: 0723741 955
The magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 30 November 2007
At this time of year, farmers all over the

country are either harvesting or pre-
paring to harvest their maize reason
enough to look at two problems facing
our farmers: storage and marketing.
Farmers risk the danger of losing their
precious harvest due to rotting and pest
damage in the field and during storage.
One of the easiest methods to save the
harvest is to apply diatomite on the maize.
Farmers lose a large portion of their harvest due to poor timing and storage (Photo TOF) This is a refined diatomaceous earth that
kills pests, as you can read on page 6.
Avoid post-harvest losses It is cheap and sustainable. Diatomite
works physically rather than chemically,
so there is no chance of insects building
The longer the maize stays in the for harvesting. Some maize varieties up immunity or resistance against it.
shamba after maturity, the higher the mature early. If allowed to stay too
loss due to pests and rotting. long in the field, the maize husks tend Proper storage is even more important
to open, exposing the maize to weevils when it comes to securing good prices for
The Organic Farmer and rainwater that is responsible for your harvest. Since all farmers harvest
the yellow discolouration and rotting. and sell more or less at the same time, the
One of the most important areas prices tend to go down. Ideally, farmers
farmers tend to neglect is the timing Instead of using expensive chemicals
should be able to store their maize a little
of the maize harvest. Many farmers do to protect the maize from pests, there
longer until the prices are more favour-
not know when to start making prepare several cost-effective measures able. Of course, we know that many
arations for harvesting. The result of that farmers can take, for example the small-scale farmers cannot wait. They
delayed harvesting is pest infestation use of diatomite. See pages 3 and 6. have to sell their crop immediately in
and the decaying of maize, especially order to pay the school fees for their chil-
during prolonged rains, while the Cassava dren and meet other pressing needs.
crop is still in the shamba. Farmers The situation is closely related to the
in Kenya and most African countries other problem that is a major hurdle for
lose between 15 to 40 percent of their small-scale farmers: marketing of their
harvest due to these two factors. The new
cassava variety produce. Although they invest a lot of
If you plant your maize in March time and energy producing various crops,
or early April, then it should be ready Migyera pro-
duces six times what they get in return is nothing
for harvesting in October, especially to write home about. This is because
in warmer areas where the maize more yield than
the market is dominated by exploitative
matures early. This means that by the traditional middlemen out to make hefty profits at
September, farmers should be able to varieties. the expense of the farmers.
cut and stake the maize in readiness See page 8
Farmers should think of marketing
even before they begin planting any crop.
Questions? Go to Infonet! Dairy farming is popular A clever farmer will always do a market
Infonet is an
survey to find which products are likely
Many dairy farmers have sent us to fetch good prices at a particular time
information plat- questions on dairy cows and their in the year. Such a farmer will not plant
form for organic management, following our articles what everybody else is growing, but will
farmers. What- on the same topic in our March and carefully choose the types of crops likely
ever you would October 2007 issues. This shows that to find a ready market and give him/her
like to know farmers want to improve the quality a good return.
about the ecologi- of their dairy cows. The problem is
cal methods for the control of pests and that most farmers have poor-quality When the crops are ready for harvest,
parasite infestations of plants, humans there are modern ways to find custom-
breeds. On page 5, William Ayako
ers, for instance using mobile phones,
and animals Infonet will have an (a livestock specialist at KARI) talks as the example from Tanzania shows
answer. You just go to the Internet, about the importance of breeding. (see page 4). Marketing is just one of the
either at home or at a cybercafe and Local farmers lack management skills; many challenges that face you farmers,
type in: www.infonet-biovision.org their dairy cows are not provided and you have to find ways to overcome
From January 2008 onwards you can with quality feeds. They also require them. Proper planning is the first step.
order the entire Infonet-service on a extension services to educate them Careful planning is the foundation of
CD. More about this in the December on animal nutrition and breeding. See any successful enterprise, and remember,
issue of The Organic Farmer! page 5 farming is a business!
Nr. 30 November 2007
OPINION Organic agriculture a real benefit?
Even in areas where agriculture
has the potential to drive growth, Organic farming is sustainable and the low-input levels that target
widespread and significant poverty ecosystem-friendly. But what is its farmers growing crops for self-con-
reduction will only be achieved real economic impact? A long-term sumption and for local markets.
when agricultural growth stimu- study should give the answer to this The trial is being conducted on-
lates rapid growth in rural non- and other questions. station in Chuka, Meru South district
farm employment, with institutional and KARI-Thika in Thika district of
The Organic Farmer
development, markets and trade Kenya. The project started in March
relations all eventually favouring Numerous studies have given much 2006 with the basic research founda-
the non-farm sector. Agriculture evidence on the advantages of organic tions such as field preparations, pre-
alone will not be able to drive agriculture in terms of ecosystem ser- liminary farm surveys and definitions
the growth and structural change vices. Organic farming is now increas- of the trial concepts and details. The
needed for poverty reduction. ingly being taken up by farmers, non- first maize season with treatments
Rethinking Agricultural Policies for Pro- governmental organisations (NGOs), was planted in March 2007 and will
Poor Growth,ODI-Papers 94, Sept. 2004 national programmes and agricul- be followed by a vegetable crop in
tural development agencies in tropi- the short rainy season in October. The
cal countries as a means to improve trial is based on a three-year rota-
food security and rural livelihoods in tion in which a cereal crop (maize or
a sustainable way. Demand for reli- baby corn) will be planted in the first
magazine able data on the environmental and season every year and a vegetable
economic impact of organic agricul- crop (cabbage, kales, French beans,
ture is high, but thus far only a few potatoes and African leafy vegetables)
attempts have been made to system- in the short season.
atically compare this Objectives and benefi-
farming system with ciaries
conventional prac-
The strategic objectives
tices.
of the study are to:
Approach place the debate on
To fill this gap, the organic farming in
Switzerland-based developing countries
Research Institute of on a rational basis;
Organic Agriculture foster agricultural
(FiBL) and its part- policy dialogue in the
ners in the develop- developing world;
ing world are running identify the challenges
long-term farming for organic agriculture
system comparisons in tropical countries
of 10 20 years' duration in Kenya, and thus gain the ability to address
India and Bolivia. Already a similar them in a targeted way;
study in India shows that farmers contribute to the development of
growing cotton organically spend less organic and sustainable agriculture in
on chemicals and got higher prices developing countries.
because organic cotton fetches more The beneficiaries of the project will
money in the market.The replicated include farmers, marketing organiza-
field trials now make it possible to tions, trading companies, consumers,
monitor the effects of organic agricul- agricultural NGOs, extension services,
ture on yield, yield stability, product national and international research
quality, soil fertility and biodiversity, institutions, national authorities and
as well as on natural and economic development agencies.
resource efficiency. The impacts of The research is being implemented
organic agriculture on livelihood by the following partners: Interna-
systems (for instance on farm income), tional Centre of Insect Physiology
education, health, gender relations and Ecology (ICIPE), Tropical Soil
and farmers social mobility, will be Biology and Fertility Institute of
studied in farm surveys. CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), the Kenya Agri-
In Kenya, the study focuses on cultural Research Institute (KARI),
a subsistence farming system based the School of Environmental Studies
on maize and vegetables. It seeks to and Human Sciences of Kenyatta Uni-
compare organic systems to conven- versity, and the Ministry of Agricul-
tional systems at two levels: ture. The project is funded by Swiss
the high-input levels that target Development Cooperation, Coop-
farmers growing crops for commer- Supermarkets, Switzerland, and Bio-
cial purposes and target external Vision Foundation of Switzerland, the
markets; sponsor of The Organic Farmer.
Protect your maize from pests and decay

Post-harvest losses could be reduced at the lower end and even more space
considerably if farmers took simple in the upper section. Pests like a warm
measures to protect maize from pests. environment, so if the store is well
ventilated, it helps keep them away. If
The Organic Farmer you stored your maize in the store the
The major causes of post-harvest previous year, then it should be prop-
losses incurred by farmers are insect erly cleaned to remove any remains
pests, rodents and development of of the previous harvest, which could
mould. Farmers can greatly reduce be harbouring pests. Weevils reside
these losses if they take the following in cracks in the wood that is used
measures to protect their maize: to build the store; these cracks need
Store preparation: A good store thorough cleaning to remove any
should allow space for air circulation weevils before the grain is stored.
Sorting: Before storage, sorting of the
maize is very important, as it removes
Metal silo: safe storage any cobs that may have been damaged
The Catholic Relief by insects and mould. Studies from Maize infested
Services (CRS) has West Africa show that sorting reduces with the larger
devised a metal silo the amount of damage in the stores grainborer (above).
for storage of maize by over a third. This ensures that the The photo on the
and other cereals to maize is as clean as possible and will right shows the
protect them from not help spread the insect pests and lesser grainborer.
moisture, rats and mould to the rest of the clean maize. It is important to
insect pests. The silo Shelling the maize will reduce pest treat grains before
is an airtight cylin- damage since most pests prefer maize they are attacked
drical metal struc- while still on the cob. by the pests.
ture constructed by Drying: Shelled maize should be
trained local fundis dried in the sun for three to four daysgation is not easy to do and is even
for grain storage. The metal silos to prevent mould, which could lead to dangerous if inappropriately handled.
come in various capacities ranging aflatoxin poisoning. Drying in the sun It is also costly, since one has to apply
from 2 to 20 bags. also kills some of the pests already inthe chemicals every month. Further-
the maize. There is an easy method to more, pests are developing resistance
How to load the grains against fumigants. In organic farming,
check if the grains are ready or dried
Before loading the grains into the enough for storage (see box below). fumigation is not allowed. A much
metal silo, tie the grain outlet lid more efficient and cheaper way to
with a rubber band. Open the grain Fumigation fight all the pests in the stored maize
inlet lid, then load the dried, treated One of the most common ways used is to use diatomite, which kills the
grain, tie the inlet lid with a rubber to kill pests is fumigation. But fumi- pests. See page 6
band. Leave it airtight for 30 days in
order to complete the life cycle of any
weevils that may have entered with
How can you test for moisture level?
the grains. This is an efficient method to check if 3. If salt sticks on the walls of the
grains are dry and ready for storage. bottle, then the grains are not prop-
Where to place the metal silo All you need is an empty glass or erly dried or have not attained the
Look for an appropriate place in your bottle and dry salt. lowest required moisture content.
house in which to place the silo. It 1. Put a handful of grains and half a 4. Dry your grains again and repeat
should not be exposed to direct sun- handful of dry salt in a dry bottle or the test.
light or rainwater. Avoid water spill- glass. 5. If there is no salt sticking on the
age on the metal silo. It must also be 2. Shake for 2-3 minutes and allow walls of the bottle, then the grains are
kept at least one metre or three feet to settle. dry and ready for storing.
below the roof. It must not touch the
house walls. The silo must be placed
on a platform. To remove the grains,
untie the rubber band on the outlet
lid, then place a container below the
outlet. After offloading, put back the
oulet lid and tie with the rubber band.
A 10-bag metal silo costs Ksh 10,050
while a 20-bag one goes for Ksh
16,890. Farmers can make enquiries
on the metal silo from the Ministry
of Agriculture or Catholic Relief Ser-
vices offices near them; alternatively,
they can contact Mr Kin'goo Tel: 0733
262 543, Machakos.
Use your mobile phone for marketing

Sending an SMS can earn farmers ested clients. For example, it runs a
profit and bargaining power while sms service in cooperation with Safa-
dealings with middlemen and traders. ricom, called SMS Sokoni, which pro-
vides daily wholesale buying prices
Anja Bengelstorff of maize, potatoes, cabbage, beans
In todays tough business environ- and tomatoes at wholesale markets in
ment, it is not enough to know a Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru, Eldoret,
lot about farming and bring in a Kitale and Kisumu, as well as buying
good harvest. A farmer, more than and selling options for farm produce.
ever before, needs to appreciate A sms with the text maize prices, for
the value of information, especially example, must be sent to the number
about market prices of commodities 411. The sms costs KSh 7 in total.
in different markets, who is selling Per month, this service is accessed
or buying what and where, who is by 8,000 to 11,000 users only, admits
transporting, who are the middle- Abraham Okolla, Marketing Manager
men, and much more. The good news at KACE.
is that accessing this information has Another option to access prices
become easier than ever before. Just and trade information or to place
use your mobile phone! an advertisement for any agricultural
commodity is the Kilimo Hotline at
Pushing Tanzanian farmers 0900 552 055. The recorded voice mail
Tanzania provides a good example costs KSh 20 above the normal rate.
of this. An initiative called The Only 2000 - 3000 callers so far make
First Mile Project aims to instruct use of this offer in a month.
and support Tanzanian small-scale Farmers and buyers who have an
farmers, traders, processors and e-mail address can subscribe to the
others from poor rural areas to reach electronic database RECOTIS, run by
markets and get market information. KACE. Every morning at 9:00 am,
Modern communication technologies A mobile phone can link farmers to potential explains Abraham Okolla, e-mails are
like mobile phones, Internet and e- buyers, saving money and time. (Photo TOF) sent to subscribers with Kenya market
mail are instrumental to achieving Most people dont know the value prices for 25 commodities, including
this goal. For example, one member of information, unless they are used to fruits and livestock. Also available is
of a farmers group is sent to market- dealing with it, says Joseph Kariuki, information about buyers and sellers.
places and finds out the current prices agricultural expert at the consultancy The membership rate for six months
for various produce. From there, he/ firm Cardno Agrisystems in Nairobi. is KSh 5500; an entire year costs KSh
she sends those prices quickly via Its the attitude towards information 10,000. According to Okolla, about
sms to other members of their group, that farmers need to change. Con- 500 subscribers reside around the
who share the information among cerning the use of mobile phones, the world, but mainly in East Africa.
themselves or put it on a village bill- scientist says passionately: It is the In addition, KACE runs 12 Market
board for everyone to read. Vital and most accessible technology in Kenya, Resource Centres, mostly in western
current information is shared, such as but so far its potential remains hardly and central Kenya, from where
prices and quantities needed. explored. farmers can obtain this kind of infor-
By knowing the prices in the The Ministry of Agriculture does mation as well.
market, the farmers group now has a not have any measure in place to
Kenyan farmers stay away
bargaining power with middlemen or help small-scale farmers use modern
traders who approach the farmers on communication technologies to In Kenya, the problem remains that
their farms and offer a price. Farmers increase their income. We dont have too few farmers make use of this valu-
can now compare the offered price enough information yet to implement able but accessible information and
with the one in the market and can country-wide marketing measures, stay poor as a result. When they
calculate if they will make any profit. says Kenneth Ayuko, Director of the manage to organise themselves to
More importantly, they are able to Agribusiness Division in the Ministry, share costs and have a stronger voice
negotiate a better price. established in 2005. when dealing with wholesalers or
processors, mistrust among individu-
Value of information SMS for 7 Shillings
als often makes farmers groups fail in
This system works best when farmers The good news is that Kenyan farmers their endeavours. Kenyans are good
are organized. If each member con- still have the chance to benefit from in individual enterprises, but they fail
tributes a few shillings to enable one information transmitted via mobile as a group, observes Joseph Kariuki.
of them to go and find out prices at phones and the Internet, even though Abraham Okolla shares this experi-
the markets, this will go a long way on a rather small scale. The private ence. Kariuki suggests that, Younger
in increasing everyones farm revenue company Kenya Agricultural Com- farmers groups, familiar with mobile
substantially. In other words, farmers modity Exchange (KACE) collects phones and the Internet, should be
must be ready to invest and pay for market information from as early targeted for the use of communica-
the information and services that give as 4:00 am (0400 hrs) when major tion technologies to demonstrate that
them profit. markets open, and sells it to inter- it works.
Farmers show great interest in dairy cows

Our articles on dairy cows have generated a lot of inter- also eager to get information about breeding. On this page,
est from farmers. This shows that small-scale farmers William Ayako* answers some of your questions sent to
realise the benefit of well-kept and well-fed cows and are The Organic Farmer magazine.
Boosting butterfat
May I know if cross breeding of
bigger animals with smaller ones can
increase or lower the milk production
and boost butter content? Tel. 0720
063460
Depending on the breeds, say a Frie-
sian for the bigger animal and a Zebu
for the smaller animal, the offspring
would have half the genes of the two
breeds of animals. In this case, the
potential offspring may acquire the
vigour as a hi-breed to produce more
milk. But in general terms, the chances
of her producing as a Friesian are Proper selection of breeds improves the quality of dairy cows (Photo TOF)
minimal. Yes, it would produce more
milk compared to a Zebu. The butter- Careful crossing of breeds needed
fat content of the milk would be higher spring as a hi-breed could produce
than a Friesian's since Zebu have low Q. When a Friesian is crossed with an a similar quantity or more milk than
milk yield but higher butterfat. Ayrshire, the calf born is likely to be a a Friesian due to high-breed vigour.
The same scenario is likely to Friesian. Is it upgrading or degrading The breeding goals of the breeder may
happen if you cross, say, a Jersey with of the calf? Maurice Abuoro, Rongo depend on whether he/she requires
a Friesian. Zebu and Jersey both have Tel.0720 063 460 more milk, or higher protein yield/
a higher butterfat index compared to higher fat yield or to maintain the
a Friesian. It should be noted however, The genetic merit of a large number pure Friesian characteristics.
that milk composition can as well be of offspring will be the average of that If the goal is to maintain a pure Frie-
influenced by the diet on which the of their parents. This means that some sian, then we could term the breeding
animal is fed. Generally, high-energy individuals will be genetically supe- plan as downgrading of the Friesian
diets such as good quality maize silage rior to the average of their parents breed. A pure Friesian has 100% genes
would tend to increase milk solids (all while others will be inferior. The off- of a Friesian, whereas the crossbred
the other constituents of milk minus spring of a Friesian and an Ayrshire calf in this case would contain only
water), which include butterfat. would contain 50% genes of both 50% of the Friesian. In this case, there-
* Dr. William Ayacko is a livestock scientist breeds. In terms of milk production, a fore, based on the genes, it would
at the KARI Naivasha Animal Husbandry Friesian generally has a higher genetic mean downgrading of the Friesian
Centre potential than an Ayrshire. The off- genetic makeup.
What can I do to enrich a ruminant diet?

Is it true that mixing highly nitrog- poor. The concept of mixing highly
enous feed encourages bull fattening? nitrogenous feeds such as forage
George Oyeng, Muhoroni, Tel. 0725 legumes with low-protein feed like
587 146 wheat straw would result in better
A ruminants diet should contain at performance. An all-legume feed like
least 7% crude protein for efficient lucerne hay is a wholesome feed for a
functioning of the rumen microbes to ruminant compared to grass hay.
enhance better digestion. The crude
protein content of the feeds is basically Balanced feed is important
made of nitrogenous compounds. Some legumes, however, such as the
A proper feeding plan should Lucerne (top) and calliandra (bottom) are calliandra tree, leucaena and some
embrace this concept to enable the protein-rich feed for cows. (Photos TOF) others contain some anti-nutritional
digestive system of the ruminant factors (e.g. tannins) which inhibit
animal to work well. In a situation protein digestion by ruminants and
where the basic diet of the animal therefore cannot be fed as a sole diet.
contains less than 7% crude protein, Mixing of such high-protein feeds
the population of the microbes in the with high-energy feeds (e.g. concen-
rumen would be decreased to below trate) would provide the animal with
the required level to enhance proper the required nutrients and enhance
digestion of the feed. If this occurs, the better utilization of such feeds by the
performance of the animal in terms of ruminant and would further improve
growth and weight gain would be the performance of the animal.
Diatomite is a powerful insecticide

Today, I would like to write again may be adequate. For larger plants,
about diatomite, as I consider this an about 2 2.5 kg per acre (5 7.5 kg/
incredibly valuable product in organic ha) is probably sufficient. Diatomite
farming. will need to be reapplied after rain. It
Diatomite is not available in most is best to apply it when there is dew
countries, and thus is quite expen- or after a light rain.
sive and difficult to access in the
Helpful for animals
organic farming communities around
the world. We in Kenya are very lucky For livestock, diatomite can be applied
to have a deposit being mined right to poultry as a dusting powder, used
here in Gilgil. indoor or outdoor around the barn
or house, or any place that is dry. It
What is diatomite? can also be dusted on dogs, cattle,
Often referred to as DE (diatoma- pigs, goats, etc. for control of ticks
ceous earth), diatomite is the fossils and fleas. Beddings of these animals
of diatoms, single-celled algae. This On crops, it can be dusted on for should also be dusted.
algae obtains silica from volcanic ash control of ants, flies, mites, slugs, Diatomite can be mixed with animal
which falls into the water in which snails, ticks, scorpions; almost any feed. Your livestock will also get the
the diatoms grow. With this silica, the insects with a waxy coating will benefit of over 14 trace minerals that
diatoms produce non-crystalline silica succumb to dehydration when the make up diatomaceous earth. The fol-
skeletons, and over time as these lakes sharp dagger-like points scratch them. lowing are the amounts to use:
dry up, exposed diatomateous earth For dry application of diatomaceous Cows/Horses: 30 60 g per day
sites remain. earth, use a duster and cover the Sheep/Goats/Hogs: 15 g per day
entire plant; apply to both top and Chickens or other poultry: you need
How does it work?
bottom of the leaf. For young plants, to weigh the feed and mix in 2% of
Diatomite has many uses, all of which as little as 1 kg per acre (2.5 kg/ha) that weight with diatomaceous earth.
are non-toxic. In the organic farming
world, its biggest use is insecti-
cidal. As it works physically rather I tried diatomite, and it worked!
than chemically, there is no chance
of insects' building up immunity, or Peter Kamau
resistance. This is an absolute bonus Preserving maize during storage is had already bought six bags of the
for we organic farmers! The micro- one of the most difficult tasks for any powder to protect my newly planted
scopic fossils perforate all body parts farmer. My own experience shows tea bushes against pests. I therefore
of insects and at the same time absorb that most chemicals used for this decided to apply 1/2 kg (500 g) of the
the body fluids. This results in total purpose rarely protect maize against diatomite dust on each of two bags
dehydration and finally death of the pests. I spent an average of Ksh 2000 of shelled maize on a trial basis. On
pests. worth of pesticides to protect my 200 checking three months later, there
Diatomite can thus be used as a bags of maize, but the weevils would were no weevils on the two bags on
powerful insect killer and can be used persist, forcing me to repeat the same which I had applied diatomite.
both on crops and livestock. On live- process every month. As the rest of my maize was already
stock, it can be used for both external In February 2002 a pest protection showing traces of weevil damage, I
and internal parasites. When added to dealer advised me to try the fumiga- decided to apply diatomite on the
stored grain, diatomite kills weevils tion tablets he was selling; the tablets whole consignment. Since then I have
and protects the grain from further proved to be slightly better than the been using diatomite dust on all my
damage. Diatomite is non-toxic and other pesticides. I still discovered, maize during storage with spectacu-
therefore will not harm humans or however, that they can only protect lar results.
animals that consume it. Grain should the maize for about two months, and Diatomite is mined by the Diatomite
be washed before cooking, however. only if it is properly covered with Industries at Kariandusi in Gilgil
To treat stored grain, just add 500 g airtight polythene sheeting to stop the along the Nakuru-Naivasha road. It
(1/2 kg) of diatomite to each sack of fumes from escaping. Another fact sells at Ksh 20 for 1 kg. Farmers can
grain. I discovered is that the fumigation apply as little as 3 kg of the dust for
tablets could only kill the weevils every tonne of maize, wheat, barley
which had not yet entered the maize or even millet with very good results.
grains. It is very difficult to protect the The Sales and Marketing Manager,
grain if it is already infested, and that Mr Roger Oluchiri, says diatomite is
is why farmers are advised to ensure available in 20-kg bags to any farmer
they harvest earlybefore the weevils who is interested. Farmers can get
establish themselves in the maize. in touch with him at the following
Successful trials address:
In 2005, I learned about the use of African Diatomite Industries, P.O.Box
diatomite powder in the preservation 32, Gilgil Tel. 050-4015209, Mobile
of maize during storage. Luckily I 0722 277 120
Requesting for your maga- Give us information on Increase our knowledge

zine pineapples I am a regular reader of The Organic
We wish to be included in the mailing Farmer magazine and am a practising
You have
list of The Organic Farmer newspaper. organic farmer in Tongaren division,
featured
We need thirty copies for distribution Bungoma district. I would like to
chicken and
to our extension staff and farmers. I request you to consider sending me
mango pro-
have personally read the June 2007 copies of this valuable magazine to
duction. I
edition and found it quite informative supplement my knowledge and that
grow pine-
both to staff and farmers. In case our of my students. I need 20 to 30 copies.
apples and
request is considered, we will ensure Kenneth Wapakala, St Francis High
would like
that the magazine reaches our clients School, P.O.Box 178 Misikhu
to avoid
who are the mixed farmers within
Machakos district.
the use of Send it to East Pokot
chemicals. I request to be sent 6 copies of your
Aron M'Ringera, District Animal Pro- If I have monthly magazine, The Organic Farmer
duction Officer, P.O. Box 1188, MACH- additional to East Pokot. East Pokot is a new dis-
AKOS, Tel. 0721566796 e-mail: aron- informa- trict that has five divisions. We intend
ringera@yahoo.com, Email:dlpomks@ tion on to give a copy to each of the five divi-
yahoo.com Telephone 044-24247 how to sions. Caleb Ogola, District Agricul-
TOF for our library grow them tural Officer, East Pokot District P.0.
Congratulations for a job well done. organi- Box 50, Chemolingot.
I am an extension officer interested cally, I
in organic farming. I would like to would have Does organic fertilizer
request for monthly copies of your an advantage. require certification?
magazine for the divisional library The new Infonet Im a member of a community co-
and to distribute to our farmers' service, which you intend to launch, operative in Nakuru dealing with
groups. We will appreciate your will be an added advantage to waste recycling issues. We are focusing
response. Rebbeca Yegon, District farmers. We welcome it and hope it on solids and water recycling which
Agricultural Extension Officer, P.O. will provide us with relevant infor- also includes organic waste. We have
Box 33, Bungoma mation to help us increase produc- members who live in the peri-urban
tion. J.K. Kirui, P.O. Box 152, Litein,
areas and deal in composting of farm
Help us fight poverty 20210 waste. We are going commercial and
I happened to come across The Organic your positive reply to my request. want to produce organic fertilizer (dust
Farmer magazine and found a lot of Moses Gitau Maina, C/o Mawingu and granulated form). Our product has
information which, when put into pri. School, P.O Box 245, Molo. been tested by Kephis, KEBS and other
practice, can help alleviate poverty
among small-scale farmers across Article on rabbits was agricultural institution labs. It has been
found free of any pathogens or heavy
the country. Please put me on your informative metals, but the biggest question is: Are
mailing list. I am even ready to pay I wish to request for 5 copies of The there standards for organic fertilizer?
the postage charges. I do not want to Organic Farmer magazine. We have Please let me know because we wish to
lose the opportunity to read it as it school-based gardening and would fully comply. We are also keen on pro-
will improve my life and that of other
viding solutions to managing organic
farmers. Isaiah Ogwalo, P.O.Box 162
waste within our town, through recy-
Homa Bay, 40300
cling and composting. Please advise
I dont want to miss it us on this. Our members are low-
I request to be included in your income earners and we are about 100
mailing list. I am a farmer by profes- members. This initiative will provide
sion and I believe in natural systems employment and increased income to
of production, so I do not want to our members.
miss any of your issues. Please assist! Mildred. daymillie@
William Chesongol Tiyoi, P.O.Box yahoo.com
2540, Kitale 30200
I discovered tithonia plant
I have finally got the valuable tithonia
plant in my shamba which is now in a like to start rearing some animals
seedbed for multiplation (vegetative), such as rabbits. I found your July
though the divisional agriculture issue on rabbits very informative. I
office did not assist me in this area I did not know they can provide very
do hope they will be of help in future. good meat. Looking forward to learn-
I will be visiting them as need arises. I ing more from you. Bramwel S. Njeri,
would be grateful to receive more lit- Golden Tots Preparatory School, P.O.
erature on the plant. I am waiting for Box 42 Matunda 30205. Tuma maoni yako! Asante.
Infonet service is finally launched Organic produce: The Organic Shop

Farmers in East Africa now have free would like to buy the following organic
access to information on sustainable farm produce from certified organic
agriculture following the launch of growers: All types of fruits such as
Infonet, an Internet-based platform raspberries, sugar, corn oil, sunflower
that provides information on natural oil, garlic, strawberries, green peppers,
methods for prevention and control of eggplant, organic tea and coffee, grains
pests and parasites on plants, animals
such as wheat, barley and oats, beef,
and people.
The site was officially launched on lamb, duck. Farmers can contact Zak
October 9th by the Prime Minister Tel. 0722 572717 or Su Kahumbu Tel.
The Prime Minister of the State of Liechten- 0721 100001, email: info@organic.co.ke
of the European state of Liechten- stein Mr. Otmar Hasler (right), addresses
stein, Mr.Otmar Hasler.The Infonet is Guinea pigs: We would like to buy
participants during the Infonet launch.
sponsored by LED, the Development Guinea pigs from any farmer rearing
Service of Liechtenstein through the tific language and terms, farmers will them. Contact us on Tel.0729 302 858.
BioVision organisation and ICIPE. The find the new site easy to access, under- Dairy cow wanted: I am interested in
website, www.infonet-biovision con- stand and use. The Infonet project buying a high yielding dairy cow. Any
tains information on 40 major pests leader, Ms Monique Hunziker said farmer with a ready cow for sale in my
and diseases that affect more than the website will be updated daily to area can contact me. Tel 0729 553 517
35 major crops, vegetables and fruits ensure farmers have access to the latest
Endebess, Kitale
grown in East Africa. Farmers visit- information on such areas as soil and
ing the site can identify diseases and water conservation, processing of agri- Kenbro chicken: I need to buy 100
pests affecting their crops and at the cultural produce, organic farming and day-old Kenbro chicks. Any hatcher-
same time get advice on biological plant nutrition. In addition, the website ies selling them should contact me.
methods of their control. Biovision contains information that is relevant Tel.0722 257 796
CEO Mr. Andreas Schriber said that to problems specific to the region. Pumkins for sale: I am an organic
the new information service will Farmers with no access to Internet ser- farmer in Kericho. I specialise in
greatly improve the exchange of infor- vices will initially be able to use an off- pumpkins (sugar pie). I have 3 tonnes
mation between research institutions line version that will be made available in stock for sale. Contact me on Tel.
and farmers. He added that unlike on Compact Discs (CDs) or USB flash 0725 396 961.
other internet sites with difficult scien- sticks by May 2008.
High yields with new cassava varieties

The introduction of new cassava vari- Network (EARRNET) to mitigate the Over 302,000 households in the region
eties in western Kenya has signifi- pandemic. Strategies to tackle the are growing the improved healthy
cantly contributed to food security and pandemic included introduction and cassava varieties, which yield six to
reduction of poverty in the region. evaluation of germplasm (varieties) eight times more than the traditional
Cassava is an important staple food in and multiplication and distribution varieties. The preliminary results of
western Kenya. The region produces of cassava mosaic-resistant planting the impact study shows that the overall
and consumes 60% of the national materials to farmers in western Kenya. adoption rate in the five districts sur-
cassava production. In 1994/95, a In the past six years, over 1400 cassava veyed in western Kenya is 30% in
clones have been introduced and terms of the proportion of farmers
most severe form of cassava mosaic
evaluated for the disease and other growing the improved varieties. The
disease attacked cassava crops and
important agronomic characteristics. variety Migyera (TMS 30572) is the
devastated all traditional varieties in
Fifteen clones have been selected and most commonly grown (by 25.6% of
Teso and Busia districts. The disease
rapidly bulked for planting materials households) and therefore the variety
rapidly spread to neighbouring dis- and distributed to farming communi- of interest among improved varieties.
tricts and by 1997, it had become ties in western Kenya.
pandemic, such that farmers aban- Higher yields
doned growing cassava altogether. (A The area covered by the new variet-
pandemic is a disease that has spread ies is approximately 21,000 ha, which
over a whole region or country.) is a recovery of 38% of the area in
People in the region suffered serious western Kenya that was under cassava
food shortages and evident poverty production prior to the pandemic. In
as a result. some districts such as Teso and Busia,
where adoption of the technology is
New clones selected
high, the recovery area under culti-
In 1997, the Kenya Agricultural vation with cassava mosaic disease-
Research Institute (KARI) collabo- resistant varieties is over 80%, while
rated with the International Institute in terms of production restoration, it is
of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) through over 100% because of the higher yields
the East Africa Root Crops Research of the improved varieties. (TOF)
The year is now coming to an end, with
most farmers preparing to harvest the
crops they planted during the course
of the year. Apart from the festivities
marking the end of the year, including
the coming general election, this is an
important period for the farmer. It is time
when all of us should take stock of what
we have achieved during the year and at
the same time start planning for what we
intend to do in the coming year.
If you managed to go through all the
issues of The Organic Farmer, that we
sent you this year, you will notice that
we have introduced various ventures
that farmers can start to greatly improve
Indigenous chickens need proper feeding and housing to be productive. (Photo TOF) their income. These include new ways of
marketing, working together as groups to
Taking care of indigenous chickens stop exploitation by middlemen, poultry
keeping, beekeeping and mushroom pro-
duction.
Many small-scale farmers seem to every rural household has chickens
have resigned themselves to the belief especially of the indigenous variety. We have stressed the need for farmers to
that it is difficult to improve their Indigenous chickens fetch premium change and adopt new ideas that can help
earnings due to the falling prices of prices on the market, but they are the them improve production and income.
most agricultural commodities. But most neglected of all livestock in rural Some of these ideas are not difficult to try.
we hold a different view. There are households. They are simple farming techniques such
many opportunities available if only If well managed, indigenous chick- as crop rotation that have so many ben-
ens could change the fortunes of many
efits, not only in improving soil fertility
farmers can accept to adopt new
but also in controlling pests and diseases.
ideas and start farm enterprises that small-scale farmers. In this issue we It is encouraging to note that so many
can increase their income and uplift provide you with tips on how to farmers have made a notable improve-
their standard of living. For instance, manage them. See page 5 ment in their farming practices.
Farmyard manure Tiny pests, An important event that took place in
October this year is the launch of the
is not garbage but huge damages Infonet service. Farmers will now be
able to access information on sustain-
In every homestead or farm across the Nametodes cause serious damage. able agriculture and organic farming
country, a heap of farmyard manure They are tiny thread-like worms that at www.infonet-biovision.org. More
dumped outside the boma is a famil- live in the soil. Most of them stay over: The Organic Farmer now has its
iar sight. It seems that many farmers own website! If you would like to read
do not know the value of farmyard Do you need TOF? the latest issue, just go to www.organ-
manure as a valuable fertilizer that icfarmermagazine.org. For those who
could enrich their soils and save them Would you like to read/print your
own copy of The Organic Farmer? Then do not receive the magazine, this will be
a lot of money which they spend an opportunity not only to read it, but
currently in buying chemical fertiliz- go to our new website.
they can also be able to print copies and
ers. Farmyard manure loses essential www.organicfarmermagazine.org make the necessary reference in future.
nutrients when it is exposed to the in the topsoils and contribute to the We do hope that farmers will make use of
sun or rain. See page 3 decomposition of organic matter. The this service.
damaging plant-feeding nematodes We would like to thank you for the
differ from other predatory nema- encouraging letters, telephone calls and
todes because they have a sap-sucking SMSs. Our magazine is always working
mouth. Important environmental hard to ensure that farmers in Kenya are
factors that influence development of well equipped with the information they
the most damaging nematodes are need for productive, sustainable organic
moist soils and relatively warm tem- farming. We have lined up lots of useful
peratures. Under average conditions a articles, tips and advice for next year.
female produces 300800 eggs. A new Finally, we wish all of you a bumper
Farmyard manure should always be covered generation can arise within 25 days. harvest, better market prices, seasons
to prevent nutrients loss. Photo P. Luthi More about nematodes on page . greetings and a Happy New Year.
Managing your Napier grass
Malnutrition is the biggest risk factor
for illness worldwide. For both chil- Napier grass is the most popular
dren and adults, malnutrition reduces fodder crop in Kenya. However,
the bodys natural defences against is also the most neglected.
a vast range of diseases. The death The Organic Farmer
rate from diseases such as lower
respiratory infection, malaria and It is approaching the dry season. One
measles are much higher in chil- major problem likely to face farmers
dren who are underweight than in is lack of adequate pasture to feed
those who are adequately nourished. their animals in order to increase (or
Undernourished People infected with at least to maintain) milk production
HIV/AIDS develop the full symptoms and income. Although most farmers
of the disease more quickly than have adequate land on which they
people who are well fed. can grow good fodder, these pastures
The Millenium Project for Africa are poorly managed and can hardly
sustain their animals. Good manage-
ment of pasture ensures the farmer
has enough feed the animals all year
round.
The most popular fodder crop in
Kenya is Napier grass. Napier grass
gives the highest yield per unit area
compared with other types of fodder.
Strangely enough, in most farms
Napier grass is the most neglected Farmers with inadequate fodder are
crop. Farmers do not get the maximum often forced to cut immature Napier
benefit because they do not manage grass more frequently. Immature
this valuable plant in the right way. Napier grass is unsuitable for feeding
as it contains too much water and
Napier needs nutrients very little dry matter. Harvest Napier
Since chemical fertilizers are not when it is 1 m high or at every 68
allowed in organic farming and are weeks to obtain optimal quality and
too expensive and beyond the reach quantity. Maintain a stubble height
of many small-scale farmers, the best of 510 cm above the ground level at
alternative is to apply well-composted each harvest to avoid weakening of
farmyard manure on Napier grass. the root system, which leads to low
Apply 5 to 10 tonnes/ha of farmyard production in subsequent harvests.
manure at planting. In subsequent
years, apply the same amount prefer- Feeding
ably in splits after every harvest. Very Many small-scale farmers keep too
few farmers apply farmyard manure many animals without adequate
on their Napier grass; they neglect land for pasture (overstocking). An
even the manure (see page 3). A good average dairy cow requires 70 kg of
way to improve yields is to inter- fresh, unchopped Napier grass per
crop Napier with forage legumes day to produce 7 kg of milk, or 912
like desmodium. This improves the kg milk per day when fed on Napier/
quality of the feed and reduces the legume mixture. One acre (0.4 ha)
costs for nitrogen fertilizer. of Napier grown in the conventional
Tumbukiza is a new method of way should ideally support only one
planting Napier grass (see page 3). dairy cow if there is no other sup-
The initial labour costs for digging plementary feeding being done. One
pits and trenches are higher than the acre of Tumbukiza Napier grass can
provide enough feed for 2 3 dairy
conventional methods, but Tumbukiza
cows for one year.
produces more herbage yield than
the conventional method, hence less Controls soil erosion and pests
land is required to keep one dairy Napier grass has other benefits for a
cow. farmer; for example, when planted
Weeding is also a very important around the maize fields, it helps to
aspect of Napier management. Weeds control stalk borer (stemborer) infes-
take up a lot of nutrients and water tation. Farmers are advised to plant
that would have been used by the three rows of Napier all around the
fodder crop and which in the process maize field. When planted along the
reduces its productivity. Weeding contour lines in a pure stand or in
should be done after every harvest to a mixture of fodder legume trees,
maintain high productivity. Napier reduces soil erosion.
With manure fodder crops grow faster
Many small-scale farmers do not use
manure properly. Carelessly stored
manure can lose half of its nitrogen
content.
William Ayako*
No doubt, manure promotes the
growth of all crops. The only problem
is that many dairy farmers lack skills
for improved management. This is
shown in a study on methods of
manure management on smallholder
peri-urban dairy farms in Bahati divi-
sion, Nakuru district. The results of Manure exposed to sun and rainwater loses essential nutrients. (Photo TOF)
the study, conducted in July, 2005, are was even more important as the high through negligence, farmers reduced
significant for other regions in Kenya human population in the division led Napier yields and hence milk produc-
too. to further decline in soil fertility due tion and their income.
A total of 30 smallholder dairy to over-cultivation of land.
farmers in the Bahati region were Recommended methods
Soil degradation as well as poor
randomly picked; their farming livestock nutrition and livestock dis- The manure application technology,
system is mainly small-scale mixed eases were responsible for the low developed by KARI Naivasha, has
crop/livestock type. The farmers kept milk production. Labour shortage two options.
an average of 1 - 2 mature cows, and lack of capital was evident since The farmers on the hill slopes
mainly of Friesian, Ayrshire and Zebu over 90% of the farmers in Bahati and with less than one acre of land
crosses. The feeding was mainly cut used family labout and simple tools should use the tumbukiza method
and carry (zero gazing) in stables to apply manure. Some of the farmers of manure management on Napier
with planted Napier grass as the main used bedding from unused maize grass. The system involves digging
feed resource and crop residue found stalks for compost making. This is pits of about 3x3x3 cubic feet. The
within the farm. very helpful since the compost takes pits are spaced at 2 metres apart and
It became clear that smallholder time to decompose under field condi- are filled with 3 debes of slurry (a
dairy farmers, neglected by policy tions and hence increased the nitro- mixture of manure and water), then a
makers, could not afford to apply gen ratio. 1-foot layer of top soil is added on top
inorganic fertilizers on Napier grass. of the manure. Thereafter, 610 cane
The inputs were relatively expensive, Improve Napier grass yield cuttings of Napier grass are planted
and the availability of those inputs The use of manure on Napier grass on each pit. The tumbukiza method
was always untimely. This means that plots was a common practice among has been known to increase fodder
the farmers were therefore in dire smallholder farmers in the division. yield by approximately 30 %. It is
need of skills to improve manure The study observed that 70% of advised to plant sweet potatoes or
management to boost fodder pro- cow dung manure was returned to forage legumes between the pits to
duction for their dairy cows. This Napier grass while 30 % was applied increase the quality of forage and to
on maize as compost. Due to labour control weeds.
constraints, manure management to Farmers should also plant Napier
Making manure pits preserve nutrients was poorly done grass along the contours using the
Proper manure management prac- by the farmers. Fanya Juu method. In the Fanya Juu
tice begins as soon as manure is Since the majority of the farmers trenches, they should apply the slurry
deposited as dung and urine by the stored manure in open heaps for con- as explained above, then add top soil
cow. To minimize nutrient losses in venience, the method caused high and plant Napier grass. This would
smallholder zero grazing farms, it nutrient losses, estimated at over prevent soil nutrient losses through
is recommended that manure from 30% of nitrogen conten when the erosion and secondly, it would reduce
the stable should be collected twice storage duration exceeded 3 months. the frequency of additional labour.
daily and stored in a well-constructed Extended storage in open heaps The most important advantage is
manure pit as a slurry. It is even easier further increased losses estimated to increase in Napier grass yield per
since most farmers house the animals be more than 50% of nitrogen when given area.
in well-designed cattle stables with the storage exceeded 6 months. During Farmers in less hilly areas should
aconcrete floor. the season of land preparation, plant- apply slurry in a shallow trench dug
Maize stalks are essential in trapping ing and weeding of the field crops, between the rows of Napier grass
minerals (Nitrogen) in manure when labour became scarce and manure and cover with the soil. Although this
used as bedding material. The farmers management suffered at the expense method is labour-intensive, it enables
should invest on manure storage pits of other activities. Therefore, it was better utilization of nitrogen in the
to preserve nutrients in slurry. It estimated that smallholder farmers in urine and reduces other loses arising
is equally important to reduce the the division incurred nutrient losses from evaporation.
storage duration; increasing the fre- of over 60% in manure nitrogen due * Dr. William Ayacko is a livestock scientist
quency of manure-application feeds to lack of improved handling and at the KARI Naivasha Animal Husbandry
the soil with more nutrients. application methods. In other words, Centre
Sweet potatoes: Good for people and animals
Farmers should not neglect sweet
potatoes. They provide feed for humans
and animals and contain more vitamin
A than any other plant.
Philomena Nyagilo
Sweet potatoes is an easy-to-grow,
adaptable crop.It tolerates some degree
of drought, requires little weeding
and little or no fertilizer. It has few
insect or disease problems. And, it is a
nutritious and tasty food.
Sweet potatoes are an excellent crop
for small-scale farmers. You can eat
both the leaves and the tubers. Together
the leaves and tubers of sweet pota-
toes are likely to produce more nutri-
ents per square metre in poor soils Sweet potato vines are good fodder and nutritious vegetables for people. (Photo TOF)
than any other crop (see box below).
The young leaves contain protein and compost to the ridges and mounds sure the soil does not dry out. Sweet
vitamins. The tubers provide protein, before planting. potatoes are hot weather crops. The
starch, vitamin C and vitamin A. The In the tropics, most people start hotter it is, the faster they grow. Once
leaves are available throughout the sweet potatoes planting vine cuttings the new plants get established, they
long growing season; the tubers can be that are 30 to 40 centimetres long. can survive drought. Often when
stored. Plant the cuttings with at least 2/3 of other crops are wilting in the heat,
their length underground, spacing sweet potatoes are at their best. As
Easy to grow them about 90 cm apart between rows the vines grow and spread, they
Sweet potatoes grow best in sandy and 30 cm within rows. Cuttings from choke out weeds, creating their own
soils with a bit of clay in them, but the tips of the vine are the best plant- living mulch so they dont need much
they will grow well in almost any ing material. If you cant get vine cut- weeding after the first few weeks.
soil as long as water doesnt collect in tings, you can plant the potato tubers
the soil after a rain. If the soil is not Rotate with other crops
directly into the soil.
well drained, it can be worked into For the first few weeks after plant- The sweet potato weevil is the main
ridges or mounds. Some people add ing, water the cuttings and make insect pest of sweet potatoes. One
way of dealing with this problem is to
rotate sweet potatoes with other crops
from year to year. Another solution is
Sweet potatoes are very useful plants, sufficient quantities, these foods can to plant quick-maturing varieties and
since they produce Vitamin A. Sub- eliminate or greatly reduce the impact harvest them as early as possible.
Saharan Africa suffers Vitamin A of Vitamin A deficiency. However, Once the sweet potato plants are
deficiency more than any other con- according to scientists at the Interna- established, the leaves can be harvested
tinent. This does not kill its victims tional Potato Center (CIP), the orange- throughout the growing season. This
directly. Rather, it weakens the fleshed sweet potatoes are higher will not affect the production of the
immune system, leaving the person than any other plant in beta-caro- tubers. Usually only the tender tips
susceptible to deadly diseases such tene a chemical that the body uses of the vine are harvested for cooking,
as measles, malaria, and diarrhoea. to produce Vitamin A. CIP-studies like any other green leafy vegetable.
Those most severely affected are indicate that the consumption of just The other parts can be fed to the cows
young children and pregnant and small amounts orange-fleshed sweet or goats.
lactating women. potatoes, usually less than 100 grams When the tubers are big enough
Many types of fruits and veg- per day (roughly half a cup), can for harvesting, dig them up and take
etables, as well as meat and milk, are eliminate or greatly reduce vitamin A them inside for storage right away. If
rich in Vitamin A. If consumed in deficiencies in both children and their they are in the sun for more than 30
mothers. minutes they get spoilt. Store them
Some years ago, the Center for in a cool, humid place. You can feed
Science in the Public Interest compared the vines to your animals. They are
the nutritional value of sweet potatoes high-value feed in terms of protein,
to other vegetables. Considering fiber potassium and nitrogen. Sweet potato
content, carbohydrates, protein, vita- vines can be fed to cattle as a supple-
mins A and C, iron, and calcium, the ment. It has the following benefits:
sweet potato ranked highest in nutri- increases growth rate of calves;
tional value. According to these crite- promotes rumen development;
ria, sweet potatoes earned 184 points, is good for recently calved and sick
100 points over the next on the list, the animals;
common potato. (PAN) increases milk yield;
Indigenous chickens need feed and care
Indigenous chickens fetch enous chickens can
in the market; they can improve farm- be turned into a
ers income if they are kept well. highly productive
enterprise that can
The Organic Farmer improve a farm-
Almost all Kenyan households keep ers income. Fur-
chickens, mainly of the indigenous thermore it does
variety. Very few farmers, however, not require much
have ventured into commercial pro- space to practise.
duction of indigenous (kienyeji) Farmers can earn
chickens for income generation. This more from indig-
is despite the fact that keeping indigenous chickens
than exotic ones;
Manipulate brooding currently an indig-
enous chicken egg
and egg-laying costs Ksh10 in the
A poultry farmer can increase the pro- market, while that of an exotic hrn omena fish or even termites. Provided
duction of their indigenous chickens goes for Ksh 4.00. A kilogram of indig- with the right conditions, an indig-
by manipulating their brooding and enous chicken meat goes for between enous hen will lay her first egg at 28
egg-laying behaviour. With proper Ksh 250300 while exotic poultry weeks. In one year an indigenous hen
feeding, an indigenous chicken can meat costs Ksh 150 a kilogram. The should be able to lay 30 to 60 eggs.
lay 15 to 18 eggs in one cycle, after high prices offered for indigenous Hens start laying eggs at the age of
which it becomes broody (wants to chickens is due to the good taste of 22-32 weeks depending on the breed,
sit on the eggs). When the eggs hatch, their meat. feeding, health and overall develop-
the farmer should allow the hen to Another advantage of indigenous ment. Laying hens should have easy
stay with the young chicks for about a chickens is that they are adapted to access to calcium sources and may be
week; the chicks are then taken away. all climatic zones in the country. They supplemented using limestone, bone-
Since the hens are still in the brood- also cost less to maintain and feed. meal or crushed eggshells.
ing mode, they are given false eggs One of the reasons why farmers do Feeding: Feeding should be on a
(some farmers use false eggs made not get good returns from their indig- clean and hygienic surface or feeders
of Kisii soapstone). When the other enous chickens is that the birds are such as the Naivasha feeder. Feeds
chickens have laid enough eggs, the left to scavenge for feed. They are should be provided every morning
false eggs are replaced with genuine not provided with enough feed to and evening. Clean water should be
ones and the hen continues brooding improve their quality and weight. The provided at all times.
until the eggs hatch. Brooding hens chicks are also left to scavenge and Housing: Poultry houses should be
should be provided with adequate compete for feed with adult birds. spacious and well-ventilated. Provide
feed and water. Hens that are not Many farmers do not even bother perches where the birds can rest.
needed for brooding purposes should to provide the birds with adequate Indigenous chickens like dry places
be released into the flock when their water. for dust bathing; ash and sand can be
chicks are taken away. They often Good shelter needed added to this area to reduce parasites.
start laying eggs after 15 to 16 days. Disease control: It is important
Each egg laid is clearly marked to Sheltering for birds is very important, to vaccinate the birds regularly to
indicate the date when it was laid to ensure they are not exposed to prevent diseases. Vaccination is done
this prevents the poultry farmer from predators, thieves and bad weather. every two months to control diseases.
mixing freshly laid eggs with the Hens need to have a good place to Isolate all new birds and observe
old ones; alternatively, a farmer can lay their eggs, away from any distur- them for any signs of disease before
confine the brooders and the layers inbance. If they are not provided with introducing them to the flock.
separate rooms to ensure they do not adequate food and water, brooding More about chicken housing on page 8
mix their eggs. hens are often forced to leave their
nests frequently to look for feed. Due
How to manage chicks
to poor management in many house-
When chicks are separated from the holds, 8 out of 10 chicks tend to
mother hen, they should be kept in die within the first two months after
an artificial brooder. They should be hatching.
kept warm with heat from kerosene
lamps. In the artificial brooder they Improved management
should be fed with chick mash mixed To increase their weight and be able
with glucose and provided with clean to lay more eggs, indigenous chickens
water at all times to promote fast need to be provided with supplemen-
growth. Temperatures in the brooder tary feeding as they are allowed to
should always be monitored with the scavenge for feed in the free-range
help of a thermometer to ensure they system. Chicks also need protein-rich
are not exposed to excessively high feeds such as balanced starter feeds or
or low temperatures. simple supplementary feeds such as
Nematodes can cause serious damage
Please help me fight nematodes. They quality. They have a tendency to wilt
have ruined my mobbydick flowers. in hot weather Very heavily infested
G. Gitonga (Meru. 0735 566 220) is plants are killed. Other symptoms Cassava
not the only farmer who is asking us are those of general starvation and 1. Obtain juice by
to help him control nematodes. They debilitation of the plant, often mis- crushing the roots/
really are a dangerous pest, but there takenly assumed to be caused by tubers. Dilute 1:1 with
are also control methods. waterlogging, bad soil conditions or water, spray imme-
viral diseases. If infested plants are diately, using 4 litres
The Organic Farmer pulled from the soil, the roots are diluted extract per
severely distorted, swollen and have square meter.
Root-knot nematodes are widespread 2. Use cassava peel-
and among the most dangerous plant lumps known as galls or root knots.
The galls range in size from smaller ings as a mulch against
parasitic pests of tropical and sub- nematodes.
tropical regions. They occur as a pest than a pinhead to 25 mm or more in
on a very wide range of crops, partic- diameter.
African Marigold
ularly vegetables, but not on cereals, Prevention 1. Crush 100-200g leaves, roots,
onions and all types of cabbages. flowers. Pour on 1 litre boiling water,
Do not locate seedbeds where veg-
etables have been grown previously. soak for 24 hours, then add 1 litre of
Su Kahumbu
has been invited by Biovision to a After preparation of the seedbed,
symposium in Switzerland. Where burn the topsoil using dry leaves or
she is to give a speech on Small-Scale other waste plant material.
Organic Agriculture in Africa. Practise crop rotation
Weed regularly
They average about 1 mm in length. Uproot entire plants from the field
The young nematodes penetrate the after harvest and destroy crop debris.
root tips and occasionally invade Mmaintain high levels of organic
roots. Invaded nematodes initiate the matter (compost and manure, par-
development of giant cells in the root ticularly chicken dung) in the soil.
tissues and galling of roots occurs. Incorporate neem cake powder into
Inside the gall are shiny white bodies the soil if it is available. Best results cold water, spray on plants or into
of the female nematodes (about the can be obtained by mixing Neem cake the soil.
size of a pinhead). At the root surface, powder with organic fertilizers like 2. Grow marigolds in rotation with
shiny white to yellow egg masses are farmyard manure or compost. crops to control nematodes.
found. A closer look with a magni- Mustards can be used as an inter-
fier may show the adults, but mostly crop on infested fields. As soon as Papaya
they are too small to be seen with the mustards are flowering, they are Common spray:
naked eye. mulched and incorporated into the Add 1 kg of finely
Severe nematode infestation results soil. While incorporated, plant parts shredded leaves to 1
in stunted growth, yellowing of decompose in a moist soil and do kill litre of water, shake
leaves, wilting and poor yield because nematodes. Two weeks after incorpo- vigorously. Add 4
the galls disturb the roots ability to rating plant material into the soil, a litres of water and
absorb water and nutrients. They also new crop can be planted or sown. a little soap (20 g or ml). Spray or
serve as openings for pathogens such Mixed cropping with marigold can water into the soil for nematodes.
as fungi and bacteria, which cause also minimise root-knot nematode
plant diseases. damage. Leave marigold to grow for Neem seed extract
a season as a lush weed-like cover Remove the shells, pound seeds
Destroy affected plants and plough (dig) it back into the soil gently. Place in a pot, add 10 litres
Root-knot nematodes are soil inhabit- before it goes to seed. This is one of water. Cover the mouth of the pot
ants. They do not move more than of the most effective plants against securely with the cloth and leave it
about 10 cm per year. They can suvive nematodes. as such for 3 days. Strain to get clear
in nearly all types of soil but tend to Earthworms generally feed on soil extract. Dilute 1 liter of this extract
do more damage to plants in sandy and organic matter that has started with 9 litres of water, add 100 ml
soil and in furrow-irrigated areas. to decompose; some even feed on of soap,
The structure and fertility of the soil nematodes. It has been found that the stir well.
is therefore very important for the nematode population may decrease S p r a y
natural balance of nematodes pests. by as much as 60% when earthworms on the
They are spread by transplanting are added to soil. infested
infested seedlings or plant material, plants
or from soil washed down slopes or Plant extracts control nematodes or into
sticking to farm implements and farm These methods have a long-term the soil
workers. They may also be spread by effect. If you need to control nema- around
irrigation water. todes with a short-term effect, you t h e
Affected plants are stunted and can use some plant extracts as shown infested
yellow with reduced yields of poor on this page. plant. Photo: Toptropicals
Your advice on silage was Letter from Congo
timely My name is Mike Imani from the
I salute and thank the team involved Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
in the production of your magazine. I I am a small-scale banana farmer.
am glad I did follow your advice on I am very interested in agriculture
silage making and did not buy Napier and I believe I can get more informa-
grass during the dry spell last year. tion from you, Is there a variety of
Thank you Tel. 0724 868053 bananas that can produce within 6
months? Can you advise me how I
It has good advice can get it and provide me with tips
I would like to commend you for the on how to manage it? I grow bananas
February issue of The Organic Farmer the organic way. I expect to hear from
magazine which was given to me by you soon
a friend. You are really helping the Mike Imani Tel. 243 81 056 74 82
farmers with good advice. I am a Democratic Republic of Congo. from one country to another. We will
new farmer dealing with horticulture Thank you for your interest in acquir- seek for guidance from the Kenya Plant
and food crops and I would like you ing a fast-maturing bananas variety. Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS)
to assist me with monthly copies of However we must advise that there are on the procedure you need to follow to get
the magazine which I will pass on restrictions on the movement of plants the banana seedlings to your country
to other farmers. I would also like
to request you to assist me with any our divisional office and found it had I have learnt more
other documents which can be of help good reference material for small-
to me in farming. Irene W. Thuku, P.O scale farmers like us. We have a lot
on tomato production
I recently attended a Farmers Field
Box 288-00901, Ngewa, Ruiru of interest in farming and we are Day at Kirinyaga Technical Institute
sure we will benefit a lot reading The
We need book Organic Farmer regularly. Our group
and was lucky to obtain a copy of
TOF No 26. I found the magazine
on drip irrigation is registered by the Department of very informative and helpful in my
Kosirai Small-Scale Farmers Group Social Services and has 50 members tomato farming. Could you please
take this opportunity to sincerely based in Lugari. The aim of writing to send me some past issues of this good
thank you for including our name you is to request for monthly copies magazine? James Mithamo, P.O Box
in your mailing list. We received of the newspaper. We hope you will 901, Kerugoya
your June/July issues and are looking consider our case. Also please remem-
ber our group whenever you organize Good for organic farmers
farmers tours or training. Thank you On behalf of all the department
Chairman, Mbumbere S.H.G, P.O Box members, I wish to apply for copies of
48, Lugari your monthly magazine. In our depart-
ment, we have 30 active members. At
Magazine suitable the moment, we are undergoing an
in-service training course on how to
for farmer education keep a productive dairy cow with
Much appreciation for doing a good the current limited piece of land. The
job to educate and inform farmers on series of teachings are normally done
all aspects of the farming industry to once a month after church service.
make it a success. I am a service pro- One member introduced to us your
forward to receiving future copies. vider recruited by Kenya Agricultural monthly magazines, whereby every
The Organic Farmer magazine is very Productivity Project (KAPP) to train member became enthusiastic and
informative and educative, in the farmers in Butere and Mumias divi- wanted to receive monthly copies. We
August 2006 issue, drip irrigation sions on mushroom husbandry. We hope it will equip us with the neces-
was discussed at length, We would request you to be sending us monthly sary knowledge on sustainable of agri-
like to know where we can purchase copies of TOF magazine. I have been culture. Thank you in advance.
RELMAs publications on drip irriga- closely reading information on mush- Paul Rotich, P.O Box 118, Bomet
tion and how much it costs. Suleiman room production but have the authors
Magut, P.O Box 3384, Eldoret realized that the technique they offer
RELMAs publications can be obtained is not adoptable because it is compli-
from the World Agro-forestry Centre cated, labour-intensive and expensive,
(WAC/ICRAF) P.O. Box 30677-00100 rendering mushroom production a
Nairobi, Kenya Tel. 20 722 4000 email: non-profitable venture? I have been
relma@cgiar.org in this undertaking for the last seven
years and will share my experiences
Magazine is invaluable with others in later issues of TOF.
I take this opportunity to thank you Reuben Ogutu, Marama West Mush-
most sincerely for your magazine. room Growers, P.O Box 79, Lunza via
We came across it recently through Kakamega
Nr. 31 December 2007
Biofuels compete with food crops Organic Farmers Market: The Kenya
Since the price of fuel is rising daily, Organic Agriculture Network (KOAN)
experts predict that the end of the will be holding an Organic Farmers
fossil resources is not far away. There- Market on Saturday December 15th in
fore people have begun to talk about Nairobi City Park.
biofuels. This is fuel produced from It will feature fresh produce, pro-
sugarcane, maize, wheat or other cessed products, natural health and
crops. Many governments now place beauty products and green Christ-
great hopes in the production of mas gift shopping. Entrance will
energy from biomass. But at the same be free. Entertainment will include
time, the opponents voice their con- live music, acrobats, Childrens
cerns with increasing urgency. They entertainment, an art gallery and a
point out that, above all, the energy Fueling vehicles instead of feeding children solar cinema showing environmen-
crops will compete with food crops tal films. To exhibit at this exciting
within closed nutrient cycles: nutrients
for limited land and water resources. event, contact Samuel Ndungu at
extracted from the soil are returned
Especially in Africa, where millions of 0721-949546 or Wanjiru Kamau at
by applying compost, mulching or
people are faced with food insecurity, 0733-573752, or send an email to
manuring.
it is a crime to use land to produce koansecretariat@elci.org.
By contrast, in crop production for
biofuel while thousands of people are
fuels, nearly 100 percent of the biomass
(sugarcane, maize, wheat, etc.) leaves Q Questions? Go to Infonet!
dying daily because of hunger.
IInfonet
f t is
i an
Soil fertility affected the farm, making it necessary to bring
information plat-
Adrian Mueller, a scientist at the in external inputs to counter the risk
form for organic
Center for Corporate Responsibility of soil fertility degradation, which
farmers. What-
and Sustainability at the University of would be disastrous for the traditional
ever you would
Zurich (Switzerland) adds an aspect weak African soils. The global energy
like to know
that usually receives less attention and problem, however, cannot be over-
about the ecolog-
that is important for organic farmers. come by shifting to biofuels. The only
ical methods for the control of pests
Mueller says that large-scale produc- way out to meet this challenge is to cut
and parasite infestations of plants,
tion of energy crops contradicts the energy consumption. (TOF)
humans and animals Infonet will
principle of sustainable organic agri- Source: inforesources No.4/07. Interested have an answer. You just go to the
culture in a very fundamental way. farmers can order the study of Adrian Internet, either at home or at a cyber-
In particular, Mueller argues that Mueller at the TOF-office, write an e-mail to: cafe and type in: www.infonet-biovi-
organic agriculture seeks to operate info@organickenya.com sion.org
A model poultry house

Many farmers have requested for a model poultry house.
Most of the farmers rarely provide proper housing for their
chickens. Chickens should be provided with spacious and
comfortable housing that allows them room to move freely
and exercise their normal behaviour. Congested rooms
create stress which is to blame for pecking and cannibalism
in flocks. A good shelter should be able to protect the birds
from bad weather, predators and even thieves. The housing
should have nesting room for laying eggs. See page 5
N.B: If the place is very cold at night it is advisable to hang gunny bags on spaces with chicken wire. In hot areas
front ventiation should be made as big as possible i.e space with chicken wire can be 2 metres from the top.
Source: A Livestock Extension Manua, Revised Edition 2003.
Nr. 32 January 2008
Kenyas organic market is growing

There are a few certified organic
farmers. And they do not grow
More consum-
products that the consumers want.
ers are going for
The Organic Farmer organic foods.
All organic food
The market for organic food products should be certi-
is growing faster than the supply of fied and labelled
organic produce from farmers. The clearly for easy
increasing demand for organic prod- identification.
ucts is a result of increased awareness (Photo TOF)
among Kenyas middle and upper
class consumers on the health benefits organic food products. Su Kahumbu, a Agricultural Network) emphasizes.
of organic foods. The demand is also pioneer organic farmer who now runs International buyers have expressed
high among the expatriate commu- two marketing outlets in Upmarket interest in buying local organic coffee
nity. But local farmers are not able to Gigiri and the newly opened Naku- and tea. Kangethe says that during
supply most of the exotic fruits and matt Westgate in Westlands, Nairobi, the BIOFAC exposition in Germany
vegetables that this market segment says the few certified organic farmers in February 2006, an international
requires. in the country are not able to supply company was willing to buy 10 tonnes
organic food products that the con- of organic coffee every month from
Education of farmers important sumers want: I think we need to do Kenya, but there was not a single
Consumption of organic food is still more training and awareness creation company or co-operative society pro-
low in lower income groups due to so that farmers are sensitised on what ducing organic coffee. See page 8
lack of awareness of its health ben- to grow and how to grow it.
efits. Most players in this field are Demand for organic products in
of the view that there is need for a the export market outstrips local After the hectic electioneering period, life
stronger creation of awareness among supply by far as John Kangethe, the is returning to normal in the country-
this group to help increase the con- International Markets Development side. There is a lot of hope that our new
sumption and expand the market for advisor of KOAN (Kenya Organic members of parliament will be good advo-
cates of the interests of farmers in the new
Tick control a big problem to farmers parliament. Farmers expect that the MPs
will be able to lobby and help improve the
diseases transmitted by ticks. There infrastructure in all the farming areas in
Ticks cause great losses to farmers. the country, schools, roads and electricity.
These could be avoided are 70 species of ticks in the region.
Ticks are one of the most difficult But as we have told you repeatedly since
if farmers acted in time. we started this newspaper, farmers should
pests to eradicate due their ability to
The Organic Farmer develop resistance to the drugs used not rely too much on words alone. You
to control them (acaricides). should trust on your own skills, power
According to a report by the UKs The privatisation of veterinary
and creativity to improve your lot.
Department for International Devel- services in Kenya two decades ago, As you can see in this issue, we have
opment (DFID), farmers in East and affected tick control in most live- slightly changed the layout of our maga-
Central Africa lose more than 300 stock keeping areas. All the personnel zine. This does not mean that we do not
million dollars (Ksh195 billion) a year trained in tick control were sent home
to East Coast Fever (ECF), one of the leaving the management of cattle dips Do you need TOF?
in the hands of untrained farmers. Would you like to read/print your
Most of the cattle dips were aban- own copy of The Organic Farmer?
doned while those that are still opera- Then go to our new website.
tional use too diluted chemicals to www.organicfarmermagazine.org
which ticks developed resistance. As
have much to say in the editorial column;
a result, most farmers have stopped
however, due to the size of our newspaper,
taking their animals to the cattle dips we sometimes lack adequate space for
altogether. Most farmers never take more important information. Our aim is
tick control seriously until they lose to improve the content of the newspaper.
their prized cows to tick-bourne dis- We are going to do this in our inside pages
eases. It costs Ksh. 4,000 to treat an as well in order to give you a variety of
animal suffering from ECF and other articles. We should never forget the sen-
tick related complications. There are tence Knowledge is power. Only well
alternative tick control measures such informed farmers are able to improve their
as plant extracts. See page 3 livelihood.
Nr. 32 January 2008
MY OPINION Animals like Boma Rhodes grass
After tending our crops for the whole Boma Rhodes grass is easy to grow
year, it is time for harvesting. This is one and ensures a consistently high milk
period in the year when every farmer has production if well managed.
some money in the pocket. We should
not forget the task ahead. We will need The Organic Farmer
to pay fees, buy inputs and settle some
of the outstanding debts. With proper In Kenya, Rhodes grasses are impor-
planning, one might even be able to start tant pasture grasses. They produce
that new project they have been thinking large quantities of feed for grazing
about or even open a savings account in livestock, making hay or silage. All
the local SACCO or bank. This might turn varieties of Rhodes grass are palatable
out to be the foundation of a prosperous and are readily eaten by livestock,
future. Let us not waste our hard-earned goats and camels, even at coarser
money on unproductive ventures. stages when the quality of the feed
Paul Mokaya, Farmer Nyamira is low. A good establishment of these
pasture grasses ensures consistent
high milk production all year round,
especially when the pasture is well-
managed. Pasture can be established
anywhere as long as there is adequate
water and good certified seed for
planting.
The most common Rhodes grass in wheat planters is recommended for
Kenya is Boma Rhodes. Farmers can effective sowing. Immediately after
establish good Boma Rhodes pasture sowing, the seedbed should be com-
if they adhere to the following guide- pacted to enhance germination by
lines in its management: improving contact with the soil. This
Land preparation: Plough the land can be done by use of tree branches
towards the end of the rainy season; or even trampling by feet on small
this should be done on previously plots.
cropped land. Plough again during Fertilizer application: Use farmyard
the dry season and harrow to control manure at the rate of 10 tonnes/ha
the weeds. On virgin land, it advis- (about 5 tonnes an acre). The manure
able to plough 3 times and harrow should be broadcast and harrowed in
twice in order to obtain a good seed before planting. Only well-composted
bed. manure should be used.
Sowing: Early sowing at the onset Weed control: Weeds can reduce the
of the rainy season is important. In productivity of the sown pastures
areas with two rainy seasons, sowing particularly during the year of estab-
is prefereably done during the short lishment. Control weeds as much as
rains in order to eliminate annual possible by hand weeding or slashing,
weeds. Most farmers practise direct hand pulling and mowing.
Grazing management: During the
sowing, where the Boma Rhodes
year of establishment, Boma Rhodes
grass is planted alone. Then the seed
grass reaches the flowering stage 3 to
is sown on a fine, weed-free seedbed.
4 months after planting. At this stage,
It is always advisable to plant pasture
the grass is not firmly anchored into
on land which has been cropped for
the soil. It is therefore advisable to
two or more years. Seeds should be
cut the grass and make hay rather
sown close to the surface in order to than graze the pastures to prevent the
get in contact with moist soil so as animals from pulling out the young
to promote quick germination. Grass shouts. Graze or cut the grass at inter-
seeds should not be buried deeply vals of 4 to 6 weeks leaving the stubble
into the soil as they may not be strong height at 5 cm.
enough to push through the heavy Feeding: One cow needs 1 to 2 acres
topsoil. The seeds can either be broad- of Boma Rhodes grass per year in
cast or drilled in rows of 20-30 cm areas with 900 mm rainfall. In Zero-
apart. Mix the seeds with sawdust, grazing an average-sized dairy cow
rough sand or phosphate fertilizer for requires 80 to 100 kg (about 3 gunny
even distribution. If mixed with fertil- bags) of freshly cut grass per day.
izer, planting should be done immedi- Sources: Various KARI publications
ately to prevent scorching of the seed
by the fertilizer. Small-scale farmers Fodder grasses
may practise handsowing in smaller December 07: Napier grass
acreages where close supervision is January 08: Boma grass
possible. For large-scale farms, use of February 08: Lucerne
Nr. 32 January 2008
Alternative methods of tick control
Natural tick control techniques are 18 litres of water and the mixture
not only cheap for the farmer, they stirred for 2 minutes. Three litres of
also minimize damage to the the mixture was applied on the entire
environment. body of the animal.
The trials were conducted on Sahiwal
William Ayako* bulls. They are naturally infested with
Ticks cause direct and indirect losses ticks. The results revealed that the
to farmers. They transmit a large animals sprayed with pyrethrum had
number of parasites that are respon- 83% reduction in tick infestation while
sible for dangerous diseases such as those sprayed with Tephrosia had
East Coast Fever (ECF), Anaplasmo- 75% reduction in ticks. Those sprayed
sis, Babeosis, Heart water, etc. The with Datura stramonium had about
most common methods of tick control 5% reduction while those sprayed
consist of dipping or spraying cattle with Tagetes minuta had 55% reduc-
with chemicals (acaricides) or through tion. The concoction from Waweru
grazing management. However, latest achieved 88% reduction in tick infes-
Most dips in the country are abandoned after
research shows that farmers can the government withdrew support. (TOF)
tation.
spend less by using natural methods of plants mentioned by farmers and More tests necessary
to control ticks. herbalists during a survey, were col- Three bulls out of five from the control
In a study conducted in Bahati divi- lected and tested. Preliminary tests group and one from the Datura stra-
sion of Nakuru District it was found were carried out to verify the plants monium group contracted East Coast
that a number of herbs effectively efficiency in controlling ticks at rates Fever (ECF) and all recovered after
control ticks and tick-borne diseases recommended by farmers and herb- treatment with Butalex (Cooper
in cattle. Plant extracts from a number alists. Preparations from pyrethrum Kenya). One bull from the pyrethrum
flowers, Tephrosia species, Tagetes flowers group and two from the
Some tips on tick control minuta, Datura stramonium and a Tagetes minuta group were treated
concoction from a herbalist which with tetracycline for Anaplasmosis
Ticks easily develop resistance to
included a mixture of 5 plants, 3 and Babeousis. The study concluded
most acaricides used by farmers;
active against ticks, 1 preservative that some plants tested showed sig-
therefore farmers should frequently
and 1 stabilizer, were tested. nificant effect against ticks. Since they
change chemicals to control ticks.
Acaricides made from synthetic Different plant extracts used are readily available and affordable,
pyrethroids have been found to be Pyrethrum flowers obtained from farmers should be encouraged to use
more effective in tick control. farmers were sun-dried, ground and them together with other tick control
Burning pastures in order to kill sieved; about 250 g were mixed in ten techniques. However, the study rec-
ticks does not work because ticks litres of warm water and left stand- ommended further trials to verify the
often hide below the soil and reappear ing in a dark room for 12 hours. The efficacy of the tested botanical drugs
when the pastures start growing. suspension was then passed through and their implication on the environ-
Ticks can survive without food for a strainer to remove coarse particles; ment if they were to be adopted by
upto two years. Farmers should dip 5 litres of the suspension was then the farmers. For example, Datura stra-
their cattle regularly to ensure that sprayed on the entire animals body monium is very toxic to all mammals.
they are not infested since the ticks using a knapsack sprayer. In the same Apart from the plant extracts named
are always present in the pasture. way, Tephrosia, Datura stramonium and in the above study, there are other
Farmers should not graze their Tagetes minuta leaves were prepared plants that have proved to be effective
animals on the roadsides where they as directed by the herbalist; 250 g of against ticks, among them Gynandro-
are likely to get ticks. Fodder har- fresh leaves were pounded and boiled pis gynandra (Kikuyu: thageti; Kamba:
vested on the roadsides also habours in 500 ml of water for 30 minutes. The mukakai; Kisii: chisaga; Luo: akeo),
ticks and should be avoided. greenish yellow mixture was then Ocimum Suave (Luo: Bwar, Kikuyu:
Zero-grazing animals have less separated from the leaf particles by mukandu; Taita: murunde; Kamba:
exposure to ticks; thus it should be sieving through a tea strainer. Five mutaa; Masai: Sunoni; Pokot: chem-
practised in areas where tick prob- litres of the concoction was sprayed woken), as well as neem (mwarubaini)
lems are serious. on the entire animal body. Six ml which repels ticks.
Dipping of animals is more effec- of the concoction from Waweru, * Dr. William Ayacko is a livestock scientist at
tive in tick control than spraying as the farmer/herbalist, was added to KARI Naivasha Animal Husbandry Centre
all the parts of the animals body are
evenly covered by the acaricide.
Even without causing diseases,
ticks can degrade an animals health;
their bites can cause wounds on the
skin and reduce the quality of the
hide; they can also inject poisons into
the animal causing complications and
interfering with the animals normal Pyrethrum Tephrosia vogeli Neem
growth. (TOF) Plant extracts are readily available to farmers, but they have to be handled with care.
Nr. 32 January 2008
Six golden rules for a better soil
One of the most important tasks in sustainable agricultural cessful, farmers need to keep to the following six rules to
production is to increase the level of soil fertility. To be suc- improve soil productivity on their farms.
1 . Dont disturb soil too much

Soil is the most important productive factor for crops.
It is a living system. Therefore, soil cultivation should aim at
the soil.
Contour planting
reduces the speed of the
minimum disturbance of the soil water.
life. The most important reasons Hedges planted along
for cultivating the soil are to: contour lines contribute
Loosen the soil to facilitate the to terracing and lev-
penetration of plant roots eling the site over the
Improve the aeration (nitrogen years, as eroded soil
and oxygen from the air) gets accumulated at the
Encourage the activity of the hedges.
soil organisms On steep slopes,
Prepare the site for seeds walls or trenches are
Increase infiltration of water, the only sufficient way
reduce evaporation to prevent soil erosion.
Incorporate crop residues and manures into the soil Combined with plants
such as fodder grass
2 . Let the soil breath
Like humans, the soil organisms needed for healthy
soils as well as plant roots require oxygen to breathe.
(e.g. Napier), they
prevent erosion and
Mixing mulch, compost or manure into the soil is impor- also provide fodder for
tant, they improve the aeration. Micro-organisms, insects, livestock.
worms and other animals also aerate the soil. Apart from mulching
(see rule 3), cover crops
3 . Mulching conserves water, enriches soil
For many farmers, a clean garden without mulch is
the best. They are wrong. Mulching is a method to protect
are the most effective
method of stopping
soil erosion. The water
and to feed the soil. It is the process of covering topsoil drops reach the soil
with plant material with less speed and
such as leaves, therefore have a lesser
grass, twigs, crop smashing affect on soil
residues, straw etc. crumbles, reducing the
Of course, it needs possibility of a run-off.
some labour to At the same time, cover
spread the mulch. crops act like an sun
But mulch protects shade. Every plant which covers the soil and improves
the soil from wind soil fertility can be a cover crop, for instance beans or
and water erosion, leguminous plants which enrich the soil with nitrogen.
it improves the An ideal cover crop is cowpea. It is drought tolerant,
infiltration of rain can fix nitrogen, yields eatable grains and can be used
water, no crust is as an animal feed which is rich in protein. In addition,
formed; it keeps it is resistant to pest attacks.
the soil moist by
reducing evapora-
tion. While decom-
posing, organic
5 . Feed the soil to feed the plant
Can you work
without eating? No!
mulch material Can soil produce
continuously releases its nutrients, thus fertilising the soil; crops without
and apart from these, the mulch will be transformed to getting nutrients?
humus. If the process of decomposing needs to be acceler- No! This is the most
ated, organic manures such as animal dung may be spread important task for
on top of the mulch, thus increasing the nitrogen content. every farmer: to
Mulching has a lot of advantages, but it can also cause feed the soil with
problems. Green vegetative matter should not be used as it compost, manure and green manure (leguminous
may encourage pests and diseases. Harmful organisms such plants!). Remember: overused soils are dead soils!
as stemborers may survive in crop residue. Plant material
infected with viral or fungal diseases should not be used
if there is a risk of a disease being transmitted to the next
6 . Crop rotation
Crop rotation is planting of different crops in the
same field in consecutive seasons. If, for example, the
crop. Crop rotation is the best way to avoid these risks. land has been planted with maize and beans one year,
4 . Take care of the water

Water is a blessing, but too much water is a disaster.
Soil erosion is the most serious and irreversible threat to soil
the farmers can rotate these by planting another crop
the following year. The most suitable crops for rotations
are legumes or fodder crops such as sesbania which
fertility. It carries away the topsoil, the most fertile parts of help improve soil fertility.
Nr. 32 January 2008
Simeon Ojekwus tricky fertilizer-question

If Africa cannot improve agricultural
productivity by the year 2025 it will
be able to feed only a half of its
population.
Felix Mbitu Murimi
In contrast to most developing coun-
tries in Asia, Latin America and the
Middle East, Africa is experiencing
a decline in overall per capita food
production. Its farmers generate the
lowest food output per hectare of any
major region in the world.
Poor quality of the seeds and low-
yielding crop varieties, mentioned by
many farmers is one, though not the
only reason. In the last 40 years, the
adoption of improved crop varieties
has been uniformly high in all devel- Use of compost has long-term effect of building soil feritility and structure. (Photo P. Luthi)
oping regions except in Africa. Their yields. Yields increase for a given The Organic Standards of the Inter-
contribution to crop yield increases fertilizer dose. national Federation of Organic Agri-
has been 66 % to 88 % in Asia, Latin culture Movements (IFOAM) states
America and the Middle East, but Two ways for feeding plants
clearly: No chemical fertilizers con-
only 28 % in Africa. Overall, in Africa, When African governments stopped taining nitrogen can be used, Chilean
soil nutrients and water management the subsidies for fertilizer because nitrate and all synthetic nitrogenous
are the major limiting factors; thereby, of lack of money, the farmers were fertilizers, including urea, are prohib-
the potential of improved crop vari- cultivating on even more degraded ited. These standards should also be
eties cannot be realized on nutrient- soils. Nowadays small-scale farmers binding for African organic farmers.
depleted soils. Apart from affecting can hardly afford fertilizers, since one
food supply, soil degradation also bag goes for KSh 2,500/= - this during or a combination?
diminishes agricultural income and a time, when the pressure on land is However, farmer Ojekwu from
economic growth. enormous. Nigeria is by far not alone with his idea
This is now, as we have mentioned of a way in-between. In the last years,
No trials on the dosage
many times in our magazine, a big quite a lot of studies on soil fertility
Compared to the temperate parts of challenge for African organic farmers. in Africa propose a mixture between
North America, Europe and of Asia, Conventional agriculture feeds conventional and organic agriculture.
most African soils are not very fertile the plants directly by using soluble The US-scientists David Weight and
because they are amongst the oldest mineral fertilizers; when used alone, Valerie Kelly bring the problem to a
soils in the world and exposed to all they do not contribute to a higher point: Fertilizers and organic matter
forces of erosion and leaching. Also, quality of the soil. Organic farming, are complements rather than substi-
high temperatures cause fast decom- however, goes in another direction: it tutes both are required to improve
position of organic matter. feeds the plants indirectly by feeding African soils. The movement African
The subsidies for fertilizers between the soil organisms with organic matter. green revolution for the 21st century
1960 and 1985 in Kenya for instance Nutrient supply is ensured by sound of the former UN-secretary general
improved to some extent crop pro- management of the organic matter Kofi Anan takes a similar line. It pro-
ductivity but not soil quality. As in in the soil. Organic manures usually motes the planting of leguminous
most of Africa, the slash-and-burn- contain all required nutrients for trees that fix atmospheric nitrogen in
method was in many parts of the healthy plants in sufficient amounts the soil and low-cost water harvest-
country the common way to prepare and in a balanced composition. Today ing techniques; this approach should
the land. This method increases yield we are faced with the fact that many be complemented with increased use
in the short run, because nutrients farmers lack the knowledge about of conventional methods, including
become easily available to the plant. natural ways of improving soil quality well-dosed chemical fertilizers.
However, in the long run slash-and- and soil fertility management as well The idea with the trees is nice, but
burn depletes the soil. Concomitantly, as the understanding of the dynamics is far behind reality. Nitrogen-fixing
the increase in population pressure on of organic matter in the soils. trees are amongst the slowest and
land resulted in shorter or even zero Last month, we got a letter from least efficient agents of soil improve-
fallow periods. the Nigerian farmer Simeon Ojekwu ment; also, they are by far the most
Moreover, in most African countries asking us if there is no way in-between labour demanding. It is strange that
hardly any soil analyses were done these two methods for small scale Kofi Anans Movement is not promot-
to check which nutrients (nitrogen, African farmers who have to deal ing cover crops (leguminous plants
potassium, phosphorus etc.) were with poor soils, lets say some kind of for instance), which are capable of
the most limiting factor. This is a combination? producing positive yield responses
prerequisite for optimizing fertillizer Indeed, this is a tricky question, within one year, requiring little
dosages in order to obtain maximum which he sent to The Organic Farmer. additional labour and changing of
continued on page 7
Nr. 32 January 2008
How to attract bees to a new hive

Many farmers have problem of attract- 2. Use your smoker and bee suit. Some
ing bees to their new hives, as the fol- swarms may be hungry and difficult
lowing question shows: We are 30 to manage. Always be careful with
members of Up rise Youth Group. We strange bees.
decided to start a beekeeping project 3. Look for a swarm with bees clus-
How nutritious is and have put our 12 hives at a suitable tering on a branch where you can
site, but the bees have not yet come. catch them. Wear your bee suit and
potato flour? Zablon Orina 0735 373 650 smoke them gently so as not to disturb
I have managed to produce potato Low hive occupation is one of the them (Dont smoke if you can avoid
flour. Can you test its nutritional problems that face many farmers it). Shake bees into a catcher box or
value? who want to start beekeeping. When- similar container e.g. a cardboard box.
Congratulations on your achievement ever you encounter the problem, it is If the queen falls into the box, the rest
of value addition! You now have a important to check the following: of the bees will follow. Wait for 20
potato product with a shelf-life, thus Have you waxed your top bars?
it can be stored and consumed when Is the hive clean and pestfree?
potatoes are out of season, perhaps in Are there any ants or rats nesting in
soups or mash? it? If so, clean it and re-grease wires.
You can test the nutritional value by Bees do not like a dirty hive.
taking a clean sample in a clean con- Is it the swarming season? Ask
tainer, to Analabs Limited, situated a friendly beekeeper in your area.
in the Cooper complex off Kaptagat Swarming occurs when bees repro-
Road, Kangemi (Nairobi) Tel. 020 418 duce themselves and fly out of the old
analabs@africaonline.co.ke Tel:0727 hive looking for a new home. During
531230 the swarming season, it is easier for
Please let us know of your results! hives to be occupied quickly. Farmers
should also choose a good site for
I need a book about weeds hanging the hives. minutes or so. If the bees return to
Farmers can also catch a swarm of the original site, try the same process
Is there a book in the market showing
bees. They can ask an experienced again.
pictures of plants and weeds, pictures
beekeeper to help them to do it. The 4. Once you have the bees, leave the
of harmful and beneficial insects?
bee swarm has better chance of staying box in a shady place until evening.
David Smith 0727 721 694
in the new hive during the nectar Make sure it does not become hot
Unfortunately I have not come across flow period. They should ignore small in the container, sometimes covering
a good weed book locally. At least we swarms of bees but go for the big with a damp cloth helps.
can recommend to you two books: ones. 5. When evening comes, you can take
Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening, home the bees and shake them into
The Henry Doubleday Research Asso- How to catch bees your empty hive.
ciation, London 2005; Useful trees and To catch the bees it is important to 6. If you have another hive, give bees
shrubs for Kenya, by Patrick Maundu observe the following: a comb with some uncapped honey
and Bo Tegens, World Agrofor- 1. First, prepare your hive by smear- and a brood comb with eggs from
estry Center, Nairobi 2005. However, ing it with some melted beeswax, so it another hive to encourage them to
you can find a lot of information on smells nice for the bees. stay. (Thomas Carroll)
the internet. With regards to pests,
diseases and deficiencies, TOF has The right soil for mango trees
done a four-page special issue on
How well can mangoes grow on a dryland or under irrigation, the
these topics which you can order
response to the soil type will vary.
rocky ground compared to deep soils.
from the TOF office. BioVision has
Ogal Opiyo Tel. 0722 800 403 Under irrigation, mangoes grow well
also just launched the new website
Mango trees grow and produce well in soils with an unimpeded depth of
www.infonet-biovision.org. This site
more than 1 m. If irrigation schedul-
on various soil types. The tree often
has been developed to help organic
develops a fairly strong taproot ing is well planned, there should be
farmers access information related to
no problem on soil with a depth of
shortly after planting. This taproot
the topics you are enquiring about.
750 mm, provided that any soil or
can continue growing until it reaches
rocky layers that restrict root growth
the soil water-table, and under favour-
to a depth of 750 mm allow excess
able conditions can penetrate the soil
to a depth of 6 m. However, most water to drain easily. If not, a tempo-
rary shallow soil water-table could
of the roots responsible for nutrient
uptake are found in the top 500 mmdevelop above this layer, with result-
ing damage to the trees.The ideal soil
of soil, with the largest concentrations
in the top 250 mm. has a fairly loose, brittle, crumbly
structure. Compact or strongly-devel-
Soil depth oped soil structures prevent effective
Depending on the conditions under water infiltration and root penetra-
which the mango is grown, i.e. tion. (TOF)
Nr. 32 January 2008
Interested in watering plant It is good for training As a farmer who believes in organic
I refer to David Osiakos letter, Umoja I am pleased to inform you that I have farming, I hope to receive it for more
Forest Conservation Group, which had the opportunity of reading some information. Please also send me the
appeared on the October 2007 issue, past copies of your magazine and I plant extracts special issue.
about a watering plant. I am interested do appreciate the various articles and Andrew Oriedo, P.O Box 1493, Kitale
in getting it. Can he tell me how I can technologies which are being applied
get it? Alternatively, if is difficult to in organic farming. I am a technical Magazine is helping us
send it to me all the way to Kilifi, he officer and I have farmers groups in We are a group of farmers called
can give me its botanical name so that Kilifi and Malindi districts growing MEROF (Mt Elgon Rwandet Organic
I may try to get it from Gede forest various horticultural crops, especially Farmers) and are 96 in number. This
which is near me. Francis Hinzano, African indigenous vegetables. We are magazine is very educative and we
P.O. Box 285, Kilifi training these farmers groups using have been reading it from a friend
the Farmer Field School approach working with the ministry of agri-
We need past issues culture. We kindly request that you
We are a Community- Based Organiza- on how to grow these vegetables by
organic methods. If you send us a send us a few copies of the magazine
tion composed of small-scale farmers. to improve our knowledge and skills.
We are residents of Kinamba location copy of your monthly magazine, it
will further broaden our knowledge Andrew Mukung, Chairman MEROF,
in Ngarua division of Laikipia West P.O Box 240, Cheptais
district. We read issue Nr. 23, which on the various methods and technolo-
had the information on mushroom gies available for organic farming and
growing, soil conservation, liquid this will be of great benefit to the large
manure, organic methods of weed farming community we are working
control among and every member with. Martin Mwakangalu, P.O Box
appreciated the information contained 16, Mtwapa
there in. We would be delighted if you
could send us all the past copies and I need plant extract issue
continue to send us the future copies I wish to request you to send me
of your magazine on organic farmer. your monthly magazine as from this
Francis Looremata, Boma Beekeepers, month. I received a copy of your
P.O Box 82, Kinamba magazine from Etang Kenya Ltd.
Simeon Ojekwus tricky fertilizer-question continued from page 5

management, doing erosion control If not properly applied, a big share of
better than trees and not locking up the nitrogen fertilizer gets lost through
massive amounts of potassium and runoff, leaching, and volatilisation,
phosphorus in their wood. thereby polluting the ground water.
Scientists call these combined On the other hand the correct use is
methods the Integrated Natural a question of knowledge and manage-
Resource Management. In mixing ment; this would be the task of the
small amounts of fertilizers with Integrated Natural Resource Man-
compost and manure and applying it agement, namely to teach farmers
later to the plants keeps the nitrogen how to use fertilizer in an efficient
longer in the soil, avoids the washing manner and minimize wastage, and to
out by rain and produces higher produces more biomass, which can apply it when the plant needs it most,
yields. The dosage and the needs of be used again for the replenishment i.e., split it rather than applying it in a
the respective plant play an important of the soil with organic matter. This single dosage.
role. Recent efforts have improved would make sense especially in areas
the technical and economic efficiency where organic matter is inherently low. Way forward for organic farmers
of recommended mineral fertilizer There is a notorious lack of fodder, so As mentioned above, this is a tricky
doses, and farmers are nowadays crop residues are fed to animals and issue. It is up to the farmers to decide
more willing to read and to follow are not used as organic matter to feed which way to go. For us from The
the recommendations. Research in the soil. Organic Farmer magazine, the answer
Burkina Faso and Niger has shown to Simeon Ojekwu is simple and
that it is possible to increase millet Special approach for Africa?
clear: There is no way in-between!
and sorghum yields profitably by In his letter Simeon Ojekwu asks if the Organic farmers have to rely on the
using fertilizer in combination with IFOAM-ban of fertilizers containing natural methods to improve the soils
organic/natural techniques that con- nitrogen is an European approach quality with compost, manure, and
serve and concentrate soil moisture which does not consider the poor green manure (leguminous plants). It
and organic matter. soils of the poor African farmers. requires more time, more labour, and
According to the promoters of the No doubt, besides being ecologically more planning. But in the long-term it
Integrated Natural Resource Manage- questionable, synthetic or chemical is the safer way for sustainable agri-
ment, this complementary method fertilizers have many disadvantages. culture.
Nr. 32 January 2008
Few people know organic food Rabbits for sale: I have more than
The Organic Farmer 300 rabbits for sale. Anyone inter-
ested can call Tel.0724 857 878
Although the market for organic prod- Kenbrow Chickens wanted. I need
ucts is expanding at the rate of 20 100 day-old Kenbrow chicks. Please
percent every year, a large section of call Z.K. Mburu Tel 0722 257 796
the Kenyan population does not know Soybean processing: I do soybean
what organic food is all about. A well- processing and use. Kindly contact
coordinated and sustained campaign me on Tel. 0727 180 840
is needed to educate the local consum- Training: Ikinyukia Self-Help Group
ers of the benefits of eating organic in collaboration with KARI-Muguga
foods. trains farmers on baling of purple
Women know more than men vetch hay. Farmers interested with
training can get in touch with the
A survey conducted by organic agri-
group. Contact the chairman Tel.
culture movements in East Africa last A vegetable stall along Nairobi-Naivashs road 0724 492 456
year on consumer attitudes and pref-
The survey found that, apart from Dried Mushrooms: We have 150 kg
erences towards organic foods, shows
being enlightened, the high income of dried Oyster mushrooms for sale.
that awareness of organic foods is very
groups consumed organic foods Interested buyers can get in touch
low especially among the low-income
because they had more purchasing with us. One Acre Fund Tel. 0736 798
groups in the region. Although 40
power and therefore could afford to 214, Email:
percent of the consumers knew about
choose the type of food they wanted. horticulture@oneacrefund.org.
organic food, none had tasted it. Those
who had tasted it did not know that Awareness was slightly higher among
it was organic while a majority of the women than men and tended to match
consumers did not even know what the educational level of the respon-
organic food was. Most of the respon- dents, with those who had secondary
dents in the survey could not give any education being more informed on
reason why they did not eat organic the benefits of organic food than those
foods. For any awareness campaign who had a lower level of education.
to succeed, messages about the advan- A lot of cheating
tages of eating organic food should Organic farmers and the consumers
link the food to the health benefits need to be made aware of the integ-
that consumers stand to gain from rity system which ensures that both
eating it, says Samuel Ndungu, the farmers and retailers sell products that
KOAN National Marketing Develop- are really organic. One way to do
ment Advisor. this is to ensure all organic products
carry labels that distinguish them from
Training is necessary conventional farm products. Currently
Following increasing demand for there is a lot of cheating where farmers
local organic food products by offer conventional produce as organic.
exporters, a number of local com- This may erode the confidence of the
panies are training farmers groups consumers. Efficient quality control
to produce various products. One systems need to be put in place to The Plant Extracts Special which appeared
of these is Earth Oils which has ensure that organic standards are in Sept/Oct 2006 is now available in
contracted farmers in Nanyuki to maintained. English. Interested farmers can order.
plant the tea tree for extraction of The findings from the survey show
essential oils for the export market. that organic agriculture movements Questions? Go to Infonet!
need to intensify their awareness cam- Infonet is an
The company provides farmers with information plat-
paigns on the benefits of organic food
training and seedlings. It also assists form for organic
through aggressive advertising in the
them to pay for the organic certifica- farmers. What-
local media, trade fairs, exhibitions
tion. The company ultimately buys and any other means that will get ever you would
the product for oil extraction. An the message to the wider population. like to know
ICIPE project is also working with If the campaign succeeded, it would about the ecolog-
more than 1000 farmers in Mwingi not only widen the market for organic ical methods for the control of pests
district to process organic honey food. It would also encourage more and parasite infestations of plants,
for the export market. Another very farmers to go into organic production humans and animals Infonet will
successful company is Meru Herbs and also make it affordable for them have an answer. You just go to the
which has trained a lot of farmers to pay for certification to be able to sell Internet, either at home or at a cyber-
in the region and sells a bulk of its their produce in the local and interna- cafe and type in:
products to Europe. (TOF) tional markets at a higher price. www.infonet-biovision.org
Beware of fake seeds in the market

Poor selection of maize seed is to tion of seeds has led to poor yield.
blame for the poor harvest obtained Seed varieties are developed for use
by many farmers. in different geographic areas, depend-
The Organic Farmer ing on the amount of rainfall, altitude,
temperatures and other conditions.
Small-scale farmers are increasingly Competition among seed companies
finding it difficult, due to lack of has created more confusion in the
money, to buy the required inputs to seed market. Many resources are
boost maize production. The problem spent on production and promotion
is even more serious when it comes of new varieties but very little time
to maize seeds. Every year, many and resources are invested in inform-
farmers buy poor quality seeds, often ing and educating farmers. In this
sold to them by middlemen, because issue, we provide farmers with tips
it is cheap. and guidelines they need to follow
These farmers always end up with a while selecting seeds to ensure that
poor harvest. Even for those farmers they get the best seed for their agricul-
with adequate resources, poor selec- tural zones. See page 4 and 5 Good seeds are essential for a good harvest
Diseases threaten banana production

The Organic Farmer the land on which they are planted. It seems that with the higher living costs
Bananas should be planted on land and the increasing prices for fertilizers,
Bananas are one of the most impor- that has been left fallow for at least one seeds and fuel, maize growing for com-
tant tropical food crops in the world. mercial purposes is no longer viable for
year. Field sanitation is very impor- small-scale farmers. Since the beginning
However, their production in Kenya tant for keeping pests away. Cutting
and the rest of East Africa is threat- of the harvest season in October last year,
banana pseudostem and leaving it middlemen have been paying as little as
ened by poor management and the in the field overnight can serve as a Ksh 800 for a bag of maize. This amount
spread of fungal and bacterial dis- trap for banana weevils. Take extra is a disregard of the small-scale farmers
eases. Consequently banana produc- precaution in using animal manure as work even when paying for labour cost at
tion has declined in all banana pro- banana fertilizer. This type of manure the rate of Ksh 20 a day.
ducing areas. promotes the occurrence of banana
Most farmers do not know much
It is simply not wise to invest in a crop
weevils. that no longer ensures a good return. It
about banana diseases. Like many It is very dangerous to obtain banana would be better if farmers could store their
other crop, bananas need proper seedlings from neighbours because
management. This starts right from their banana crop may be diseased, Do you need TOF?
and the disease could therefore be Would you like to read/print your
A tragedy transferred into your farm. One source own copy of The Organic Farmer?
We are really shocked by the of clean banana seedlings is tissue Then go to our new website.
wave of violence that has swept culture bananas; farmers can get it www.organicfarmermagazine.org
our country. As much as we from KARI research stations near them
condemn the vote rigging, which or certified seedling producers. Never maize until prices become favourable. But
is the root cause of the unrest, we buy planting material from roadside most small-scale farmers do not have safe
condemn the organized killing of nurseries. More about banana diseases storage facilities. And at the beginning of
our fellow farmers and innocent and how to control them on page 3. the year they need the money for school
fees and other financial commitments and
wananchi in parts of the Rift obligations.
Valley province. We appeal to
all of you, fellow farmers, not to What can be the solution for small-scale
listen to the voices of violence. farmers? There is no perfect or simple
Does one benefit from burning solution whatsoever. What we recommend
is that farmers should start diversifying
a neighbours house? Can one their farming activities (apart from maize
fill the stomach with feelings of for self-consumption). At least those who
revenge? Fellow farmers, respect can afford (or have access to) small loans
and take care of each other. Do should try alternative farming activities
not forget that it is the ordinary such as dairy farming, poultry keeping,
wananchi, who are struggling to mushroom production or even horticul-
earn an honest living, that have tural crops. These products are currently
to bear the consequencies of the on demand in the market and are fetching
fighting. (TOF) good prices.
Banana affected by Panama disease
MY OPINION
Minimum tillage or reducing soil distur-
Lucerne is a nutritious fodder
Only a few Kenyan farmers
bance in agricultural systems encour- grow Lucerne because they do not
ages an increase in mycorrhizae or know its advantages.
root fungi which are very essential for
a healthy, productive soil. Mycorrhizae The Organic Farmer
are negatively affected by soil heating Willy Kirui, a farmer in Elburgon, has
especially when the land is put under been growing Lucerne, a highly pre-
fire to clear it for planting. They are cious forage legume, for his 10 dairy
also affected by ploughing or over-
cows for the last 4 years. His cows
grazing. The fungi which occur around
the root zone, extend to areas where like Lucerne because it is very palat-
the plant roots cannot reach. They able and nutritious. Before, he used to
facilitate water uptake during drought feed his animals on Napier grass and
when there is little water in the soil. other fodder. When he introduced
This makes it possible for many plants Lucerne to the cows' feed, milk pro-
to sprout and grow healthy. duction did not only increase (to an
average of 18-20 litres a day), as farm
The farmers weekly manager Philip Rotich explains. "But
also the animals became stronger and
healthier." He mixes the Lucerne with
silage made from green maize, and
supplements it with concentrates. The
farmer has 3 out of his 6-acres of land If the sub-soil sample has a pH of less
under Lucerne. than 5.5, the soil is too acidic and not
Lucerne is one of the most nutritious suitable for growing Lucerne.
feed for dairy cattle. Many farmers
ignore it because they think it is dif- Management of Lucerne
ficult to grow, but Lucerne can do well Weed Control: Hand weeding should
in most areas, especially with good be done 4-6 weeks after planting and
management. There are three main thereafter whenever the weeds appear.
varieties of Lucerne that are grown in Use plant extracts or organic pesticides
Kenya Cuf 101, Hunter River and such as neem two to three times a
ICIPE week to control pests. Continue apply-
Hairy Peruvian. Hairy Peruvian does
well in high altitude while Hunter ing farm yard manure to the Lucerne
River and Cuf 101 are suited to lower field to improve soil fertility, structure
altitudes. and herbage yields. Harvest Lucerne
when it starts flowering (when it is
How to grow Lucerne about 30 cm high) to a stubble height
Seedbed preparation: Lucerne requires of 4-5 cm from the ground level. 6-8
fine, firm and a weed-free seedbed cuts can be obtained in a year. Once
that is well prepared before the onset it is established on the farm, Lucerne
of the rains. The sub-soil should be competes strongly for light and water
well broken with forked jembe. Apply and is able to control other weeds. Its
10 tonnes of thoroughly decomposed long tap root enables it to get water
farmyard manure or compost manure from deep down the soil. Thereby it
and dig it up to sub-soil. remains green even during the dry
Planting: Make furrows 30-40 cm apart season when other fodder crops tend
and 2.5 cm deep. Use 10-15 kg seeds of to dry out due to lack of water. It is a
Lucerne per hectare. In areas where good nitrogen fixer and helps improve
Lucerne has not been grown before, soil fertility. The crop can last up to 4
use Lucerne inoculant available at the years if properly managed.
University of Nairobi. If an inoculant
is not available, collect soil from areas Utilisation
where Lucerne has been previously Farmers should allow Lucerne to wilt
grown and mix it with the seed before before feeding it to their animals as
planting. In acidic soils (with pH less fresh one can cause bloating. A farmer
than 4.9) agricultural lime is applied at may conserve excess Lucerne as hay
the rate of 10 tonnes per hectare. Phos- (whole or chopped). Lucerne gives 5 to
phates, inoculant and liming promote 6 tonnes of dry matter per hectare per
root development, nodulation and year and 25-30 % crude protein.
nitrogen fixation.
Farmers interested in growing Fodder grasses
Lucerne must have the soil tested for December 07: Napier grass
acidity before planting. Soil samples January 08: Boma grass
can be taken from the top soil (0-10 February 08: Lucerne
cm) and from the sub-soil (30-40 cm). March 08: Kikuyu grass
Know banana diseases and control them
Using clean material and planting Leaf petioles turn brown and bend or
disease-resistant varieties can help become twisted (buckle).
control most of the banana diseases. Brown spots of various shapes and
sizes appear on the yellow leaves.
Michael Waweru Pseudostem frequently split longitu-
Banana diseases are on the increase dinally just above the soil level.
and farmers need to take preven- Outer leaf sheaths may separate from
tive measures to control them. The the pseudostem and collapse.
practice of sharing planting material Diseased rhizomes and pseudostems
is mainly to blame for the spread of release offensive smell due to rot
diseases from one area to another. caused by secondary pathogens
Lack of information on the diseases Discoloration of the vascular tissue
is yet another problem because most (red)
Early signs of black sigatoka
farmers do not take preventive mea- Control areas with yellow holes and grey
sures to contain the diseases. The fol- Cut off the affected part of the plant centre.
lowing are the most common diseases and burn them. The disease resembles Black Siga-
responsible for declining production in Reduce movement of infested soil toka in every other aspect.
most of the banana producing areas: from the area around the plant, use Control of black and yellow sigatoka
Panama diseases (fusarium wilt) soil conservation methods. Black and yellow Sigatoka diseases
Panama disease, also known as Fusar- Treat the banana corm (root base) are very difficult to differentiate and
ium wilt of banana, is caused by with hot water; this reduces the may even occur together on the same
the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp disease by 20 %. plant.
cubense which attacks the pseudostem Sterilize garden tools by placing The use of clean planting materials
and corms of susceptible cultivars. The them over fire flames to reduce spread significantly reduces the spread.
fact that the pathogen remains in the of the disease. Remove affected leaves and burn
soil for up to 30 years after the soil is Plant disease-tolerant varieties, e.g them.
infested makes the Panama disease Cavendish. Create adequate spacing of plants.
one of the most devastating banana Black Sigatoka Open up the canopy by pruning
diseases. The pathogen occurs in three since sunlight discourages the ger-
Black Sigatoka (black leaf streak
races (Race 1, 2 and 4). Race 4 is one of mination of the fungus that causes
disease) is one of the most devastat-
the most dreaded because Cavendish Sigatoka.
ing leaf spot diseases in the world. It
bananas, that are resistant to other races is a major problem in Western Kenya CigarEnd Rot
succumb to it. The most susceptible causing a yield loss of up to 50%. The
cultivars are Gros Michel (Kampala), leaf spot disease Black Sigatoka is
Apple banana (sukari ndizi), Mararu, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella
Bluggoe (Bokoboko) and Psian Awak. fijiensis. It is spread by spores carried
Tolerant varieties in Kenya include in the wind. Black Sigatoka spores can
Kiganda and the Cavendish group, e.g infect all the banana plant including
Nyoro.It is a soil-bourne disease. leaves, suckers used for planting as
Symptoms & effects well as leaf litter. It is more damag-
Yellowing of leafs, beginning along ing and difficult to control than the
the margins and advancing towards related yellow Sigatoka disease.
the midribs. Symptoms & effects
Yellowing progresses from older to Young leaves are mainly infected. Cigar-end rot (verticillium theobromae)
younger leaves as the plant dries up. Initial symptoms are thinly black
streaks (1-2 mm) on the underside of This is a fungal disease, which is
the leaves which enlarge to 5-10 mm increasingly becoming a more evident
with no distinct border. disease in Kenya especially in Kisii
The streaks form black leaf spots and Western Kenya. The Dwarf Cav-
that later merge to kill the entire leaf. endish and Gross Michel varieties are
Premature ripening of the banana particularly susceptible.
bunches. Symptoms & effects
Yellow sigatoka The bananas appear as rot on imma-
ture fingers with an ashy appearance
This is also a leaf spot disease caused
by mycosphaerella musicola. It resem-(spores) on fruit tips. This rot looks
like the tip of smoked cigarette, hence
bles black sigatoka but yellow borders
surround the streaks.. the name.
The rot affects a few centimetres
Symptoms & effects of the banana fruit tip and becomes
Initial symptoms are pale yellow bigger with the fruit growth. Neem
streaks on the upper side of the leaf The pulp develops a dry rot and
Panama disease: branches hang from the stem surface that enlarge to form dead becomes fibrous.
continued on page 7
Take great care during seed purchase
In order to save money, many farmers A clever farmer who intends to buy a
fall for cheap seeds on offer by middle- new seed variety first of all tests the
men only to end up with a poor quality of the seed. He isolates a small
harvest. portion of land where he can plant
The Organic Farmer the new variety. He should observe
whether the maize is prone to lodging
As the planting season approaches it is (falling), if the ears open early, which is
important that farmers decide on the responsible for decay, and if the variety
inputs they require in order to increase gives a good yield in that particular
their production. Chief among the geographical region. When the farmer
inputs are seeds. Sound knowledge of is convinced of the seed quality, then
the right seeds to buy is very impor- they can use the seed the following
tant because low quality seeds reduce year. But they should not forget that
the maize yield at harvest. Variations even with good quality seeds, they
in altitude, rainfall, type of soil and will only obtain good yield if the crop
temperature require a careful selec-
is well managed. Low soil fertility,
tion of seeds that perform well under
late land preparation, poor weeding
specific local conditions. To cater for
the different regional growing con- and even wrong seed application can
ditions, different seed varieties have markedly lower maize yield.
been developed and are available in Beware of "Dubai seed"
stock. Therefore, farmers should know Another mistake made by most
the type of seed that is most suit- farmers is the use of uncertified seed
able for their geographical area before called Dubai seed. Dubai seed is
buying any seed. To know the type of mainly sold by middlemen, who offer
seed required, it is important to seek
it to farmers, claiming that the seed is
guidance from agricultural extension
obtained from seed growers. Inves-
centres or research institutions near
tigations established that most seed
them. Fortunately, some farmers know
the right varieties for their areas and growers usually sell the seeds even
can provide useful advice to fellow if seed companies, which contracted
farmers. them to produce the seed, reject it.
The seed may be rejected because
Seed companies confuse farmers it does not meet the quality stan-
The main problem with the selection dards of the companies. When the
of seeds among farmers is the increas- Seed selection determines the quality of maize. seed is rejected, the seed producers
ing number of companies that have are advised to sell it as commercial
entered the market with different vari- farmers fall prey to these marketing maize. But most of the growers do
eties of maize. The aggressive mar- tactics and end up buying the wrong not do so. Instead, they sell the maize
keting of new seed varieties being seeds. This cheating is to blame for to middlemen who offer it to farmers
introduced every year makes it very the decreasing maize yield and new as genuine seed. Eventually farmers
difficult for farmers to select the right diseases that now affect maize in many bear the consequences of poor yields.
seed varieties. The result is that most parts of the country. Due to lack of resources, many
farmers use their commercial maize
Important tips for seed-buyers as seed with the hope that with good
Before buying seeds, farmers should are present when they open the seed management, they will still obtain a
consider the guidelines below to bag. good harvest. Such farmers should
maximise yields in maize produc- - Each seed company has its own know that maize seed is produced
tion: colour to distinguish their seeds from in a particular way that enables it to
- They should only buy seeds from the rest. Farmers should be able to produce more when planted. Com-
seed stockists who are licensed to tell the colour of the seeds from dif- mercial maize does not have these
sell seeds. The farmers should insist ferent companies. qualities. Therefore, it will give a very
on seeing the licence if they do not - Farmers should buy their seeds low yield when used as seed. Com-
know the stockist well. Alternatively, early enough to avoid last minute mercial maize is also responsible for
they should buy seeds from well- rush. They should remember that the transfer of diseases and pests such
known distributors in their areas. A fake seeds are mainly sold around as leaf inflammation, stalk and the
certified seed stockist will rarely sell March and April every year when larger grain borer. Some unscrupu-
fake seed. the popular varieties of maize seed
lous traders buy commercial maize,
- All genuine seeds have company are sold out.
treat it with the same chemicals and
tags and the labels of the Kenya Plant - All seeds should be stored in a cool
packaging used by seed companies
Health Inspection Service (KEPHIS) and dry place.
and then sell it as genuine seed. In
inside the seed bags. To ensure that - Maize seed is treated with danger-
such a case, it is very difficult for
the seed is genuine, farmers should ous fungicides and insecticides. It
farmers to tell whether the maize seed
verify that tags and KEPHIS labels should never be eaten!
is genuine or not.
Buy the seeds appropriate to your region

The following guidelines are only recommendations. There varieties. An area may have totally different climatic condi-
are many varieties which are not mentioned here. Farmers tions, farmers can only get information on the right variety
are advised to contact local extension staff on other suitable for their locality from agricultural extension personnel.
Highland: (High altitude) Drylands
Variety: H6213 Kenya seed
Altitude: 1700- Variety: DH01
2100 metres Altitude: 800 - 1000 m asl
above sea Rainfall: Low
level (m asl)
KITALE
Maturity:
Rainfall: High WAJIR 100-120
S u i t a b l e NAKURU days
growing areas: KITALE Suit- WAJIR
Trans Nzoia, able growing

KISUMU
Uasin Gishu, NAIROBI NAKURU areas: Kitui,
tea growing Makueni, and
areas of NAIROBI
Baringo areas.
Kiambu, Nyeri, Yield: 16 bags/acre
Meru, Nyandarua MAKINDU Qualities: It is resistant
Yield: 52 bags/acre Highlands to blight, common VOI
Qualities: The variety does not fall in Highland medium altitude MALINDI rust and ear rot. It
VOI
windy conditions, it is resistant to cob
Drylands and semi-arid
Coastal low lands
can remain green for
MOMBASA
rot, rust, Grey leaf spot disease, stem a long time.
and leaf blight.
Variety: KH 600-14 E Kenya Seed
Variety: H614 D KARI Altitude: 1800 2500 m asl
Altitude: 1500 2300 m asl Variety: H6210 Kenya Seed Rainfall: 1000 2000 mm
Rainfall: high Altitude: 1700 2100 m asl Suitable growing areas: Slopes of
Suitable growing areas: Trans Nzoia, Rainfall: 1000 2000 mm Mount Elgon, Trans-Nzoia, West
Uasin Gishu, West Pokot, Keiyo, Suitable growing areas: Trans-Nzoia, Pokot, Uasin , Nandi, greater Kericho,
Marakwet, Laikipia, Nakuru Uasin Gishu, West Pokot, Keiyo Mara- Nyeri, Laikipia, lower Nyandarua
Yield: 38 bags/acre kwet, Laikipia, Nakuru. Yield: 38 48 bags/acre
Qualities: Most popular variety in Yield: 50 bags / acre Qualities: The variety has good rust
the country, can withstand sudden Qualities: Can withstand strong and blight resistance, it can also with-
climatic changes and does well even winds, it is resistant to cob rot, rust, stand Grey leaf spot disease.
under poor management. Grey leaf spot, stem and leaf blight.
Highland (Medium altitude) Lowlands (Coastal)

Variety: PH1 KARI
Variety: H515 Kenya Seed Yield: 18 bags / acre Altitude: 0 1200 m asl
Altitude: 1200 1600 m asl Quality: Rainfall: at least 400mm/year
Rainfall: not less than 800 mm/year Variety: H511 Kenya Seed Suitable growing areas: Kilifi,
Maturity: 4 5 months Altitude: 900 1500 m asl Mombasa, Kwale, irrigated lowlands
Growing areas: Busia, Kisumu, Siaya, Rainfall: Long and short rains of Tana River districts
Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Nakuru, Maturity: 4 5 months Maturity: 3 4 months
lower parts of Kisii Suitable growing areas: Coffee zones Yield: 14 bags/acre
Yield: average 26 bags/acre of Central ad Eastern province, Lake Qualities: It has better husk cover and
Qualities: More resistant to leaf Victoria region during the short rains can be intercropped.
blight, leaf rust, Grey leaf spot (GLS) Yield: 23 bags/acre Variety: PH4 (Pwani Hybrid 4), KARI
and does not fall. Qualities: Can be grown twice Altitude: 1- 1200 m asl
Variety: H 516 Kenya Seed a year in areas with long and Maturity: 3 4 months
Altitude: 1200 1600 m asl short rains. The variety is Yield: 16 bags/acre
Rainfall: not less than 800 mm/year fairly prone to maize steak Suitable growing areas:
Maturity: 3 4 months virus, lodging, leaf rust Kilifi, Mombasa, Tana
Suitable growing areas: Busia, Siaya, and blight. Bare tips River, Lamu, Kwale
Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Nakuru, appear at Qualities: It is toler-
Lower parts of Kisii. high grain ant to most leaf and
Yield: average 28 bags/acre KISUMU
yield. ear diseases
Variety: H 512 KARI and has excel MALINDI
Altitude: 1000 1800 m asl lent husk
Rainfall: moderate cover and
Maturity: 4-5 months does not
Suitable growing areas: Busia, Siaya, MAKINDU
lodge. MOMBASA
Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Nakuru,
Lower parts of Kisii
Cleanliness is important when handling milk

Dairy milk is an important source of Bureau of Standards (KEBS)? The
income for small scale farmers. But problem unfortunately is that the
they have to respect cleanliness and industry has grown faster than the
hygiene as top-priorities. regulatory frame work can manage.
We now have hundreds of new dairy
Recent studies (done by ILRI in 2007) farmers without experience in milk
on the dairy sector in Kenya indicate hygiene. There are also hundreds of
that 80 percent of all the milk in the old farmers who are neglecting stan-
country is traded through the infor- dards of hygiene and no one is polic-
mal sector. Only 20 percent is sold ing the system even at the formal
to the large processors. This study sector.
has thrown new light on employ-
ment statistics as it shows that each Take preventive measures
litre of milk produced and traded Milk is one of the few products with
informally generates an income for a no-recall chance once it is sold. It Wash the udder before milking
10 Kenyans, whereas the same in the is highly perishable and has a short carries a bacterial load of 8 parts per
formal sector generates an income shelf-life. The tests taken on samples of ml. This in itself is not a problem at
for only 2 Kenyans. With respect to milk require a few days before results all. The bacteria, some of which are
employment creation in the country, are available. By this time the milk good and others harmful, can however
the push towards all milk being chan- has already been sold and consumed. double every 20 minutes given the
nelled through the processors is now Therefore it is only by taking preven- right conditions. If you do the calcul-
on the back burner. tive measures within dairies that we taion, you will see that within 6 hours
A milk giant can ensure the safety of our milk. of milk sitting at ambient temperature,
Formal processors are expected to the bacterial load can reach 2,000,000
With the liberalisation of the dairy adhere to milk standards of quality
sector and the increasing number of parts per ml. It is thus extremely
and hygiene recommended by KEBS. important that raw milk from healthy
Kenyans getting into dairy farming, They are expected to test their milk
Kenya is now recognised as the second cows is consumed as soon as possible.
regularly. This is to ensure that they can If milk must be kept, the temperature
largest milk giant producer in Africa, trouble shoot effectively and efficiently
a continent with huge milk export- must be dropped as soon as possible
if contamination is detected. This is not and maintained at a cool temperature
ing opportunities both within the expected or affordable in the informal
COMESA region as well as interna- of 4 to 7 degrees centigrade. Fresh raw
sector. There is however, a serious milk that is cooled to these tempera-
tionally. However, recently, shipment drive to ensure milk producers all over
of milk to both Zambia and the Demo- tures has a 3-4 day shelf life.
the country have access to information Most contamination occurs after
cratic Republic of Congo was rejected on dairy hygiene, to ensure safe milk
due to contamination. This has resulted milking! Bacteria are picked up from
and other dairy products. dirty hands, contaminated dirty milk
in closer observation and testing of Milk straight from a healthy cow
milk locally, within the formal as well continued from page 7
as informal sector. The test results
conducted on over 2000 samples taken
What you should observe
from a wide range of outlets, kiosks 1. Have hot water available when 8. Check the udder for mastitis; if the
and even supermarkets are quite milking; udder is hot or the milk clotted. In such
shocking. Contamination of milk with 2. Wash the cows udder with warm a case, discard the milk and treat the
hydrogen peroxide and river water water cow. If milking more than one animal
is common. Bacterial contamination 3. Wash the milk bucket with hot water clean the bucket with very hot soapy
including salmonella, E.Coli (Escherichia before commencing milking; water and rinse it thoroughly;
coli) which are a sign of unhygienic 4. Wash your hands with hot soapy 9. Ensure that all milking utensils are
situations), Streptococcus and Aflatox- water before milking; cleaned with hot water before and after
ins were detected and shockingly even 5. Ensure that the cows tail and legs do milking;
evident in branded pasteurised milk. not contaminate the milk; 10. Sieve milk through sterilised gauze
How can this happen in a system 6. Remove the milking bucket from into milk churn or container;
that we believe is monitored by both splashes if the cow urinates or def- 11. Drop the temperature as soon as
the Kenya Dairy Board and the Kenya ecates during milking; the bacteria E. possible after milking by refrigeration,
coli (Escherichia coli) for instance, which or raise temperature to pasteurisation
are rarely harmful, but can cause diar- and then drop to 4-7 degrees centi-
rhoea, are transmitted by manure; grade.
7. Use a good milking salve during 12. Respect your animal and the con-
milking; sumers of your milk.
What you should avoid
Do not smoke while milking or in milking utensils.
between milking. Do not add contaminants like
Do not leave milk in churns or mitun- hydrogen peroxide to extend milks
gis in the hot sun. shelf life.
Do not use unboiled water to clean Do not add water to milk.
...keep milk cleancontinued from page 6
containers, dirty milking machines,
farmers forum
dirty water (water from shallow wells An informative magazine
can be contaminated). Hygiene during
I kindly wish to ask you to honour
milking is of utmost importance.
us by sending to us monthly copies
Aflatoxin ... of your highly informative and edu-
Be careful, contamination after pas- cative magazine. The newspaper
teurisation or boiling can be more exhaustively tackles areas that we are
harmful to ones health as the good yearning to be literate, that is organic
bacteria which help to fend off the bad farming and sustainable development
ones are destroyed during heating. in both crop horticulture and animal
Aflatoxin traces in milk often come husbandry. In particular, please
from the animal feed. It is impor- include the edition which featured
tant to make sure your animal feed mushroom growing a field in which
is stored properly or/and purchased we are currently undergoing train-
from a reputable dealer to ensure that ing. We stand to benefit enormously
it is aflatoxin-free. from The Organic Farmer. Thank you.
Stanley K Muhia, P.O Box 483, Ol
... and dangerous hormones Kalou A great loss
While on the topic of milk, it is also Good work for farmers
important to mention at this stage the It is with deep sorrow that we
use of Bovine Growth Hormones in I received a copy of The Organic Farmer inform you of the death of Dr.
the dairy industry in Kenya. These from a friend. I enjoyed the contents Annalee Mengech, the technical
hormones were previously used in and I want to encourage our church editor of The Organic Farmer.
members to practise sustainable agri- She passed away after a short
developed countries to increase milk
illness. Since the launch of TOF,
production. They are however now culture especially on poultry and dairy Annalee went through every
banned in most countries as they goat farming. Please include us in your
issue of the magazine, correct-
have been passed through the food mailing list. We would also request ing scientific errors and language
chain into our own bodies and are you to send us past editions. Thank
you for the good work you are doing mistakes, which might have
being blamed for obesity and other slipped in during the produc-
for the country. Johnson K Wachira
related problems. These hormones tion process. She was resource-
are banned in organic farming. Please We want magazine ful and had vast knowledge of
report any known use of Bovine Growth We are a group of farmers from Nandi farming, livestock diseases as
Hormones to consumerwatchkenya@ South. We are very much interested well as plants. She provided
gmail.com in organic farming. We hereby submit useful ideas, tips and advice that
our request for monthly supply of helped shape the newspaper to
...banana diseases continued from page 3 The Organic Farmer magazine, we shall what it is today. Her patience,
be grateful if this is done. Wilson K kindness and willingness when-
The rot induces immature ripening. Mosbei, Mosombor Farmers, P.O Box ever we sought her assistance,
Control 39, Kapcheno often humbled us. Annalee will
Remove dried floral parts from the Can I get monthly copies? be missed by all who knew her.
fruit tips 8-11 days after bunch emer- We join her family in celebrating
gence. Pruning helps to open up the I have come across your magazine her illustrious life.
and it is very useful to farmers so I
canopy. The Organic Farmer team
Cover the banana with a polythene am asking if I can get monthly issues. Njoro. Thank you John Karanja,
bag (6/100) thickness before fruits I am a farmer in Ngong. Thank you. P.O Box 42730 00100, Nairobi
emerge. Kimani Thiongo, P.O Box 267, Ngong
I need past issues We need it too
Bunchy top diseases I hereby request for The Organic Farmer
Thank you very much for The Organic
The disease is caused by a virus which magazine. I have other farmers who
Farmer magazine and for the enor- are also interested in reading it. So
is disseminated by banana aphids (pen-
mous research carried out in organic kindly be sending me 5 copies.
talonia nigronervosa). The long-term dis-
farming. Having read several copies Samwel Moses Nyangau, P.O Box 461,
persal however is primarily through
of the magazine, I have discovered Nyamira
planting of infected materials.
my failure in neglecting farming,
Symptoms & effects especially organic farming, which has
Dark green streaks in the petiole and proved to be of good potential in food
leaf veins are the first symptoms. production as well as money gen-
Leaves of young suckers become chlo- erating enterprise. No doubt I have
rotic and curled. missed a lot from past issues. I kindly
Infected plants are stunted in growth. request for issues Nr 1 to Nr 7 and
Nr 14. I started practicing organic
Control farming in the year 2006 with tips
Seedlings should be disease-free. from The Organic Farmer magazine.
Infested plants should be uprooted I am a young farmer determined to
and burnt. introduce it in Bagaria area in Naishi
Tree tomato has good income Training: Baraka Agricultural College

Can I make additional income with offers various courses on sustainable
tomato trees? asks Paul Njoroge from agriculture. Dairy farming Febru-
Nyeri. Farmer Koech of Olenguruone ary 3 9, Dairy goat farming- April
Division, Molo district (Tel.0721 167 13 - 19, Bee product processing April
915) also wants to get more informa- 20 - 26, Poultry production May 4-
tion on tree tomato production. 10 Mushroom growing June 8- 14.
Yes, you can increase your income, Farmers interested in pursuing these
as many farmers groups in Rwanda courses can contact the college at
have done; they have started plant- the following address: The Principal,
ing tomato trees in plantations. They Baraka Agricultural College, P.O.Box
export the fruits and make good 52 Molo, Tel. 051-721 091, 0725 777
money. Tomato tree (also known as 421 email: baraka@sustainableag.org
branches that have already fruited. http://www.sustainableag.org. The
tamarillo, mountain tomato or guava
Induce ample new shoots close to the fees charged vary between Ksh 6000
tamarillo) is generally believed to be
main branches, inasmuch as fruit is and Ksh 8000, covering tuition, food
native to Latin America. It is cultivated
produced on new growth. Otherwise, and accommodations. The certificate
and naturalized in many Latin Ameri-
the tree will develop a broad top course in agriculture takes 60 weeks
can countries and widely grown in
with fruits only on the outer edges. and the diploma course 57 weeks.
New Zealand as a commercial crop.
Wide-spreading branches are subject Farmers can contact the institution
Tree tomato is a small, attractive,
to wind damage. for details.
half-woody, evergreen or partially
Pest and Diseases: The tree tomato
deciduous, shrub or small tree. It is Fruit Seedlings: We have more than
is generally regarded as fairly pest-
brittle and shallow-rooted, growing 10,000 fruit seedlings for various
resistant, although it is occasionally
to a height of 3 to 6 m. It is small fruits such as grafted mangoes,
attacked by green aphids. Fruit flies
enough to fit into many parts of the avocado, budded citrus and hybrid
will also attack the fruit in areas where
shamba as long as the site is well- pawpaw. We also have refined honey.
that is a problem. Nematodes are also
drained. They grow best in full sun If interested please contact us at
a potential problem. The principal
except in hot, dry situations, where the following address: Peter Mbogo,
disease is powdery mildew, which
partial shade may be needed. KADI, P.O.Box 60100 Tel. 068-214
may cause serious falling off of the
The tree tomato cannot tolerate 72/27, 0721 608 644, 0733 566 059.
leafs if not controlled.
tightly compacted soil with low
Powdery mildew is characterized Mushrooms for sale: I have oyster
oxygen content. Tamarillos require a by a dusty-white to gray coating and and ganoderma mushrooms for sale.
fertile, light soil that is rich in organic
talcum powder-like growth commonly Interested buyers can call Tel. 0720
matter. Perfect drainage is also neces-infecting plants leaves. It begins as 214 482
sary. Water standing for even a few circular, powdery-white spots that
days may kill the plant. The plant Rabbits needed: I am interested in
turn yellow-brown and finally black.
cannot tolerate prolonged drought buying grade rabbits, if you have
In most cases, the fungal growth can
and must have ample water during any for sale please call Tel. 0724 717
be partially removed by rubbing the
dry periods. A mulch is very bene- 592
leaves. Remove infected plant mate-
ficial in conserving moisture at such rials. Prune overcrowded plants to Do you have products for Export?
times. Protection from wind is neces- increase air circulation, reduce the A marketing consultant from Israel
sary as the tree is shallow-rooted and relative humidity, reduce infection, is looking for farmers or institutions
is easily blown over. It is also brittle
and increase light penetration. Do not with certified organic products for
and its branches are easily broken by place infected plant materials on the sale in Israel. If you have any such
strong winds, especially when laden compost pile. Powdery mildew can products, please contact David Gold-
with fruits. be controlled with neem seed extract, berg on Tel. 0721 768 618.
Tips for tree-tomato farmers papaya extract or baking soda.
for harvest when they develop the
Harvest: Tree tomato does not ripen
Propagation: Seeds or cuttings may be simultaneously and several pick- yellow or red color. Ripe tree tomato
used for propagation. Seeds produce ings are necessary. Fruits are ready may be merely cut in half lengthwise,
a high-branched, erect tree, ideal for sprinkled with sugar (and chilled if
sheltered locations. Cuttings develop you like) and served for eating by
into a shorter, bushy plant with low- scooping out the flesh and pulp. The
lying branches, suitable for exposed, fruit should not be cut on a wooden
windy sites. Seedling trees are pruned or other permeable surface, as the
back the first year after planting to juice will make an indelible stain.
a height of 3 or 4 ft (0.9-1.2 m) to For other purposes, the skin must
encourage branching. In plantations, be removed, which is easily done by
tomato trees reach a height of not pouring boiling water over the fruit
more than 1.50 m. Annual pruning and letting it stand for 4 minutes
thereafter is advisable to eliminate before peeling.
Nr. 34 March 2008
Food prices up over crisis

Insecurity in food producing areas makes it very difficult for the farmers
pushed up the prices; middlemen have to harvest their vegetables and fruits
taken advantage of the situation. for fear of attacks. Transporters
are also wary of going to insecure
The Organic Farmer areas for fear of their vehicles being
The current political crisis had far- destroyed. Those who manage to go
reaching implications on the overall to these areas therefore naturally hike Eradicate malaria
food security situation in the country. the prices citing the risks they have Malaria is not fate, we can fight
According to the Ministry of Agricul- to take in order to bring the com- it. Its transmission can be reduced
ture estimates, more than 3 million modities to the market. Matters are by preventing mosquito bites. Read
bags of maize were destroyed during worsened by the fact that we are now more about this deadly disease in The
the skirmishes in parts of Rift Valley in the dry season when scarcity of the Organic Farmer special insert!
province. This is quite a significant various food commodities tends to
loss especially taking into account the push up the prices. We hope that the
fact that many of the affected farmers politicians will find a solution to the Use mosquito-nets
may not be able to go back to their conflict and save the country from an
land in time for the planting season, all-out famine.
which is supposed to start this month. Farmers go for organic manure
Food prices all over the country have Exorbitant fertilizer prices have forced
gone up for various reasons, many
Plant insect repellants
farmers in the Rift valley to go for
of which have to do with the current farmyard manure. The price of one
crisis. The middlemen as usual, have bag of DAP fertilizer has shot up from
taken advantage of the situation to Ksh 1700 to Ksh 3500 in the maize Avoid stagnant water
hike prices and make hefty profits at growing areas of Uasin Gishu and
the expense of the consumers, some Trans-Nzoia districts. Most farmers
of them citing increased transport are reportedly visiting Agricultural
costs and unavailability of supplies. Development Corporation farms and
Areas hit by the clashes are mainly other large-scale farms in Trans-Nzoia For the last two months, farmers in some
the high potential food producing in search of farmyard manure for use parts of the country have lost relatives,
regions where most of the agricul- in planting. This is after realising that land, property and their livelihoods. We
tural commodities are produced. This they cannot be able to afford chemical are deeply saddened by the fact that this
fertilizers due to the high prices. has happened in Kenya which, in the past,
has remained to be an island of peace in
Since we started The Organic a region full of conflicts. We only hope
Farmer magazine, we have always that this animosity and hatred between
emphasised the need to use sustain- various communities that broke out after
able methods of production, first to the disputed elections can be brought to
reduce costs to the farmer and sec- an end and people continue to live in
ondly, to help build soil fertility and peace and harmony as they did before.
increase yields. Chemical fertilizers Of course, our big concern is agricul-
can increase yields in the short term ture. We strongly feel that it is time that
but they have an adverse effect on we begin to rethink about the issue of land
the soil when used for a long time. ownership. The government should have
The use of compost on the other hand a clear policy on land which in the future
reduces soil acidity while increasing will help reduce conflicts. Our only fear
organic matter and releasing essential at this time is that the displaced people
nutrients to the soil and in this way may not be resettled in time to begin
Food prices have gone up locally, (TOF) feeding the plants. See pages 4, 5&6 preparing their land in readiness for the
planting season which starts this month.
Do not ignore mastitis The violence started just when most of
Cowpeas is healthy fodder the farmers were harvesting their crops.
Mastitis remains the most common Cowpeas was A lot of stored food was also destroyed
infectious disease of dairy cattle and domesticated in since most the victims abandoned it as
the most costly disease affecting the Africa over 4000 they fled their homes in fear of attacks. It
dairy industry. Despite decades years ago. Research is sad to imagine that farmers who were
of research focused on mastitis, no conducted in South just preparing to harvest or sell their
effective control measures have been Africa reveals that farm produce are are now threatened
established upto this time, proper cowpeas has high with famine. Our political leaders should
treatment of the disease remains con- energy value for resolve the post-election conflict so that
troversial. See page 3 livestock. See page 8 farmers can resume their activities.
Nr. 34 March 2008
Kikuyu grass suitable for big farms
Kikuyu grass controls soil erosion and
can withstand heavy grazing. But it
requires intensive management.
The Organic Farmer
Kikuyu grass is common in many
farming areas in the country. Most
farmers rely on this grass to provide
pasture for their animals. Kikuyu
grass is palatable and easy to digest
especially when young, a reason why
animals like it (farmers are advised to
feed their animals with some little hay
after grazing on young kikuyu grass
as it causes bloat).
The grass does well in most climatic
zones. Although it tolerates low fer-
tility soils, it tends to grow better
in fertile soils. However, overgrazing Kikuyu grass (Whittet), this is an improved variety popular with many farmers. (TOF)
and poor management of this grass
is evident in many farms. For good grass especially when the grass is Whittet: This is a taller and rougher
establishment as a pasture, Kikuyu eight weeks old. The grass is also an variety. It has more broad leaves than
grass requires intensive management. excellent source of riboflavin and pro- the Kabete variety. It survives better
Unless by using specialised harvest- vitamins in the animal diet. It helps to than other varieties under less fertile
ers, it is difficult to harvest its seed for control soil erosion and can withstand conditions. The variety is becoming
planting because its flowering stems heavy grazing. It can grow naturally popular with local farmers as it pro-
are very short. Farmers are advised to even with little mineral supplementa- duces more pasture compared to the
use cuttings when they want to plant tion. other varieties.
the grass. The right size is important Kikuyu grass needs management
Research shows that dry matter and Well managed Kikuyu grass Kikuyu grass does well under the fol-
crude protein content in kikuyu grass can produce very good pasture for lowing conditions:
is higher than that of Boma Rhodes farmers. Many farmers make the Rainfall requirements: In its natural
The Organic Farmer is an independent mistake of grazing their animals on habitat the grass requires 1000-1600
magazine for the Kenya farming commu- kikuyu grass before it has attained mm of rainfall either falling in one
nity. It promotes organic farming the right size. Pasture specialists rec- season or two seasons.
and supports discussions on all ommend grazing when the grass has Soil requirements: Kikuyu grass
aspects of sustainable develop- grown to an average of 4 to 5 leaves. grows naturally in soils with good
ment. The Organic Farmer is Experienced dairy farmers in devel- fertility, but it also adapts well to
published monthly by icipe and oped countries have been able to raise other soils such as alluvial or moist
distributed free to farmers. The dry matter production of between sandy soils which are fertilised with
reports of The Organic Farmer do not neces- 16 and 24 tonnes per hectare, espe- farmyard manure or even mineral
sarily reflect the views of icipe. cially when improved Kikuyu grass fertilizers.
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- (whittet) is grown with other grasses Land preparation: A well-prepared
sion, a Swiss-based foun- such as rye grass. However under seed-bed is necessary for good estab-
dation for the promotion of the local production systems where lishment where seeds are used. For
sustainable development. the land sizes are small, it is difficult stem and root cuttings, a rougher
www.biovision.ch to obtain this yield. Production of seed-bed is necessary.
Publisher African Insect Science for Food Kikuyu grass is more successful in Sowing: Hand planting of vegeta-
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 commercial large-scale dairy farming tive stem and root cuttings is recom-
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, e- systems where land is not a limita- mended. Cuttings containing two or
mail: icipe@icipe.org, tion. three nodes planted at a spacing of
website: www.icipe.org There are three major Kikuyu grass 1 m are planted. When using seed,
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner varieties in Kenya Rongai, Molo, sowing at approximately 5 mm depth
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia Kabete, Whittet and Breakwell: is ideal. The whittet variety can ger-
Advisory Board Bernhard Loehr, icipe, Nguya Rongai: The variety has rough, broad minate at a depth of 6 cm.
Maniania, icipe, Fritz Schulthess, icipe, Charles leaves and thick stems which develop
Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph Mureithi, rapidly after cutting. Fodder grasses
Deputy Director, KARI Molo: A finer grass with narrow With this article, we close our series
Address The Organic Farmer leaves and more slender stems which on fodder grasses. The series fea-
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA produce shoots from the centre after tured the following fodder grasses:
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98 cutting. Its pollen is sterile. December 2007: Napier grass,
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, Kabete: This is a medium size variety January 2008: Boma Rhodes grass,
www.organicfarmermagazine.org that has longer stamen that produces February 2008: Lucerne, March 2008:
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 pollen. Kikuyu grass.
Nr. 34 March 2008
Know about mastitis and how to control it
Farmers should observe cleanliness udder of an infected cow. This form
while milking to prevent their cows of mastitis is mainly caused by strep- Affected udder
from getting infected with mastitis. tococcus agalactiae which is found in
William Ayako the animal. Where production of milk Affected area
destroyed
is meant for export market, this form
Despite the progress that has been of mastitis is known to contribute to a
made in the Kenyas dairy indus- bigger proportion of rejected milk. Mild clinical Severe clinical
try, mastitis remains one of the dis- Mild-clinical mastitis: In this form mastitis mastitis
eases of economic consequences to of mastitis the animal shows distinct
the Kenyan dairy farmer. Mastitis is changes in the udder, sometimes
an inflammation of udder caused by detectable by palpation. The udder
bacterial micro-organisms mainly of becomes firm to the touch in one or Affected areas
the streptococci and the staphylococci more quarters. The changes in milk
family, which are common in animals are, however more definite. This form Non-clinical mastitis
and their environment. The infection of mastitis can be examined using the
occurs when the micro-organisms black plate in the strip-cup. Milk can
gain access to the udder through the be seen to be of watery consistency
teat canal. The infections in the udder and of abnormal colour, which often
affect the quantity and quality of the could be pinkish, or yellowish due to Bacteria enter
secreted milk. The disease is known blood staining. Flakes or clots in milk through teat canal
to cause economic losses of up to 40 can be noticed by the strip- cup test.
% of the herds productivity. The Diagnostic kits
Acute or severe clinical mastitis: The
disease occurs wherever dairy cows
milk changes are more definite with Since the dairy industry is showing a
are bred, fed and managed for milk
the udder having typical inflamed steady growth going by the numbers
production. There are high chances of
signs. Such changes consist of yellow of the revived Kenya Cooperative
the occurrence of the disease, unless
sediments at times with blood clots. Creameries (KCC) factory and pro-
very strict control measures are con-
The milk may also appear green or cessing plants, better milk price (Ksh
tinuously put in place. The animal is
yellow-green and even with a foul 18-20 / kg) and increased local and
predisposed to the disease by several
smell especially when the infection international demand for milk (EAC,
factors such as age, state of lactation,
is caused by the Corynebacterium COMESA and the Middle East coun-
milk yield, hereditary factors, trauma
pyogenes (pus forming bacteria). The tries), farmers are advised to carry
and lack of hygiene.
udder is swollen and painful to touch. out regular milk sampling for bac-
Clinical signs of mastitis At a closer observation, the teats may teriological and chemical analysis in
There are 3 clinical forms of mastitis: reveal signs of injury. As the disease well-equipped laboratories to guar-
Sub-clinical mastitis: This type can progresses, the udder becomes hard, antee quality and ensure safety. These
only be detected by a laboratory the milk yield decreases and also analyses can be done by the Depart-
examination of milk drawn from the becomes thin, watery or grey in color. Continued on page 6
Measures farmers can take to control mastitis

Since mastitis is a manage- 6. Where machine milking is prac-
ment disease in a dairy farm, ticed, footbath with disinfectant
the disease can persist even with should always be provided.
utmost hygiene in the farm. With 7. Normal milk room hygiene
this in mind, dairy farmers are including washing of containers
advised to adhere to the follow- and equipment should be con-
ing seven control measures. tinuous.
1. Infected cows should be milked 8. Always change cow beddings
last. to keep the udder clean.
2. Milkers should thoroughly It is worthwhile for farmers to
wash their hands before and after note that the most essential pre-
milking each cow. requisite for developing any
3. Hot water mixed with a dairy control program is an accurate
disinfectant should always be determination of the extent of the
available in the dairy. disease in the herd. A suitable
4. A separate clean udder cloth or control program can be achieved
a disposable tissue paper should if farmers carefully and frequently
be at hand for cleaning of the use the tests described above.
udder. Furthermore, if the above control
5. First streams of milk from measures were followed by the
each quarter of the udder used farmers, the veterinary costs of
to test for mastitis should not be treating the disease would be
dropped on the floor but should minimized.
be directed into a separate con- A veteranarian attends an infected
tainer with a dairy disinfectant. teat of a cow.
Nr. 34 March 2008
Plant early and increase your harvest

Farmers should start practising crop making timely decisions on required March, at this time farmers should be
rotation and adopt sustainable inputs. ready for planting. Any delay in plant-
methods of production to increase One problem is that popular maize ing will lead to reduced yields. Maize
maize yields. seed varieties tend to be in short supply planted after the onset of the rains
during the planting season which may cannot germinate well because the soil
The Organic Farmer temperatures tend to go down as the
force farmers to go for varieties that
The planting season is a very impor- are not suitable for their agricultural rainfall increases. Dry planting (plant-
tant period for the farmer; any deci- zones. The sale of expired maize seeds ing when the rains have not started) is
sion made at this time shall determine is also a common malpractice in the especially advisable because germina-
the amount of harvest a farmer will seed market at the time of planting. tion tends to be vigorous. Researchers
get at the end of the year. Timeliness Some seed stockists sell expired maize have proved that a farmer loses an
in planting is a very important aspect seeds! Unless stored in a cool and dry average of 2 bags of maize per acre
of farming. Any delays in planting can facility, maize seed exposed to sunlight every week if they plant after the rains
cause great losses in both yield and for a long period becomes weak and have started. Maize planted early also
income. One of the causes of delayed cannot grow well. This can be avoided benefits from nitrogen flash- this is a
planting is lack of early preparation if farmers are able to plan and buy process where the new maize plants
early planting therefore calls for seeds early enough. are able to utilise nitrogen in the soil
proper planning. Planning involves The first rains often start in mid- before it is lost through leaching when
the rains come. Farmers should also
Reduce use of chemical fertilizers observe the following guidelines to
increase their maize yield.
One the biggest problems facing essential nutrients can only take place
farmers in the country is the declining within this neutral range of acidity Land preparation
soil fertility. Maize as a crop is a heavy and alkalinity. Any serious farmer Hand digging is particularly recom-
feeder; it takes away a lot of minerals should be able to know the pH level mended in small-holder farms because
and nutrients from the soil. of their soil before planting any crop; it does not disturb the soil much.
Farmers who have planted maize to know the state of their soils, farmers Tractor ploughing compacts the soil,
in the same field for the last 20 or can take several soil samples from dif- reducing air circulation and killing
more years is a common occurrence ferent parts of the farm and have the important soil organisms that help
these days. To increase their yields soil tested at an agricultural research promote plant growth.
therefore, they are forced to use more station near them. Some agricultural Seeds
fertilizer. As they use more fertilizers, extension personnel have access to pH
soil acidity increases. The eventual metres which can test the soil and give Some farmers use farm stored maize
result of this practice is that whatever instant results. as seed, but this is wrong because
amount of fertilizer or seed variety Another way in which farmers can hybrid seed cannot be re-planted; for
the farmer may use, the yield cannot improve the condition of their soils, is hybrid seed, the farmer has to buy new
increase. The use of chemical fertil- by ensuring continuous use of organic seeds every year.
izers such as DAP is to blame for manures. Every year, the farmer Spacing
this problem. Too much acid causes should incorporate crop residue back Most farmers plant their maize very
available nutrients to dissolve too fast into the soil instead of burning it as closely in the belief that when the maize
while too little acid may reduce nutri- is the practise with most farmers. Soil is crowded, the yield will be higher.
ent intake by plants. fertility can be replenished by appli- When the plants are crowded, growth
The amount of acidity is measured cation of well-composited farmyard is poor because the seedlings compete
on a mathematical scale called pH. manure at the rate of 4 tonnes per acre for sunlight, water and nutrients thus
The highest acidity level in soil has a (8 tonnes/ha). Planting a different crop becoming weak. The correct spacing
pH of 1. The highest alkaline level in in the same field every year will not should be 60 cm (2 ft) between one
the soil has a pH of 14. At pH 7, the only reduce the problem of pests and hole and the next. Spacing between
soil is said to be neutral. Most healthy diseases but will also help build soil rows should be 75 cm (2 ft). It is
soils have a pH of between 5.5 and 7.5. fertility and increase your maize yield important to plant only two seeds per
A good uptake of minerals and other in subsequent years. (TOF) hole.
Nr. 34 March 2008
Conservation agriculture protects the soil
Farmers have concentrated more on soil and wind erosion. Farmers who
food production and forgotten to take practice conservation agriculture also
care of the soils. Minimum tillage plant cover crops to protect the soil
restores soil fertility. from erosion and limit the growth of
weeds throughout the year.
The Organic Farmer
Practise crop rotation
Farming as practiced by many local
farmers is very destructive to the In conventional farming, the same
soils. Farmers rarely use sustainable crop is sometimes planted each
methods of soil cultivation that can season on the same piece of land. This
protect its structure and fertility. If practice allows certain pests, diseases
they cared to look after the soils, they and weeds to survive and multiply,
would not only be able to increase resulting in lower crop yields. In con-
production but also they would servation agriculture, farmers choose
improve on their income. Rapid various crops that are planted in the
population growth has forced many same field but rotated from season to
farmers to over-cultivate land. They season, a practice that helps maintain
have consequently abandoned tra- soil fertility.
ditional methods of land cultivation To gain the full benefits of con-
that helped to protect the soil. Careful servation agriculture, the three prin-
soil cultivation can improve its capac- ciples discussed here above have to
Do not disturb the soil too much... be applied at the same time. Practis-
ity to retain water, allow movement
of air (aeration), infiltration, warming ing conservation agriculture can be a
up and even minimize evaporation. challenge for a farmer who is not used
Soil over-cultivation can harm soil to it, but it is important to change the
fertility as it accelerates soil erosion way farmers have practised farming
and the decomposition of humus. before in order to increase their yields
Any soil cultivation activity has one and income. For example, many
or more destructive effect on the soil farmers are used to clearing their
structure. In Africa and other tropi- land of all the residue and leaving it
cal countries, regular ploughing has clean but they do not know that
accelerated the decomposition of they are denying their soil essential
organic matter which has led to tre- ... do not burn plant residue. (Photos TOF) organic matter that can help enrich it.
mendous nutrient loss. The mixing of vation agriculture is to ensure that the By switching to conservation
soil layers through tractor ploughing farmer gets a high crop yield while at farming, farmers may save on labour,
can severely harm some soil organ- the same time maintaining soil fertil- reduce costs, improve their soils
isms. After ploughing, uncovered soil ity and also conserving water. fertility and ability to hold water.
is prone to erosion when it rains In conventional farming, farmers Minimum tillage can enable them get
heavily. plough or use hoes to improve the higher crop yields and income. The
soil structure and control weeds. By time and resources saved by adopting
It can save costs this sustainable farming method can
ploughing, they actually destroy the
Minimum tillage systems help to soil structure and contribute to soil be used to cultivate more land or even
build up natural soil structures with a infertility. In conservation agriculture, start other enterprises to diversify
crumbly top soil rich in organic matter ripping the soil to make planting lines their sources of income.
and full of soil organisms. Nutrient is practiced. Ripping helps break the
losses are reduced to a minimum as hard pan which forms on the top soil Tips on minimum tillage
there is no sudden decomposition when the soil is compacted. Alterna- If there are crop residues near your
of organic matter. If the soil is not tively, holes are dug into the soils and shamba, carry them to your field and
disturbed much, nutrients in the soil the seeds planted. The idea is to plant spread them on the soil surface as
are retained by a dense network of directly into the soil without plough- mulch.
plant roots. In such a case soil erosion ing it. Plant a cover crop during the first
cannot be a problem because there is Provide soil cover season. Choose a cover crop such
a permanent plant cover and enough as lablab which has deep roots to
organic matter. In addition to this In conventional farming, farmers
remove or burn the crop residues improve soil fertility and structure.
the farmer also saves on labour costs A cover crop can be grown on a sepa-
such as maize stocks and bean residue
which they cannot afford. rate field then cut and spread on the
or incorporate them into the soil with
Maintain the soil structure a plough or a hoe leaving the soil soil at the beginning of the second
Conservation agriculture (or minimum bare. When it rains therefore, all the season.
tillage) has three basic principles: top soil is washed away by rain or The cover crop can give you seeds
Maintaining the soil structure through blown away by wind during the dry for your future use and can also be
minimum tillage (land preparation), season. Farmers who practise conser- sold to your neighbours. At harvest,
keeping the soil covered as much as vation agriculture leave crop residue leave the crop residue in the field to
possible and practising crop rotation. in the field. The residue is used for cover the soil during the dry season;
The main aim of encouraging conser- mulching to cover the soil to prevent this helps retain soil moisture.
Nr. 34 March 2008
from page 3: control mastitis
ment of Veterinary services in the farmers forum
Veterinary Investigation Laboratories
(VIL) of the Ministry of Livestock and Resolve the land issue immediately
Fisheries Development. The problem of land is at the heart of parcel of land they can call their own;
In cases where highly sophisticated current unrest in parts of the country. at the same time, well-connected
testing equipment and techniques Despite the efforts by successive gov- people who walked the corridors of
are not available, ernments to sweep the matter under power now own thousands of acres
the use of a strip- the carpet, it keeps recurring every which lie unused. Nobody talks about
cup when milking time we have elections. Since inde- these issues; instead peoples anger is
is strongly rec- pendence, successive governments being directed at fellow poor people
ommended as a have not solved the problem of land- who happen to come from particular
means of giving a lessness. They wish it would just go communities. Killing our fellow poor
first indication of A strip-cup away. The Kenyatta and Moi regimes Kenyans and burning their houses
the presence of mastitis in the herd. did little to resolve the problem; will not solve the problem. It is time
A strip-cup is cup-shaped metal con- during their time in power, land was all of us came together to explore the
tainer of a quarter litre capacity with dished out to favoured groups which root cause of the problems we face.
a ledge about 3 cm down from the rim supported their stay in power. Thou- We cannot do this when we are fight-
on which a disc of fine gauze or shiny sands of Kenyans remain landless ing.
black top plate sits. The gauze allows with no hope of ever owning a small Mike Kibowen, Moiben
milk to pass through but flakes and
clots are held while the black plate We are all Kenyans No chemical pesticides
shows discolorations as well as other I feel very sorry for fellow Kenyans
The information I have received have
abnormalities in milk. who have been declared foreign-
made it possible for me to eliminate
ers and thrown out of their land.
Food prices increasing Some of the victims of the current
synthetic pesticides completely. I am
now in the process of producing good
worldwide violence are the second generation
of land owners who were born in
quality compost to enrich the soil and
As global food prices continue to soar those areas; they even talk the local
to new highs despite a record world language and do not even know the
harvest last season, governments in so called ancenstral lands. After 40
poor countries have begun exploring years of independence, why should
export bans, subsidies and price con- we call fellow Kenyans foreigners
trols, among other measures to help in their own country? I think some-
the poor cope. thing must be very wrong with our
High food prices have been triggered society. We badly need to re-examine
by various factors, including dwindling ourselves and stop the country from
stocks and a continuing strong demand self-destruction.
for cereals, according to the latest Crop George Kegoro, Nyamira
Prospects and Food Situation report by
the Food and Agriculture Organisation Consider my request
(FAO). International wheat prices in I wish to apply for the magazine
January 2008 were 83 percent higher because I am very much interested
than a year earlier, said Liliana Balbi, in organic farming. I am a small- Chemicals are harmful to humans and
senior economist at FAO. scale farmer in Nakuru district. I will the environment. (TOF)
According to the FAO, there a several appreciate if you consider me. avoid synthetic fertilizers by the end
factors behind the crisis: More intense Z. Maina, P.O Box 3863, Nakuru of March this year. I would be glad
weather events as result of climate to receive a copy of plant extracts
change, the global economic crisis, fuel
Magazine for training special. This will serve as a plant
prices and the pressures brought on I am an agricultural extension worker.
I have read a number of TOF maga- extract production manual for the
by biofuel. This is fuel produced from various pest and diseases encountered
sugarcane, maize, wheat and a variety zines and found them very useful in
on the farm. I never thought synthetic
of other crops. my work with farmers. I am kindly
pesticides could be avoided.
requesting you to be sending a copy
Example of Swaziland J. Mithamo P.O. Box 901 Kerugoya
every month.
Forty percent of the population of Swa- Cheruiyot K S., P.O Box 1236, Kitale
ziland is in acute danger of starvation.
A long dry period has led to one of Share the knowledge
the poorest maize harvests ever. At the First I want to commend you an
same time, the Government of Swazi- excellent magazine. I happened to
land has decided to make land avail- have received your Nr. 20 2007 copy
able to a private enterprise to cultivate through the Diocese of Nakuru. I
cassava for biofuel production. This have a group of 20 farmers promoting
example clearly illustrates the dilemma the upgrading of dairy cows and your
faced by many developing countries in magazine will assist us in sharing
their struggle to achieve food security ideas with other farmers. M. K Yego,
for their populations. (FAO) P.O Box 2 - 20209, Fort Ternan
Nr. 34 March 2008
The best way to plant tomatoes Tamarillo What is the right
spacing, economic span and productiv-
ity per tree of tree tomato or tamarillo?
What are the right measurements for Anne, Nanyuki, 0725 210160
planting tomatoes? Carl J. Michael, It depends on soil fertility and the
Kapenguria. location of your farm. The trees are
The right spacing for planting toma- planted 2.5-3 m apart in paired rows
toes depends on the type of tomatoes 2.5 m apart with 4.25 m between each
being grown. There are three types of pair. If the soil is very rich, a spacing
tomatoes, determinate, semi-determi- of 2.75 m is allowed between the rows
nate and indeterminate. and 5 m between the pairs. Closer
Determinate varieties planting is recommended in windy,
This type of plants grow to about 3 feet unprotected locations, for instance 1.5-
high and produce medium size fruit. 1.8 m between the plants and 2.5-3 m
They are easy to manage and thus allows for better aeration and less between the rows. The trees may be
can be grown slightly closer together. humidity build up, which discourage staked to prevent swaying and disturb-
They are still best staked (mostly salad pest and fungal diseases. ing the roots.
types) to avoid touching the ground Semi-determinate varieties. The tree usually begins to bear fruits
and also to allow good aeration. These when 1 to 2 years old and continues
As the name implies, these varieties to be productive for 5 to 6 years. If it is
can be spaced at 2.5 feet. The fruits on
are taller than the determinate type adequately nourished, it may keep on
determinate plants all ripen around
and not as tall as the indeterminate fruiting for 11 to 12 years. On average,
the same time. In this category we
variety. Their spacing is best done at each tree is expected to yield 15-20 of
also have the cal J types that are more
around 3 feet. fruit annually. TOF
hardy and do not require staking.
It is important to remember that toma-
These tomatoes are mainly for pro-
cessing and grow best on a bedding
toes are very fragile and extremely
difficult to grow organically. Thus, all
Credit I was once a poultry farmer
of dry mulching. They usually do and I still maintain a 50ft by 20ft and
precautions necessary must be taken well-cemented timber house. How can
better with wider transplant spacing,
to avoid loss of crop. Spacing at trans- I get credit and start afresh? Francis M
of approximately 3 feet.
plant is very important. Know your K., Nyeri, Tel. 0720 100 447
Indeterminate types variety well before planting. We are getting so many questions from
If tomatoes are of the indeterminate In my experience, some of the har- farmers in need of credit. Some even
type, they will continue to grow up to diest tomatoes are the little cherry apply to us directly. We do under-
a height of more than 7 feet. This type variety that grows wild around most stand this quest for finances since we
needs to be supported and grown on homesteads. These plants seem to be know that many farmers would like
stakes or up vines, strings or fences. fairly resistant to many problems that to improve their livelihood. That is the
They are also quite difficult to de- affect our hybrids. reason why we publish this magazine
sucker. The best way to grow them is In my recent visit to Switzerland, I to help farmers improve. We are a small
to form a structure and frame using was very impressed to see extremely organisation with no resources to offer
poles above the plants. As the plants successful tomatoes being grown in any form of credit. We know that there
grow, you should support them with a green house half way up the moun- are many SACCOs and micro-credit-
strings. The harvest of fruits should tains! It apparently became clear that organizations all over the country that
be from the lower trusses first as inde- the differences between the very cold can offer credit. If you get the loan,
terminate tomatoes ripen up the plant winter and warm summer allow for the ensure that you repay it in order to be
stem at different stages. As this is total eradication of pests and disease. considered for loans in future. TOF
done, the lower leaves and trusses can They cannot affect consequent plant-
be removed and the supporting string
lowered allowing the tomato main
ings. We in Africa do not have such
big weather differences. Here, pest
Trees We have a tree planting project
in Turi and would like to do organic
stem to form a coil on the ground. This and disease cycles are continuous in farming. Do you organize seminars?
allows you to manage your plants many areas. Su Kahumbu Mary Tel. 0721 985324
w i t h o u t No Mary, we do not organize semi-
having to nars. The only way we can assist you
try harvest- is to give you the addresses of institu-
ing them on tions where you can get training in
a ladder. Due organic farming and tree planting.
to the vigo- - Baraka Agricultural College P.O. Box
rous growth 52, Molo, Tel. 051 721 091, 0725 777 421
of this type e-mail: baraka@sustainableag.org
of tomatoes, - The Kenya Institute of Organic
it is advis- Farming, P.O. Box 34972-00100, Nairobi,
able that they Tel.067 524 66/ 25009, Tel.0733 799 072 ,
have good, 0733 817 240.
wide spacing. It would also be useful to get in
Spacing of contact The World Agro-Forestry
3.5 feet is Centre P.O.Box 30677-00100, Nairobi,
suitable. This Kenya, Tel. 020 722 4000
spacing also e-mail: relma@cgir.org TOF
Nr. 34 March 2008
Cowpeas: good food and fodder

Research done in South Africa estab- young ones), the ewes (female sheep) Training: Baraka Agricultural
lished the importance of cowpeas as a managed to gain weight at the rate of College is offering the following
high value fodder for animals. 36.6 g per day, which positively con- short courses on sustainable agri-
tributed to their health. These figures culture for interested farmers: Dairy
The Organic Farmer are an indication of the advantages of goat keeping: April 13-19, Process-
Our magazine has often highlighted using cowpeas as fodder. ing of bee products: April 20-26, ICT
cowpeas as important legumes for Cowpeas are a well-adapted and for rural development: May 4-10,
improving soil quality. All farmers reliable fodder crop in Southern Introduction to beekeeping: May 4-
know that cowpeas is nutritious food Africa as well as in Kenya. They 10, Poultry production: May 11-17,
for people. But do well in areas with Sustainable agriculture: May 18- 24,
they are not well- a marginal rainfall Introduction to beekeeping: May 25-
known as fodder (200-400mm) because 31, Mushroom-growing: June 8-14,
for animals; they can tolerate a dry Small-scale food processing: June
thats why a climate and are suit- 15-21, Bee multiplication and breed-
farmer asked able for a variety of ing: June 22-28. The Principal Baraka
us this ques- inter-cropping systems Agricultural College P.O. 52 Molo,
tion: Can I use since they are nitrogen Tel. 051 721 091, 0725 777 421. email:
cowpeas to feed fixing, thus improving baraka@sustainableag.org
my animals? soil quality. Training: I give training on EM tech-
Yes, indeed he Cowpeas grow on nology and would like it to reach
can; in the South- a wide range of soils potential organic farmers in the South
African farmers and are well-adapted Rift Valley. I promote this technol-
magazine, the to light. Well-drained ogy in the region by demonstration,
Farmers Weekly, sandy soils are ideal training and extension. Call Harrison
we found an for growth. On heavy K. Byegon Tel. 0722 938 423
interesting article fertile soils, they show
about cowpeas. a vigorous vegetative Strawberry seeds: I would like to
It shows that growth. For them to do grow strawberry. Where can I get
well, the land should seeds? Wellington Njeru Tel. 0720
cowpeas are one A flowering cowpeas plant
be prepared early. It 996 322
of the fodder
crops with a high nutritional value is advisable to plough immediately Breeding rabbits needed: I have
for animals. after harvesting the previous crop. more than 30 rabbits ready to be
The sheep gained weight Early planting is recommended pref- served. I am interested in buying
erably at the onset of the rains. Plant good quality males for breeding pur-
According to a research conducted
poses. I would prefer the following
by the Department of Agriculture at 2-3 seeds per hill and thin after emer-
breeds: New Zealand White, Califor-
Kwa Zulu Natal region (South Africa), gence to one seedling per hole. Seed-
nia White or Flemish Giant. Please
about 200 Merino sheep were allowed lings should be planted at a depth of
call me on Tel. 0733 719 377.
to graze on a 15 ha cowpea field for between 4 and 5 cm.
a period of 43 days. The cowpeas Usually grown for their leaves and Rabbits wanted: Godfrey Gichuhi,
produced 5.8 tons of dry matter per seeds, cowpeas are also nutritious the pioneer rabbit farmer has received
hectare. This study showed that food for people. Seeds can be cooked export orders for rabbits from China.
cowpeas had a high energy value and for soup, stew or boiled together with He would like to get in touch with all
it was easy for the sheep to digest. The maize. The leaves may be crushed rabbit farmers in the country to buy
crude protein value was especially and fried or boiled and sometimes rabbits for supply to the new market.
high at a time when the plants had dried and stored. Godfrey Gichuhi P.O. Box 137, Kara-
produced pods. The cowpeas were Cowpeas varieties tina Tel. 0720 406 195
found to have adequate calcium and Locally, there are four different variet- KVU 419: This variety has smaller
phosphorus. The leaves also exhib- ies: seed than both M66 and K80 and
ited high levels of iron, selenium, and Machakos 66 (M66): M66 is a dual produces more grains than leaves .It
vitamins A, C and E. These minerals purpose type, reddish in colour and has a shorter growing period. It is
and vitamins contributed to the high good for intercropping. It is suitable recommended for planting in areas
performance of the animals, thanks to for higher altitudes of between 1200- below 1200 m above sea level and
coepeas. 1500 metres above sea level. It gives a receiving less than 200 mm of rainfall
The research further established yield of 5-7 bags of seed an acre. per season.
that the dry sheep gained an average Katumani 80 (K80): K80 is a dual KVU 27-1: The variety has more veg-
of 115.8 g per day over the period of purpose variety which is erect, etable than grain. It does well in the
43 days. Lambs grew at an average improved and good for intercrop- same agro-ecological zones as Macha-
rate of 278.9g per day for the entire ping. It is recommended for drier kos 66.
duration of the experiment. Although areas below 1500 metres above sea Farmers can buy cowpeas seeds from
they were lactating (suckling the level. It produces 5-7 bags an acre. KARI and Kenya Seed Company.
Nr. 35 April 2008
Doubts about feed quality The devastating political violence in the

The composition of many dairy country at the beginning of the year
meals farmers are buying does not seems to be finally over; the situation is
meet the required standards. slowly going back to normal, after the
government at last agreed to share power
The Organic Farmer with the opposition. It is our hope that
In the last few months we have been the two sides will keep to the agreement
getting some letters from farmers to enable the government to focus more
complaining about the low quality of on national reconstruction and develop-
animal feeds (dairy meal) they were ment.
buying. That s why TOF decided to During the skirmishes, a lot of people
undertake some research of the avail- were displaced, houses and business
able feeds in the market. We bought premises burnt. This violence has left the
six samples of various types of feeds With this Infra-Red test machine, experts poor people even poorer. The only way
in different agrovet shops, from each at KARI Naivasha can test feed quality. they can regain their livelihoods is to get
feed we took kg for analysis. We and has modern facilities to test all compensation or be resettled either in
gave each sample a code number (DM kinds of feeds. their original homes or elsewhere to start
rebuilding their shattered lives.
1 to DM 6) and sent them to KARI Big differences
Naivasha; for each of the samples we Kenya has thousands of square kilome-
According to the results we got from tres of land owned by the rich including
paid Ksh 1,000 as laboratory fee. KARI Naivasha we have to state:
Naivasha is the National Animal Hus- the past and present ruling class, most of
Some samples contain too much which was illegally acquired and is still
bandry Research Centre. This institu- fibre which the dairy cows are getting unused to date. Up to now we are yet to
tion is specialized on animal nutrition anyway through the fodder the farmer hear one of the big landowners say this:
is provided on the farm. Okay, as a sign of solidarity with the
High fertilizers prices: Some samples do not have the landless, I now donate some of my land
to them, or I will sell a part of my land
Are there options? required amount of the nutrients they
should have. to the Government at a fair price for the
Some feed manufacturers after resettlement of the displaced. One of
The Organic Farmer the issues that has fuelled the conflict in
failing to get required raw materi-
Many farmers are desperate because als for feed formulation simply add
January and February is the unjust dis-
of the current hike in the prices of tribution of land, especially if we take into
normal fodder to the feed, a reason consideration the high population growth
fertilizer. A 50 kg bag of DAP is why many feeds have a high crude witnessed in Kenya.
now selling at Ksh 3800 per bag, fibre content. This is mainly done for
an amount most of the small-scale the feed to attain the required weight, Consequently thus, a total overhaul of
farmers cannot afford. In the last few but this is a loss to the farmer.
the countrys land policy cannot wait any
weeks we have had at least 5 calls longer, if we are to avoid future conflicts
per day from farmers asking where Planting sufficient fodder of this nature with even more disastrous
We advise the farmers to do two consequences. On the contrary, reset-
they can get cheaper alternatives to tling the landless in forests is no solution
chemical fertilizers. Some of the ques- things:
1. If you buy dairy meal, go to well as this would be a step backwards. In
tions we got were: Are there organic the past, previous governments hived
fertilizers with the same immediate known and reputable companies.
off huge chunks of gazetted forest land
effect like DAP? Are there any other 2. Plant as much valuable fodder for and water catchments to undeserving
cheaper fertilizers that we can use to the dairy cows as possible: grass, individuals in order to solicit for votes
grow maize? legumes, fodder trees etc. This needs ahead of general elections. Consequently,
These are tricky questions. There is some planning, but at the end of the trees were cut down for timber, firewood,
a fundamental difference between the day, it pays off if the cows increase the charcoal production and the result is the
conventional farming with the use milk yield. See pages 3, 4 & 5 bare land now used for farming.
of DAP for instance, and the organic The result now is an environmental
way, where fertilizers such as DAP disaster in many parts of the country.
or Urea are not allowed in organic Rivers emanating from these forests have
farming. dried up are choked with silt while the
There is an organic alternative: rainfall patterns have changed. We can
TwinN. This is a selection of high reverse this environmental decline, at
yielding nitrogen fixing microbes for least to some extent, if urgent meas-
ures were taken to reclaim the grabbed
use as a soil improver in all crops. One land and ensure that genuine, landless
portion of TwinN costs Ksh 3500 and people are resettled elsewhere. It is only
is enough for 2.5 acres (1 ha); for the through proper and careful utilisation of
same size of land a farmers needs 3 Some feed manufacturers are cheating our resources that we can reduce poverty
bags of chemical fertilizer. See page 2. farmers with poor quality feeds. (TOF) and achieve sustainable development.
Nr. 35 April 2008
New organic soil improver Organic fertilizers
can cut costs
The Organic Farmer When sprayed, Building soil fertility through organic
the microbes can farming can save farmers the extra
There is a new organic soil condi- help the plants to cost of buying chemical fertilizers.
tioner in the market. TwinN is actu- produce nitrogen
ally a soil improver that can be used equivalent to three The Organic Farmer
in place of chemical nitrogen fertilizer bags of CAN or
such as CAN or Urea for top dressing Urea. Not many With the current high fertilizer prices,
of all types of crops (maize, beans, farmers can believe farmers who took our advice and
sukumawiki, cabbages, potatoes, fruit this. But according started building their soil fertil-
trees etc.) It is approved as organic to Gitau Macha- ity some years ago through organic
soil conditioner by the UK-based Soil ria, the Managing farming are happy now that they do
Association and by the International Director of Lachlan not have to buy fertilizer. Since they
Federation of Organic Agriculture Ltd., the company have used compost for several years
Movements (IFOAM). TwinN pro- selling TwinN, the now, they have already enriched their
vides the crops with all their nitrogen soil conditioner has soils to a level that can now support
requirements throughout the growing been tried in more the various crops they intend to grow.
period when applied only once, at the than 40,000 acres of This is the most important quality
usual time farmers apply CAN or land planted with of organic
Urea. different crops in compost;
In a tiny bottle, smaller than a various parts of unlike
matchbox, are microbes; they look like Kenya with very chemical
little white blocks. These microbes are good results. fertilizer,
frozen in dry form. They come back Unlike chemical compost
to life, as soon they are dissolved fertilizer, TwinN releases
in water, they are poured into the supplies nitrogen essential
bigger container that holds their food. in a form that plants can easily break nutrients
After standing for three to four hours down and use. In normal fertilizer needed
at room temperature it can be used application, a large percentage of by plants
immediately or kept in the refrigera- chemical fertilizer never ends up in slowly
tor for up to three months . the plant; this is because nitrogen fer- a n d
tilizers are prone to leaching or escape retains
back into the atmosphere as nitrogen s o m e
The Organic Farmer is an independent nutrients
magazine for the Kenya farming com- gas or nitrous oxide.
TwinN is available in packets enough to even after
munity. It promotes organic f e e d i n g Good compost needs some work:
farming and supports discus- spray 1, 5 and 10 hectares and can be
bought in the agrovet shops. The one for the plant. Charles Munyari turns compost.
sions on all aspects of sus- Chemical fertilizers on the other hand
tainable development. The 1 hectare (2 acres) costs Ksh 3500.
Interested? Contact the company Lachlan go directly into the roots of the plants
Organic Farmer is published without feeding the soil.
monthly by icipe and distrib- Kenya Ltd, P.O Box 494, Nairobi, 00100,
uted free to farmers. The reports of The Tel. 020 207 39 12/3/4 or 0722 209 474. Some little fertilizer helps
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect email. Lachlan@agriculture.co.ke Several times now, we have explained
the views of icipe. to farmers how to prepare good
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- compost. The best way to make
sion, a Swiss-based foun- compost is to mix the manure with
dation for the promotion of organic matter such as crop residue
sustainable development. or kitchen waste. If you add some
www.biovision.ch EM1, the organic matter decomposes
Publisher African Insect Science for Food fast, producing quality compost in a
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 period of three weeks.
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, For those farmers who are still
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, practising conventional farming, one
website: www.icipe.org way to cut costs is to use compost but
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner in this case add a small amount of
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia fertilizer over the compost heap and
Advisory Board Bernhard Loehr, icipe, mix it properly. This method has a
Nguya Maniania, icipe, Fritz Schulthess, double effect: It helps to decompose
icipe, Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, the organic matter fast and second,
Joseph Mureithi, Deputy Director, KARI the chemical fertilizer goes to the
Address The Organic Farmer roots of the plant immediately, the
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA compost releases the nutrients slowly
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98 into the soil in this way feeding the
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, In this tiny bottle, smaller than a match plants. Farmers can buy small quanti-
www.organicfarmermagazine.org box are the microbes (white cubes). The ties of chemical fertilizer although it
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 bigger bottle contains the microbe food. is not organic.
Nr. 35 April 2008
You need more milk? Feed the cows well!
Many farmers do not take dairy cows deficiency in the animal diet is a big
keeping as a serious business.They problem among small-scale farmers.
thus do not feed their animals well. We are always trying to train them
to ensure that they supplement the
The Organic Farmer forage diet with legumes which are
A short while ago, farmer Joseph a good source of proteins, he says.
Macharia from Karatina sent us a Lack of protein in the animal diet
letter. I have a Friesian cow. I know results in poor growth, reduced milk
that in Europe cows of this type production, loss of weight and late
produce 25 to 30 litres milk a day. I maturity.
hardly get 9 litres of milk from my Good protein sources include
cow. What is wrong with my cow? legumes such as Lucerne, white clover,
he asks. and bean straw. Fodder trees such as
We would say that there is nothing calliandra, sesbania and leucaenia are
wrong with Macharias cow. Like good source of protein for animals.
many other farmers in the country, Farmers should dry calliandra before
Macharia does not feed his animal feeding the animals as it causes the
well. In other words, the cow is not milk to smell when given fresh to the
well-nourished to be able to produce animals. Research has shown that 3
an appropriate amount of milk. kg of tree fodder and other legumes
Proper feeding of dairy cows is the such as sweet potato vines give the
greatest challenge facing most of the same milk yield as 1 kg of dairy meal.
small-scale farmers in Kenya today. A cow should also be provided with
They do not know what it takes to mineral licks. Some of the minerals
maintain a dairy cow so that it gives present in the licks are calcium and
the desired quantity of milk, says phosphorus which are very important
Dr. John Kariuki, an animal nutri- to animals when given in the right
tionist and the Centre Director at the proportion. Pregnant cows especially
National Animal Husbandry Research require adequate amounts minerals to
Fresh grass is good for cows help in bone and tissue development
Centre, KARI Naivasha. Dr. Kariuki
says that most farmers do not feed A dairy cow requires a basic diet. of the calf. Never give cows the ordi-
enough fodder to the animals, and Basic diet consists of pasture grasses nary table salt as it has none of these
if they do, it is often not of the right and fodder (see box on page 5). A minerals! Dr. Kariuki says that more
quality. mature Friesean cow weighing about than 80% of locally made mineral
450 kg will consume about 80 to 100 licks are of poor quality. Farmers have
Feed requirements to be careful when purchasing these
kg of fresh green roughage a day. The
An experienced farmer ensures that licks.
fodder contains roughage which pro-
their animals have the right feed and
vides the animal with its daily energy Filling the cows stomach
in the right proportion. A balanced
requirements for body maintenance, For dairy cows, goats or sheep, rough-
diet will keep an animal healthy and
milk production, growth, weight gain age forms the bulk component of the
productive. There is a direct link
and reproduction. An animal can get animals daily ration. The expected
between the quantity and composi-
extra energy sources from mollases, daily consumption of roughage will
tion of the feed and the health status
maize and wheat germ. depend on the quality of the rough-
of the animals. And there is a direct
link between proper feeding and milk Protein in feeds age, the size of the animal , level of
production. A cow without good and In addition to this, a dairy animal milk production , quantity of supple-
balanced fodder will never give the requires adequate protein in the diet ments given and dry matter content
farmer a good milk yield. It is impor- to help microorganisms in the rumen of the feed material. The cow needs
tant that dairy cows get suitable feed (stomach) to convert the roughage enough basic diet (rhoughage) to fill
in sufficient quantities. into nutrients. Dr. Kariuki says protein the stomach. Dr. Kariuki says that
Continued on page 4
Total mixed rations (TMR) for a dairy cow.
Milk Live Maize Lucerne Napier Rhodes Concentrates Total Forage Calculated
yield body silage Hay Fresh Grass Dry Concentrate Cost per kg
target weight Matter Ratio of milk
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (Kg) (kg) (kg) Intake(kg) (Kg)
30-35 600 14 3 3 2 15.2 21.3 1: 1.5 8
20-25 550 14 3 3 2 10.4 16.8 1: 1.1 15.9
10-15 550 16 - 4 6 6 15.6 1: 1.5 15.9
For every 5 kg of milk produced above the target, add 0.5 of each individual ingredient.
Production system is semi-intensive. (Source: KARI, Naivasha).
Nr. 35 April 2008
from page 3: feed the cows Good planning, more income
supplementary feeds such as concen- Keeping dairy cows is first of all a
trates cannot replace basic diet. question of knowledge and planning.
In the dry season most of the Any serious farmers should be able
cows do not get enough fodder. Many to sit down and make a business
small-scale farmers try to balance the plan. They should be able to tell if the
deficit by feeding the animal with land available is big enough to keep
more dairy meal. Farmers become dis- the number of animals they wish to
appointed if the milk production does keep and if so, what type of fodder,
not increase. Most of them blame the legumes , or grasses can be planted.
animal feed companies for produc- They should ask themselves the fol-
ing poor quality feed or their cows. lowing questions: Cows need space for movement and
What they do not take into consider- Do I know how much each animal access to clean water (see photo below).
ation is the fact that without a prop- will require in a day? can make good profits from milk
erly filled stomach, even the correct Do I have enough to feed the animals since the demand for milk and price
portion of the best quality dairy meal during the dry season? are currently high and increasing,
cannot help the animal increase milk How will I conserve the excess Dr. Kairuki says. Most small-scale
production, says Dr. Kariuki. When fodder during the rainy season so that farmers know (or have at least heard
not given sufficient basic fodder, the I can feed it to the animals during the of) methods of feed conservation such
cow uses the dairy meal to maintain dry season? as silage, hay or use of polythene
its body and cannot increase milk Do I have have enough money to cubes. KARI has a lot of useful and
production. Very often, the farmers buy concentrates, mineral licks and well-done brochures about silage or
feed their animals with whatever feed drugs to keep the animals healthy in hay-production, which farmers caan
they can get, even rotten maize. order to produce adequate milk for buy. The Organic Farmer has featured
Feeding rotten maize to animals is sale? articles on how to make hay and
dangerous as such maize contains If farmers took time to ask them- silage (TOF issue No. 19 ). But very
aflatoxins. The aflatoxin ends up in selves these questions, then they can few farmers try out these methods.
the milk which is dangerous for the arrive at a good decision on whether It is so frustrating to see farmers
cows as well as for people who finally or not they are able to run a dairy ignore useful advice that can help
consume the milk. farm and make profit from their oper- improve their income and standard of
ations. living. adds Dr. Kariuki.
Well kept animals Water and licks Cows need space for movement
And one essential challenge they
are healthier should not forget: Dairy cows need
In organic farming feeding should
be mainly based on the fodder pro-
Disease causing germs and para- a lot of water. Water should be avail-
sites are present almost everywhere. duced on the farm itself. Furthermore,
able all day. Farmers do not give cows
organic dairy farming management
Animals have an immune system enough water. An exotic cow produc-
which is usually able to cope with demands that the animals have suf-
ing 30 litres milk will have to drinkficient freedom to move around and
these germs. The efficiency of the at least 60 litres of water in a day.
immune system will be disturbed if perform their natural behaviour. That
Milk production is very dependant is why landless animal husbandry,
animals are not properly fed or can on the amount of water drank by the
not practice their natural behaviour where animals do not have enough
animal, same with good mineral salts.space for movement and rest, is not
(free movement). In the dry season there is low mineral
Organic animal husbandry puts its permitted in organic farming. To keep
content in the dry grasses cows feed the cows in the boma day and night is
focus on improving the living condi- on. They therefore always require
tions of animals and on strengthening against the nature of the animal and
more salt licks in the dry season. affects the animals health and creates
their immune systems. Of course, if an
animal gets sick it must be treated. Dairy farming is business stress. We should never forget that a
Dr. John Kariuki (KARI Naivasha) dairy cow is an animal with its own
Prevention better than cure regrets that most farmers do not see needs. It is not just a milk-producing
Just as in plant health, organic animal dairy cattle farming machine!
husbandry puts the main emphasis as a serious busi-
on preventive measures in order to ness. For example,
keep animals healthy, rather than on we are often sur-
curative methods. This starts from prised to see a
keeping robust breeds rather than farmer investing a
high performing but very susceptible lot of money in a
ones. Next, the conditions in which the horticulture busi-
animals are kept should be optimal ness. If you look
ones. Sufficient space, light and air, at the same farm-
dry and clean bedding, frequent exer- ers animals, they
cise (e.g. grazing) and proper hygiene are neglected and
as well as the quality and quantity of do not even have
fodder is of crucial importance for the enough feed even
health of the animal. (TOF) if the farmers
know that they
Nr. 34 March 2008
Some feeds do not have any value for cows
After receiving many complaints from farmers about Husbandry Research Centre KARI, Naivasha. The results
the quality of dairy meal we got curious. This curiosity we obtained are shown on the table below. Unfortunately
generated in us some questions: Why are the farmers not we cannot mention the names of the manufacturers, oth-
happy with the feeds in the market? Are these farmers erwise we will face a chain of legal suits. Farmers inter-
only grumblers or do they have good reason to complain? ested in the full information can get in touch with TOF.
To find out, we went out and bought six samples of dairy We also tested concentrates for pigs and chicken; these
meal from agro-veterinary shops in Nakuru, Naivasha and results shall be published in another TOF-issue.
Thika and sent them for testing at the National Animal The Organic Farmer
Dry Crude Energy Crude

matter (%) protein (%) Kcal/kg (%) Fibre (%)
KARI-recommended
standards 90 % 15 18 % 12 % Less than 16 %
Prices at Sample
Agrovet shops Code
Ksh 1000/ 70 kg DM1 90.96 19.42 9.6 8.39
Ksh 1100/ 70 kg DM2 92.52 17.37 11.1 12.77
Ksh 1030/ 70 kg DM3 97.05 9.25 8.5 26.14
Ksh 300/ 20 kg DM4 95.63 4.05 5.3 29.07
Ksh 1200/ 70 kg DM5 94.55 11.09 14.5 7.03
Ksh 1030/ 70 kg DM6 96.74 11.19 10.6 16.43
These are the analysed feed samples from six feed manu- feed. The crude fibre content in DM3 and DM4 is too high
facturers in Kenya. Although the prices of the different and does not add any nutritional value to the concentrate
types of feeds given above is more or less the same, some since the animals already get crude fibre from the fodder
of the animal feed manufacturers make very poor quality provided on the farm. Source: The Organic Farmer
Feeding cows
Home-made concentrates? Quite a task! is not a Sundays walk
Many farmers want to know if they can protein, the right balance between It should be the target of each farmer
make their own concentrates at home. calcium and phosphorus etc. It should to produce as much fresh fodder of
They can, but it is a difficult task. One be done under the supervision of
high quality as possible on their own
has to mix the different ingredients an extension officer or at least an
and in the right proportion; otherwise shamba. Cows need not only a full
experienced farmer. Never use rotten
the results would be similar to those stomach, they grow healthier if they
materials such as maize (maozo) or
of a sick person taking various drugs are fed on a variety of foods. Before
affected wheat as both contain afla-
without matching them properly. That toxins. stocking, a farmer has to remember
means that In every case it is advisable to have that the economic benefits shall be
concentrates the concentrate tested. KARI Naiva- more if they only kept the number
need to have sha has modern testing equipment. It of animals that they can feed well. It
the correct takes 24 hours to analyse one sample is not only the amount of feed that
mixture of and it costs Ksh 1,000 per sample. matters, but also the quality of the
the ingredi- When you send a sample to KARI, available feed must be taken into
ents. They ensure that it is a well-mixed sample, consideration. If concentrates or
need to have around a 1/2 kg. Send to: KARI Naiva- supplements are used, they should
e n e r g y - sha, P.O.Box 25, Tel 050 504 82; Cell not contain growth promoters (for
boosters, 0722 336 589. instance hormones) and other syn-
thetic substances.
No authority to regulate feed manufacture Roughage
The increase in demand for milk has regulatory authority to control the The majority of the fodder should
encouraged many farmers to engage quality of these feeds is however the consist of roughages:
in dairy farming. Consequently many major problem. Pasture: Grasses (kikuyu, Rhodes, star
local companies have ventured into The Kenya Bureau of Standards grass)
the animal feed manufacturing busi- (Kebs) has not set standards that Fodders: Napier, green maize,
ness to cash in on the increasing animal feed manufacturers can sorghum, sweet potato vines, sesba-
demand for animal feeds. The sourc- follow. A bill to regulate the industry nia, callliandra, leucaena
ing of raw materials for the manufac- is however in the pipeline. Farmers in Legumes: Lucerne, desmodium,
turing of animal feed coupled with doubt about the quality of feeds that Hays: Rhodes, lucerne
lack of experience in animal feed they regularly use are advised to test Silage: Napier, maize, sorghum,
formulation is a big challenge to the the feeds from time to time at KARI, Straws: Wheat
new feed manufacturers. Lack of a Naivasha. Stalks: Maize, sorghum
Nr. 35 April 2008
farmers forum
I want to train farmers in organic farming
I work with the Ministry of Agricul- offer any kind of financial support. I
ture in Nandi district. I have great can get someone to train farmers and
interest in organic farming. I practice occasionally supervise the work. He
it on a very low level on my kitchen has done a course on organic farming.
garden and try to educate fellow Eliseba Lelei, P.O Box 180, Kapsabet
women to try it on their gardens. We
have a farm that we want to convert You have a good idea aimed at helping
to organic farming in order to create farmers, however the only way we can
awareness to the surrounding com- assist you is to provide you with addi-
munity, through training, visits and tional information to educate them on
demonstrations. I am writing to ask organic farming. We are a small organisa-
for more information on how I can go tion with limited resources, we are there-
about setting it up and the require- fore unable to offer any kind of financial
ments. I would also like to know if you support to farmers groups.
A hanging garden We can share experience I need to learn more
It is simple and labour free and attrac- We acknowledge the receipt of 30 I write to sincerely thank you for
tive to the eyes. Portable kitchen copies of TOF magazine for the putting me on the mailing list of
gardens can be erected around our month of January. We are grateful farmers who receive the TOF maga-
houses. Mobilizing local resources that you honoured our request in zine. I am happy to inform you that
such as top fertile soil, manure, December 2007 to have some more I am now more knowledgeable than
compost, empty sugar bags, gravel, copies. We have already distributed I was before reading the magazine.
small stones and empty Kasuku oil all the copies to farmers and they The magazine is indeed a blessing
tins with top and bottom sides open, are pleased by the amazing farmer to farmers. If it is possible, please
farmers are now able to grow veg- innovations and experiences in the send me special issues on the fol-
etables, organically for their kitchen field of organic farming. You will be lowing: Pests, diseases and deficien-
needs. Spinach, sukumawiki and receiving our Mbeere experience on cies in plants, plant extracts, ecologi-
tomatoes intercropped with pests dry land farming. cal methods for the control of pests
repellant plants can do well using and parasite infestations of plants,
this method. Peter Mbogo, P.O Box 202, KADI
Embu Tel. humans and animals. I would also
How to make it like to know the full address of KIOF.
Identify leveled sites around the TOF good for my school William Tiyoy, P.O Box 2540, Kitale
house where roof water falls into the I am an agricultural teacher in St.
Mukasa school. I have been reading Write to KIOF P.O. Box 34972, 00100
bags directly. Mix the top fertile soil
The Organic Farmer magazine from a Nairobi Tel.0733 799 072
well with well-prepared compost. At
the centre of an open bag, place the friend and have found it very useful More on poultry keeping
Kasuku tin upside down with an for teaching agriculture in school. Thank you for the good work you
open narrower bottom up. Fill the Please if possible, send us some are doing. Actually, the magazine has
Kasuku tin with stones .Around the copies. They will assist our students taught me a lot. I came across a copy
tin and inside the bag, carefully fill to improve in agriculture. of September 2007 from a distant
the mixed soil to the height of the C. W. Wamalwa, P.O Box 1123, friend and just wish that you include
tin. Slowly and gently pull up the Webuye me in the mailing list. I would be
tin to the level of the soil in the bag. very grateful if you consider me as
Fill the tin with stones and repeat the Saving on input costs I want to start poultry keeping and
same with soil. The upright stand- We have found your organic magazine zero grazing. Inform me on how to
ing bag is now full to the top. Pour very beneficial. Most farmers who construct the poultry house of 100
water gently on the stones and soil read TOF spend less in input costs in chicken layers and the requirement.
is made wet from top to the bottom. farming. To reach more farmers, we Irungu M Murimi, P.O Box 1713,
Using a sharpened stick the size of have decided to introduce one more Thika
your thumb, pierce well-spaced holes information desk in our division. We
all round the bag from top to bottom. therefore request for more copies.
Into these holes, gently plant your John Sprite, Nyasi Unit, P.O Box 1781,
vegetables and add water. A three Kitale
to six months sustainable kitchen
garden is ready. It requires less water, We require past issues
no cultivation and no labour. To scare I would like a copy of the plant
birds and chicken from eating leaves extracts special and all the past issues.
and fruits; slurry from cows, goats I sincerely like to thank you in for
and sheep can be applied on the open supplying me regularly. I hope you
top of the bag and outside. will continue sending the magazines.
J. G.Njoroge, 3N Africa, Sabasaba Mafuta Farm, P.O Box 79, Moiben
Nr. 35 April 2008
So many problems with tomatoes!
Rain. I have a problem with tomato bushy humid and hot conditions.
Allow for optimum aeration around
growing here in Kenana farm, Njoro.
I think thats because of heavy rains. your plants to avoid these condi-
Please assist. tions. Prune lower aging leaves from
Tomato plants do not like a lot of tomato bushes often, make sure to
water. Once established, tomato identify the spidermite problem early
plants can be watered twice a week and deal with it before it becomes
and preferably at the soil level, using a bigger problem. Plant hygiene is
jerry cans or drip irrigation. Sprin- important, mites can be spread on
klers splashing on plants also allow clothing, tools, and pets that are used
for the dispersal of pests and disease. on the plants or simply brush against
Our soils also harbour soil-borne dis- the plants.
eases that affect our tomatoes and can Bacterial wilt . I grow toma-
be spread by too much water. Tomato toes in a green house and they suffer Good mushrooms (above)
seedlings in particular do not like from bacterial wilt. Please help. Ogal False mushrooms or Coprinus (below).
to be crowded or narrow, and suffer Opiyo
from dampening off which is notice- Unfortunately bacterial wilt is soil
able when entire lines of seedlings borne and extremely difficult to
start to collapse. remove. It is advisable for you to rotate
Check with your agronomist to the growing in your greenhouse for
ensure you have the best suited the next three years before returning to
tomato variety for your area, and planting any of the same family type
i.e. potato, egg plant, pepper. Bacterial
ensure to provide the plants with a
wilt can be spread through infected Mushroom need
lot of nutritious compost during the
growing period. seedlings, contaminated machinery, great care to grow
contaminated water sources, infested
Spider mite . Help! I am facing soils taken with seedlings from field
I have grown mushrooms but they
wither immediately after germina-
a spider mite problem in tomatoes. to field.
Tel.0710 671 228 tion. What could be the problem? Tel.
To check for Bacterial wilt, slice
For spider mite problems, a good through the stem of the plant and sub- 0723 727 885
solution is to use an organic insec- merse the cut end in a glass of clear The problem with your mushrooms is
ticide like pyrethrum extract. Make water. If you see white liquid stream- not withering. Indeed what is growing
sure you spray early in the morning ing in strands into the water, then this in your substrate (growing medium)
or late evening to avoid killing ben- is confirmation of infection. is a fungus called coprinus. It starts
eficial insects. Spider mites love thick growing in place of mushrooms when
Su Kahumbu the substrate preparation process is
Protect your chicken against disease outbreak done in the wrong way. When making
How often should chicken be immun- gramme a poultry farmer can put the substrate you should make sure
ised? Tel.0728 426 351 in place. However, we can give you that it is well pasteurised (well boiled)
It is difficult to recommend a fixed information on a range of chicken for at least 6 hours to ensure that
vaccination programme for chicken diseases common in Kenya and the all the bacteria are destroyed. After
because different areas experience recommended vaccinations: pasteurisation, you should drain the
different levels of disease incidences. Marek: An vaccination against this water to ensure that the substrate is
The seriousness of a particular disease disease is administered at the hatchery not too wet. Ideally, the conditioning
and its status in an area will deter- before you take the chicks for rearing. of the substrate involves draining it
mine the type of vaccination pro- The vaccine is given only once. for a period of about 12- 24 hours in a
Newcastle: The vaccination is inter- room that is well sterilised to ensure
nasal drops applied to the eyes at 2 or no bacteria are reintroduced into the
3 weeks and repeated at 18 weeks and medium. When sure that you have
thereafter every 6 months. done all that is required, you can then
Fowl typhoid: The vaccination against introduce the spawn. The problem
fowl typhoid is given at 8 weeks and with your mushrooms is that they
later after 6 months. It administered were underpasteurised and in this
through drinking water or an injec- conditions the mushrooms cannot
tion in the birds muscle. One vaccina- grow. The fungus (see picture) takes
tion is adequate for entire life of the advantage to grow when the right
chickens. conditions for its growth are created.
Fowl pox: This is applied to the wings Before going into mushroom pro-
at 8 weeks in high risk areas (e.g. duction, it is important that farmers
Coast Province and Kisumu) and at 18 get training before starting, to reduce
weeks in less risky areas. any chances of failure. It appears that
Gumboro: It is dissolved into drink- most farmers have already gone into
ing water at the 4th and 14th day. mushroom production without ade-
Gumboro can be repeated whenever quate knowledge on production, pro-
there is a threat of re-infection. (TOF) cessing and even marketing. (TOF)
Nr. 35 April 2008
Farmers depend on each other

The consequences of the recent post- lost their valuable farm machinery Training: Jomo Kenyatta University
election violence are already being while others were forced to transfer of Agriculture and Technology has a
felt in the agricultural sector through- theirs to areas they felt were safe or training programme for farmers who
out the country. For the first time ever, at least not hostile to them. In the want to go into mushroom growing
many farmers are now coming to wheat and barley growing areas of as a business. 2008 training dates:
realise the interdependency between Molo, Nakuru and Narok thousands April 16-18, May 21-23, June 18-
themselves and other sectors that of acres of barley now remain unhar- 20, July 23-25, Aug 27-29, Sept 17-
support agriculture. Apart from the vested because most owners of farm 19, Oct 22-24, Nov 12-14, Dec.3-5.
harvest that was destroyed or stolen machinery withdrew them for secu- Course charges are Ksh 10,000 per
during the violence, many farmers rity purposes. participant. Call now for booking at;
JKUAT Enterprises Ltd. 067-52420.
Services interrupted 0736-524200. 0724-256696.
Easy access to all parts of of the e-mail: md@jkuates.jkaut.ac.ke
country ensures that cereals and other bm@jkuates.jkuat.ac.ke Ask for
food items move from food produc- P.K.Muchiri.
ing areas to those with food defiency
with ease. This helps to stabilise Sweet potato vines: Miritho Mirio
food prices and ensure availability Self-Help Group is selling sweet
of a variety of food items in all parts potatoe vine. The group has seven
of the country. The political violence varieties of sweet potatoes such as
has created so much fear and sus- orange-fleshed sweet potatoes with
picion that transporters are scared vitamin A from which various food
of going to particular parts of the products such as potato juice, baking
country, leading to food shortage in cakes, chapati, mandazi. Other food
these areas. Notably, it is not only the products that can be made from
machinery and transport that have these potato varieties include veg-
been affected by the violence. Many etable crisps, chips and sweet potato
businesses supporting the agricul- flour. We are selling each vine at the
tural sector such as the personnel price of Ksh 2.Farmers interested
GM maize offering valuable support to farmers in the vines can contact us. Call
such as veterinary services or artificial Alphaxard Kirathe Njoroge Tel. 0735
already in Kenya? insemination have all moved to areas 565 231.
There is a row on GM maize follow-
they consider safe. Cocks wanted: I am an indigenous
ing a report on the Sunday Nation
about genetically modified maize (GM Food security in danger poultry farmer and would like to
maize). According to the newspaper, One of the most important inputs improve my local breed of chickens.
the Pioneer seed company, has been is fertilizer. The sudden increase in I need a pure exotic Black Australorp
selling GM maize to local farmers fertilizer prices will also make it dif- and a yellow-skinned Rhode Island
without them being aware of the fact ficult for many farmers to afford it. red cocks. Please get in touch with
that it is GM maize. The newspa- With traders having taken advantage me if you have these breeds. Call
per founded its report on research of the political violence to hike fertil- Mbai Tel. 0724 920 184.
done by the Biodiversity Coalition izer prices, the Government should Amaranth for sale: I grow amaranth
(KBioC), a body that brings together have taken measures to import the for grain and value addition. At the
45 farmers groups, NGOs and civil commodity in time for the planting moment I have 500 kg of amaranth
society bodies. Their tests discovered season; but if we take into account flour containing 6-7 % oil, 7% squa-
traces of MON810, a genetically modi- the bureaucracy involved in the Gov- lene higher than the amounts found
fied maize variety owned and mar- ernment procurement process, this in other vegetable oils. It has a bal-
keted by Monsanto, and US-American means that the earliest farmers can anced composition of carbohydrates,
biotechnology company. expect to buy fertilizer at a subsidised fats and protein and is suitable for
A few days later, the Pioneer seed price from the National Cereals and people recovering from illness or
company denied the claim, saying that Produce Board (NCPB) is late May or those who are fasting. Tel. 0724 037
the alleged GM Maize had undergone June 2008, which will already be too 421.
trials locally and met the requirements late for planting. Amaranth for sale: I have 1400 kg of
set by the Government before they The general outlook in the agricul- amaranth grains for sale. Interested
released it to the farmers. Pioneer says tural sector for the year is not very buyers can call me on Tel. 0725 292
in the advertisements in local news- encouraging, and there is a possibil- 960.
papers that the maize is bred conven- ity of a looming food shortage. For
tionally and not genetically. At the farmers, the clashes should be a lesson Apple mango and Rose coco beans:
same time Pioneer concedes that there that they need to live in harmony I would like to buy apple mango
is no agricultural material that does with their neighbours as they need seedlings and 3 tonnes of Rose Coco
not contain some foreign genes in its each other to successfully accomplish beans. Sam Kinuthia Tel. 0727 000
genetic make-up. (TOF) their goals. Steven Abongo 235
About this booklet
This booklet is one in a set of field guides prepared by the International Insti-
tute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to increase the technical knowledge of exten-
sion agents and enhance the integration of plant protection and plant produc-
tion practices in farmers efforts to grow a healthy crop of cassava.The booklet
is based largely on the extension and farmer training experience of the regional
project Ecologically Sustainable Cassava Plant Protection (ESCaPP), 1993
1997. ESCaPP was executed by IITAs Plant Health Management Division
(PHMD), in collaboration with national agricultural research and extension sys-
tems in Bnin, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria, and funded by the Division of
Global and Interregional Programmes of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).
IITA is one of 16 nonprofit international agricultural research and training cen-
ters supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Re-
search (CGIAR).Their shared mission is the alleviation of hunger and poverty in
tropical developing countries by generating appropriate plant production and
protection technologies which benefit the poor and enhance agricultural pro-
duction while preserving the natural resource base. At IITA, PHMD is dedicated
to sustainable plant protection of primary food crops in Africa. The divisions
research philosophy is to identify and correct the ecological imbalances in agri-
cultural systems causing pest problems and to provide environmentally and
economically appropriate options for integrated pest management. (IPM)
Starting For more information contact:

The Director
IITA Plant Health Management Division
Biological Control Center for Africa
a 08 B.P. 0932
Cotonou, Republic of Bnin
Fax: (229) 35 05 56
Tel: (229) 35 01 88
Cassava Farm E-mail: IITA-benin@cgiar.org

Or visit IITAs website at: http://www.cgiar.org/iita
Braima James, John Yaninek, Ambe Tumanteh,

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
Norbert Maroya, Alfred Dixon, Rasaq Salawu, Joseph Kwarteng
Starting a Cassava Farm
IPM Field Guide for Extension Agents
Braima James
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plant Health Management Division,
Cotonou, Bnin
John Yaninek
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plant Health Management Division,
Cotonou, Bnin
Ambe Tumanteh
Institut de Recherche Agronomique et du Dveloppement, Ekona, Cameroon
Norbert Maroya
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bnin, Niaouli, Bnin
Rasaq Salawu
Ogun State Agricultural Development Project, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Alfred Dixon
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Crop Improvement Division, Ibadan,
Nigeria
Joseph A. Kwarteng
IITA 2000 Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Cape Coast,
ISBN 978-131-173-8 Cape Coast, Ghana
Printed in Nigeria by Wordsmithes Printers, Lagos
Contents
What are the objectives of this guide? ------------------------------------------- 4

Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
How do I select a good site for planting cassava? ------------------------------ 6

How do I improve the soil for planting cassava? ------------------------------- 8
How do I select the best cassava varieties to plant? -------------------------- 10

How do I select healthy cassava stem cuttings? ------------------------------- 12
How do I best plant cassava? ----------------------------------------------------- 16

Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
IPM Field Guide
What are the objectives of this Introduction

guide?
Cassava is one of the most common food
This field guide has been prepared to help you crops grown and consumed in many parts of
to: Africa. The crop grows well in various soil
types and ecologies. It can be planted alone or
select good sites for cassava farms,
in association with many other crops, like
improve soils for good cassava growth,
maize, groundnuts, vegetables, and rice. Grow-
select suitable cassava varieties for plant-
ing cassava is not very labor intensive and usu-
ing, and Figure 1:
ally requires 75125 person-days per hectare
select, prepare, and plant healthy cassava Assorted
from land preparation to harvesting. The stor-
stem cuttings. cassava products
age roots can be harvested 918 months after
planting. Under traditional farming practices,
one can expect between 8 and 15 tonnes of
storage roots per hectare of land planted only
with cassava. Even under harsh environmental
conditions cassava will provide some food
when other crops fail. In most places there is a
good market for cassava. The storage roots
can be processed into various food products
(Figures 1 and 2), and starch for domestic
consumption, local, and/or export markets.
Cassava leaves are nutritious vegetables (Fig- Figure 2:
ure 3). The leaves and storage roots can also Gari preparation
be used as animal feed. The stems can be sold
as planting material.
In order to grow a healthy crop of cassava

you will need to combine plant production
and plant protection practices. These include
site selection, soil improvement, variety and
planting material selection, and planting and
post-planting measures against weeds, pests,
and diseases. The companion field guides on
Weed Control in Cassava Farms, Pest Con- Figure 3:
trol in Cassava Farms, and Disease Control Good cassava leaf
in Cassava Farms cover specific details of harvest
weeds, pests and diseases.
4 5
IPM Field Guide
How do I select a good site for Look for an area with fertile soil: Fertile Table 1: Site description and history
planting cassava? soils usually have a dark color, for example,
dark red or dark brown.The dark color shows
Site description Pests, diseases, and weeds
Cassava grows best in areas with deep and
well-drained loamy soils, adequate rainfall, and
that the soil has a lot of organic matter. If the Vegetation cover Cassava pests in the locality
soil looks gray and sometimes contains green Scanty Cassava green mite
warm and moist climatic conditions. The fac-
or blue spots, it means that there is poor Dense natural fallow Cassava mealybug
tors which guide you to determine if an area
drainage and waterlogging. Do not grow cas- Dense improved fallow Variegated grasshopper
will be suitable for growing cassava include veg-
sava on soils that get waterlogged. Spiraling whitefly
etation cover, soil texture and fertility, topogra-
Soil texture Cassava root scale
phy of land, and the field history of the area. Look for an area with flat or gently slop-
Sandy Termites
ing land: The best farmland for cassava is flat
Look for an area with thick vegetation Loamy White scale insects
or gently sloping. Steep slopes are easily
cover: Sites with dense vegetation cover are Clayey Vertebrates
eroded and are therefore not very good areas
likely to have fertile soils. The dense vegetation for growing cassava.Valleys and depression ar- Other (specify)
shades the soil from direct sunlight, reduces eas are also not very suitable because they Soil fertility
the amount of moisture that is lost from the usually get waterlogged and do not allow cas- Poor Cassava diseases in the locality
soil through evaporation, and minimizes run-off sava roots to develop well. You may, however, Good Cassava mosaic disease
water which may otherwise cause soil erosion. plant early maturing cassava varieties on Cassava bacterial blight
The dense vegetation also drops a lot of leaves mounds or ridges in inland valleys during the Cassava anthracnose disease
Topography
which rot and add nutrients to the soil. In addi- dry season. Cassava bud necrosis
tion, decaying leaves encourage an increase in Flat Root rots
the number of earthworms and other small in- Know the history of the site: Information Hilly/steep slopes Leaf spots
vertebrates in the soil, which in turn help to such as how the land was previously used, and Other (specify)
Depression area
increase the air in the soil and make it better the types of weeds, diseases, and pests in the
for growing cassava. area, can help you in selecting a site for your Common weeds in the locality
Previous crop
cassava farm. Such information can help you Spear grass
Cassava
Look for an area with good soil texture: to avoid a site with problems or make good
Yam Bermuda grass
The best soil for growing cassava is deep, plans for plant protection.Table 1 can be used
Sweetpotato Guinea grass
loamy soil. Such soils are rich in nutrients, low to summarize the agronomic and cassava
Rice Feathery pennisetum
in gravel, hold water well, and are easy to work plant protection history of a site.
Maize Sedges
or till. The way to tell if the soil is loamy is to
Sorghum Siam weed
moisten a small amount of it and try to shape
Cowpea/legumes Giant sensitive weed
it into a ball (Figure 4). If you press the ball and
Other (specify) Wild poinsettia
it falls apart, then your soil is loamy. If it feels
Tridax
gritty and you are not able to shape the
Goat weed
moistened soil into a ball, then the soil is
Parasitic weeds
sandy. If you shape the soil into a ball, and the
Other (specify)
soil does not fall apart when pressed, then the
soil contains a lot of clay and is a clayey soil. For site description, tick (+) appropriate boxes.
For pests, diseases and weeds, indicate importance of the problem as:
Sandy and clayey soils are not the most suit- Figure 4: Testing soil texture by the feel + = not serious
able soils for growing cassava. method ++ = serious
+++ = very serious
6 7
IPM Field Guide
How do I improve the soil for Mulch cassava seedbeds: Mulching involves
planting cassava? covering the soil surface with plant materials.
Mulching improves the fertility of the soil, in-
If you do not select a good site for growing creases the ability of the soil to hold sufficient
cassava you may have to spend a lot of time and water for plant growth, and reduces erosion
materials to improve the soil. Cassava plants on and weed problems. Mulching cassava seed-
good soils grow vigorously and are able to beds is especially valuable when growing cas-
withstand some damage by pests and diseases. sava in dry areas and on slopes.
The following are examples of cultural prac-
Mulching requires very large amounts of plant
tices you can use to improve soil properties.
foliage. Dead plant foliage can be used as
Manure your farm: At land preparation, you dead mulch. Sources of good dead mulch
can add organic manure to the soil to increase are foliage from alley crops, leguminous plants,
soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and im- rice husk, coffee hull and general crop and
prove the ability of the soil to hold water. Or- weed residues. Avoid using weed residues
ganic manure can be in the form of green ma- containing weed seeds, rhizomes, stolons, or
nure or other dead plant or animal manure. In tubers as mulch because these can increase
green manuring, plant foliage (fresh leaves and weed problems on your farm. Straws of maize Figure 5: Cassava variety with late, Figure 6: Cassava variety with early, low, and
young green stems) is ploughed into the soil. and guinea grass (Figure 7) are bad mulch ma- high, and less branching habit much branching habit
Green manure improves soil properties as the terials because they take too long to rot and
foliage rots. Egusi melon and leguminous crops, use up soil nitrogen as they do so.
for example, groundnuts and beans, make You can grow plants as live mulches. For ex-
good green manure. Inorganic fertilizers can ample, egusi melon (a food crop) planted at
also be applied to increase soil fertility. For very close spacing on cassava seedbeds is a
example, in southeast Nigeria, the recom- good live mulch. Nonfood crops can also be
mended rate for NPK application is 400 kg. used as live mulches, but these are normally
per hectare of land. grown as improved fallow plants. For example,
Prepare suitable seedbeds: Cassava fields during fallow periods you can grow Mucuna
on hilly sites with steep slopes are frequently pruriens var. utilis on land you have selected for
eroded. The erosion will be severe if the leaf growing cassava in the next season (Figure 8).
canopy of cassava plants is not thick enough to Mucuna pruriens var. utilis is, however, a fire haz-
cover the ground against rain splashes. This ard in the dry season when its foliage dries.
happens in young cassava farms and if the vari- Plant cassava in association with other
eties have a tall and less branching habit (Figure crops: Appropriate intercrops improve soil
5). If you cannot avoid growing cassava on properties in a manner similar to live mulches.
steep slopes you can grow cassava varieties Crops that are commonly intercropped with
with early, low, and much branching habit (Fig- cassava are maize, rice, legumes, and veg-
ure 6) to cover the ground quickly and prop- etables. Legumes, for example, cowpea and Figure 7: Shoots of guinea grass, Figure 8: Live mulch of Mucuna on fallow land
erly against rain erosion. You can also make groundnuts, are a particularly good intercrop Panicum maximum
ridges across the slopes and mulch the ridges because these plants make and release nutri-
to reduce erosion. ents into the soil.
8 9
IPM Field Guide
How do I select the best Look for varieties that bulk early: Bulking
Tolerance to
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
cassava varieties to plant?
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
refers to the swelling of the storage roots as
Poor
CBB
they are filled with stored food. Varieties that
The best cassava varieties are those that are
bulk early are better able to offset losses in
liked by consumers, grow fast, give good yields,
storage root yield caused by weed competi-
store well in the soil and are tolerant to major
Tolerance to
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
tion, leaf-feeding pests, and disease than late
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
pests, and diseases.The particular variety cho-
CMD
maturing varieties.
sen by a farmer depends on her/his objectives
for planting the crop, and the factors looked Look for varieties with good ground
for in selecting cassava varieties usually in- storability: Ground storability is the ability
Tolerance to
clude the following.
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
of the mature cassava storage roots to stay in
Good
Good
Good
CGM
Poor
Table 2: Some features of common cassava varieties in West and Central Africa
the ground for a long time without getting
Expression of selected features

Look for varieties with high dry matter
spoiled. Good ground storability prolongs the
and good food quality: Cassava storage
Source: IITA, INRAB-Benin, MoFA-CSD Ghana, IRAD-Cameroon, and NRCRI-Nigeria

period over which the crop can be harvested.
roots consist mainly of water and dry matter.
suppression
This reduces the duration of postharvest
Moderate
The dry matter is mainly starch and a little bit
Weed
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
storage problems of fresh roots.
of fiber. The percentage of dry matter in the
roots determines the quantity and quality of Look for varieties that are tolerant to
the products obtained after the roots are weeds, pests, and diseases: Some cassava
storability
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Ground
processed. Cassava varieties whose storage varieties tolerate weeds, pests, and diseases
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
roots have 30% or more dry matter are said better than others. In selecting a variety to
to have high dry matter content. Such variet- grow, it is advisable to consider how well the
ies produce good quality products and are variety can compete with weeds, and resist
Cyanogenic
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
potential
profitable for growers and market women. pests and diseases. For example, if weeds are a
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
problem you can look for adapted varieties
Look for varieties with good mealiness:
which branch early, low, and often (Figure 6).
Mealiness refers to the cooking ability of cassava
Such varieties are able to develop a lot of
% dry matter
storage roots without processing. Mealy variet-
Moderate
branches and leaves quickly to shade the
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
ies are commonly called sweet cassava whilst
ground and prevent weeds from growing vig-
non-mealy varieties are called bitter cassava.
orously and becoming a problem.You can also
Bitter cassava requires processing before con-
= Cassava mosaic disease

= Cassava bacterial blight
find out if the variety has other features you
sumption and this is related to the total cyanide
= Cassava green mite

Moderate
potential
may want.
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Yield
content (referred to as cyanogenic potential,
CNP) in the storage roots. The higher the CNP Table 2 lists some features of cassava varieties
of a variety, the greater the need to process its commonly grown in West and Central Africa.
storage roots for safe consumption. If cassava Scientists and extension agents can prepare a
TMS 4(2)1425
Cameroon
leaves will be eaten, you can also consider the list similar to Table 2 for the cassava varieties
"Abasa fitaa"
TMS 30572
BEN 86052
RB 89509
Nigeria
cooking quality of the leaves. growing in the locality.
Variety
NR 8082
Ghana
"Afisiafi"
Benin
CMD
CGM
MS 6
8017
8034
IITA
CBB
10 11
IPM Field Guide
How do I select healthy cassava cassava bacterial blight, cassava anthracnose

stem cuttings? disease, and cassava bud necrosis.
The most common sources of cassava stem The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus mani-
planting material are farmers own farms. Oc- hoti, occurs on cassava leaves, shoot tips, peti-
casionally, cassava stem cuttings are sold at vil- oles, and stems. The mealybugs are covered
lage and town markets. Researchers and ex- with white waxy secretions. Cassava mealy-
tension agents sometimes provide their con- bug damage symptoms include shortened in-
tact farmers with cassava stem cuttings. Many ternode lengths, compression of terminal
cassava pests and diseases are stem-borne leaves together into bunchy tops (Figure 9),
and spread by distribution, sale, and planting of distortion of stem portions, defoliation, and
infested or diseased stem cuttings. By planting candlestick appearance of shoot tip. The in-
healthy stem cuttings, you can greatly reduce sects survive on cassava stems and leaves and
the spread and damage caused by these cas- are easily carried to new fields in this way.
sava pests and diseases. The following guide-
The cassava green mite, Mononychellus
lines will assist you to avoid unhealthy stem
tanajoa, occurs on the undersurfaces of young
cuttings and to select healthy planting material Figure 9: Cassava shoot tip with
leaves, green stems, and axilliary buds of cas- Figure 10: Cassava shoot tip with
for a healthy crop of cassava. bunchy top caused by cassava
sava. The mites appear as yellowish green small and narrow leaves caused by
Look for healthy cassava plants: Select specks to the naked eye. Mites survive on cas- mealybug cassava green mite
healthy cassava plants in the farm. Healthy cassava stems and leaves and are easily carried to
sava plants have robust stems and branches, new fields in this way. Cassava green mite
lush foliage, and minimal stem and leaf damage damage symptoms include yellow chlorotic
by pests and diseases. From each plant select leaf spots (like pin pricks) on the upper leaf
the middle brown-skinned portions of stems surfaces, narrowed and smaller leaves (Figure
as stem cuttings. These parts sprout and en- 10), candlestick appearance of the shoot tip,
sure plant vigor better than the top green and stunted cassava plants.
stem portions. Stem cuttings taken from the
The spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus,
top green portions of stems or extreme top
damages cassava by sucking sap from the leaves.
and bottom of stored stems are unsuitable.
Colonies of the insect occur on the under-
They will dehydrate quickly, produce un-
surfaces of cassava leaves and are covered with
healthy sprouts, and are easily damaged by
white waxy secretions similar to those of the
pests and diseases.
cassava mealybug. Spiraling whitefly eggs occur
Avoid plants with pests and diseases: In in spiral patterns of wax tracks, mostly on the
selecting cassava plants as sources of stem undersurfaces of leaves. Symptoms of whitefly
cuttings, you should avoid those infected with damage are black sooty mold on the upper leaf
these pests and diseases. The common stem- surfaces, petioles, and stems (Figure 11), and
borne cassava pests and diseases are cassava premature leaf fall of older leaves. The insects Figure 11: Cassava stem and leaves Figure 12: Cassava white scale on
mealybug, cassava green mite, spiraling white- survive on cassava leaves and stems and are blackened under attack by spiraling cassava stem
fly, white scale insect, cassava mosaic disease, easily carried to new fields in this way. whitefly
12 13
IPM Field Guide
The white scale, Aonidomytilus albus, covers Cassava anthracnose disease is caused by
cassava stem surfaces with conspicuous white a fungus which occurs on the surface of cas-
waxy secretions (Figure 12). The insect sucks sava stems.The disease damage symptoms are
sap from the stem and dehydrates it. Stem cankers (sores) on the stem and bases of
cuttings derived from affected stem portions leaf petioles (Figure 15). The disease reduces
normally do not sprout. The insects survive the sprouting ability of stem cuttings.
on cassava stems and leaf petioles and are eas-
ily carried to new fields in this way. Cassava bud necrosis is caused by a fungus
which grows on the surface of cassava stems
Cassava mosaic disease is caused by a vi- covering the axilliary buds or the eyes of
rus which occurs inside cassava stems. Symp- stem cuttings (Figure 16). The affected buds
toms of cassava mosaic disease damage are die, and the sprouting ability of stem cuttings
patches of normal green leaf color mixed with is reduced.
light green and yellow chlorotic areas in a
mosaic pattern (Figure 13). Generally, plants
with these symptoms should be avoided as
sources of stem planting material. However, Figure 13: Cassava plant with cassava Figure 14: Leaf blighting and wilting
the disease is very common in Africa and it is mosaic disease caused by cassava bacterial blight
sometimes difficult to find cassava plants that
are completely free from the disease.You can,
however, reduce cassava mosaic disease prob-
lems by selecting stem cuttings from cassava
stem branches and not from the main stems.
Stem cuttings from the branches are more
likely to sprout into disease-free plants than
stem cuttings from the main stems.
Cassava bacterial blight is caused by a bac-

terium which occurs inside cassava stems.The
disease damage symptoms are angular leaf
spots on the under leaf surfaces, leaf blighting p
and wilting (Figure 14), gum exudate on the
stems, and shoot tip die-back. Avoid selecting
stem cuttings from plants with these symp-
toms.
Figure 15: Cankers of cassava Figure 16: Fungal patch (arrow) of

anthracnose disease on stem bud necrosis disease
14 15
IPM Field Guide
How do I best plant cassava? (Figure 17), mounds (Figure 18), or ridges (Fig-
ure 19).
The important factors to consider when
planting cassava are time of year, land tillage However, if the loamy soil is shallow and cas-
methods, seedbed type and preparation, and sava is planted on the flat, the storage roots
preparation, handling, and planting mode of will quickly reach hard ground or rocks giving
stem cuttings. poor yields. In sandy soils, minimum tillage and
planting cassava on the flat are appropriate
Select suitable planting dates: You should because the soil is sufficiently loose to allow
try to plant cassava early, at the beginning of for faster drainage and normal storage root
the rainy season. This ensures healthy sprout- development. At sites where the sandy soil
ing and good crop establishment which helps gets waterlogged, it is however better to make
the plant to better withstand damage by dry ridges or mounds than to plant on the flat. In Figure 17:
season pests like the cassava green mite, cas- clayey and poorly drained soils, tillage and Planting
sava mealybug, and termites. Late planting at planting of cassava on mounds or ridges are cassava on
the end of wet season exposes the crop to also essential to limit the effects of waterlog- the flat
severe damage by these pests as the dry sea- ging.
son progresses. However, planting date rec-
ommendations should fit within local farming Prepare and handle stem cuttings prop-
calendars and farmers choice of crops to en- erly: When cutting up cassava stems into
hance their adoption. stem cuttings for planting, make sure each
cutting is at least 2025 cm long and has ab-
Use suitable land and seedbed prepara- out 58 nodes. You should handle cuttings
tion methods: In cassava cultivation, land is carefully during transportation to prevent
usually tilled to loosen up the soil, improve bruises and damage to the nodes. This can be
soil drainage, make it easy for roots to de- done by packing them on cushions of dry
velop, and promote healthier storage root de- leaves. Figure 18:
velopment. Mounds and ridges are commonly
Sometimes, when planting material is slightly Cassava growing
made to gather top soil material for cassava
infested with cassava green mites, cassava on mounds
root development, limit prolonged contact
between the storage roots and stagnant wa- mealybugs, and other stem-borne pests, the
ter, and protect storage roots from rodent stem cuttings can be treated by immersing
and bird pests. them in heated water for 510 minutes just
before planting. This treatment will kill pests
The soil texture at the site you select for cas- on the surface of the cuttings.You can prepare
sava cultivation will be an important factor in the heated water by mixing equal volumes of
determining the level of tillage and type of boiling and cold water. Alternatively, you can
seedbeds required for your cassava farm. In dip the stem cuttings into a dilute pesticide
deep loamy soils, tillage may be essential but it solution (for example, 1% Rogor solution) to
does not matter which seedbed type is kill stem-borne pests.You can also reduce the Figure 19:
adopted and cassava can be planted on the flat incidence of cassava anthracnose and other Cassava growing
on ridges
16 17
IPM Field Guide
stem-borne fungal diseases if a solution of

pesticide (for example, Dcis) and fungicide Summary
(for example, Benlate) is used. If pesticides are
to be used, you should consult the label for
guidelines on their application methods and To select a good site for a cassava farm, look for an area with dense vegetation
how to avoid personal and environmental haz- cover, good soil texture, fertile soils, and flat or gently sloping land; also examine the
ards associated with their use. field history to plan for plant protection measures.
Adopt suitable planting mode: In order Improve the soil by manuring, mulching, and intercropping to encourage cassava
to get the best sprouting and growth from plants to grow vigorously and offset damage by cassava diseases.
cassava stem cuttings, it is important to plant
them properly. Cassava stem cuttings may be To select good cassava varieties for planting, look for varieties with high dry matter,
planted vertically, at an angle, or horizontally. good mealiness, good ground storability and which are well adapted to your area;
When planted vertically, the storage roots the variety should also bulk early and be easy to process.
develop deeper in the soil, more closely to- To select healthy cassava stem cuttings, choose healthy cassava plants as sources of
gether, and are more difficult to harvest by planting materials; use stem cuttings taken from the middle, brown portions of the
pulling. Vertical planting is best in sandy soils. stem and free of stem-borne pests and diseases.
In such soils, plant stem cuttings vertically
with 2/3 of the length of the cutting below To prepare cassava stem cuttings for planting, cut each stem cutting to a length of
the soil. When planted horizontally, the stor- at least 2025 cm; use stem cuttings with about 58 nodes; treat stem cuttings
age roots develop more closely to the sur- slightly infested with stem-borne pests by immersing them in heated water for 5
face and are more likely to be exposed and 10 minutes, dipping them into a dilute pesticide solution, or by planting them hori-
attacked by rodent and birds. Also, in horizontally.
zontal planting several weak stems develop
from the stem cutting. Horizontal planting, To plant cassava stem cuttings properly consider the type of soil; prepare ridges
however, has the advantage of killing insect and mounds in areas where soil gets waterlogged; use minimum tillage in sandy soil;
and mite pests which occur on the surface of plant cassava stem cuttings vertically in sandy soil; plant cassava stem cuttings at an
stem cuttings. In loamy soil it is probably best angle in loamy soil; plant cassava stem cuttings 1 meter apart from each other in
to plant at an angle. sole cropping; and in cassava intercrops make sure there is enough space for the
plants.
The spacing between plants will depend on
whether you are growing cassava alone (sole
crop) or with other crops (intercropping). If
cassava is being grown alone, plant 1 meter
apart from each other. If cassava is being
grown as an intercrop, consider the branching
habit of both the cassava and the other crops
and make sure there is enough space for the
plants. You should also make sure there is
enough space for you to work between the
plants during weeding and other activities.
18 19
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the United Nations Development Programme and the Austrian government
which provided funds, and to the following institutions which provided materials, information and
services for the production of the set of cassava IPM field guides:
Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) in Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra,

Benue, Cross Rivers, Rivers, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, Kogi, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo, Osun,
Oyo, and Plateau State Governments, Nigeria
Centre dAction Rgionale pour le Dveloppement Rural (CARDER), Bnin
Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
Crop Services Department (CSD), Department of Agricultural Extension Services

(DAES), and Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Department (PPRSD), Minis-
try of Food and Agriculture, Ghana
Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
IITA Eastern and Southern African Regional Centre (ESARC), Uganda
Institut de Recherche Agronomique et du Dveloppement (IRAD), Cameroon
Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Bnin (INRAB), Bnin
National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria,
Rural Training Centre (RTC, Presbyterian Church) in Fonta and Kumba, Cameroon
Sasakawa Global 2000, Bnin
Service de Protection des Vgtaux et du Contrle Phytosanitaire (SPVC), Bnin
Southern African Root Crops Research network (SARRNET), Malawi
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
20
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Nr. 37 June 2008
Take care of that calf

Of all the domestic Many of our small-scale farmers now
find themselves in a very difficult situ-
animals, newly-born ation. Previously they could not afford
calves are the most to buy fertilizer during the planting
neglected by most season in March and April this year
farmers. They are because of the high cost of this item.
not only poorly fed They either planted their maize without
but most farmers fertilizer or used very little quanti-
do not house them ties that might not have been able to
properly. This neglect meet the nutritional requirements of
is to blame for the their crops. Many more opted to use
poor health of calves farmyard manure or compost in place
and even increased of fertilizer although they could not get
incidence of deaths enough quantities.
due to disease and The results of inadequate nourish-
poor nutrition. New ment is now evident in various crops.
research now shows Many of them are not as healthy as
that taking care of they should be. Unless measures are
calves and feeding taken to correct the nutritional defi-
them well enables them grow into quality forage are introduced at an ciencies, the yield from these crops is
healthy dairy cows whose milk pro- early stage, the development of the expected to be very poor at the end of
duction is higher than the average calfs stomach is better than when it the year. But all is not lost. At least, to
is fed on milk alone. Calves can even some extent, farmers can address the
dairy cow. It is a common belief among problem of nutritional deficiency by
farmers that a calf can only be fed be weaned at 10 weeks of age without
top dressing (foliar feeds) using plants
on milk. On the contrary, research compromising their health. (TOF) such as tithonia or comfrey, among
shows that when solids such as high Page 5: Calves need more than milk others. These plants contain important
nutrients which can boost growth and
Farmers and pastoralist misusing Furadan provide nutrients that the plants badly
need at this time. Plant teas and liquid
The increase in use of the poison of Kenya on the impact of the use of manures are easy to prepare, cheap and
Furadan by Kenyan farmers and pas- Furadan on birds and other wildlife work efficiently: Plants can take in
toralists poses a great threat to the in Kenya, the practice is rampant nutrients 20 times faster through the
countrys wildlife. This action will especially in the countrys major leaves than through the soil.
have severe consequences to the eco- national parks where there is a con- This problem has shown the conse-
system in the long term, wildlife constant human-wildlife conflict. quences of the fertilizer dependency
servationists have warned that farmers In these parks pastoralists, long and emphasizes the need for farmers
and pastoralists are also causing a used to killing lions with spears, have to build soil fertility through compost,
great damage to the countrys most found an easier way to contain the green manure (legumes) and crop rota-
lucrative source of income: wildlife- beasts by baiting carcasses of domes- tion. These long-term perspectives are
tourism. tic animals with Furadan. Apart from in fact the starting points in organic
The two groups use Furadan to killing the lions, all other animals in agriculture. Farmers, especially small-
kill lions, guinea fowl, rats and other the food chain such as hyenas, wild scale farmers, need to rethink over their
pests that pose threats to their crops dogs, vultures and other birds of prey traditional reliance on chemical ferti-
and animals. According to a study which come into contact with the poi- lizers. We do not believe that fertilizer
conducted by the National Museums soned carcasses also die. (TOF) prizes will come down soon at least
not to the same level as it was in 2007.
Hard work pays for Meru farmers Farming is becoming more and
more challenging. Food prices are
For many small-scale organic farmers produce and process a variety of rising. Some farmers may benefit from
in Kenya, it appears very difficult to products including herbs, spices, jam increased prices; but a large majori-
sell their produce locally, let alone and fruits, much of which they sell in ty of small scale farmers is not able
in the export market. Although the the export market. Meru Herbs has to produce enough food to feed their
potential exists, many shown that everything is possible. In families. They have to buy it. We know
do not know where this way they have contributed a lot that this is a difficult situation. We
to start. However, to rural development. See page 4 would encourage small-scale farmers
a group of farmers to become a bit more creative in order
from Meru has to increase production. By adopting
shown the way. sustainable agricultural methods, they
Meru Herbs will at least spend less in buying inputs
has managed to and still get good yields.
Nr. 37 June 2008
Your crops need the right nutrients
Farmers should be able to identify Nitrogen helps to promote the the leaves but the green colour of
missing nutrients in their crops and growth of plant leaves and shoots. It is the leaves darkens once the nitrogen
to correct these deficiencies. the most important nutrient for plant supply is increased.
growth and it forms part of the many Prevention: Build up organic matter
The Organic Farmer levels in the soil. Grow nitrogen fixing
Even for the most careful farmer, it green manures (legumes) or
is sometimes very difficult to know if use nitrogen-rich organic
their crops suffer from mineral defi- fertilizers. Excessive
ciencies or from diseases. The signs nitrogen on the other
for these two may be confusing. hand results in large leaves that are
However, through proper observation essential compounds such as very soft and which are prone to
a farmer can tell whether a plant is proteins and chlorophyll; chlorophyll insect attacks, fungal infections and
either lacking a particular nutrient or gives plants their green colour and other disease-causing agents. Exces-
is attacked by a disease. plays an essential role in manufactur- sive nitrogen supply increases the
A lot of problems could be avoided if ing food for the plant from sunlight growing period of cereals and delays
our plants would grow in a healthy soil and carbon dioxide. maturity. In root crops, too much
rich in organic matter. Organic matter Nitrogen deficiency symptoms: A nitrogen results in large leaves and
is provided by dead or living plants low supply results in yellowing of small tubers.
and animal residues. It is a major
source of plant nutrients such as nitro- Phosphorus is the second most just three weeks of growth. Lack of
gen, phosphorus and sulphur. Organic important nutrient that is mainly phosphorus at this stage may cause
matter protects the soil from erosion r e q u i r e d for t h e problems that are difficult to correct
and therefore loss of essential nutri- later in the season.
ents, it holds the soil together while Phosphorus deficiency
allowing free air and water movement. symptoms: Plants
The major source of organic material without adequate
are crop residues, weeds and animal phosphorus show
manures. Any soil with organic matter growth a n d stunted root systems, stunted leaves
of between 3.5 and 7 percent is good development of the plants shoots and stem, a dull greyish-green leaf
for plant growth. and roots, especially in early stages colour and purple colouration espe-
of growth. Young plants absorb phos- cially of the cereal leaves.
The Organic Farmer is an independent phorus rapidly and a crop like maize Prevention: Apply mijingu rock phos-
magazine for the Kenya farming com- has peak demand for phosphorus at phate or plant teas from tithonia.
munity. It promotes organic
farming and supports discus-
sions on all aspects of sus- Potassium is the third most ing water in the plants.
tainable development. The important nutrient in plant growth. Potassium deficiency symptoms:
Organic Farmer is published It helps manufacture plant food that When potassium is in short supply,
monthly by icipe and distrib- the plants become stunted; develop
uted free to farmers. The reports of The small leaves which
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect are pale in colour.
the views of icipe. The leaves dry pre-
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- maturely, first at the
sion, a Swiss-based foun- tips and then along the outer
dation for the promotion of promotes the edges. The fruits and seeds become
sustainable development. growth of shoots and roots. It also small in size and less in weight.
www.biovision.ch facilitates the movement of manufac- Prevention: Improve soil structure.
Publisher African Insect Science for Food tured plant food from the leaves to Use plant-based potash e.g. comfrey
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 the other parts of the plant. Potassium leaves or comfrey liquid. Add wood
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, strengthens the plant to resist diseases. ash to compost heap and apply to the
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, It is particularly important in regulat- soil.
website: www.icipe.org
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia
Trace elements include a
leaves, death of growing points and
even a change in the growing pat-
number of heavy metals like iron,
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 terns of the plant.
zinc, copper, molybdenum and two
Advisory Board Bernhard Loehr, icipe,
non-metals, boron and chlorine. These Field observation
Nguya Maniania, icipe, Fritz Schulthess,
are called trace elements because they Yield can often be reduced 10-30% by
icipe, Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige,
are needed in very small quantities. deficiencies of major nutrients before
Joseph Mureithi, Deputy Director, KARI
For example a maize crop yielding 6.3 any clear symptoms of deficiency are
Address The Organic Farmer
tonnes of total dry matter per hectare observed in the field. That is why
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA
removes only 70 grams of copper from farmers have to be sharp observ-
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590
the soil. However they are important ers. Field observations, calculations
e-mail: info@organickenya.com,
because plants lacking one of these and soil analysis can indicate nutrient
www.organicfarmermagazine.org
elements may show yellowing of the deficiencies.
Nr. 37 June 2008
Liquid manures are helpful and effective
As we have noted in the Editorial on page 1, farmers through the leaves than if they are applied through the
have varied ways of improving the growth of their crops soil. However, it is important to note that organic liquid
with liquid feeds. Although organic agriculture promotes feeds should never be used as an alternative to good soil
the principle of feeding the soil, there are times when a care and management.
liquid feed can be necessary in an organic shamba. Suit- We should not forget: These foliar feeds or top dressings
able liquid feeds are made from manures, plants, animal do not act like a chemical hammer! You have to spray 2 to
wastes and rock minerals. These are basically the same 3 times a week. The best practice is to spray early in the
materials that are used in feeding the soil, but in a differ- morning or late in the afternoon, when the good guys, the
ent form. Plants can absorb nutrients about 20 times faster predators of the pests, are not yet around.
Comfrey is a wonderful plant. It
sends down long tap roots, enabling it
Tithonia has a huge potential
to accumulate minerals in its leaves. It Most farmers know Tithonia with its to replenish soil fertility, whereby the
can be used as mulch or compost acti- yellow flowers. But many farmers see concentration of nutrients in tithonia is
vator. Comfrey leaves decay rapidly, the plant as a weed and as a menace highest in young plants and before the
releasing the goodness they contain, and would clear it from their farms plant flowers. Slashed young plants
enriching the soil in the process, and before the planting season. They can be incorporated into the soil, they
all these ele- are unaware of Tithonias potential can be added to the compost or they
ments are as an organi- can be used as
made avail- cal fertilizer to a high value tea
able to other enhance soil fer- fertilizer for top-
plants. Since tility. Tithonia dressing crops.
c o m f r e y can change the Recipe
leaves are rich lives of many Chop tithonia
in plant food, farmers: It con- leaves, stems
they are ideal tains 80 percent and flowers
for making more phos- Add water at
plant teas. phorus than a ratio of 1 part
The liquid is legumes, it has in four parts of
high in min- enough nitrogen water.
erals such as and potassium Let it stand in
potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron to promote crop a tightly covered
and phosphorus along with several growth. It adds nutrients and rou- container for at least 7 days.
vitamins. The leaves contain a lot of tinely doubles maize yield as at rates Use it within 5 days, diluting it with
protein. In general, it is an excellent used by farmers without the addition equal amounts of water
fertilizer for many plants, especially of fertilizer. Test the dilution at one plant and
for tomato, pepper, cucumber and Tithonias ability to decompose wait a day. If the plant shows signs of
potato plants. quickly makes it an excellent means scorching, add some more water.
Recipe
Dip 3 kg of comfrey leaves in 45 Liquid manure has many advantages
litres of water. In liquid manure, the dissolved nutri- the liquid manure. It should have the
Cover with a lid and let it stand. ents are usualy in a more concen- colour of weak tea.
Use undiluted after 4 weeks. trated form than in a similar volume 6. Try it out first on one plant. If you
of composted materials. Any manure see that in the follwing day that it has
Nettles is suitable for use. If manure is scarce, burned the leaves, it then needs to be
Nettles make a good general liquid one can use various plants (see on diluted to the ratio of 1:2 (to 1 part of
feed. Nettles are a little low on this page). To prepare liquid manure liquid manure add 2 parts of clean
phosphate, but supply magnesium, is the most efficient way of applying water).
sulphur, and iron. Young nettles nutrients and especially of manure, if 7. Spray the crop on the stem and at
contain the highest levels of major the quantities available are limited. the leaves.
nutrients. Recipe 8. Spray early in the morning or in the
Recipe 1. Put well ripe compost (a mixture late afternoon! Spray twice a week.
Put 1 kg of leaves in 10 litres of of manure and organic matter) in a
water. strong sack (10 kg of compost for one
Cover with drum of 100 litres).
a lid and let it 2. Tie the bag, fix it on a pole and
stand. suspend it in a drum with 100 litres of
Use after clean water (see illustration).
two weeks, 3. Leave the bag in the water for 15
diluted 1 part days, cover the drum.
nettle liquid 4. After three days and every other
in 10 parts day thereafter, stir the drum by lifting
water. the bag several times using the pole.
Add EM1 to 5. After 15 days, when the water has
improve it. turned blackish, remove the bag, sieve
Nr. 37 June 2008
Even small herbs generate good income
Meru Herbs Company has made a of its business through exports.
name for itself. It is a good example of The starting point for this success-
rural development. ful enterprise was the setting up of
the Nguuru Gakirwe Water Project
Felix Mbitu Murimi in the late 1980s in Tharaka district,
Meru, a little town on the North- a two-hour drive from Meru town. It
Eastern edge of Mount Kenya is very was financed by the Italian govern-
well known in many European coun- ment through the Catholic Diocese
tries and also in Japan through the of Meru at a cost of Ksh 45 million
products of Meru Herbs Company. and designed by local engineers. The
The company is in fact a farmers irrigation scheme, which covers 60
association with 430 members, which km, started with about 500 farming
manufactures various types of herbal families, which have now increased to
teas from carcade, lemon grass, cham- 1000 families.
omille, some varieties of fruit jams When the water started flowing to
and a very tasty sugo for cooking spa- their shambas, many farmers could
ghetti. All the herbs and fruits from not afford to pay the annual Ksh 200
these products are grown organically, water fee charged per year for main-
supplying an economically valuable tenance of the water system, says
niche market abroad. Meru Herbs Andrew Botta, the coordinator of he
operates through Fair Trade distribu- project. As they had no money, they
tion channels and generates 95 percent would pay with fruits or a chicken or
vegetables, which had to be sold to Woman sorting carcade, used for prepa-
raise money for the fee says Botta. ration of herbal tea (Photos MH)
This brought to us the idea of buying They therefore decided that all their
products from the farmers, process produce would be processed and
them and sell. This way, they would packed locally to create jobs for the
get some income, improve their food local population.
security and contribute to the devel-
opment of the project. Today, the 90 tonnes of carcade per year
farmers can afford to contribute Ksh Thats why they decided to concen-
2,000 per year for the maintenance of trate on the production of high value
the water system. herbs and fruits, which can be pro-
cessed using a simple processing
Niche market abroad system that enabled the local people
When Meru Herbs was started in to handle the factory production by
1991, the projects management team themselves. Today, about 2,300 fami-
made an important decision which lies in this semi-arid zone are involved
ensured its success as an income gen- in the activities of Meru Herbs. Their
erating enterprise: They realised that great advantage is the availability of
selling fresh produce was out of the water throughout the year and the
question since the road network was support from the sponsor, the Catho-
in poor condition and Nairobi, which lic Diocese, which facilitates the mar-
Workers at a tea-bag filling machine was the main market, was very far. keting and export of the products.
They began with carcade (Hibis-
Taxation is a big burden to Meru Herbs cus sabdarifla), a popular herbal tea
in West Africa, then they went into
Companies such as Meru which are not produced in to undergo the required chamomille and lemon grass produc-
Herbs do not get any Kenya. The glass contain- inspection by the Kenya tion and processing. In 2007, Meru
support from the Gov- ers, including transport Environmental Manage- Herbs bought 90 tonnes of carcade,
ernment, even though from Italy to Nairobi, cost ment Authority (NEMA). 6.5 tonnes of chamomille and 8 tonnes
it is a farmers associa- Ksh 770,105, for payment For the inspection, Meru of lemon grass from the farmers, and
tion whose main aim is to of duty and the clear- Herb had to pay Ksh transformed these mountains of herbs
uplift a wide section of the ing fees cost Ksh 459,648. 398,135. One year later into herbal teas; in the same period,
population from grinding For 500 kg filter paper they were told to pay a nearly 100,000 jars were filled with
poverty. They also contrib- for tea bags Meru Herbs further Ksh 30,000 to fruit jam. Meru Herbs has 43 perma-
ute a lot to rural develop- paid Ksh 678,101, and the finance the printing of the nent employees. During the harvest-
ment. To the contrary, they clearing fee plus taxes inspection report. But the ing and processing, they hire more
are treated like any other were Ksh 345,969. These big shocker is yet to come: than 50 casual labourers. The shelling,
company by the govern- taxes are a big burden to If the regional water board drying and selection of the plants is
ment. us, says Andrew Botta. makes good their threat done by hand; apart from the mills
The company is heavily Without these taxes we to start charging for the and one grinder, two tea-bags filling
taxed. They have to would have a higher profit use of the water for irriga- machines are used to prepare various
pay high taxes for the and could pay higher sala- tion, the Nguuru Gakirwe sizes of herbal teas. It is by far the
imported packaging ries and even pay more Water Project will have
Continued on page 6
materials. In January 2008 to the farmers for their to pay KSh 10,000 to the
Meru Herbs bought a con- produce. water board not per year,
tainer of glass Jars for Jam, In 2006, Meru Herbs had but daily! (TOF)
Nr. 37 June 2008
A healthy calf needs more than just milk
The common belief that calves can solids such as quality con-
only be fed with milk is wrong. Calves centrates and forage. Sweet
also need nutritious forage. potato vines have proved to
be the best forage for calves,
The Organic farmer,
as they are palatable and
Immediately a dairy cow produces a easy to digest. Sweet potato
calf, farmers tend to pay more atten- vines give a very high dry
tion to the cow, forgetting the calf. matter yield of up to 24.7
This is very wrong because the calf is tonnes per hectare. Their
the future dairy cow. Due to the high crude protein content ranges
demand for milk, both for domes- from 18 to 30 percent while
tic consumption and for sale, most the crude fibre-content is 15
farmers find it difficult to provide percent with a digestibility
their newly-born calves with adequate of 70 percent.
milk for healthy growth. Resultant of In a study she conducted
poor feeding, the calves are malnour- at KARI Naivasha, Kiragu
ished, weak and prone to diseases. says 7 calf groups consist-
Research now shows that apart ing of 5 female calves to
from providing adequate milk for determine growth perfor-
calf-feeding, farmers should maintain mance and 2 male calves
the health of their newly-born calves for study of rumen develop-
through appropriate supplementary ment were selected for an
feeding. The common belief that calves experiment. The scientists
can only be fed with milk is being tried to find out the effects
challenged by new research findings. of Napier grass and sweet potatoes azine, South Africa (January 5- 12 -
They show that calves fed with well- forages to the development of a calf. 2007). They explain that changes in the
balanced and nutritious supplements Apart from the milk which was fed at physical size of the rumen are affected
such as sweet potato vines and even 10 percent of their body weight, some by the animals diet. The rumen of a
feed concentrates, grow healthy and of the calves were fed with mixed calf fed only on milk or milk replace-
have a well-developed rumen (first Napier grass and sweet potato vines ment, they say, remains small even if
stomach of a cow). These calves are at various percentages over a period they are fed with increasing amounts
better of than those that are fed on of ten weeks. Other calves were fed of liquid feeds. While the abomasum
milk only. A heifer with a well-devel- on either sweet potato vines or Napier (the animals true stomach) will grow,
oped rumen will grow into a healthy grass alone. the rumen remains proportionally
dairy cow whose milk production A well developed rumen small. They argue that as long as the
is certainly higher than other dairy At the end of the experiment it was calf is fed only with liquid feed, growth
cows which were not taken well care found that although all the calves and development of the rumen wall
of when young. benefited from getting supplementa- and papillae (the towel-like lining of
tion from these two forages. Sweet the rumen) will be underdeveloped.
Sweet potato vines are good They note that calves fed with under-
Judith Kiragu, an animal nutritionist at potato vines had a higher protein
content than Napier grass. Dry matter developed rumens struggle to digest
National Animal Husbandry Centre, grains and forages after weaning, and
Naivasha, says that in the early stages intake for calves fed with sweet potato
vines was relatively higher than those in the process delaying their growth
of the growth of a calf, a farmer for between 2 to 4 weeks.
should be able to feed the calf well. fed with Napier grass. Sweet potatoes
were also easier to digest than Napier Prof. David Beever, another animal
He should provide it with sufficient nutritionist, says in the same maga-
milk and supplementing this with grass. Calves fed with sweet potatoes
had more weight than those that were zine that cows should last longer than
only fed with milk. But the most sig- two to three milking cycles before
Tips for good management being replaced. Good nutrition can
of calves nificant result of the study was that all
the calves had well-developed rumen increase the number of milking cycles
Calves should be well-housed. They per cow, says Beever. A common
should not be exposed to muddy con- at 10 weeks which meant that they
problem he has found with cow nutri-
ditions, wind or too much cold. could be weaned (stopped from being tion is rumen acidosis; this occurs
Ensure the calf do not suck milk fed with milk) and put on normal
through the nose. The milk can go when the pH-level of the animals
diet. The study shows that rumen stomach is low (a high acid level in
to the lungs and cause foreign body development is very rapid when the
pneumonia. Farmers are advised to the stomach). A cows rumen should
calves start receiving solid feeds such have a pH of 6.0 to 6.8. .
use nipples for feeding. as sweet potatoes.
Like other animals, calves should
Supplementary feeding The research above was conducted by Judith
be provided with adequate space for
movement. Prof. Jud Heinrich and Keith Lesmeis- Kiragu as part of her PhD thesis which will be
Dairy cows fed on low-energy and ter, two leading animal nutritionists published soon. It will be titled Effect of diet
high fibre ration have easier calving, from Penn state University (USA), on growth rate and historical development of
fewer cases of retained placenta and support these findings in an article ruminant stomach of early and late weaned
low milk fever incidences. published in the Farmers Weekly mag- Friesian calves.
Nr. 37 June 2008
farmers forum
Farmers should act on fake feeds
Your article about faked feeds was
really interesting. It seems that we
Carcade plant have a culture of cheating in Kenya.
from page 4: Meru Herbs It is all the same, in politics as in busi-
ness. Why cant farmers groups come
biggest employer in Meru and has a
together and send 2 or 3 samples of
very positive impact on poverty alle-
animal feeds to KARI Laboratories
viation in a famine-prone region.
in Naivasha, and have them tested.
The expenses for wages and pro-
They can easily tell if they are buying
duction went up from Ksh 1.9 million
the right feeds? It would costs each
in the year 2000 to KSh 7.1 million
farmer about Ksh 200, but this is
in 2007. Last year Meru Herbs had Quality control needed
money well spent. We farmers are
an income of Ksh 22.5 million and According to your April-issue about
not smart enough, thats why it is
expenses amounting to Ksh 19.7 feeds I asked myself: Do we not have
so easy to get cheated; it is the same
million. The net profit was Ksh 2.7 the Kenya Bureau of Standards which
with seeds or the chemicals we buy
Million. All net profits are re-invested should control all the products sold
in agrovet shops. If we were more
back into the two production facilities in our shops? If I steal Ksh1, 000 Shil-
serious in farming, we would share
in Meru. ling from my neighbour, they will put
our experience, and if we would act
Success with organic farming like-self confident people, it would me in the cells. But if a company is
A forward-jump step for Meru Herbs not be easy to be conned by these fake stealing the money from thousands of
was the decision to go organic. Organ- manufacturers. Someone should take farmers by selling fake feeds, nothing
ically grown products are highly action. happens. It is just business as usual.
valued and fetch a better price in John Kibet, Eldama Ravine Paul Otieno, Kericho
Europe and Japan. The buyers appre-
ciate the healthy character of these More on beekeeping It has enlightened us
products and are willing to pay more I would like to get a copy of TOF I came across this magazine through
for them. In 2002 Meru Herbs got magazine featuring fodder crops and a friend. Our group has 30 members
certification from the UK-based Soil also to be included in your mailing and has already been registered under
Association; it was quite expensive. list. I also would like to be assisted Koisegut Dairy Farmers Group. I
Solely, the renewal of the certificate with information on bee keeping. I found it necessary for it gives guid-
last year cost Ksh 243,492. In 2002, started beekeeping last year; unfortu- ance on access to specialized breeders.
43 farmers were certified as organic nately those who helped me were dis- Practising organic farming improves
farmers, in 2005 196 and 268 this year. placed. I must thank you for this mag- the soil, human and animals health. It
The farmers are free to convert azine. It is updating farmers with skills also teaches the minimal use of arti-
to organic or produce convention- and knowledge on modern farming ficial fertilizers thus reducing input
ally. But all products which are sold methods. Thank you cost. Peter Langat, Ainamoi Primary.
to Meru Herbs have to be organically Doris A Nyanjong, P.O Box 549, School, P.O Box 249, Olenguruone
produced. On the other parts of their Oyugis More on rabbits
shambas, farmers can produce con-
ventionally on condition that they
It will reduce poverty I have been a very keen reader of your
good magazine titled The Organic
I happened to come across The Organic
do not mix the two farming systems Farmer magazine and I found a lot of Farmer from a friend. I would be
and that they have some kind of buffer information which when put into prac- interested in keeping rabbits in my
zone between the organic and the con- tice, can help alleviate poverty among small farm. Could you advise me on
ventional part of the land. small-scale farmers across the country. how to take care of them? I would be
The story of Meru Herbs is a real I am very interested in improving the interested to know what they feed
success story. According to Andrew quality of my dairy cows as I have the and their sicknesses so that I can
Botta, there are various reasons problem of poor quality breeds. Please organize myself. I will soon be able
for this success: The farmers were put me on your mailing list. I dont to communicate with you via e-mail.
involved from the beginning; they want to lose the opportunity to read it Hammerton Kahindi, P.O Box 715,
were therefore highly motivated; they as it will improve my life and that of Kilifi Tel. 0733 544770.
had a ready market for their products other farmers in our village. Joseph K
within the production area without Chepkwony, P.O Box 149, Longisa
having to seek for markets far way
or relying on middlemen who would Training farmers
exploit them. Meru Herbs concen- We would like to be supplied with
trated on a special product that ben- 17 copies of The Organic Farmer. We
efited from the help of the Catho- are carrying out training of farmers
lic Diocese in search of an export in Kabuyefwe location with empha-
market for the product. But without sis on sustainable agriculture. Please
our hard working personnel, says consider including us in your mailing
Andrew Botta, we would not have list. Thomas Khaemba, P.O Box 127,
gone this far. Naitiri
Nr. 37 June 2008
Onions are tricky to grow Where is the CD

I have been planting red onions but shamba I rely mainly on the December you promised?
the yields are not so good. I have rainfall but I still do have small-scale In your magazine you promised a
started doubting that may be using the irrigation. Please send me informa- CD that was to be in the market by
wrong fertilizers, or I may be applying tion. I am a student who mainly relies December 2007. Can we know what
the fertilizers at the wrong time. In my on farming for my school upkeep. happened? Willis, Rafiki Self Help
Group Tel. 0727 555 541.
First I am very happy to hear that we
have some young farmers. Student You are right, we promised that the
farmers! Many people have asked me CD will be out in December 2007.
how agriculture can survive in Kenya You may have a look at it at our
as most of the youth go to the cities site www.infonet-biovision.org
leaving an ageing population to grow But it takes a lot of time
our countrys food. This sadly is the to put together all the Questions?
problem in all developing countries. information about crops,
So I am very proud to know that pests and diseases. The
this answer is directed to one of our outcome of this effort
youth. Congratulations and best of will be a wonderful
luck with your farming. source of information for
Onions are tricky. My first crop of farmers. We already have
onions was incredible, both white a test version of the CD
and red varieties. They were huge, and are happy to say that
and I still remember how shocked I it contains a wealth of Go to Infonet!
was to see the bulbs sitting above the information it contains.
ground! A final edition will be
ready soon and will be launched at
They do not like it cold
a big event end of August this year.
The subsequent crop we grew was
We kindly request your group to be
abysmal. So I was asking myself the
patient until then. (TOF)
same questions as you are asking.
Onions do not like cold wet weather
but they do need watering. Growing Tithonia does
them through the rainy season should
not be a problem unless you are in a the most suitable seeds for the area. not cause bitter taste
very cold area. Watering onions at a Lastly, if you are planting beans in the If you incorporate tithonia intensely
late stage will delay the maturation same area as your onions this could on a maize plot, the maize at maturity
process. Onions like healthy soils so be the problem. These two vegetables will taste bitter like tithonia. Is this
make sure the soil has a lot of well types do not like to grow together. We true? I have not tried it myself. If it
rotted compost. They do not like hard shall write more on companion plant- is so, how and why does it happen?
or stony soil. ing in the future. Mildred Tel. 0735 380 442
You can plant onions from seed With this answer we also give some
tips to Vincent Mbura, Box 39, Kebi- Wild sunflower, as it is called, is rich
transplanting when they are 5 inches
rigo Tel. 0724 501 790, who wanted to in nutrients for plants (see page 3). It
high and planting at 5 inch spacing in
know more about bulb onion growing. has a characteristic taste of bitterness,
the bed that has been prepared with
thats why farmers in Western Kenya
lots of well matured compost. Su Kahumbu
are using Tithonia-tea together with
Use enriched compost the leaves of other trees in fighting
You did not mention what you used Carrots also need termites. For it to release the nutrients,
to feed your onions on, or at what well- composited manure it has to decompose first. Tithonia
stage. Onions feed best through their Why is it not advisable to go organic in should not be grown together with
roots, as opposed to through their carrot production?Tel. 0711 387 128 any crop for purposes of releasing
leaves. Too much nitrogen as a fertil- I am assuming that this question is its nutrients to the other plants. It is
izer will create a lot of leaf growth but asking why we do not use manure one of the most popular shrubs in the
that is all. Onions like phosphorus world and is used as an organic fertil-
when planting carrots. Carrots do need
thus minjingu rock phosphate should izer for vegetable crops, either mixed
feeding and the best way to do this is
be used as your organic equivalent with compost or farmyard manure. It
to put well rotted compost in the soil can also be dug directly into the soil or
and incorporated into your compost.
It is also very important that you before you sow the seeds. If the previ- used as a plant tea. We have enquired
use healthy fresh onion seed. If you ous crop before planting the carrots from so many people and specialists
are not sure, find out what seed a suc- was beans, this is not necessary. Do in organic farming, but none of them
cessful onion farmer in your area may not add manure to soil when planting has heard other plants developing a
be using, or if this is not possible and carrots as manure is rich in nitrogen bitter taste when sprayed with tithonia
you can experiment with a few small thus will produce a lot of leafy growth teas. To the contrary, all were full of
packets of different varieties. You did and hairy root growth. Adding a little praise for this plant. If any farmer has
not mention what area you are in, wood ash to the soil when planting any other experiences about tithonia,
perhaps if you did, other farmers carrots will result in sweeter carrots please let us know. We would be grate-
could write in and tell us which are due to the potassium. Su Kahumbu ful to write about it. (TOF)
Nr. 37 June 2008
Our magazine is growing strong Investing

in agriculture
The Organic Farmer mag- Companies
2%
NGOs The latest World Develop-
azine which is published Individuals
1%
6%
ment Report advocates for

by ICIPE, is now three Colleges
7%
more investment in agriculture
years old. We started in CBOs
7%
in developing countries. The
April 2005 with a print report warns that the sector
run of 10,000 copies, then
Farmer Groups
must be placed at the center

42%
increased the number

Schools
of the development agenda if

1%
to 12,000 copies a few the goals of halving extreme

months later. By January poverty and hunger by 2015 are
this year we had to print to be realised.
16,000 TOFs to meet the Agriculture
Titled Agriculture for Devel-
increasing demand for
7%
opment, the report states that

the magazine by Kenyan Church Groups
25%
the agricultural and rural sectors
farmers. We will raise Youth Groups
1%
have suffered from neglect and
the circulation to 18,000
Women groups
under-investment over the past

1%
copies in August.
Farmer Groups Youth Groups Women groups Church Groups Agriculture Schools CBOs Colleges Individuals Companies NGOs
TOF mainly targets farmer groups, each copy is read by about 7 farmers 20 years. While 75 percent of the
Every month, we get TOF Copies Distribution 2008 (16,000 copies) worlds poor live in rural areas, a
around 25 applications from Kenyan Copies
mere 4 percent of official devel-
farmers groups. On average, we can
8000
7272
opment assistance goes to agri-

say, each issue of TOF is read by around
7000
6000 culture in developing countries.

100000 people. Who are the readers? 5000 In Sub-Saharan Africa, a region
Where do they work? And where do they 4000 heavily reliant on agriculture for
live? That is the reason why we have done 3000 2780
overall growth, public spend-
some analytical work on the distribution 2000 1737 1660
ing for agricultural activities is
of the magazine in the country (see graph- 1000
970 870
only 4 percent of total govern-
ics on the right). Apart from helping us in 0
168
11
ment spending, and the sector

future planning, this information is also
Central Coast Eastern Nairobi North Nyanza Rift Valley Western
Eastern
is still taxed at relatively high
interesting for our readers. By the way: community is important, a benefit to the
Provinces
rates. The World Bank Group is

Since one can read The Organic Farmer in small-scale farmers and a boost to sustain- advocating a new agriculture
the Internet (www.organicfarmermaga- able agriculture in Kenya and beyond. To for development agenda. The
zine.org), we are getting more and more subsidize on the ever rising costs of pro- bank agues: the growth of the
applications from Uganda, Tanzania, duction and especially distribution, we Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia, we also have have just launched an advertising section originating in agriculture is
contacts in Australia, Bangladesh, Mexico in the magazine. TOF is a medium and a about four times more effective
and even Guatemala. forum for people who want to sell prod- in reducing poverty than GDP
We are still convinced that the free ucts and services; they will find a large growth originating outside the
distribution of TOF within the farming scope of clients: The farmers. sector. (AP)
Small- scale farmers to get low-interest loans

The rising food prices have not only billion will provide credit to 2.5 million Agricultural Development to insure
alarmed the media worldwide. It is small-scale farmers (those with as little it against the risks of lending such as
also a wake-up call to all African coun- as I acre of land) and 15,000 members crop failure or defaulting by farmers.
tries. They have discovered that they in the agricultural value chain such as
Credit for farm inputs
should do more for the farmers to rural agricultural input shops, Agrovet
The loans to farmers will include farm
improve the continents food security. shops, wholesalers and importers of
inputs; organic farmers can use the
In Kenya it is the Alliance for a Green agricultural inputs, grain traders and
loan facility to buy organic fertilizer
Revolution in Africa (AGRA) which food processors. The objective of this
such as Mijingu rock phosphate, EM,
has taken the initiative to improve initiative is important and simple:
Neem-products or diatomite for use
agriculture. The AGRA has entered It will boost agricultural productiv-
to control pests and diseases, alter-
into a broad-based partnership with ity, create employment through the
natively, they can invest the money
one Kenyas fastest growing micro- involvement of the small agricultural
to buy more efficient low-technology
finance institution- the Equity Bank business players and improve the
farm implements.
to work with the International Fund whole of Kenyas agricultural sector.
The loans can also be used as cash
for Agriculture Development and the Conditions advances that will enable farmers to
Kenyan Ministry of Agriculture to The lending condition will be very meet urgent financial needs (school
help farmers with farm inputs. friendly to farmers: At 10 percent fees or medical bills). For the small
The initiative is aimed at boosting interest rate per year. Equity Bank agricultural businesses, these loans
agriculture through credit to small- will give out the loans with a cash are a welcome boosts to traders as it
scale farmers. The loan facility from guarantee fund of Ksh 30 million from allows them increase their working
Equity Bank, amounting to Ksh 3 AGRA and the International Fund for capital. (TOF)
Nr. 36 May 2008
Proper management increases potato yield

Lack of seeds and poor One of the biggest threats to potato
management of diseases is to production is the spread of bacte-
blame for the low potato yields. rial wilt. There are two reasons why
The Organic Farmer this dangerous disease is spreading
so fast. One of them is that farmers
Despite the increasing demand for do not practise crop rotation (see box
potatoes in the country, production below).
of this commodity is still low. At the The second reason for the decline
moment potato prices are at an all in potato yields is lack of clean seeds.
time high. This means that farmers Many farmers just take potatoes they
need to put more effort to increase harvested the previous season and
production. To increase the yields, use them as seed. If such potatoes trouble to find out if there are genuine
they have to adopt the right methods are affected, then the disease spreads seed producers in their area. Alterna-
of production including pest and to other parts of the farm previously tively, they can seek advice on where
disease control. not affected. Farmers should take the to buy potato seeds from agricultural
Controlling bacterial wilt extension officials or KARI stations
near them. To get good potato yields,
Bacterial wilt can be very destructive farmers should also be able to control
at the lower altitude, but it has spread other potato diseases such as Early
to all high altitude areas in Kenya. and Late blight.
This disease causes rapid wilting All about potatoes on page 4 & 5
and death of the entire plant without
any yellowing or spotting of leaves.
The pathogen is transmitted through Once more, we bring you additional
tuber seed into the soil. Also infested information on potato production. The
soil can be important source of the reason as to why we put so much empha-
disease. To a certain degree, crop rota- sis on potatoes is simple; they occupy an
tion can help to fight bacterial wilt. important place in Kenyas food security.
Potatoes should never be planted in Indeed, they are the second most impor-
the same field for two seasons. They tant crop in the country after maize. 2008
should be rotated with either maize is the International year of the potato
or beans but not any other crop in This potato plant is affected by bacterial - this should remind all farmers in the
the potato family such as tomatoes, wilt (Photo courtesy: Infonet) country to think more about this impor-
peppers or bananas. which grow on their own should be tant crop.
If a field is affected, do not plant uprooted, burned or buried. Although the overall annual potato
potatoes for several years. Farmers Check the potato shamba regularly, production has increased due to more
can plant maize, beans, cabbages or remove all infected plants and tubers land being put under production, the
sukumawiki which are not prone to with the surrounding soil and put yield per unit area has decreased due to
the disease. them in a 2 ft deep pit and cover with poor methods of potato management, lack
Potatoes should never be planted in of quality seeds and the spread of potato
clean soil, or burn them. bacterial wilt disease. Local farmers get an
low-lying or water-logged areas. Do not put diseased tubers in your average of 30 bags an acre, yet with good
Potatoes from the previous harvest compost heap. management, a farmer should be able to
harvest up to 120 bags per acre. Demand
Pineapple as an alternative Why are for potatoes is on the rise especially in the
Many young farmers are asking us urban areas where potato chips are the
about new ways to boost their income food prices rising? staple food for the urban population. A
from agriculture. They are eager to Food prices are on the increase world-
number of factories have also been set up
try new methods of farming and new wide: People have to dig deeper into to process various products from potatoes,
crops which can fetch a good price in their pockets to buy maize, rice and for both local and the export market.
the market. In this issue we answer wheat, the staple food in most coun-
What we are saying here makes eco-
some farmers: Read more on page 2 tries. The poor in cities who do not nomic sense. The increasing demand for
about a new crop, pineapples. (TOF) farm are especially affected. potatoes should be an opportunity for any
The reason is the increasing demand: smart farmer to produce more and sell it
Do you need TOF? Apart from human consumption, to boost their income. One way they can
Would you like to read/print your more and more cereals are being pro- do this is to adopt the right production
own copy of The Organic Farmer? cessed as animal feed or biofuels. On methods including the control of pests
Then go to our new website. page 6, we will explain what makes and diseases, as we write on pages 4 and
www.organicfarmermagazine.org food more expensive. (TOF) 5. Nobody is too old to learn new things!
Nr. 36 May 2008
Diversify by growing pineapples
Except for big companies, very few the fruit is larger and sweeter; with a is important. There are three parts of
local farmers grow pineapples, yet large core and less disease incidence. the plant that can be used as plant-
they can make good money from this Above an altitude of 1,750 metres ing material: the crowns (the leaves
fruit crop. the fruit is very acidic. o n top of the fruit), the suckers
Rainfall: Pineap- (shoots produced from the
Ben Kariuki, Thika ples can do well in stem leaf buds, and the
A farmer who grows a variety of areas with as little slips (shoots that grow
crops always finds himself with a as 750 mm of well- from the fruit stalk). If the
steady source of income. When the distributed rainfall. planting material arrives
price of one crop goes down, the They can also earlier than plant-
price of the other may remain stable be grown under ing time, stack them
or shoot up, therefore cushioning the irrigation. upside down and
farmer against loss of income. Pine- Soils: Soils must be cover with grass.
apples are one such crop. Farmers well-drained. The Spacing: When
growing pineapples are very few in crop does well on growing pineap-
the country. Most farmers do not an optimum pH ples under natural
know the value of this fruit crop, let of 4.5 to 5.5. Black rainfall conditions,
alone how to grow it. The price for cotton soil, low- a spacing of double
one piece ranges between Ksh 40 lying areas and red rows 60 cm apart,
and Ksh 80 depending on the size. In loams that are likely and 90 cm between the
Kenya, pineapples are grown com- to flood and should double rows is recom-
mercially in Thika. thus be avoided. mended. Plants should
Varieties: There are two main variet- Land preparation: be 30 cm apart in the
ies, wild and smooth cayenne. The land should be rows. One hectare (2.4
well prepared before acres) can hold about
Production requirements planting. Poor land 43,000 plants.
Pineapples grow well in all altitudes, preparation tends
from sea-level to an altitude of 1800 to reduce yields and The colour is impor-
metres above sea level (masl). But quality of the pine- tant
the fruit tends to differ in taste, size apples. Plough to a Pinapples are ready
and disease tolerance. At the coast, depth of 45 cm. When for harvest when
The Organic Farmer is an independent using hand labour, they snap off at the
magazine for the Kenya farming com- dig as deep as pos- bending of the fruit.
munity. It promotes organic sible using a forked Fresh fruits destined
farming and supports discus- jembe. After digging, for the local market
sions on all aspects of sus- the soil should be are plucked when
tainable development. The broken down further almost ripe.
Organic Farmer is published into a fine texture. Fruits can then be
monthly by icipe and distrib- Soil fertility: It is cool-stored for up to 4
uted free to farmers. The reports of The important to do a soil weeks (storage tempera-
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect analysis in order to deter- ture around 7C). Because of
the views of icipe. mine the soil nutrient level. their low sugar-content, pineapples
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- Crop rotation and land fallow: harvested too early are unpopular
sion, a Swiss-based foun- Farmers should leave the land fallow amongst consumers (unripe pineap-
dation for the promotion of for up to 6 months. Crop rotation is ples do not ripen after harvest). The
sustainable development. also important in order to eradicate colour of the skin is an important
www.biovision.ch root-knot nematodes which can cause criteria in determining the ripeness
Publisher African Insect Science for Food great damage and loss of pineapple of the fruit. Fruits destined for the
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 crop. European market are often classified
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, Mulching: Use of black polythene according to the extent to which an
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, paper of 150 gauge is recommended, orange-yellow colouring has spread
website: www.icipe.org this helps to maintain high soil tem- up from the base of the fruit:
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner perature, retain moisture and even - Ripeness-colour 1: Only the base is
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia control weeds. In areas with high orange-yellow.
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 temperature use of mulch may not be - Ripeness-colour 2: The orange-
Advisory Board Bernhard Loehr, icipe, necessary. Avoid use of grass mulch yellow colour covers half of the fruit.
Nguya Maniania, icipe, Fritz Schulthess, as it has been found to reduce yields. - Ripeness-colour 3: The orange-
icipe, Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Fertilizer application: Apply 5 to 10 yellow colour reaches three quarter
Joseph Mureithi, Deputy Director, KARI tonnes of manure before mulching; up the fruit.
Address The Organic Farmer - Ripeness-colour 4: The whole fruit
this helps to give high yields.
Planting: Planting should be done at is yellow.
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590
the beginning of the long rains. To get Only ripeness-colour 1 can be
a good crop with a uniform growth, exported.
www.organicfarmermagazine.org (Source: Infonet-BioVision)
selection of size of planting material
Nr. 36 May 2008
Use natural methods to control pests
The better you know the pests, months, but the pest is less likely to be
the easier it is to control them a problem.
effectively, the less the cost. Control Method: Chemical control
of DBM is becoming ineffective due
The Organic Farmer to development of resistance. Neem-
Many farmers use chemicals to based extracts give good control of
protect their crops. These chemicals DBM-They are also harmless to natural
are not only expensive but they also enemies of the pest and are non-toxic
kill beneficial insects and other organ- to warm blooded animals. Widespread
isms that play an important role in release of a parasitic wasp (Diadegma
the ecosystem. Besides, many pests Diamondback moth larvae feeding on semiclausum) that feed on the pest
kales (top), an adult moth (below) larvae has been carried by ICIPE in
have developed resistance to chemi-
cals used to control them; that means almost all farming areas of the country.
that they may not eradicate the pests The wasp stings the Diamondback
and diseases as desired. moth larvae, depositing an egg, which
One important practice in organic hatches into larvae that feed on the
farming is to try as much as possible internal organs of the moth, causing
to maintain the natural balance. In the death. Farmers are therefore advised
ecosystem each organism including not to use chemicals in DBM control as
pests has a particular role to play. A the chemicals tend to kill this impor-
few pests in a crop for example are tant natural enemy of DBM.
important because natural enemies Diamondback moth Thrips
which feed on these pests cannot Diamondback moth (DBM) is a dan-
survive if all the pests are eradi- gerous pest that attacks all plants in
cated. The natural enemies therefore the vegetable family. It has a diamond
manage to control pests biologically pattern on its back where it derives
often without the need for the farmer its name from. In hot climates the
to use chemicals. pest breeds up to 15 times in a year.
However, it is important that farmers The Diamondback Moth larvae causes
understand the various pests in order damage to the leaves. Newly-hatched
to control them effectively. The fol- larvae feed on the underside of the leaf
lowing are some of the major pests penetrating the epidermis and drill-
that farmers may encounter during ing holes as they feed. DBM infesta- Thrips (inset), damage on a tomato leaf
the rainy seasons. tions are more serious during cool dry Thrips attack onions, tomato, beans,
passion fruits and many other plants.
Aphids They prefer a warm climate and green-
houses in colder areas. Thrips usually
Aphids are a major pest in all farming to keep the aphids from spreading),
feed on the lower surface of the leaves.
systems. They usually feed by sucking since the natural enemies especially
Plant damage results from both larvae
the sap of a plant through the plant parasitic wasps and ladybird beetles
and adults puncturing the leaves
veins. All parts of a plant are vul- usually offer effective control.
and sucking the sap that comes out.
nerable to aphid infestation. If their
Affected leaves have silvery colour
numbers are high, they can even kill
with dark spots of waste matter from
the plant. They also transmit viral
the pest.
diseases as they move from plant to
When they are many, thrips cause
plant. Viral diseases of importance
premature wilting, retardation of leave
include potato leaf roll virus (PLRV),
development and distortion of young
potato X potexvirus (PVX), potato
shoots. Onion thrips transmit tomato
virus Y potyvirus (PVY) and potato
spotted wilt virus disease in both green
spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Aphids
houses and field-grown tomatoes,
often cause the leaves of the plant to
but their damage is more evident in
curl, lose colour or appear stunted.
on seedlings making it an important
Control method: Aphids are naturally nursery pest.
controlled by parasitic wasps, lady- Control measures: Ploughing and
bird beetles and lacewings among Cabbage aphid (top), ant feeding on black
harrowing can be useful in reducing
others. Intercropping cabbages with aphids (below). (Photos courtesy: Infonet)
subsequent thrips populations because
other crops such as spinach, beans it helps to kill thrips pupae in the
and grasses can help in the control soil. Overhead and surface irrigation
of aphids. Aphids can also be effec- has also been found to reduce thrips
tively controlled by extracts made population. Intercropping onion and
from pyrethrum. Neem oil and neem garlic helps decrease the level of
seed extracts have also given effective thrips infestation. Repeated use of
control to the aphid species. Early pyrethrum extracts can also control
detection and monitoring of initial thrips.
aphid build-up is important. Spraying
should only be done when the aphid
population is heavy (e.g. hot spots
Nr. 36 May 2008
A little more care boosts potato yields
Compared to the
demand potato pro-
duction is too low.
How can it be
improved?
The Organic Farmer
In Kenya, potatoes
are successfully
grown at altitudes Tigoni Asante Dutch Robyjn Roslin Tana
above 1500 m. They are tolerant to a Maize and legumes are recom- Fertilizer: Potatoes are heavy feeders.
wide variety of soils, except heavy, mended for crop rotation practices. Plow-under or incorporate available
waterlogged clays. Good drainage is Brassicas (or crops in the vegetable compost or organic manures in the
of great importance. Deep soils with family) such as cabbage, sukumawiki, soil before planting. This enhances
good water retention and aeration spinach, and mustard plants are bene- the water-holding capacity and pro-
offer best growth and yields. ficial if planted before the potato crop. vides enough nutrients for a healthy
Many farmers are complaining in This will reduce incidence of bacterial crop. Potatoes respond well to large
letters to TOF about bacterial wilt, wilt and nematodes. amounts of compost or well decom-
a devastating disease. When we ask posed animal manures. If you use fer-
them: Do you use the same site for Use disease free seeds
tilizer it is advised to ask for assistance
planting potatoes? The say: Yes. The lack of clean seeds remains a big
problem (see page 1). Try by all means from the local agriculturist office for
This is very wrong. The selection of soil sampling and soil analysis. In any
the right site is important: Potatoes to get disease-free seed or certified
seed tubers of about the size of a case avoid direct contact of the tubers
should NOT be grown in an area with the fertilizer as this may have a
where potatoes and other crops of the chicken egg. Sprouting tubers should
be placed in indirect sunlight to obtain burning effect on the tubers.
same family (tomatoes, capsicums,
egg plant bananas etc.) have been short and strong sprouts that will not Planting & Spacing: In regions with
grown in the previous year. They break easily during planting. a critical dry season, planting early in
should wait for at least three or four Land preparation: The land should be the rainy season is best. If the rainy
seasons (about 2 years). This delay is ploughed at least 20 cm deep or dug season is long and the rain exces-
necessary in reducing the level of soil by hands to a depth of 15 cm. The soil sive, it is advisable to plant towards
infestation by diseases once the soil should be well broken to avoid large the end of the rainy season. Plant-
has been contaminated, and to avoid clods and to allow soil aeration, and it ing potatoes during the period of
volunteers. (These are potatoes which should be weed-free. In murram and excess rainfall exposes the crop to
grow on their own and which usually poorly drained soils potatoes do not more diseases, which are very dif-
harbour various diseases and pests.) perform well. ficult to control. The spacing should
be 75 cm between the rows. Tubers
are placed in the furrows at a distance
Variety* Suitable growing areas Strengths Weaknesses of 30 cm from each other with the
High yielding, resis- side having more sprouts facing up.
Tigoni Kiambu,Nakuru, Uasin Sensitive to bacte-
tant to late blight, big Potatoes are planted at a depth of 5-
(30%) Gishu, Narok rial wilt
tubers 15 cm (measured from the top of the
Nyandarua, Nakuru, tuber). Shallow plantings should be
Nyayo Mbooni, Uasin Gishu, Sensitive to late avoided. Earthing-up or making hills
Early maturing, tasty (ridges) soon after emergence helps to
(25 %) Narok, Nyeri, Machakos, blight
Kathiani,Laikipia, Molo control weeds, prevents greening of
developing tubers as well as spores of
Tana
Low yields, late late blight fungus and the tuber moth
Kimande Nyandarua Big tubers, good price
maturing from reaching the tubers.
(7 %)
Weeding & Ridging: Weeds compete
Meru, Mt Elgon, with the potato crop for moisture,
high yielding, resis-
Asante, N ye r i , M b o o n i , N d e i ya , Not good for light, nutrients and space, thereby
tant to late blight, big
(6%) Machakos, Laikipia, Taita mashing reducing yields. Begin weeding after
tubers
Taveta the potatoes have germinated to avoid
Dutch uprooting the seed-tubers. Earth-up
Sensitive to late
Robyjn Mt Elgon, Bomet Storage, crisping along the rows as the potatoes grow.
blight
(5 %) The final ridge should be about 25
Kerrs Pink High price, early Sensitive to late cm high (see illustration on page 6).
Meru Weeding should be repeated. Well
(3%) maturing, tasty blight
covered tubers cannot be attacked by
Roslin Tana Low yields, sensi- the tuber moth (see page 5). Do not
Nyandarua, Nakuru Good for chips
(2 %) tive to late blight work when the soil is too wet since
*Estimated area harvested in %; the arrows indicate the trend in the area, you spread fungal diseases such as
means increasing, means declining trend. Source: Infonet Late blight.
Continued on page 6
Nr. 36 May 2008
These terrible blights!

Fungal diseases such as Early Use tolerant or resistant variet-
blight (Alternaria solani) and Late
ies (see table on page 4).
blight (Phytophthora infestans) are
Use plenty of compost or well
the major problems in potato pro- decomposed animal manures.
duction. Early blight is favoured Nitrogen and phosphorus defi-
by cool, cloudy, wet conditions ciency can increase susceptibility
and is more severe when plants to Early blight.
are stressed by poor nutrition, Destroy crop debris after harvest
drought or nematode attacks. as these may be contaminated
Late blight thrives best under with disease causing pathogens.
warm and wet conditions. Crop rotation: Fields should not Tuber moth is a threat
Controlling blight once it has be planted with tomato, potato, The potato tuber moth is the most dangerous potato
established itself on potato plants
or eggplant for at least 4 cropping pest in the region. Female moths lay eggs on shel-
is very difficult. The most impor-seasons if Early or Late blight tered places of the leaf and stems and near the eye
tant way of controlling blight is are present. Rotations with small buds on exposed tubers through cracks in the soil or
attempting to prevent its estab- grains, maize or legumes are pref- in the store. The caterpillars drill into the tuber and
lishment and further spread. erable. make long irregular black tunnels which provide
Prevention methods Take care of tubers: Avoid injury an entry point for various plant pathogens: Such
Use clean seed; if you can see to potato tubers during harvest- potatoes become unfit for human consumption. The
lesions (wounds) on the seed ing and handling pest is transferred with the harvested tubers to the
tubers, dont use them for propa- Clean the tools to stop the potato store, where it can reproduce and infest other
gation. disease from spreading tubers. This may lead to total destruction of the
stored crop.
How to control Early blight Preventive methods
Botanicals Use healthy, clean seed, since infested seed tubers
Fermented Marigold extract: are the main cause of re-infestation in the field.
Fill-in drum with - full of Avoid planting in rough soil.
flowering plants. Leave to stand Plant as deeply as possible (10 cm deep) and ridge
for 5-10 days. Stir occasionally. at least three times during the growing season.
Strain before use. Dilute the filtrate Compact hilling is very important to prevent moths
with water at a ratio of 1:2. Add 1 from reaching the tubers to lay eggs.
tablespoon of soap to every litre of At harvest, ensure that the tubers are not exposed
the extract. to moths before they are properly protected in the
Onion bulb extract: Finely chop store.
50 g of bulb onion, add to 1 litre Destroy all infested potatoes immediately, remove
some farmers to have preventive all plant residues from the field and destroy all
distilled water, mix well, strain. effect on Early blight.
Spray thoroughly on the infested volunteer potato plants before planting new potato
Copper: Most copper products crops.
plant, preferably early in the are either based on copper oxy-
morning or late afternoon. chloride or copper hydroxide and Take care of the good guys
Fungicides are readily available in the market. Natural enemies such as ladybird and lacewing are
Sulphur: Sulphur is permitted Also recommended is the Bor- important for natural control of the potato tuber
as preventive fungicide in organic deaux mix which is a combination moth, and several native parasitic wasps (e.g. Dia-
farming. The commercial product of copper sulphate and hydrated degma mollipla, Chelonus spp.) attack this pest.
Thiovit has been reported by lime. Protection
Use alternative natural pesticides to protect potatoes
How to control Late blight in store.
Lantana: Research done by the Central Potato
Botanicals Research Station, Shillong indicated that from all
- Chop and mix Mexican mari- plants providing protection to the tubers, the leaves
gold with water, nettle and Piec- of Lantana aculeata were best, followed by Eucalyptus
tranthus barbatus (beautiful blue globulus.
flowered shrub, commonly used Neem: Spray neem seed extracts and place the
for hedging and said to have tubers in jute sacks.
particular fungicidal proper- Mpilipili: Tuber infestation can also be reduced by
ties) (kikuyu name: Maigoya) to bedding the potatoes in the leaves of the Peruvian
prevent outbreaks of late blight. pepper tree (Schinus molle), also known as mpilipili
in Swahili.
- It is also good to try EM1 or BM
Diatomite: Application of plenty of diatomite earth
as they have preventive proper- prevents rapid
ties where other fungal diseases build up of tuber
are concerned. moth.
Fungicides
- Copper: (see Early blight). Infested tubers
Nr. 36 May 2008
farmers forum
Name these feed companies
Your article on feeds (TOF April 2008)
was quite an eye opener for farmers
who buy poor quality animal feeds
from page 3: potato yield without knowing it. We incur huge
Harvesting: When the leaves turn losses as the so called feed manufac-
yellow, take about 10 - 20 plants at turers laugh all the way to the bank.
random and check whether the tubers However, your article does not solve
are 35 - 45 mm in length. The stems farmers problem because you do not
should then be cut at ground level. give us the names of the compa-
nies selling the sub-standard feeds. It on our part. If we were to name the com-
would really help farmers if you had panies, no farmer would buy their prod-
included the names of the companies. ucts. They would then go to court seeking
This way, we would be able to know damages for loss of business. What we
where to purchase quality feeds. would advise farmers to do is to ensure
John Mugambi P.O. Box 99 Meru they buy animal feeds from reputable and
Dear Mr. Mugambi, well known companies which sell quality
Thank you for your observation, the omis- feeds. Fortunately many farmers around
Ridging allows tubers to fill out and pro-
sion of the names of the companies from you already know these companies and
tects the tubers against the tuber moth
which we got the samples was deliberate should be able to help you.
This activity (also called dehaulm-
ing) enables the skin of the tubers to We require more copies I have learnt a lot
harden and it reduces the spread of Congratulations for an informative I am a field officer working for a Gov-
viruses. Avoid injuring the tubers. magazine. It encourages the use of ernment parastatal in Nakuru and
Harvested tubers should be stored natural inputs which is very healthy do interact with many farmers. Your
in well-ventilated crates and should for our current generation. Be kind magazine has taught me a lot and I
not be exposed to direct sunlight but enough to put us on your mailing list usually share these with farmers. The
kept in the shade. Before storage, for the benefit of our members. only obstacle is that I get your maga-
remove diseased, damaged or mis- Redeemed Gospel Church, P.O Box zine through someone who I have
shaped potatoes. 1493, Kitale to keep on reminding every month.
Five reasons Supporting I am kindly requesting you to mail
me directly so that I can distribute to
for increasing food prices rural development farmers on my field trips. Please con-
Energy: High prices for oil and gas I am a student at Egerton University sider my request.
make the production, processing and Njoro pursuing a course in agricul- Antonina L. Keya, P.O Box 13104,
transport of food more expensive. tural education and extension. I have Nakuru
Appetite: In China, India and other over the last few years been reading
fast-developing countries with a your copies of The Organic Farmer Organic
high economic growth, eating habits and I am greatly impressed by its farming is the future
change. The higher the demand for wonderful contribution to the agricul- I have come across your magazine
meat, the more grains are fed to tural development especially organic which I found very interesting. Con-
animals. For the production of 100 farming, which is a pillar and the key sidering the cost of farm inputs and
calories of beef, for example, 700 calo- to attaining sustainable agriculture most of their side effect both on us
ries of food are spend. in our agriculture-based economy. and our environment, I support you
Urbanisation: Since cities are growing I hereby request for a supply of a that the future is in organic farming.
worldwide, the available farm land copy of the same so as to continue In my area, no one practises organic
decreases, and the number of urban propagating the principals of organic farming and I think it is the high time
consumers is on the rise. According farming both in education and exten- we started it. Can you kindly put us in
to the United Nations, by the end of sion. Once again I commend you and your mailing list? Nelson M Maina,
2008, for the first time in history more the entire team for the good work you P.O Box 285, Karatina
than half of the worlds population are doing.
will live in cities. Julius Muteti, P.O Box 2748, Nakuru
Biofuels: Industrial nations promote
the production of biofuels to reduce Soil tests
their dependence on petroleum. too expensive for farmers
Therefore, on more and more farms Agricultural institutions should help
grows produce to be processed to fuel farmers by taking soil samples to test
than food. in order to know the type of crop
Weather: Hurricanes, floods and recommended. The soil laboratory
droughts are causes for crop failure tests are too expensive and even most
or the fact that farmers are not able to farmers do not know about it.
farm their land. (TOF) Tel. 0720 063 460
Nr. 36 May 2008
Fungus causes pumpkin rot
My pumpkins usually rot at maturity Read and follow instructions on the
stage, what is the cause? Jonathan label carefully. Monitor plants regu-
Omusikali, Tel. 0723 398 376 larly and spray only when necessary
Jonathan, it sounds as though your as copper can accumulate in the soil.
pumpkins have anthracnose. At such Spray in the early morning or late
a late stage it is almost impossible to afternoon. Wear protective clothing
save them. Anthracnose, caused by when handling, and wash your hands
the fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium, after handling.
is a devastating fungal disease. It
Field sanitation
causes defoliation and lesions on the
fruits. Anthracnose disease attacks
As a future remedy, do not grow
pumpkins or any of the same family Coffee disease problem
all parts of the plant at any stage My coffee bushes are dying mysteri-
group (melons, cucumbers, squash,
of growth. The symptoms are most ously, please advice. Tel. 0721 839
butternut) in the affected field for at
visible on leaves and ripe fruits. 816
least two growing seasons.
Copper oxychloride can be used Unfortunately I do not have much
Field sanitation is an important and
to control it, if it is detected early. experience with coffee. I would like
highly effective farm practice to keep
most pests under control. to suggest the following. Before any
Properly select healthy plants for action is taken, you must identify
transplanting. what is causing the problem. Is it
Keep weeds under control at all a pest, or a disease? To do this you
times. really need to inspect the plants,
Observe personal hygiene. Always those that are dying as well as those
bear in mind that you might be the that are dead. Check every part of the
carrier of the pests while you move coffee bush, the berries, the leaves,
from one plant to another the stem etc and note down any
Pull plants that are heavily infected abnormalities. Uproot the dead tree
with insect pests and those that are and look beneath the roots. Take
showing heavy symptoms of disease samples of the dead plant, includ-
infection. ing all the parts you found suspect
Prune the plant parts where insect during your examination, to your
pests are found congregating and nearest agricultural extension office.
those that show heavy symptoms of Please contact us and let us know
disease infection. what you did and what you discov-
Properly dispose of all the infested ered so that we may share this with
plants. Do not put them on the other readers.
compost pile. Su Kahumbu
Pick rotten fruits and collect those
that have dropped. Diseased and pest Deformed water melons
infested fruits must be properly dis- How can I prevent deformation of
posed off. Do not dump them in the melon fruits? Tel. 0727 731 647
compost pile. Deformation in melons can either be
If possible, remove all the crop attributed to insect damage or viral
residues after harvest. Add these to damage. It is good to know the cause.
your compost pile, except if they are Viral damage would be evident in
diseased or pest infected. the leaves, they would show mixed
Clean your farm tools. colours, stunted and deformed. In this
case the solution is to burn the entire
Anthracnose on a cucumber leaf Su Kahumbu/TOF
plant. Do not grow the same family
Strawberry seeds? Questions? Go to Infonet! of crops in the same area for at least
I would like to grow strawberry. two growing seasons. Virus is spread
Infonet is an via insects, so it is good to spray for
Where can I get seeds? Wellington
information plat- insects too if your other plants in the
Njeru Tel. 0720 996 322
form for organic same area are not affected.
You can get strawberry runners from farmers. What- If the leaves are healthy and the
Mr Wilfred Ngure (Tel.0723 260 233) ever you would fruits deformed, it is probably insect
and his group of strawberry growers like to know damage. Spray the plants with a bio-
in Tigoni. He has two types, Shadra about the ecolog- pesticide (spray in the early morning
and Pajero both originally from the ical methods for the control of pests or late afternoon). I recommend
U.S. Each runner costs Ksh 25.00 and parasite infestations of plants, Flower DS which is pyrethrum-based,
A runner grows directly from the humans and animals Infonet will every second day for at least a week,
mother plant as opposed to a seed- have an answer. You just go to the then spray once a week with neem.
ling that grows from seed. Strawberry Internet, either at home or at a cyber- Make sure to harvest all edible parts
propagation from seed is quite dif- cafe and type in: of the plant before spraying.
ficult. (SK) www.infonet-biovision.org Su Kahumbu
Nr. 35 April 2008
Fighting stemborer naturally

Apart from controlling the stemborer, Training: Jomo Kenyatta University
the Push-pull method provides of Agriculture and Technology has a
fodder and boosts soil fertility. training programme for farmers who
want to go into mushroom growing
The Organic Farmer as a business. 2008 training dates
Friday April 11 was a special day for May 21-23, June 18-20, July 23-25,
members of Kihiga Womens Group Aug 27-29, Sept 17-19, Oct 22-24,
of Kagunduini location of Thika Dis- Nov 12-14, Dec.3-5. Course charges
trict. Early in the morning, the women are Ksh 10,000 per participant. Call
lined up along the road to welcome a now for booking at; JKUAT Enter-
Swiss delegation who were coming to prises Ltd. 067-52420. 0736-524200.
visit a demonstration plot run by the 0724-256696.
group. Early this year, the womens e-mail:md@jkuates.jkuat.ac.ke,
bm@jkuates.jkuat.ac.ke Ask for
group became one of the beneficiaries
P.K.Muchiri.
of a Push-pull project that is aimed at
controlling the stemborer. The project Training: Baraka Agricultural
is funded by BioVision, the Swiss- KARI supplies Desmodium and Napier College is offering the following short
based foundation that also sponsors grass seedlings to Kihiga group members courses on sustainable agriculture
The Organic Farmer magazine. The planted around the three crops. The for interested farmers: ICT for rural
project is jointly being implemented stemborer does not like desmodium development May 4-10, Introduc-
by KARI, ICIPE, The Organic Farmer smell, so the desmodium pushes it tion to beekeeping May 4-10, Poultry
and the Ministry of Agriculture. away from the maize. Since Napier production May 11-17, Sustainable
is attractive to the female stemborer agriculture May 18- 24, Introduc-
Impressed by project tion to beekeeping May 25-31, Mush-
Kihiga Women Group is one of the moths, it pulls the moths to lay their
eggs on it. room-growing June 8-14, Small-scale
most active in Kagunduini location. food processing June 15-21, Bee mul-
Started in 1999, the 26- member group But Napier grass does not allow
stemborer larvae to develop on it. tiplication and breeding June 22-28.
has been engaged in a number of Participatory Action Research July
income generating activities. Through When the stemborer eggs hatch and
their larvae enter the Napier grass 6-12, Animal health July 13-19, Sus-
a revolving fund, they have built tainable livelihood approaches July
water tanks, managed to acquire stem, the plant produces a sticky sub-
stance like glue which traps them and 27- August 2, August 3- 9, Vegetable
dairy goats and ventured in poultry production August 10-16, Bee equip-
and rabbit keeping. they die. So very few stemborer larvae
ment making August 17- 23,Train-
The group members took the BioVi- survive and the maize is saved. The ing of trainers August 24- 30, Fruit
sion delegation through their Push- Push-pull method has been shown production August 31- September 6.
pull demonstration plot, planted to increase maize yields by between Farmers interested in pursuing these
with neat rows of maize intercropped 25 and 30 percent in areas where the courses can contact the college at
with beans and lines of desmodium stemborer is a problem. the following address: The Principal
legume. Around the edges of the plot More farmers will benefit Baraka Agricultural College P.O. 52
was a healthy stand of Napier grass. The push-pull project is being imple- Molo, Tel. 051 721 091, Tel 0725 777
The group has made very good utili- mented in three Central Province 421. email:baraka@sustainableag.org
sation of space to grow all the crops. districts of Maragua, Muranga and
I am really impressed by the work Amaranth seeds wanted: I need
Kirinyaga. The training of farmers amaranth seeds. If you have any for
of this group. We hope that this tech- groups is being done through partici-
nology can spread faster within the sale please call Roslin Tel. 0734 994
patory practical lessons through the 111
region to help farmers maximise their Farmer Field School (FFS) concept.
yields, said Verena Albertin, the Bio- The project has trained 6 Farmer Field Turkey chicks: I need turkey chicks.
Vision Projects Coordinator. Schools in the three districts. Each of If you have any for sale please call
Apart from Kihiga Women group, the Farmers Field School is expected Tel.0721 155 169.
the BioVision delegation also visited to train about 100 other farmers in Tree tomato seeds: I need to buy tree
Mugari Self Help Group in Saba Saba their locality, in the end benefitting tomato seeds. Please call Emmanuel
Division of Maragua District which more than 600 farmers throughout Sirengo Tel. 0729 750 707.
has also adopted the Push-pull tech- the project area. Samuel Njihia, a
nology. Lettuce for sale: I have organic
researcher from KARI Muguga is
lettuce for sale. Interested buyers can
What is Push-pull technology? heading the training team composed
call me on Tel. 0735 651 639.
Push-pull is a simple method of of researchers from KARI and the
controlling the stemborer. In this Ministry of Agriculture. The Organic Dairy goats for sale: I have 5 female
method, maize, beans and desmo- Farmer will help in dissemination dairy goats and 1 male for sale. Inter-
dium, a legume that is also a nutri- of information on the results of the ested farmers can call Tabitha Tel.
tious fodder, are planted in alter- project including lessons learnt to 0725 72 42 39, Ruai.
nating rows. Napier grass is then other farmers in the country.
Nr. 38 July 2008
TOF put to task on feeds

Farmers are pressing TOF to against The Organic Farmer maga-
mention the companies making zine for tarnishing their names.
poor quality animal feeds so that It is very unfortunate that Kenya
they can choose the right ones. does not have strong consumer
organisations that can speak on
The Organic Farmer
behalf of farmers. During our
Since The Organic Farmer in the survey well-known companies
April 2008 issue highlighted the such as Unga feeds and Sigma
problem of animal feeds in the Feeds were found to have feeds
country, we have received numer- that met all the requirements.
ous calls from farmers wanting to But most farmers prefer buying
cheaper feeds, therefore compro-
mising on quality.
Sugar syrup as poultry feed
With the current scarcity of cereals,
their prices and that of their by-
products, which are used in the
manufacture of animal feeds is set
to go up. Farmers will therefore Most of the roads in farming areas of the
be forced to pay more for animal country are in a pathetic condition. Transpor-
know where they can buy quality feeds. Many small-scale farmers tation of farm produce to the market is very dif-
feeds. Many of them are not happy will find it difficult to buy supple- ficult, especially during the rainy season. Cars
with the quality of most feeds in mentary feed for their livestock and trucks using these roads break down quite
the market. They want us to name due to the increased prices. At often, forcing transporters to spend so much
the companies that produce low least for poultry, there is a cheaper money on repairs. They in turn hike transpor-
quality feeds. If you do not name alternative in sugar syrup. One tation charges so as to equalize on maintenance
these companies, then you are reason is that chickens can easily costs and maximise on profits, eventually
party to the exploitation of the digest it and get more energy to passing on these costs to the farmers.
farmers, they say. increase their egg and meat pro- A good road network is very important for
For us this is a difficult sirua- duction than from cereals. Local any developing economy such as Kenyas. Why
tion. As we told you in our April feed manufacturers can explore should farmers work so hard to produce food if
issue, naming these companies the possibility of using it to make a large portion of their earnings only ends up
will invite a string of legal suits poultry and pig feed. See page 4 in paying for transport?
A lot of money is now being disbursed to all
Do not neglect your animals parts of the country through the Constituency
Development Fund and the Local Author-
ity Transfer Fund. A large proportion of this
money is set aside for construction and main-
tenance of rural access roads. Farmers should
ensure that this money is properly utilised for
the improvement of the roads in their areas.
Even without these funds, they can still come
together and repair bad sections of the road
which become impassable, sometimes only due
to a blocked drainage system or even a pothole
that needs refilling. Inside this issue, The
Organic Farmer, together with the Kenya
Roads Board, has brought you a very practi-
cal guide on how to construct and maintain
your rural access roads. We are thankful to the
Roads Board who financed this insert.
The problem with the Kenyan roads is, we
emphasise, poor maintenance. Farmers should
not sit back and wait for the government to
Despite relying on animals for food, labour and various other products, many repair the roads. They should take the initiative
farmers neglect them through poor feeding, shelter and general care. This is and repair the roads themselves, because it is
not only unfair, it is not wise to neglect the source of your income. Pg 2 & 3 them that suffer when these roads are bad.
Nr. 38 July 2008
Donkeys, a valuable asset on the farm
Despite their use for transport and you treat them well.
work on the farm, donkey are often Because if you do not,
neglected and mistreated. you not only harm
the animals, but you
Anja Bengelstorff also lose a lot. Your
If you are a farmer who owns one or donkeys are assets:
more donkeys for work, make sure The great wealth of
the Egyptians, for
Kwaheri... example, was due to
We would like to inform our dear readers the precious metals
that Dr. Fritz Schulthess and Dr. Bernard carried from Africa by
Loehr have left ICIPE and are no longer donkeys.
members of The Organic Farmer Advi- 600,000 donkeys
sory Board. We are grateful to both sci- The Kenya Network
entists for their kind contribution to the for Dissemination of
magazine since it was initiated in April Agricultural Technol-
2005. Whenever we sought answers to ogies (KENDAT) esti-
various scientific questions they would mates that there are
offer solutions promply. We wish them more than 600,000 donkeys in Kenya. Abusing and misusing your donkey
all the best in their future endeavours. About half of them are used for work is an offense of cruelty under The
Asanteni sana! in transport and tillage. The organi- Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
...karibuni sation believes that around 210,000 Act of Kenya. In part VIII, this
At the same time, we would like to donkeys are in a poor condition due legal document describes precisely
welcome the new members to the board, to human abuse and misuse, based how, according to the law, donkeys
Dr. Henry Kiara, a livestock expert at the on myths, in-humane traditional used for various purposes should be
International Livestock Research Insti- practises, and malnutrition. They treated. Violation of this Act is subject
tute (ILRI), Dr. Sunday Ekesi, a plant are whipped profusely, denied food, to prosecution.
pathologist at ICIPE, and Prof. Christian water and shelter, have to carry heavy From an economic point of view,
Borgemeister, Scientist and Director- loads and pull overloaded carts. well-treated and cared for donkeys
General ICIPE. Karibuni sana! In pastoralist areas, donkeys may are able to work more efficiently. This
not undergo major and typical suf- includes proper treatment for diseases
The Organic Farmer is an independent fering, but abuse from traditional and, if possible, a regular check-up
magazine for the Kenya farming com- practices like branding, ear notch- by a veterinarian to maintain animal
munity. It promotes organic ing and nose piercing, poor watering health.
farming and supports discus- and feeding are common. In addition, As human beings, we should express
sions on all aspects of sus- many donkeys in drought-prone areas basic principles of compassion and
tainable development. The of Northern and Eastern Provinces humane practice towards animals,
Organic Farmer is published and the coastal region starve to death and particularly those which work for
monthly by icipe and distrib- due to lack of water and pasture. In us. Improving the welfare of working
uted free to farmers. The reports of The times of flooding, donkeys may suffer donkey calls for a behaviour and atti-
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect from disease outbreaks such as Rift tude change among animal owners
the views of icipe. Valley Fever. and users.
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi-
sion, a Swiss-based foun-
dation for the promotion of How to take care of your donkeys
sustainable development. Provide adequate feed for the trim during dry season!
www.biovision.ch animal, especially grass, grains and Treat diseases and wounds
Publisher African Insect Science for Food grain by-products, as well as ade- promptly. Deworm the donkey regu-
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 quate water and salt. Draught animals larly every 3 months.
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, (animals that carry heavy loads) need Ensure proper harnessing to
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, to replace water and minerals lost avoid health problems such as galls,
website: www.icipe.org through sweating during work. wounds and burns which can reduce
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner Allow it adequate rest. Work the the donkeys performance. Do not
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia donkey in the morning, let it rest for mistreat it when harnessing, it needs
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 at least 4 hours and feed it during to feel comfortable if it has to perform
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, midday, then it can work again in the its duties well.
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph afternoon for 3 more hours. Do not Use a cart rather than transporting
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian overwork the animal, it may kick or loads on the donkeys back. This can
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe become stubborn. harm the animal.
Address The Organic Farmer Provide adequate shelter, keep it Do not work pregnant donkeys for
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA well groomed in a healthy and clean 3 months before and 3 months after
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 environment. they have given birth. This mater-
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, Trim the hooves regularly (at least nity leave allows proper nutrition
www.organicfarmermagazine.org twice during rainy season). Do not for the foal (a young donkey).
Nr. 38 July 2008
All animals need tender, loving care
If animals needs are not met, dust-bathing.
their development, health and Ready compost
productivity declines. can also be
provided for
Michael Waweru their scratch-
Farmers should strive to have as many ing needs.
types of livestock in their holdings as Green vegeta-
each type furnishes different benefits bles should be
at the household level. Special atten- hanged 0.5 m
tion should be accorded to poultry off the ground
and rabbits as the cash they gener- so that chicken
ate goes directly to women and chil- can exercise as
dren. Their droppings are also used they jump to
to make nitrogen-rich liquid manure reach the veg-
that increases vegetable production in etables. Dark
the kitchen gardens thus improving secluded nests
the family diet. The donkey is very should be
useful in easing the labour burden on provided for
laying. Clean and healthy animals are the pride of any farmer Photos TOF
women especially, in carrying heavy
loads. Pigs like rooting and so they should movement, rest or even play. Most
have access to an open ground. A dairy cows, goats and even pigs are
Respect the nature heap of ready compost can be pro- forced to lie on a bed of their own
Animals, just like human beings, have vided. Hanging chains or tyres act as droppings, urine and mud. Animals
their needs. If these needs are not good playing gadgets. kept in such condition are susceptible
met, then their development, health Goats, being browsers, like their to all kind of diseases. - It is more eco-
and productivity declines. Only by fodder suspended high enough so that nomical to remove the manure and
paying close attention to little details they can attain an upright posture. change the beddings daily. These can
and lovingly sorting out problems
Poor living conditions later be made into good compost for
and challenges can productivity be
increased. Exploitation and mistreat- Although animals are an important use on the farm as fertilizer.
asset in many Kenyan households, Housing of animals is a big chal-
ment of animals never pays.
Farm animals should be kept their living conditions including lenge to many farmers. The housing
according to their nature and there- feeding, housing and general care is environment should have:
fore allowed to express their basic very poor. When visiting farmers, we Space enough for sufficient free
behavioral needs. get surprised. We find nice planted movement
Chickens for example like perching at fields, and the area between the Sufficient fresh air and day-light
night therefore perching rails should houses is as clean as a bald head. Enough lying and/or resting area
be provided in the chicken house. This ideal pictures changes when according to the size of the animal
They also naturally like scratching we are invited to see the cattle shed. Natural bedding material for large
in search for ants and worms. They It is common to find more than 5 animals (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs)
therefore should have access to an cows cramped in a small muddy zero- Fresh water and feed should always
open ground, which also encourages grazing unit with little or no space for be provided
The problem with zero-grazing

Due to the small land sizes as a result and discomfort and reduces milk pro- all over the body, which attract flies
of subdivision, farmers are forced to duction, and less milk means less and even contaminates milk. How
practise zero-grazing. No doubt, it has income. can milk from such a farmer be clean?
its advantages: Less energy is spent In so many nice shambas, the struc- A responsible and a focused farmer
looking for food; grasses, legumes and tures for cows are dark, dirty make- provides their cattle with good shelter
by-products in the farm are more effi- shift holes, a lovely home for flies and and with adequate space where they
ciently used. The grass is not trampled insects and a breeding place for dis- can rest at night and continue feeding,
upon by cows. Manure can be col- eases. The cows are covered with mud watering and licking mineral salts.
lected easily and there is decreased The zero-grazing structure should
risk of diseases, tick infestation and have sufficient space for air-circulation
even theft. and natural daylight. The unit should
However, zero-grazing means that protect the animals against excessive
animals have to be kept in small spaces sunlight, heat, rain and wind. The
where movement is restricted. This is structure should be able to house all
totally against the natural behaviour of the animals without crowding. The
cattle. Zero-grazing without adequate floor should be made of rough surface
space for cattle to move around does and slanted to allow for drainage of
not take care of the animal. It is there- rainwater or urine. A slippery floor is
fore unwise: Confinement of animals dangerous for animals as it may cause
without adequate space creates stress Badly fed animals in a poor shelter injury. (mw)
Nr. 38 July 2008
Sugar syrup: A nutritious feed for poultry
The increase in prices of cereal grains
may force farmers to look for alternative
feeds, like sugar syrup.
William Ayako
Due to the recent global increase in
price of cereal grains, poultry and
pig farmers are faced with a serious
feeding challenge, in Kenya as well as
in other countries. Feed quality dete-
rioration due to lack of quality control
standards is another impediment
to growth and development of the
industry. Feed manufacturers depend Sugar syrup is a good alternative to grains (Photos P Luthi)
mainly on locally grown grain cereals
whose production is often affected quality molasses with 70% sugar and and 32 kg of protein rich ingredients
by changing weather. Imported raw 6 % ash. to formulate 158 kg feed.
material may not meet the required Easy to digest Advantages of sugar syrup
nutritional standards, which in the Sugar syrup is easily absorbed by Based on the above measures and
process affects the quality of animal the enzymes in the digestive tract of other observations, use of sugar syrup
feeds. The recent pronouncement by chickens. The digestion of most carbo- in poultry feed has many advantages.
the government of Kenya that there is hydrates takes place in the small intes- One of these is that it is easy for
looming hunger due to maize short- tine of chickens; the end products are chicken to feed on sugar syrup. The
age meant that the available maize mainly, glucose and galactose (both syrup helps improve the digestion of
would be used for human consump- being forms of sugar). The digestion dry matter in the chickens stomach.
tion and not for animal feed manu- is enhanced by enzymes. Sugars have As a result of its sticky nature, sugar
facture. been accepted as better energy givers syrup reduces dustiness of feed as the
In the Middle East where the cost than starch in the animal system. The dust particles get stuck on the feed.
of grain is continuously hiking, the energy a chicken manages to extract Unlike cereals, it is difficult for mould
prospects of sugar syrup as energy from sugar syrup is often higher (98 to form on sugar syrup; therefore
feed for poultry feed manufacturing %) than that of starch from cereals there is no danger of the feed being
is being adopted. Kenya is endowed (78- 90%). contaminated by aflatoxins.
with more than six sugar process- Sucrose is converted into glucose It is also not prone to insect infes-
ing companies: Mumias, Muhoroni, and galactose which are essential tation during storage. Sugar syrup
Chemelil, Nzoia, and Sony-Awendo energy units in poultry digestion. is used as a binder in feed pelleting.
being the major processors. These Birds require significant levels of Its taste makes it possible for the
factories can venture into processing glucose in the diet for growth, egg chickens to feed on ingredients that
of sugar syrup purposely for feeding production and maintenance: 2 kg are less appealing due to their taste.
of livestock. Until recently, the use of feed cater for 1 kg meat (or 2 grams Sugar syrup improves digestion when
molasses as energy source in animal feed for 1 gram meat) and 4 kg feed added to other feed formulars and
feed was not considered, although cater for a dozen eggs or 105 grams of facilitates the gradual movement of
as a binder, dust reducer and sweet- feed for 1 egg of 52 grams. digested feed through the intestines
ener at low inclusion rate. Mollases is of the chickens to allow for absorption
Grains are expensive
highly viscous syrup with 48% sugar of the nutrients. Although the use of
In commercial poultry feed formu-
and 20 % ash. Sugar syrup is a high sugar syrup as an alternative to grain
lation, grains constitute nearly 80
Comparative analysis in poultry feed formulation is suit-
percent by weight of the compounded
able, the technology require the right
Analysis of corn and sugar syrup based feed. 1 kilogram of grain (maize) is
advice on how to make the correct
on set parameters: currently costing Ksh 20-30. The
formulation for specific birds before
Particulars Corn Sugar syrup factory price of 1 litre of molasses is
Dry matter (%) 89 80 farmers can use it.
between Ksh 5-10, the middlemen
Crude protein (%) 9.6 4.6
Fibre (%) 2.5 0
charge Ksh 30-50 per litre. In absolute
Fat (%) 4.1 0.2 terms and based on the dry matter,
Ash (%) 1.5 6 grain can be substituted by same pro-
Starch (%) 75 0 portion of sugar syrup. This means
Sugars (%) 0 70 that to formulate 1 kg of feed, one
Metabolisable requires about 800 grams of sugar
energy MJ/kg 13 14 syrup and 200 grams of other protein
Calcium (%) 0.1 0.92
Phosphorous (%) 0.3 0.2
rich ingredients. Therefore for one
Magnesium (%) 0.1 0.17 layer bird, 1 kg of compounded feed
Potassium (%) 0.4 0.85 is enough for 9 to 10 days and this
Sodium (%) 0.1 0.1 feed can produce up to 10 eggs. For a
Lysine (%) 0.8 0.02 farmer to feed 50 chickens for 30 days,
Glucose+Fructose 0 65 they require 126 kg of sugar syrup
Nr. 38 July 2008
The protein that kills dangerous worms
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a proven
remedy against a number of insect
pests, especially worms.
Paul Gitau
Whenever my neighbour Maina
detected some armyworms or any
types of loopers attacking his crops, Cutworm Bean pod borer Cabbage looper
he went for marigold and garlic. He will live for several days but will cause Dipel, which contains Bt kurstaki, with
cut them into small pieces, put them no further damage to the plant. They fine sand, and spread over the stored
in 20 litres of water, added some will eventually die from starvation. potatoes. 40 g of Bt plus 960 g sand
soap and sprayed nearly every day. Various Bt formulations target dif- (well mixed) and spread over 1,000 kg
However two years ago, he heard of a ferent types of pests. Buy the right Bt potatoes was a 100 percent effective
product made from Bacillus thuringien- strain for the insect pest you want to control method.
sis (Bt). When he tried it, all the pests control. Some commercial products
were gone. To him and his neighbours, may even mix varieties or contain
How to spray Bt
the marigold and garlic are things Successful use of Bt formulations
additional varieties. Read the label
of the past. Whenever they have a requires application to the correct
and follow the instructions carefully.
pest problem, in order to share the target species at the right stage of
Ask for advice from your local agri-
costs, they often buy the Bt together in development, in the right concen-
cultural officer or the shop where you
wholesale. All of us rely on this effec- tration and at the correct tempera-
buy the product when using Bt for the
tive remedy for pest control, he says. ture (warm enough for the insects to
first time.
Bt is a naturally occurring soil bac- be actively feeding). Application is
Bt kurstaki is used for the control
terium whose mode of action is to effective before the insect pests drill
of many caterpillar pests including
causes disease on insect pests. It is their way into the crop plant or fruit
imported cabbageworm, cabbage
accepted as an alternative in organic from which they are protected. Young
looper, hornworms, European corn
farming and is considered ideal for larvae are usually most susceptible.
borer, cutworms, some armyworms,
pest management because of the fol- Caterpillar growth may be retarded
diamondback moth, spruce budworm,
lowing qualities: even if a small dose is given. Deter-
bagworms, tent caterpillars, gypsy
It is host specific ( it only kills target mining when most of the pest popula-
moth caterpillars and other forest cat-
pests) tion is at a susceptible stage is key to
erpillars.
It is high virulent and very efficient, optimizing the use of this microbial
Bt israelensis is used for control of
It is easy to apply, and insecticide.
mosquitoes. It is probably more effec-
Bt is environmentally friendly with 1. Spray thoroughly, covering all the
tive to eliminate mosquito larvae in
no toxic effects on natural enemies and plant surfaces.
standing water.
humans. 2. Apply when larvae are less than 5
Bt tenebrionis controls beetles.
Bt is commercially available in most mm long or when the eggs begin to
agro-veterinary shops. It is sold in Effective against tuber moth hatch. Bt works best on young larvae.
various formulations (spray, dust, and In TOF Nr. 36 of May 2008 we reported 3. In the hot tropics, it is more effec-
granule) and brands (Bt tenebrionis, Bt about the potato tuber moth and the tive to spray Bt in the late afternoon
kurstaki, Bt israelensis etc.). The prod- damages this insect can have in stored as there are longer and cooler hours
ucts have an excellent safety record potatoes. More than 10 years ago, the ahead. This enables Bt to remain
and can be used on the crop until the German Scientist and potato-special- longer on the leaves surfaces. Bt sur-
when it is about to be harvested. Bt ist Juergen Kroschel researched on vives better in cooler temperature.
products in Kenya are sold under the various methods of keeping stored Spraying in the morning provides for
following commercial names: Dipel, potatoes healthy. He compared the use a shorter and hotter environment. Do
Javelin, Thuricide and Xentari. Unfor- of Neem, Garlic and Bt. The best pro- not spray Bt on wet days or when rain
tunately, the use of Bt is not very well tection was the mixture of the product is expected.
known in Kenya, and TOF-research
in various agrovet shops has shown
that the personnel in these shops is ill-
Other methods for caterpillar worm control
informed about the product. Apart from using Bacillus thuringiensis About 20 to 30 kg of neem seed (an
(Bt, see on this page), there are other average yield from 2 trees), prepared
How does Bt work?
methods to fight the damaging worms: as neem water can treat one hectare of
Bt can be applied using conventional
crop.
spray equipment. Good spray cover- Neem
age is essential, since the bacteria must Grind 500 grams (g) of neem seed Pyrethrum powder
be eaten by the insect pest to be effec- kernels in a mill or pound in a mortar. Grind dried pyrethrum flowers to a dust.
tive. When insect larvae feed on leaves Mix crushed neem seed with 10 litres of Sprinkle over infested plants.
sprayed with Bt, it produces a protein water. It is necessary to use a lot of water
Pyrethrum liquid
in the stomach of the pest. The proteins because the active ingredients do not
Mix 20 g of Pyrethrum powder with 10 of
poison and paralyze the insects diges- dissolve easily. Stir the
litres of water. Soap
tive system; the insects stops feeding mixture well. Leave it
can be added to
within hours. The Bt-infested insect to stand for at least 5
make the substance
hours in a shady area.
more effective;
- Spray the neem water
apply immediately
directly onto vegeta-
as a spray.
bles.
Nr. 38 July 2008
Good market for leeks
Farmers looking out for new crops
should think about leeks.
Leeks is a hardy bulb of the onion Magazine helping us improve farming
family which can be grown twice a We are a group of farmers called our group and we are practicing
year. The lower portion of the leaves Karanya Farmers Self-Help Group. organic farming in our area. We are
is used as a flavouring in soups and We came across The Organic Farmer thankful to you and we shall be
stews or as a raw vegetable. Leeks are magazine and learnt a lot on organic grateful if you would send us past
tolerant to many diseases. farming. We learnt a lot about sweet and future copies of the magazine to
potatoes, damage caused by nema- help us improve our knowledge and
Climatic requirements todes, rules for better soil, beekeep- skills in organic farming.
The crop is grown in a wide range of ing and other issues. We have already John Kiruka Njau, P.O Box 453,
climatic conditions and fertile soils. It introduced a bee keeping project in Naivasha
is a cool season crop and grows well
at an altitude of 1500 m and above. Information The future is organic
Varieties: There are three varieties
which currently include broad flat, will reduce poverty
Thank you very much for your mag-
I happen to come across The Organic azine. I am the chairman of Kiba-
Italian giant and Mussel burg. ranyaki Fruit Growers. I have come
Propagation: The young seedlings are Farmer magazine and I found a lot of
information which when put into prac- across your magazine and read it. I
grown on nursery beds or seed boxes. have discovered our future in farming
Nursery management is similar to tice, can help alleviate poverty among
small-scale farmers across the country. especially organic farming, which was
that of onions. proved to be of good potential in food
The seedlings are transplanted in I am very interested in improving the production as well as money generat-
trenches or raised seedbeds of any quality of my dairy cows as I have ing enterprises. I kindly request for
length the problem of poor quality breeds.
Please put me on your mailing list. I monthly issues for my members. I am
w h i c h a farmer in Githongo location, Central
should be dont want to lose the opportunity to
read it as it will improve my life and Imenti Division in Central Meru dis-
about 1 m trict. We shall be very grateful if you
wide. On that of other farmers in our village.
Joseph K Chepkwony, P.O Box 149, grant. Ashton Mwongera Magiri, P.O
trenches Box 62 60205, Githongo Meru
t h e Longisa
plants are Helpful to Issue was very useful
spaced 20 I represent a registered group of farmers
cm apart.
small-scale farmers in Kangundo district. We are engaged
On raised We are a farmers group in Timau. We mainly in dairy and poultry farming.
seedbeds, are interested in small-scale farming. We also deal in coffee farming. We
t h e y We discovered that your magazine, came across your magazine The Organic
should be The Organic Farmer has a lot of useful Farmer and we would like to continue
transplanted in rows at spacing of information to enable small-scale to receive copies every month. Sabina
30-38 cm apart and 15-23 cm between farmers like us to get maximum pro- M Mulwa, Tisa Tisa Self-Help Group,
the plants. Planting should be done in duction by using the latest informa- P.O Box 1268, Kangundo
holes that are 15 cm deep and watered tion you provide in your articles. We
after planting. would be very glad f you could send It is simple to understand
Fertilizer requirements: Well-com- us copies so as to update us with the I am a small- scale farmer and I would
posted manure should be applied at new trends in farming otherwise we like to be on the mailing list. The mag-
land preparation stage. have been borrowing a copy each azine is self explanatory to whoever
Weed control: The plants should be month from friends. Thanking you in reads it. I have seen two copies of your
kept weed-free. Watering is essential advance. James Mwaura, Kuramata magazine and have found it to be very
during dry weather. The bulb should Group, P.O Box 202, Timau useful for me and other farmers. Also
please you can supply me with the
be well covered with soil. Send us magazine former copy of blight resistant tomato
Harvesting: The plants mature in 16-
I hereby request kindly for The Organic which is suitable for organic farming.
20 weeks after planting. Harvesting
Farmer magazine. I have other farmers Christopher C.G.Kariuki, Mirangine
should be done after the shoots are
who are also interested in reading it. F.C Scheme, P.O Box 8, Mirangine
well-developed and have attained a
Please kindly be sending us 6 copies
diameter of 5 cms and are 25-30 cm
monthly. Jacob Nyongesa, Kisabo
long. The whole plant is lifted and
Retirees CBO, P.O Box 79 30209, Kimi-
the soil washed off. The roots and
nini
the upper leaves are trimmed and the
crop tied in bunches for marketing. Impressed by magazine
Leeks can be sold to top hotels, urban Having read TOF Nr. 33, I was much
markets and can even be exported. impressed with the information.
Nutritional value: The leaves contain Therefore, I would like you to send
85 percent water, 2 percent protein, me 4 copies every end of the month.
11 percent carbohydrates, 1-2 percent Kindly send me issue Nr. 32, 31 and
fibre, and 50 mg calcium and a little 30. Thank you. Jonathan Khayumbi,
fat. (TOF) P.O Box 3293, Kitale
Nr. 38 July 2008
Prepare your land well
before planting
Please advice me on which steps to
follow in order to produce 15 bags of
maize from a half acre of land. James
Kinyua Tel. 0728 212 261
To attain good yield from your maize
crop, you need to prepare your land
early enough before the onset of the
rains, preferably when the soil is still
moist. Good land preparation ensures
the soil is fine enough and all the
weeds allowed to die on the surface
under dry conditions. Seed selection
is also very important. You should
buy the seed variety suitable for your
area. You are advised to buy seeds
only from established seed compa-
nies or their approved agents. If you
are growing maize organically, ensure
Good compost boosts yield
you use well-composited manure, Thanks for your frequent educative spray with a diluted solution of Effec-
a half an acre of land requires 2.5 magazine you have send to our epanja tive Microorganisms (EM1) mixed
tonnes of manure . For best results wakulima youth group. How can we with molasses (follow the prescription
it is advisable to build soil fertility make organic manure using EM? How on the EM-bottle). The addition of rock
first by applying the manure one long will it take? 0721 908 675 phosphate is helpful because most
year before the planting season to The requirement for composting organic material has only small quan-
ensure the nutrients are broken down is organic material such as animal tities of phosphates. The EM solution
manure, crop remains, kitchen and has many beneficial microorganisms
household waste and hedge cuttings, that help break down the compost
but not seeding weeds. It is useful faster. When EM is used, the compost
to include some plants with a lot of will be ready for use after four to five
nutrients. All kinds of legume leaves weeks.
(for example crotolaria, desmodium, One should make a compost pile
soybean, lablab etc.) add lots of nitro- every week so that eventually you
gen to the compost. Coffee husks, will have a continuous supply of this
banana stalks, sweet potato vines, etc. nutritious mix full of microorganisms
are important as sources of potassium. to feed your soil. Compost must be
Excellent ingredients for the compost turned to aerate, mix the materials
are leaves of tithonia and comfrey, at least three times over a period of
since they add not only nitrogen and 6 weeks. High temperatures in your
potassium but also help speed up compost heap will help to kill patho-
the process of breaking down organic gens and weed seeds. After the third
materials of plant and animal origin to week your compost will progressively
produce humus cool down over time until it is com-
After making each layer of compost pletely cool and ready to use. Make
Healthy soil produces good harvest with the required material, you can sure to moisten the pile during each
sprinkle 2 kg of rock phosphate and turning, y can add more EM1. (TOF)
and readily made available to your
maize when you plant. Ensure no There are alternatives to DAP/Urea
weeds grow because these will take
away essential nutrients. A handful Can I use TwinN on my sugarcane To get better crop yields, farmers
of compost can be added in each farm instead of DAP/ UREA? What can mix the TwinN with Turbo Top,
hole at planting time. Planting early quantity can I use? Tel. 0712 490 869 another new foliar spray contain-
before the rains start ensures good Yes, TwinN can be used in place of ing phosphorus (39%) Potassium
germination and vigorous growth. nitrogen fertilizers, such as CAN or (25%) Zinc (1%) copper (0.75%) and
Do not plant closely; correct spacing Urea for top dressing of all types Manganese (0.5%); Turbo Top can be
should be 2 ft between one hole and of crops (maize, beans, tea, suku- applied at the rate of 5 kg per hectare
the next. Rows should be 75 cm apart. mawiki, fruit trees etc.). TwinN pro- (2.5 acres).
Ensure two seeds are planted in each vides the plant with all their nitro- The application rate is 100g TwinN
hole. You can top dress the maize gen requirements throughout the pack for every 2.5 acres. Farmers can
with plant teas from tithonia, comfrey growing period, when applied only ask for both TwinN and Turbo Top
or any organic fertilizers available once at the usual time farmers apply directly by calling Lachlan Ltd. on
in your area. Ensure weeds are con- CAN or Urea. Sugarcane takes up Tel. 020 2073912/3/4, 0722 209 474.
trolled throughout the season and to 18 months to matures, so you can The company has agents who sell
you will get the desired yield or spray TwinN when the crop is 1 ft their products in agrovet shops all
even more. (TOF) high and then after every six months. over the country. (TOF)
Nr. 38 July 2008
Can Jatropha bring solutions? Food miles debate

The seeds of the Jatropha tree unfair to Africa
could be used for the diesel-produc- Kenyas horticultural producers and
tion and fuel for your stove. exporters have strongly voiced their
concern over the food miles debate that
The Organic Farmer seeks to ban airfreighting of organic
produce from Africa to European
Jatropha is a hardy, fast growing shrub markets to reduce carbon emissions.
or tree. Because of its high levels The debate, they claimed, was initiated
of oil in the seeds, many countries by interest groups in Europe which
are planning to explore the seeds for want to protect European farmers who
production of biofuels. This gives Jat- are facing competition from producers
ropha the nickname biodiesel tree. in developing countries.
Some countries in Africa including
Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique No facts
are already developing projects for The contradictions in this debate
large-scale production of Jatropha as shows that it is not based on any
an alternative renewable source of facts other than to exclude producers
energy and income source for the in developing countries from access-
rural poor. But very little is known ing the European markets, said Dr.
about the risks that Jatropha could Stephen Mbithi, the chief Executive of
pose when put under cultivation. Fresh Produce Exporters Association.
Jatropha plant in fruit He was speaking during a consulta-
Many uses cannot be used for animal feeds as it tive meeting between the Soil Associa-
Jatropha curca, also known as Physic contains poisonous chemicals. tion and local organic producers and
nut or Purging nut, has many uses. exporters which was held in Nairobi
The plant grows wild in areas with Many questions
A lot about Jatropha curcas is not yet last month. He said that at the height
poor soils to a height of 5 to 10 of the food miles debate, consumption
metres under favourable conditions. known. Farmers therefore need to be
careful before they go into large scale of local horticultural products in the
The plant is easy to establish as it does European markets increased by more
not require fertile soils, extensive irri- commercial production of this crop.
According to the experience with than 20 percent despite the labeling of
gation or much fertilisation. It is not all airfreighted products, which clearly
susceptible to frost and takes about coffee or tea, jatropha as a new cash
crop would be in the hands of the big showed that the pressure for a ban did
2 years to bear fruit. Research has not come from consumers but groups
shown that some plants can produce biodiesel-producer companies. What
would be its benefit to the small-scale with vested interest in protecting their
fruits even after 18 months. share of the organic market.
Biodiesel producers prefer Jatropha farmers?
because it has a higher oil yield com- On the other hand, Jatropha raises New markets
pared to such plants as sunflower, some hope for wananchi as an alter- If effected, the ban would deny local
soya, peanut or even rapeseed. It can native to firewood and kerosene. At small-scale producers from future
be harvested up to three times in a the German Hohenheim University access to the European export market.
year, giving more than 1600 litres of a new pressure cooking stove was This would go against the stated
non-edible oil per hectare every year. developed, which can be operated policy of helping to fight poverty in
Since the oil from Jatropha-seeds is on different pure plant oils like Jat- developing countries. Mr. Tiku Shah,
a non-edible oil, planting these trees ropha oil or Canola oil. This was also the Interim chairman of the Kenya
will not affect food security. Diesel quite succesful in Mali. According to Horticultural Council said local pro-
produced from Jatropha-oil emits the chemical, physical and combus- ducers were already exporting organic
about 70 percent less carbon dioxide tion properties of plant oils, a new produce to emerging markets in South
than normal fossil fuel, lower sulphur vaporizer, a new burner head and a Africa, the Middle East and Russia.
dioxide and reduced exhaust smoke. new tank as well as a novel start-up Participants complained that the many
From the processing of Jatropha-seeds device were designed. Jatropha the certification schemes were costly and
result numerous by-products, such as new energy-source for small scale out of reach of local farmers.
nitrogen-rich press cakes and glyc- farmers? Anna Bradley, a standards expert at
erol for fertilizer, soap and cosmetic A desert landscape before and after intro- the Soil association said the food miles
production. However, the seed cake duction of Jatropha crop (below). debate was initiated by European con-
sumers who were becoming increas-
ingly concerned with the source of
organic food in the market and how
it was produced. There was need for
regular consultations between local
producers and consumers in UK to
create awareness of the importance
of trade in organic produce between
Europe and Africa, she added.
Nr. 39 August 2008
Knowledge is power! Since we started

publishing The Organic Farmer mag-
azine, we have tried to provide farmers
with as much information as possi-
ble. To reciprocate this, farmers should
therefore try by all means to work as
professionals in order to increase pro-
duction, and to do this in a sustainable
way. Our overall target is to sustain the
livelihood of farmers, help them to get
better income and consequently have a
better life. The overwhelming response
from farmers who have been making
telephone calls, sending us SMSs or
letters and e-mails, has continued to
motivate us not only to go ahead, but
to intensify our commitment to forge
ahead publishing this magazine.
This month we have taken another big
step forward. First, we have increased
the circulation from the current 16,000
Care for your goats and get more milk to 18,000 copies. Secondly, we now can
inform you that the Internet service,
Dairy goats are now popular across the country. However, most farmers breed Infonet-Biovision, is now fully updated
them in very unhygienic conditions and in small compartments without adequate especially the part on crops and crop
space for movement and play. They are also poorly fed. All this negligence causes protection. This is a comprehensive
discomfort, stress and poor health. On pages 5 & 6 we have lots of advice by information platform, which provides
Valerie Corr, an experienced goat-keeper in Naivasha. (Photo TOF) organic farmers (and even conventional
farmers!) with a bulk of very valuable
More shops for organic inputs information on crop production. Exten-
sion workers and farmers can visit
One of the big challenges for organic the Larger Grain Borer (Osama)? It is the site at www.infonet-biovision.org.
farmers is the supply of organic fertil- not available, unless you travel all the If you would like to order for the first
izer and biological products. way to the factory in Gilgil. You need edition of the CD, contact TOF office.
Many farmers are willing to change Mijingu rock phosphate? Or neem- Thirdly, we have relaunched the radio
from conventional to organic agricul- products? You rarely get it. Some programme that we had started in May
ture. But practising organic farming in weeks ago, we tried to buy a neem last year for a couple of months. The
many parts of the country is not easy. product in the agrovet shops in Thika. programme will now be aired, as usual,
The problem is that most of the organic It was frustrating and a waste of time: on Thursdays every week, at 8.30 pm
inputs are not available in our agrovet We did not find anything. If you want on KBC Kiswahili service. We intend
shops. Conventional farmers are happy to buy environmentally friendly prod- to provide you with lots of advice in all
because they can buy all chemicals and ucts such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) areas of farming, answer your questions
fertilizers, even at the local kiosk. for pest control, you might find them and give important tips that will help
For organic farmers, farming is really in stock; but the sales people cannot you solve the day to day farming prob-
tough business. You need diatomite even tell the differences between the lems. Listen in, we shall have competi-
for preserving stored maize against different varieties of Bt products they tions with attractive prizes.
sell. Farming is a challenging profession.
About 70 percent of all telephone Rain, weather or markets all contrib-
TOFRadio calls or SMSs we get from farmers

are inquiries on where they can get
this or that organic product we have
ute to farmers headache. The supply
of environmentally friendly products
remains a big problem, as you can read
written about in The Organic Farmer. on this page. But at least one challenge
We are back on air! The ideal solution would be something we have managed to solve for you is
From Thursday August 28, 2008, you like a general shop in villages, where lack of information. With TOF, Infonet-
can listen to the TOF radio programme farmers can find all biological products, Biovision and the radio programme,
again on the KBC Kiswahili service organic fertilizers, some books, TOF farmers are well served. Whoever has
every Thursday from 8.30 to 8.45 pm. copies and other information. It would knowledge can use it to better his or her
In the programme, we will give you be desirable if farmers groups, institu- life, for without knowledge and the
useful tips on organic farming. You tions and, of course, the manufacturers will to use it! there is no real develop-
can also get your questions answered ment that can take place.
would pick up this idea. (TOF)
and even win prizes. Listen to TOF on
radio, join us for the first programme
on August 28!
Nr. 39 August 2008
Pyrethrum is a powerful, natural pesticide
Although pyrethrum is environmental many of them recover after the initial container), keep it away from direct
friendly, farmers should be knockdown phase. In the second sunlight and moisture.
careful when using it. round, you can use a stronger solu- Make sure that they are free from
tion; or you can moulds before
The Organic Farmer use pyrethrum using them.
Every week, we receive calls from mixed with other For the extract
farmers asking us to advice them compounds such preparation, use
on where they can buy an environ- as sesam oil or utensils that are
mentally friendly pesticide. This is piperonyl butox- not used for your
interesting since Kenya is the largest ide. These com- food preparation,
producer of Pyrethrum in the world, pounds enhance drinking and
one of the most effective and widely the utilizaton cooking water
used natural insecticides. Farmers can of the toxic sub- containers. Clean
make their own pyrethrum pesticides stances in pyre- them after use.
- if they can do it correctly. All parts of thrum either by Avoid direct
the plant (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefo- increasing or prolonging their effect. contact with the crude extract while
lium) can be used - flowers, leaves, and Not toxic to humans making the preparation and during
roots. Its mode of action is insecticidal, Compared to many other insecticides, application. Ensure that you place the
repellent, fungicidal and nematicidal. pyrethrum is biodegradable. It degen- plant extract out of reach of children
erates very fast. That is good for the and house pets while leaving it over-
Pyrethrum knocks down night.
Most insects are highly susceptible environment. But if you make your
Always test the plant extract formu-
to pyrethrum at low concentrations. own insecticide, you have to keep it
lation on a few infested plants first,
Pyrethrum works very fast on insects, in a dark place. Use it immediately
before going into large scale spraying.
causing an immediate knockdown you prepare the extract. Pyrethrum is
effect. Insects are left paralyzed by its relatively non-toxic to humans. The When adding soap as an emulsifier
toxic nature. The normal function of most common problem to people is (mixer), use a potash-based one.
their nervous system is affected. The its allergic properties. Pyrethrum can Wash your hands after handling
pesticide kills on direct contact with produce skin irritation, itching, prick- the plant extract and wear protective
the insect. Flying insects drop almost ing sensations and local burning sen- clothing while applying the extract.
immediately upon exposure however sations. These symptoms may last for Pyrethroids
up to two days. Pyrethrum is also Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds
The Organic Farmer is an independent non-toxic to most mammals, making it
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- the safest among the insecticides in the whose structure and mode of action
munity. It promotes organic are similar to pyrethrins but they
market today. Other than the synthetic
farming and supports discus- are not approved for use in organic
pyrethroids, pyrethrum is not so much
sions on all aspects of sus- production. There are many pyre-
dangerous to the beneficial insects. But
tainable development. The throids includ-
you should spray early in the morning
Organic Farmer is published ing Ambush,
or in the late afternoon. Caution: Pyre-
monthly by icipe and distrib- A m m o ,
thrum is highly toxic to bees.
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports Aztec, Pounce
of The Organic Farmer do not necessarily Work carefully and Warrior .
reflect the views of icipe. Store only properly dried flowers, use
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- an airy container (never use plastic
dation for the promotion of Home-made pyrethrum-pesticide
sustainable development. Pyrethrum alcohol extract Target pests: Aphid, bean fly, cabbage
www.biovision.ch Preparation: 500 g of fresh pyrethrum white butterfly, coffee bugs, colorado
Publisher African Insect Science for Food daisy flower heads are put into 4 beetle, diamondback moth, eggplant
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 litres of kerosene for half a day. Stir fruit and shoot borer, flea beetle, gall
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, well, strain it, and the solution is midge, grasshopper, green leafhop-
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, ready for use. Kerosene mixes very per, locust, mites, thrips
website: www.icipe.org well: It dissolves about 70 percent of Powder extract
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner the pyrethrin. Preparation: Mix 30 g of pyrethrum
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia Target pests: Aphids, cabbage loopers, powder with 10 litres of water and 1
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 codling moths, Mexican bean beetles, teaspoon of soap, stir well and apply
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, spider mites, Stink bugs, thrips, immediately on infested plants, pref-
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph tomato pinworms and whiteflies. erably in the evening.
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian Pyrethrum water extract Target Pests: Flea beetles
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe Preparation: Mix 1 to 1.5 kg of finely Powder or dust
Address The Organic Farmer shredded dried pyrethrum into a You can make a powder or dust of
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA drum of 100 litres water, stir vigor- dried pyrethrum flowers. As a dust
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 ously, add 3 kg of liquid soap (which it can be used either pure or mixed
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, increases the toxicity).Spray in the with a carrier such as lime or diato-
www.organicfarmermagazine.org evening. mite.
Nr. 39 August 2008
Farmers can benefit from micro-insurance
Affordable insurance schemes reduce
the risk of losing money should
farming activities fail.
Anja Bengelstorff
On a daily basis, subsistence farmers
around the world face many risks
that threaten to derail any progress
they have made to work their way
into a successful farming business
and out of poverty. The death of a
family member, loss of property and
livestock, illness, and natural disas-
ters each pose unique dangers. Pro-
tecting people against these losses is
an important step towards alleviating
global poverty.
Micro insurance - the protection of
low-income people against specific
risks in exchange for regular pay-
ments (premiums) proportionate to
the likelihood of occurence and cost
Crop losses due to bad weather can be disastrous for small-scale farmers with no
of the risk involved seeks to manage
other source of income . Insurance can compensate such losses. (Photo TOF)
these risks. Micro refers to the small
financial transactions that each insur- life and health as well as funeral livestock insurance also includes epi-
ance policy generates. expenses. With average premiums of demics and emergency slaughter.
It is estimated that only 80 million as low as $1.00 a month (KSh 60/=) for The minimum premium rate for the
out of the worlds 2.5 billion poor are a family of five, the Micro Insurance poultry insurance is Kshs 1,500, for the
currently covered by some form of Agency is making insurance afford- livestock insurance Kshs 1,200.
micro-insurance. Most remain without able. The crop insurance scheme can either
access to this critical financial service. be comprehensive which covers the
Micro-insurance in Kenya physical loss or damage to a growing
In India and China, where organiza-
In Kenya, insurance schemes that are crop caused by natural disasters and
tions are estimated to serve nearly 30
favourable for small-scale farmers are others. It can also cover fire and light-
million micro-insurance clients each,
hard to find. Equity Bank claims to ening for selected crops. The premium
the percentage of the poor insured is
have introduced a micro-insurance rate depends on the type of crop and
below 3%. In Africa this figure is much
scheme for its farmer clients, but no level of risk involved. It ranges between
lower just 0.3% of the continents
details on this were available. 1 and 2% for the fire and lightening
poor are insured. In 23 of the poorest
100 countries in the world, there is Blue Shield Insurance offers poultry, policy. For the comprehensive cover-
currently no micro-insurance activity, livestock and crop insurances. Both age, usually a premium of between 2.5
representing an unserved population the poultry and livestock insurances and 3% of the expected crops value is
of 370 million. cover the death of insured birds charged; for example one 80 kg bag
and animals due to uncontrollable of barley can insure one acre of the
Insurance schemes for the poor diseases, accidents and illness; the expected harvest of barley.
However, micro-insurance schemes
are a growing market world wide.
The Swiss Zurich Financial Services
Micro insurance can alleviate poverty
Group sold its first micro insurance in In developed countries insurance is cover the poor as a new market and
Bolivia in 1999. It has become a famil- common in all sectors of the economy. introduce the so-called micro-insur-
iar practice in countries like India The agricultural sector is not an excep- ance schemes with very low premium
and Indonesia. More and more insur- tion. Farmers are insured against all rates.
ance companies recognize the need forms of damages that may affect But even here, Kenya is lagging
to provide a safety net for the poor, their crops, animals and machinery. behind. Agricultural insurances exist,
particularly in Africa. In Malawi, the Unfortunately, in the poor countries but small-scale farmers still lose
Micro Insurance Agency (MIA), an of the 3rd world it is not like that, as out since the premiums are not low
international organisation, devel- you can read on this page. Here, it is enough. If some of the funds allo-
oped together with the World Bank even more important that small-scale cated to the agricultural sector by
a weather-indexed crop insurance to farmers can rely on an insurance: If governments and development agen-
decrease the risk of drought and its they lose their crops or livestock, they cies were set aside for micro-insur-
negative effect on crop yields. This lose everything. Most of them do not ance schemes, farmers would be able
way, farmers in Malawi can access have any cash in reserve; after a disas- to protect themselves from the men-
credit for seeds and fertilizer without ter, they have to start all over again. tioned risks. That would make them
the danger of defaulting. Other insur- It shows that governments lack more sustainable and would, in this
ance schemes might cover excessive concern for farmers. International way, contribute to the development of
rainfall, livestock, property, but also insurance companies now start to dis- agriculture - and the country. (TOF)
Nr. 39 August 2008
Right varieties and care give more beans
If you fulfill some conditions, that the field is free of
you can get much more yield from weeds and ready for
your bean crop than usual. planting at the onset of
the rains. The seed bed
The Organic Farmer
should be composed of
Beans are quite valuable to Kenyan fine soil.
farmers. They provide the much Seed quality: Farmers
needed proteins to Kenyan families, are advised to buy cer-
especially in rural areas where income tified seeds. However
is low and many people cannot afford local farmers prefer
to eat a balanced diet. Being a legume using seed from their
crop, they also fix nitrogen into the own stock; while this
soil thus improving it. Intercropping is allowed because
or rotating beans with maize and other beans are self-polli-
crops has benefits because the crops nated, farmers should
gain from nitrogen fixation and essen- be careful when select-
tial elements such as lysine which is ing seeds for planting.
found in less quantities in maize and Ensure all wrinkled, damaged or dis- drawn implements or tractors, then
related cereal crops. Local farmers eased seeds are removed. Seeds when spacing can be done according to the
however, harvest an average of 1 or 2 planted are prone to fungal diseases implement to be used for weeding.
bags of beans per acre. Experienced and pest damage before they germi- Beans should ideally be planted in
bean farmers in developed countries nate. To prevent these, all seeds must furrows- this protects the bean pods
get up to 11 bags or more of beans be treated with organic fungicides from contamination because the
per acre through proper growing and and pesticides, a range of which is leaves hang over the edge of the
management methods. To get good available in the market. furrow. For farmers who want to
yield, farmers have to grow varieties Inoculation: Inoculation of beans intercrop beans with maize, two rows
that are suitable to their areas and before planting is very important. of beans 15 cm apart can be planted
adopt good management practices. Inoculation is the process of mixing between the rows of maize. Plant one
Beans can grow well under the follow- bean seeds with nitrogen-fixing bac- bean seed per hole when using this
ing conditions: teria called rhizobium, which enables spacing pattern. The alternative is
Altitude: Beans can do well in both the bean plant to take in more nitro- to plant one bean row and then two
high and low altitude areas as long as gen during the growth cycle. Inocu- seeds per hole. The depth of the plant
there is adequate rainfall. They tend lated beans yield more than those that is not a problem in bean growing and
to grow and mature faster in lower are not. Farmers can buy rhizobium can be done by eye estimation.
altitude zones. from seed companies or enquire from Seed rates: The amount of seeds
Rainfall: The best growth for beans is agricultural research institutions near required for a given area varies from
in medium to high rainfall areas with them. Taking soil from a field previ- variety to variety and the size of the
an average of 750-2000 mm annually. ously planted with beans and mixing seed. The bigger the size of seed, the
Too much rain and long spells of it with your seed beans also inocu- more the quantity of seed required.
drought are not good for beans and lates the seeds. Beans grown as pure stands take up
reduce their yield. Planting: Beans should be planted at more seed than when intercropped
Soils: Beans thrive well on well- the onset of the rains. Delay in plant- with maize.
drained soils which are high in organic ing may cause a reduction in yields or Fertilizer application: The use of
matter and with a pH of between 6 even crop failure. farmyard manure or well decom-
and 7. Their growth is poor in water Spacing: Where beans are planted posed compost is highly recom-
logged soils. alone, planting should be done in mended for bean growing especially
Land preparation: Land prepara- rows at 50 cm by 10 cm (one seed per in areas where soils are low in organic
tion should be done early enough so hill) if weeding is done using animal matter content. The manure should
be applied at least 1 week before
Bean varieties and suitable growing areas. planting. Apply 7- 10 tons of farm
Bean variety Maturity Suitable growing areas Remarks yard manure for every 1 acre of land.
(Days) Weeding: Weeding should be done
Trans-Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kiambu,, continuously to ensure all the weeds
Rose coco 90 Meru, Nyandarua, West Pokot, Keiyo, are controlled. Farmers are advised to
Marakwet, Nakuru, Laikipia etc weed the crop 2-3 weeks after emer-
Canadian Wonder 95 gence followed by second weeding 3
Mwitemania 99 weeks later (before flowering) when
Red Haricot (Wairimu) 88 beans are planted alone. Avoid cul-
Can also do well in tivation at flowering time when the
low potential areas field is wet as this can spread dis-
Mwezi moja 85
with between 500 and eases.
750 mm of rainfall Harvesting: This should be done
Perform well in areas immediately the pods turn brown
Katumani bean 1 60-65 between 900- 1600 m and hard before they start shattering.
Kitui, Makueni, Baringo
above sea-level.
Affected by leaf spot
Katumani bean 2 60-65 and halo blight in areas
1200 m above sea level
8 Issue 2, August 2008
00 rts
t 2 adv
e
s
gu our
Au for y
-
W at ed
ToE advertise
N ic
d contact: James Wathuge on +254 720 419 584 or 020 356 4106, 020 252589 Email: thefarmersclassied@mailnew.com
De
JOB OFFER Kenya Boran Bull Sale

A well established Gardening and Landscaping
Company in Nairobi (Gigiri) is seeking :
Mature, experienced senior HORTICULTURALIST
with University degree and good organisatorial,
management and communication skills, dynamic,
Computer literate and ready to take over a team of Results of the Boran Bull Sale held at Ol Pejeta Conservancy on 7th. June 2008:
Lot No. Bull Breeder Buyer KShs
workers in the field. 1 512560 Marula Estates Ltd El Karama Sahiwals, Laikipia 95,000
2 1226 Kakuzi Ltd, Thika Ol Maisor Ranch, Laikipia 85,000
If you know of somebody who is interested or whom 3 4136 Solio RanchLtd, Naromoru Marula Estates, Naivasha 145,000
4 55521 Marula Estates Ltd. Suyian Ranch, Laikipia 80,000
you would like to recommend, please let us have 5 1315/18 Ol Pejeta C, Laikipia Ruhombe Borans, Uganda 150,000
6 1235 Kakuzi Ltd. Ol Maisor Ranch, Laikipia 75,000
his/her application with CV to: 8 5146 Homa Lime Co. Ltd, Koru. Ruhombe Borans, Uganda 175,000
ammando42@yahoo.de 9 527 Solio RanchLtd. Ol Donyo Farm (Timau) Ltd 193,000
10 692 Suyian Ranch, Laikipia Mpala Ranch, Laikipia 70,000
or 11 1308/18 OlPejeta C, Laikipia David Kamukama, Uganda 215,000
To the Manager Source: Giles
S Gil Prettejohn,
P j h LiLivestock
kMManager, Ol P
Pejeta
j Conservancy,
C + 254 (0) 20 203 3239,
3239 + 254 (0) 733 299592,
299592 gilespj@olpejetaconservancy.org
il
P.O. Box 38378 Following the postponement of the Brookside 2008 Livestock Breeders Show
00623 Nairobi & Sale, The Boran Cattle Breeders Society organised a Kenya Boran Sale at Ol
Pejeta Conservancy. This conrms that animals can fetch better prices as well.
Wake-up ...farming is a business not just a hobby

Farmers Diary Kenya
Organic Mark
produces Organic
MINJINGU
Conferences meat and a variety of PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER CO. LTD
25 - 28 August: Biovision will
other products. But are our
launch Infonet 2012 with the aim of
Co-creating a farming information
products certied to access
hub for the next decade in Kenya. and compete in the interna-
05 - 09 Oct: International Institute tional market and fetch our
of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) invites farmers premium prices.
you to the International Banana The answer is NO, but who
Conference 2008. Target: scientist, is responsible? Shoppers
policy maker, government, NGO, should remain warned to
donor, importer, exporter, trade, pri- look out for Certication
vate business, tissue culture firm, Marks on all Organic
farmer group, farmer cooperative. Products, otherwise you are
For more see, www.banana2008.com
exposed to very high risk of
Courses & Training paying premium prices for Organic
07 - 08 August: Dairy farmers field
day at Mrs Nevills farm in, Opp
products grown using con-
ventional methods which
Fertilizer
Kentmere, Tigoni, Limuru. are not necessarily organic.
Shows & Exhibitions TFC
14th Aug: AgMark Farmers Exhi-
bition Day. At Tala Market, Macha-
kos.
19 - 21 Sep: Kenya Trade Fair and
Conference, Sandton Conven- Wilson Kyalo, a farmer
tion Centre, South Africa. email: in Machakos, Eastern
ktrade@mweb.co.za or judy@ke- Province says am now
nyatradefair.com or info@kenya. getting 65 litres of milk
org.za a day from my fresian
General hi-yield milkers after
Oct 15 - 18: Global Expo Botswa- using Mola Plus.
na. Agribusiness, leather manuf., Regional Office
Power & Renewable energy and MIPCO Ltd E.A. T: +254 020 3874216, F: +254 020 315 612
others. At Gabarone, Botswana. tel: PO Box 53822 - 00200
+2673181931, fax:+267 3170423 Nairobi, KENYA M: +254 720 817 072, +254 734 911 910,
globalexpobotswana@bedia.bw Kabarnet Rd, Off Ngong Rd. CDMA: +254 020 204 8526
Entries to the Farmers Diary should be submitted at least a month prior to the event date to In-A-Vision systems (k) PO Box 29268, email: thefarmersclassified@mailnew.com attn: James Wathuge
2 The Farmers Classied
ORGANIC
Toothpaste
CERTIFICATION
To be 2 Table spoon
Certied Organic Baking Soda
Contact: 1 tea spoon salt
EnCert Limited,
P. O. Box 74510-00200, Mix with water to form a
Nairobi. paste.
Tel: 0724 910240
E-mail: info@encert.co.ke Soap
Website: www.encert.co.ke 3 litres melted fat, 1 can lye
1.5 litres water
Instructions/Caution
Lye is very irritating to the skin and can do
severe damage to eyes and throats.
Use extreme caution when using lye,
aways keep it away from children. You
should use rubber gloves and saftey
glasses when using lye. Follow the di-
Training in Organic Farming rections on the back of the lye box on how
to handle lye.
Do you want training in organic farming You can also make your own lye by pour-
as a group or individual? ing water over wood ashes and saving the
a) Farmers course 1 week organized
byproduct--lye water. The lye water is then
at your own location.
b) School leavers 1 year or 2
added to fat to make soap.
years residential. Although lard is the main ingredient in
c) Distance learning programme soap, one can successfully substitute with
available. other oils to use in its place. Possible sub-
stitutions for lard can be sunower, canola,
Apply for Diploma in Organic Agricul- or just vegetable oil.(I have found that soap
ture or Certificate course to Kenya made from oil is greasier than that made of
Institute of Organic Farming (KIOF). lard.) Lard can be purchased at a grocery
The course is fully residential at KIOF, store or a butcher shop.
Juja town. Fees are reasonable. Mean The utensils you use in soapmaking
grade D+ or C-. Intake for the should be saved for soapmaking use
September/October 2008 is now in only and should not be use thereafter
progress. for food purposes.
You must not use metal pans and
utensils, like aluminum, iron, tin, or
teon for soap making. You can use
cast iron (as in a kettle, if you are mak-
Write immediately to Director,
ing it outside over a re) or enamelware,
P. O Box 34972 00100 Nairobi.
kiof@iconnect.co.ke or Tel: 0733 799072
stoneware,wood, glass or plastic and
(nyungu) earthenware pot.
Always add lye to cold water. Not vise-
versa. Remember to stir slowly to avoid
splashes. The water will start heating up
once the lye is added, due to a chemical
reaction. Afterwards, pour the lye solution
into the fat, once again stirring slowly.
Chunks in your bar soap is caused by
the separation of the lye and the lard. The
chunks are the fat. If this happens, melt the
mixture and add a cup of water at a time,
until the mixture is thick and syrupy again.
You can make your own soap molds out
of a rag-lined box or glass cake pans or
casseroles. Simply slice the bars with a
Dairy Goats knife after the soap has cured for a week.
Steps to follow:
Call: 0734 913 049 1. Add lye to water and dis-
solve.
2. When container which holds
the lye water is warm, add the
fat and stir until cool. 3.
3. Pour into a cloth lined box or
mould, or a box that has been
dipped in cold water, and then
cover.
Young Stock 4. Leave for 7 days until ready
on SALE! cut soap into squares.
Source: farmgal.tripod.com
The Farmers Classied 3
P.O. Box 14494

Nairobi 00800 Kenya
Fax: +254 20 3742605
Tel: +254 20 3741482 / 3566241/2
Cell: +254 735 712090 / 720 937535
enquiries@organix-agro.com www.organix-agro.com
HOW TO ADVERTISE
If you wish to share in the success of Africas Ag-
riculture revolution, The Farmers Classified, of-
fers you the ideal media to do so. Distributed free
of charge in East Africa, and other parts of the
world via the internet every month, the magazine
is the first publication to educate farmers on sus-
tainable agriculture. Advertisers have a unique
opportunity to unlock the untapped potential.
To Advertise contact:
James Wathuge
thefarmersclassified@mailnew.com
+254 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300
+254 020 356 4106
Nr. 39 August 2008
A good farmer knows the needs of a goat
Dairy goats are easy to keep and of concentrate feed (i.e., dairy meal),
can supply you with milk there is total lack of herbage. The
if you care for them well. goat is, therefore, being fed more like
a rabbit. This can only be remedied if
Val Corr *
the goats are left to graze free range
There is an old saying: The eye of or, alternatively, if herbage can be cut
the farmer fattens the beast. In our and put into the stalls.
experience, with varied species of In some instances it is necessary
livestock, this saying is very true. It to tether goats. This should never
simply means that a good farmer, by be done by attaching a rope to the
watching his stock, will know what it leg. Not only is this cruel, it can also
needs to thrive. result in serious injury. Goats should
always be tethered by the neck and,
Zero grazing and fodder preferably, with a rope tied to a collar.
Zero grazing, as we know, applies It must be ensured that whatever the
to a huge percentage of Kenyas live- rope is tied to allow the goat to move
stock, particularly in the case of small- freely round the stake as, otherwise,
scale farmers. Dairy goats are an ideal you will find that the goat finds itself
animal for the small-holder farmer as on a rope so short that it cannot
they are relatively cheap to keep, take move and, more dangerously, it may
up very little space, are easy to feed strangle itself.
and produce more milk than a cow, games will become part of their daily
which takes up more room, eats more Exercise and playing pattern. This exercise ensures the
food and costs more to keep. Young kids will show a natural ability growth of strong bones and muscles.
It has been our experience that goats to jump up and down from as early It is possible, even in the zero grazing
kept on zero grazing are fed mainly as 2 days. They will instinctively look situation, to rig up things for the goats
on Napier grass. Other green matter for places to play by jumping on and to play on, for instance old car tyres,
is only fed when available. Although off anything that is higher than the stones etc.
the food is sufficient, especially if it ground. It would seem that this is a Careful eaters
is subsidized with a small amount crucial part of their growth and, in If you are able to free range your
*Val Corr, Lake Breeze Farm & Toggen- our opinion, it is essential that goats dairy goats, you will observe that
burg Dairy Goats, Naivasha. If you wish should be allowed to jump on an off they are very discerning eaters. In
to contact her for further advice, please things, and be able to play freely. other words, they tend not to destroy
call her on Tel. 0734 913 049. If left to their own devices it the environment in the same way as
In the next TOF-issue: Birth weight, is apparent that they are happy to the Masai goats do. They will eat at
weaning, feed and bucks. interact with each other; energetic Continued on page 6
Goats require good shelter and enough space!

It is essential to house your dairy a thin layer of hay. The goat will eat
goats off the ground. The floor of most of this during the night which
the pen should be slatted (with gaps is necessary for its intake of rough-
for the droppings to fall through), age.
but the gaps between the slats must The droppings and urine, which
be small enough to stop the feet fall through the slats, can be raked
from slipping through. This is very up two or three times a week and
important as their feet very easily get made into compost by placing it
lodged, and this can cause serious in neat piles and allowing it to rot
injury). The reason for housing off down. This can be used on the
the ground is to ensure that the goat shamba or sold as a by product.
is not lying on wet bedding which I can assure you that it is a very
can result in coughs and will cer- sought after commodity!
tainly taint the milk.
Goats are not prisoners!
Goats dont like rain Goats kept on zero-grazing gener- Two types of goat pens; above: a good shelter for goats
The pens must be well-ventilated, ally have very little room outside to stay at night, during daytime the goats are out grazing.
but covered against direct winds, for their stall in which to exercise. Some Below: a good pen, but the goats have no space for move-
goats will quickly develop coughs goats we have seen do not even ment; a poor feeding system, as the goats are walking on
and colds if they are housed in have a pen to roam in; they spend their feed leading to more wastage. (Photos TOF)
damp or drafty pens. their entire life in a stall. This,
Even more importantly dairy without doubt, severely restricts
goats should never be allowed to their growth and is extremely det-
get wet (i.e., left out in the rain). rimental to their well-being. It is,
We have observed that, at the first therefore, very important that, no
hint of rain, they will all try to get matter how small the farm is, goats
inside the stalls. It is essential that have access to at least a small pen
the floor of the pen is covered with during the day.
Nr. 39 August 2008
Letters to the Editor: an abused section

Bravo, hurray, TOF tosha, we need this kind of contradictory behaviour?
more copies of your magazine. Of course, one of my fellow farmers
These are the slogans that have domi- may say: Me, I do not use water from
from page 5: Dairy goats nated this section of the letters to a river, I am not affected. Maybe its
one type of herbage for a while and the editor for the four months I have true! But if we only cry foul when
then all change to a different type read the magazine. As far as these we are affected personally, then we
of food. It is in this way that they bags of praise and prayers for more will never change anything. We have,
pick up naturally produced vitamins copies are justified, I have been asking with TOF, the opportunity to mobi-
and minerals from the surrounding myself if farmers should not begin to lize the farming community in accor-
herbage, even if this only consists of discuss on this page with the name dance with the saying: together we are
grass and weeds. forum their real problems of their strong! All what we do, my colleague
They will, however, require an addi- day-today-life. farmers, is to wait and sit. Prices are
tion of concentrates, such as dairy Let me give you an example. In going up? We wait. The roads are a
meal, bran (fibre) and molasses, if the last issue, in the article on Meru disaster? We wait. The power supply?
they are expected to produce a good Herbs, the governments proposal to We wait!
supply of milk. A good milker will charge horrid amounts of money for TOF is a forum for exchange of
give anything from 3 7 litres per day using water from rivers or lakes was ideas, not just a prayer breakfast for
if looked after and fed properly. reported. How can the government on more copies. This part of our maga-
one hand assure the farming commu- zine is boring! I believe that we, the
Vaccinations nity that it is interested in improving farmers, hold the key to the betterment
It is in the interest of the owner the livelihoods of small-scale farmers of this section of letters to the editor
that the goats are inoculated (vac- while on the other hand it is actu- only if we wrote about real issues
cinated) appropriately. Vaccination ally oppressing them? Where are the such as infrastructure, agricultural ser-
against foot and mouth disease is a farmers to fight against these poli- vices, farming experiences, health and
must, especially where there are lots cies that are pushing the small-scale wealth etc, etc, world without end...
of livestock kept in one area. They farmers to the wall? Should an impor- will you say yes!?
should be vaccinated annually for tant magazine like TOF not be full of Philipp Ngaa, frustrated farmer,
Pasteurella, which is a killer disease letters of farmers who complain about Machakos
in goats (viral pneumonia) and also
for Clostridium. This is a highly
infectious bacteria that lives in much
Where is TOF? Often the chairpersons of farmers groups
hold copies in their houses for whatever
A monthly magazine should appear
of the soil in this country. Seek the monthly and TOF has been quite reason, or give them out to friends or even
advice of your local veterinary officer. faithful in producing monthly copies. family members instead of fellow farmers.
None of the above inoculations are However, the pains and frustrations We are getting so many similar complaints
expensive, but nevertheless they will of a delayed magazine are similar from farmers like you, Paul. Few weeks ago
save you a lot of money and heartache to a delayed salary at the end of we visited some distributors in western
in the long run. the month. With delayed salary one Kenya and found an NGO keeping hun-
cannot be able to pay house rent and dreds of TOFs in a cupboard instead of
De-worming
the landlord comes knocking at the distributing them.
It is essential that you de-worm goats
door. Likewise, with a delayed maga- We have good eyes, but we cannot see in
every three to four months. Vary the
zine the monthly mental bills for the all offices of the group-chairpersons or the
type of worm treatments to avoid
quest of knowledge are also delayed NGOs! So Paul, and all you farmers, if
immunity to a certain brand. It is
leading to a host of problems invad- you do not get the magazine in time, send
important that they are de-wormed at
ing the farms of TOF addicts. The us a letter, sms or call us. We will help you
least once a year with a treatment that
TOF team should thus wake up and to get it! If possible, you should try to get
covers nasal bot and at least once a
improve on the logistics for circulation your personal post office box to solve this
year with a treatment that covers lung
of this magazine! Thank you! problem. (TOF)
worm. Owners often mistake snotty
noses for a cold when it is, in fact, Paul Kimani, Nyeri I got turkeys
caused by flies which lay their eggs in through your magazine
the nostrils, causing nasal bot. I congratulate you for your magazine
Dear Paul,
Healthy milk Sorry Paul, and other affected farmers for and also wish to thank you for pub-
It is becoming obvious that more and getting your TOF copy late or even getting lishing my request for turkeys. Right
more farmers are looking at the dairy nothing at all. The reason for this, however, now I got turkeys through your adver-
goat as the preferred animal for milk is not that we are asleep. All TOFs are dis- tisement. I distribute your magazine to
production. Goat milk is easily digest- patched the same day through Securicor farmers groups near me.
ible and is tolerated by people who and the Post office. In many cases the Peter M Kibara, P.O Box 336, 6, Nyeri
N
cannot tolerate other dairy products. owners of shared Post Office Boxes do not Tel. 0721 155169
It is low in fat and cholesterol and hand over the magazine to the addressee in
is known to be beneficial to children time, or they keep the magazine, or their Questions? Ideas?
who suffer from asthma and skin box rentals are not renewed. So the Postal Complaints?
complications. Corporation sends the letters back to us. SMS us, and we shall get back to you.
0721 541 590 / 0738 390 715
Nr. 39 August 2008
Many ways of controlling moles A cook wants
to become a farmer
Moles are destroying my cassava; and your boundary. Another easy method I have a acre of land just near the
can beans be planted in sandy soil? of controlling moles is by using the river. I am a cook, but I would like
Dennis Matungu, 0726 730 203 castor oil plant especially of the red to be a farmer. I would like to plant
Moles are indeed a problem to many variety. Cut the leaves and the ripen- different types of crops like pota-
of us farmers. We have tried various ing fruit into small pieces and plug toes, tomatoes and cabbages, and I
methods but the best seems to be them into both sides of the mole also have a cow. Please assist because
to find a mole tunnels, moles I dont know how to start. Wafula,
catcher: the guy do not like the Tel.0721 731 233
who ties a tin smell of castor
Hi Wafula, you have a wonderful com-
to a stick with a oil plant and
bination! A cow will give you the
noose and baits will move away
manure you need to feed your crops.
it underground. immediately
Make sure you grow some crops to
It really seems to they sense the
feed your cow!
be an art. Mole smell. A moles
Start preparing a small area of land
catchers seem to skin is very sen-
to start a seed bed and sow a couple of
know the habits sitive to some
beds. Keep the soil moist as the seeds
of moles better plants such as
germinate. Meanwhile, start making a
than most of the farmers. stinging nettles. All a farmer needs to
compost pile, by staking out a 1 metre
A second method we tried was to do is to cut the nettles and plug them
by 2 metre area. Start layering biode-
smoke the moles, by blocking up all into the tunnels used by the moles in
gradable dry materials such as maize
of their holes and blowing smoke the same way as the castor oil plants.
stalks, grass, leaves, cleared plants etc
down one. The smoke will travel When the moles come into contact
with green material and manure until
down their tunnels and eventually with the nettles, they cannot withstand
you have a pile one meter high. Soak
suffocate them. This needs a lot of the stings and will immediately move
the entire compost pile with water and
patience, matches and dry grass. Take away.
cover it with banana leaves or a sheet of
care not to set your farm on fire!! Of course it is not wise to kill the plastic and leave it for 3 weeks. During
Once we had a guy who put a tuber moles, the tunnels they dig allow air to this time check to ensure it does not
down the end of a mole hole and go into the soil, which in turn sustains dry out, add water if necessary.
sure enough there was a dead mole soil organisms that support plant life. After three weeks, turn the compost
the following day with a mouth full pile until the materials are well mixed.
of the tuber. I do not know what the Beans in sandy soils?
Stack it again. It will decrease in size
plant was though I somehow think it Yes, beans can be planted in sandy
as it rots down. After another three
was a simple potato. I have often seen soil as long as it has enough nutrients.
weeks your pile should be ready, and
big birds of prey catching moles, so However, ensure that they do not dry
your seedlings will also be more than
encourage them into your property out as these soils tend to drain and dry
ready for transplant.
by planting some tall trees around quickly. Su Kahumbu
Seedlings are ready to plant at 4
Capsicums require warm temperatures weeks, so start your compost prepara-
tion two weeks before you plant your
Hi TOF, I am planning to put up a greenhouse for growing capsicum in seed beds. Prepare your growing area
Eldoret. What is the ideal temperatures to maintain it? Tel. 0721 856 519 and when transplanting, add good two
Capsicums love high temperatures. wind flow with no ventilation on that handfuls of compost into the planting
Germination temperatures can be as side. This meant, the airflow would holes. Mix in a little soil and then
high as 28 C, though optimum pro- come up and over the structure but plant your seedlings. Water straight
duction temperatures range between could come on the sides to displace away and thereafter every 3 days or
21-25 C. Night temperatures are best the hot air. My greenhouse was about so depending on your soil type. Tend
at around 20 C. 4 metres high on the front and 3 your plants and watch out for insects
If you have an expensive tempera- metres high at the back. The front side and signs of disease.
ture controlled green house this is had a half a metre ventilation window Su Kahumbu
easy enough to maintain, however if at the top running its entire width. Organic fertilizer
it is not very high tech, you will have The sides were covered but also had is just as good
to make some of the following adjust- a slight slanting ventilation gap. One Can the organic fertilizer that KFA is
ments: Try to construct your green side had a door. If you find you are selling be used to plant groundnuts or
house taking into account the natural loosing too much heat at night, attach peas? Francis Kimani 0710 968 554
air flow around the building. I had polythylene flaps to cover the ventila-
the rear of mine facing the on coming tion windows. Su Kahumbu Any organic fertilizer will do well with
groundnuts or peas. But we would
Which plants repel worms? especially African marigold.
recommend that instead of buying
Can I intercrop tomatoes to control Blight is very difficult to eradi- organic fertilizer you produce your
worms? Are there any plant extracts cate. Copper oxychloride is allowed own healthy compost. Whenever you
that can eradicate blight? Maurice in organic production but in limited want to plant any crop you can be able
Juma, P.O Box 111, 50212 Ndalu, quantities. Where there is blight in to reduce your expenses by using your
Tel.0734 607 294. the soil, it is best to rotate your crops own compost which is cheap; it will
Plants that repel soil born insects to another family group for a few require some bit of extra labour, but
when planted are onions, leeks and growing seasons. TOF you can save a lot of money. TOF
Nr. 39 August 2008
The value of organic manure New market

for organic produce
Organic manure is not taken seriously inputs on the push-pull sites. From
by most farmers as a fertilizer that can mere observation, the difference in The marketing of organic produce
help improve soil fertility on the farm, crop health between the organically from small- scale farmers in East
but according to research conducted grown crops and conventional ones Africa will now be easier following
by various institutions, it was found is very clear. In the second season we the establishment of a streamlined
that the use of farmyard manure can expected to have even better results supply system that has been set up by
boost crop yields significantly. New because the farmers will have mas- two marketing outlets in Kenya and
findings now indicate that farmers tered adequate skills in preparation of UK. The outlets will enable farmers
can increase their crops yields by compost, he says. We will give you to sell organic produce locally and
between 10 to 15 percent after reduc- the full report on the importance of abroad. Organic farmers in any part of
ing the use of chemical fertilizers in manure in one of the coming issues of East Africa will get orders for supply
crop production. The use of increas- The Organic Farmer. (TOF) of various organic products and also
ing amounts of organic fertilizers has alert the buyers of the type of produce
been found to increase soil fertility they want to sell through a computer-
and its nutritional value. ised information system that will be
linked to their mobile phones.
Manure and foliar feeds Su Kahumbu of Green Dreams
Preliminary results of the ongoing Organic Shop has teamed up with
push-pull project in parts of Central a UK-based organic food marketing
province which is being implemented chain to form the Food Network of
by KARI and funded by BioVision East Africa (FNEA) that will train
Foundation support this view. Small- local farmers on the requirements of
scale farmers who used well-compos- production, packaging and marketing
ted organic manures in their demon- of the various organic products that
stration plots at the start of the season are produced in the three East African
have healthier crops than those who countries for both local and the export
did not. The crops were even better market. They will buy the products.
where the farmers used foliar feeds
from plant teas made from tithonia. Hurdles: Standards and Credit
Samuel Njihia, the project leader Our intention is to consolidate the
says that farmers participating in the organic produce from various parts
project are only allowed to use organic of East Africa and sell these products
in the region and also in the export
Right: A healthy intercrop of maize and market. To do this successfully, we
beans grown using organic manure. have to train them on supply of the
Below: Farmers scout for stem borer required volumes and quality, says
infestation in a push-pull demonstration Kahumbu. The main problem that
plot at Kagunduini, Thika. (Photos KARI) faces local organic farmers is the incon-
sistency in supply of organic products
including overproduction or under-
production, she added. Organic
farmers will be trained on quality
assurance systems to ensure that the
produce they supply is of highest
quality. The training on quality will
reduce rejection of produce for failure
to meet the set organic standards.
Another hurdle that faces local
small-scale farmers has been lack of
credit. To overcome this problem,
Kahumbu says FNEA is also net-
working with a number of micro-
finance institutions to train farmers
on where they could source credit to
overcome their cash flow problems.
Farmers will also be trained on local
and export certification requirements,
and introduced to organic input pro-
viders. Organic farmers interested in
joining the organic supply chain can
contact Su Kahumbu for details, call
Tel. 0721 100 001.
To plough or not to plough? Agricultural practices are on the change

every day. The benefits of some of the
technologies being developed are debat-
able because of their impact on the envi-
ronment; others have immediate ben-
efits for farmers. They therefore need
to know these new methods of farming,
and be able to adopt them if they are
sustainable, environmental friendly,
and if they help boost their crop yields,
including improving their income.
The increase in demand for food has led
to a sudden hike in food prices world-
wide. In Africa, the situation is critical
given our low capacity for food produc-
tion. This state of affairs, in future, will
affect mostly the poor because, if the
Conservation agriculture aims at producing high crop yields while reducing produc- trend continues, they may not be able
tion costs, maintaining soil fertility and conserving water. It is a way of achieving to afford food that is costly. Farmers
sustainable agriculture and improving livelihoods. See page 4 & 5 (Photo TOF) have to find a way out of this vicious
cycle; new research findings now show
that there are many ways in which
Long wait for promised inputs farmers can produce more food without
the use of expensive inputs. Across the
Urgent measures are needed world, research is coming up with new
to cope with the expected
food shortage.
TOFRadio technologies that are cost effective and
which if practiced by farmers could
The Organic Farmer Listen to KBC Kiswahili service every double or even triple their average
Thursday from 8.30 to 8.45 pm. yields. Of course, we have to be careful
At the moment, Kenyas food security not to believe in all that we are told;
situation is critical. From the many market. Although fertilizer prices but we should at least have a look at
calls we are receiving from farmers, have gone down, most farmers still all these options and carefully evaluate
it appears very little is being done lack adequate resources to buy it. them with an open mind.
to help them. A large proportion of The situation for many farmers One method that is dominating
farmers was displaced and farming is thus desperate. The long rains, debate in agriculture and that is of
operations disrupted when violence which would have corrected the food interest to us is minimum or zero
hit the country at the beginning of the deficit have not been enough in tillage, which many farmers in Latin
year. The most affected were the coun- most of the farming areas. With the America and Asia are using with very
trys major food producing zones. recent upward surge in food prices, good results. In this method, the soil is
The government, through the the general outlook is very scaring. regarded as a living entity that should
ongoing resettlement programme, Importing food is not a solution not be disturbed so much through
had pledged to support displaced because many people may not be able ploughing, harrowing or hand hoeing.
farmers. They were promised agricul- to buy it. What is required are urgent This practice ensures that the living
tural inputs such as seeds and fertil- measures to help farmers with afford- organisms living on the surface of the
izer. But the inputs are inadequate, able inputs to enable them utilise soil and which help promote growth
and as we hear, much of the aid is the current short rains to produce are protected. Furthermore, important
being diverted by corrupt provin- adequate quality food. This should nutrients that sustain plant life are also
cial administrators and sold in black be done urgently. (See page 6) preserved and by the way, you save a
lot of money since you reduce the costs
for land preparation.
Some farmers may find it difficult to
You want to believe this, because they have adored
improve your More about ploughing as the only way to prepare
knowledge dairy goats land for growing crops. The call do not
on farming? Do we need disturb the soil! may sound strange
Buy a copy of to separate and a challenge to many farmers. But
the Infonet- the male goat they should remember: It is not how
BioVision CD. (buck) from the hard you work in your shamba, that
For details, herd? assures you of a good harvest. It depends
see page 8. See page 3 on how smart or wise you do it!
Couch grass is difficult to remove
Controlling couch grass is not become entangled in clumps of
an easy job. You may dig it out herbaceous perennials, among
or use chemicals. shrubs and fruit bushes causing
great problems.
The Organic Farmer The roots of couch grass are
Many farmers find it hard to control dense and bind even the lightest
couch grass. They are fed up with soil. Once these roots intermingle
this monster that is a problem to their with ornamental plants they can
crops. Of course, one can understand smother the plants and become
their complaints. difficult to remove and to eradi-
Couch Grass (Elymus repens) is a cate.
very common species of grass. Its Digging out couch grass is pos-
other names include twitch, quick sible, but this is likely to leave
grass, quitch grass, dog grass, and behind small sections of rhi-
quackgrass. As these names may zomes in the soil. These quickly
suggest, couch grass has been used re-grow and need to be removed
in herbal medicine since the classical before they form a new network
Greek period. Sick dogs are known of underground stems and there-
to dig up and eat the root. A hundred fore perpetuating the problem.
years ago, herbalists used it to treat Chemical control
inflamed bladders, painful urination An easier way of removal is
and for water retention. chemical control. Do not remove
Stubborn grass: If a small piece of the grass
A fast growing weed couch grass with chemicals in
remains in the soil during weeding, it will grow
Couch grass is a common and invasive the dry season. Weedkillers such again. Underground stems (below).
garden weed. It rapidly spreads by as Round-up are quite effective
rhizomes (underground stems) and and, if correctly applied, should
grows extremely quickly. From the kill out even heavy infestations
tips of the rhizomes, new shoots are of couch grass in one applica-
produced that quickly produce tufts tion. But as these products are
of leaves and more rhizomes. These not selective, care is needed to
prevent spray landing or drifting
The Organic Farmer is an independent on to other cultivated plants and
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- causing damage. Protect them
munity. It promotes organic with polythene while spraying
farming and supports discus- and remove only once it has dried.
sions on all aspects of sus- The grass should die within three
tainable development. The weeks; but treat any re-growth as
Organic Farmer is published soon as possible. Do not cultivate
monthly by icipe and distrib- the soil until the grass has been
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports completely eradicated.
of The Organic Farmer do not necessarily
reflect the views of icipe.
My struggle with couch grass
sion, a Swiss-based foun- Couch grass is perhaps one of the season and re-establish itself spread-
dation for the promotion of most stubborn grass weeds I have had ing like a bushfire fanned by strong
sustainable development. to deal with on my tea farm. Wherever winds. But what really shocked me
www.biovision.ch I noticed a patch of couch grass in the most is the extent to which this weed
Publisher African Insect Science for Food tea bushes, my first instinct was to can go to nourish itself. I had uprooted
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 work on it there and then and ensure a tea seedling that had dried up. What
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, every piece of the grass was removed I found out stopped me in my tracks:
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org, however deep it had dug its way into Right inside the stem was a piece of
website: www.icipe.org the soil. I only stopped digging after couch grass, that had worked its way
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner turning the soil over and over again right through the root system into the
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia and satisfied myself that the offend- stem! The grass had taken away most
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 ing grass was done away with. of the nutrients that were fed to the
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, But you can imagine my frustration plant, and in the process interfered
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph whenever I came back after only a few with its normal growth.
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian weeks to find the grass I had weeded A colleague then advised me that
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe out shooting out again! Finally it the best way to reduce the couch grass
Address The Organic Farmer dawned on me that I was fighting a menace was to weed it out during the
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA losing battle. However careful one is dry season, then use a paint brush
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 in removing couch grass, an odd piece to apply the Round-Up herbicide on
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, of the grass that remains in the soil the few patches that regenerated.
www.organicfarmermagazine.org will sprout especially during the wet Somehow, it worked. Peter Kamau
With enough milk, young goats grow fast
The first months are important for
young goats. They do better if allowed Do not
to suckle milk from their mothers. separate bucks
Val Corr * It is very possible to keep
a buck (male goat) with the
In my last article (TOF Nr. 39, August herd. If you plan your breed-
08) I talked about the feeding and ing, which you should, then
proper housing of goats, which are fasten an apron to the buck
some of the conditions for healthy prior to running him with
animals; in this article we are going the does. It is important to
to look at how to deal with the young lodge a piece of sheepskin
ones. According to our experience, under the tie on top of his
birth weight is insignificant. Small back as, otherwise, a sore
kids (the young one of a goat), if will develop and these are
fed properly and allowed to exercise very difficult to clear up.
freely will, almost certainly, catch up We have proved that the
with their siblings by the age of three buck is a much happier,
months, be of a generally uniform size healthier animal when run
and weight. The average birth weight with the herd. It was our
of our kids is 3.5 Kg in the case of experience that, when the
twins although we have had twins buck was tethered, he spent
weighing 5 kg each! most of his day calling for
the herd and not grazing
Feed the kids
which had a very obviously
We consider a 2 kg birth weight a very
damaging effect on his
small animal but, we have always
general condition.
found that these small kids soon catch
up if looked after properly. In Sep- House the buck alone
tember last year we had two sets of There is a myth that if you
triplets (our first experience of this) allow the buck to stay with
in 10 days! The first set were all of the herd that this will cause
average weight and two of the second the milk to be tainted. We
set were also average but the third have proved that this is not
one of this set only weighed 900 g at true. What is true is that
birth. We fed her every two hours for bucks have a very strong
the first 10 days and then every four smell we have solved does taint the milk is if the dirt. This means that the
hours (last feed at 9 p.m.) and, by two this problem by housing does are not housed off the udders become dirty which
months she was almost as big as her the buck separately from ground which means that in turn taints the milk. You
siblings. the does. What certainly they are lying in their own must maintain hygiene.
Weaning mothers did. By leaving them with
From experience we have noted that it their mother, you not only ensure a
is of long term benefit to young stock much better healthy kid, you will also
that they should be allowed to get find that it is a less stressed animal
milk from their mothers by suckling and the mother, at the end of the
for the first month. At the end of this second month is very happy to wean
month, they should be separated at her offspring whereas, if you separate
night in a pen close to their mothers. them after a few days, the mother is
At the end of two months they can be very stressed by losing her kid and
separated completely. This practice is will not eat properly, often for several
especially beneficial to small kids. If days, because she spends all day
they are bucket-fed they will almost making noise to get the kid back.
certainly not do as well and may not
Molasses
catch up with their siblings.
Molasses is a cheap source of vita-
Although this might mean less milk
mins and minerals and goats love it.
is available to the household in that is vital as dairy goats have very little
It can be added to the concentrated
first month, it will mean a much stron- body fat.
feed to add flavour and/or be mixed
ger, healthier kid. We have proved
with water in a drum and the goats Hay is needed
this ourselves when we have reared
allowed to drink it freely once a day. Hay is a very important part of a
orphans they did not thrive in the
Molasses is especially beneficial ruminants diet, especially in a zero
same way that kids left with their
to ruminants as it causes fermenta- grazing situation, as it would be the
*Val Corr, Lake Breeze Farm & Toggen- tion in the rumen. About 75 percent only source of roughage available in
burg Dairy Goats, Naivasha. If you wish of a goats weight is concentrated in the diet. Without hay your goats will
to contact her for further advice, please the stomach region, and fermentation tend to become either have indiges-
call her on Tel. 0734 913 049. helps to keep the animal warm. This tion or suffer from bloat.
Soil fertility is the starting point in farming
A healthy soil should contain all soil, water and biological resources.
essential nutrients. Organic and con- Agriculture can become much more
servation agriculture are sound foun- efficient, ecologically sound and sus-
dations towards achieving this goal. tainable if farmers adopted minimum
tillage.
The Organic Farmer
New ways
A recent report on the Rice-Wheat Con- It is not so easy to adapt new methods
sortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains, of farming. When it comes to land
a joint program involving Bangladesh, Farmers need to overcome another
preparation, we are so much fixated hurdle. Most of them take fertiliz-
India, Nepal, and Pakistan as well as at the idea of ploughing or digging.
the international agricultural research ers as the final solution to solve soil
Leaving a protective blanket of leaves, fertility problems. That is why they
centres, states as follows: Results stems and stalks from the previous
of on-farm trials show that reduced spend a lot of money to buy fertil-
crop on the surface is, in the eyes of izers with nitrogen (N), phosphorus
or zero tillage generally results in many farmers, a sign of a laziness. On
wheat yields that are higher than, or (P) and potassium (K) to feed their
the contrary zero or minimum tillage crops. Nitrogen in particular is highly
at least equal to, yields obtained using is very important for conserving soil valued as it shows immediate results
conventional practices. The simplest moisture, retaining essential plant with healthy leaves and rapid crop
approach is surface seeding, already nutrients and preventing loss of top development. But farmers do not
common in parts of eastern India and soil through water and wind erosion. realize that too much nitrogen can
Bangladesh, where farmers broadcast Moreover, farmers ask if they can interfere with fruit formation in a
wheat seed in the rice fields before the practise the simple technique of drill- plant; it also pulls water into the plant
mature rice crop is harvested. ing seeds into the soil with little or diluting plant sugars and making the
These farmers in Asia are not unique. no prior land preparation. This is plants soft and hence vulnerable to
Hundreds of thousands small scale- possible, as one can read on these two diseases and pests.
farmers in Latin America and even pages. It is always challenging to try
big farmers in the US are practising new production methods, especially Manure retains soil nutrients
reduced or zero tillage, which aims at in agriculture, where farmers are To some extent, the promotion of NPK
enhancing and sustaining farm pro- wary of losing their precious crops. is done by scientists who concentrated
duction by conserving and improving Nevertheless it is a worthwhile try. on the NPK category of soil nutri-
ents at the expense of other essential
Disturb the soil as little as possible soil nutrients. They assumed that the
In conservation In conventional other soil nutrients were already there
agriculture, tillage farming, farmers in sufficient quantities. However, pro-
is reduced to rip- plough and hoe longed use of land for farming, poor
pling planting lines to improve the fertilizer usage and even rainfall has
or making holes soil structure and been found to reduce other important
for planting with control weeds. nutrients in the soil. This causes an
a hoe. The ideal is But in the long imbalance that locks up many micro-
to plant direct into term, they actually nutrients, making then unavailable to
the soil, without destroy the soil plants. Organic manure and compost
ploughing. This structure and con- help bind together all these micro-
protects the soil tribute to declining nutrients namely phosphate, sulphur
structure. soil fertility. and boron in the soil.
Conservation agriculture is a good
Keep the soil covered as much as possible solution to the problem of declining
In conservation In conventional soil fertility as it creates the right
agriculture, crop farming, farmers balance in soil nutrients. By conserv-
residues left on the remove or burn the ing organic matter content in the soil,
field, mulch and crop residues or this method improves the condition
special cover crops mix them into the of the soil. However as mentioned
protect the soil soil with a plough earlier, all this depends on the will-
from erosion and or hoe. The soil ingness of farmers to change and
limit weed growth is left bare, so it to use any methods that improve
throughout the is easily washed their soil fertility while at the same
year. away by rain. time increasing their crop yields and
income. Already many farmers across
Mix and rotate crops to improve soil fertility the country are slowly abandoning
In conservation In conventional
ploughing of land. Instead, they have
agriculture, this farming, the same
opted to use Round Up herbicide
is minimized by crop is sometimes
to eradicate weeds after which they
planting the right planted each season.
dig holes and plant maize and other
mix of crops in the That allows certain
crops. This is a good beginning that
same field, and pests, diseases and
may lead to eventual adoption of
rotating crops from weeds to survive
minimum tillage.
season to season. and multiply, result-
This also helps to ing in lower yields
maintain soil fertil- in the next harvest
ity. season.
8 rts
2 00 dve Issue 3, September 2008
r a
be yo ur
m
e or
t f
S ep ted
- ica
N EW edD
Farmers in Kenya spend 80% of their time in the shamba and 20% reading The Organic Farmer magazine
JKUAT Enterprises Ltd

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Incentives lacking for farmers
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BUSINESS MANAGER - JKUATES be preserved and improved. Send all your children to city schools and talk ill of farming,
EMAIL: bm@jkuates.jkuat.ac.ke
forgetting that you use your farming income to send them to school; and you can be sure that
the first chance your family gets to sell their family farm land they will do it.
Farmers Diary Let us encourage our children to venture into farming and we can be sure to have a future
generation of farmers. We call upon organizations involved in agriculture to develope incen-
tive schemes to nurture our energetic youth. A bad example ..energy used to fight and
Conferences destroy property during the post-election period could have helped till over 20,000 hectares
05 - 09 Oct: International Institute of farmland, plant and weed and half of it used to harvest using manual labour or even build
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Entries to the Farmers Diary should be submitted at least a month prior to the event date to In-A-Vision systems (k) PO Box 29268, email: thefarmersclassified@mailnew.com attn: James Wathuge
ORGANIC Historical use of herbss

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INFONET-BIOVISION CD:
Rabbits: Contact Charles Warts
Gichohi, Muranga, Apple Cider Vinegar for warts! Wow! I
Do you want to improve your knowl-
Electrical edge on farming? Buy a copy of the 0722875441 had a wart on my thumb knuckle and a
Installation and Services Infonet-BioVision CD. For details on Harmshire Doe: Contact big one next to the thumb nail. The one
how to order see page 8 for instruc- near my nail was starting to spread un-
0722 636 581
tions. der the nail. I read about the ACV treat-
ment on this site and it works!
For: How to do it:
Wiring MINJINGU Soak coton in ACV and tape over wart
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER CO. LTD with bandage. After about 20 minutes
Solar installation
it will throb like crazy. Kept it on over-
Electrical supplies night, the next morning, the thumb will
be throbbing but the two warts will be
black. Let the air get to them, they form
a scab like top. Yeah, its gross look-
ing, but after 7 hours they will be al-
ready black.Reapply the next day for a
couple of hours. Then three days later
the scabs will come off with a little pry-
ing. Theres just a hole where the wart
was. Cover it now with disinfectant and
band-aid.
1. It does throb a lot. Its worth it.
Organic 2. Dont get nervous about the black
color, the wart has to die rst.
Fertilizer 3. Keep at it! Dont worry about the skin
around the wart. Itll be ne. It may get
all wrinkly and pruney but itll be ne!
Other Methods
Apply fresh cut pineapple to affected
areas several times daily.
For planters warts cover in duct tape
until gone.
Wilson Kyalo, a farmer CAUTION: Never use any home rem-
in Machakos, Eastern edy or other
Province says am now
self treat-
getting 65 litres of milk
ment with-
a day from my fresian
out being
hi-yield milkers after
using Mola Plus. advised to
do so by a
Regional Office physician.
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The Farmers Classied 3
BM stands for Bio-active Microbes. It com-

prises of selected species of naturally oc-
curring microbes which are useful for plant
growth and environmental management.
The product is produced naturally by con-
trolling the PH to the level where only ben-
ecial microbes can survive. As a result no
synthetic chemicals or genetic modication should be
of the organism is done, hence the product sheltered from
can t the description of an organic product. too much rain or sun.
The main microbe in this product is Bacillus Compost can be turned aer
Subtilis which is very good in converting the 2 weeks. It should be ready
nitrates to nitrites hence making nutrients within 4-6 weeks.
available to the plant. BM organic booster can
be used in:-
Livestock
Agriculture (a) Reduces bad smell in ani-
mal sheds.
BM can be used as folia spray or can be (b) Helps recycle animal waste
drenched as a fumigant. into useful organic fertilizer for the
crops.
ADVANTAGES OF BM (c) Helps in assimilation of nutrients
Helps in germination, growth, owering, when given in drinking water thus increas-
fruiting and ripening of the fruits. ing productivity.
It increases the quality and quantity of (d) Helps to reduce stress in livestock espe-
produce cially in poultry and pigs when applied on
It increases the self -life of perishable, pal- their beddings.
atability as well as taste of the produce. (e) It is used in making silage, where it ac-
It promotes multiplication of benecial celerates fermentation.
micro-organisms in the soil.
Reduces nutrients immobility and increas-
es mineralization.
Sanitation
It de-ionizes hazardous substances such as 1. TOILETS AND PIT LATRINES
heavy metals while decomposing residual
agrochemicals. BM suppresses bad smell in both toilets and
It creates an ideal environment for the latrines. It is also very good for keeping ies
roots to absorb nutrients from the soil. away.
It inhibits abortion of owers e.g in coee
if sprayed before owering. OTHER PRODUCTS AVAILABLE
It facilitates decomposition of organic 1. BM organic fertilizer.
m a t - ter (hence ideal for compost mak- 2. BM probiotic health supplement.
ing). 3. BM Bokashi.
It improves the soil 4. A variety of herbal teas and healthy
structure. foods.
COMPOST
Dilute 200mls:20L wa- FOR MORE DETALS CONTACT
ter and apply in lay- PETER CHANDI
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content of 40%. Email organicafrik@yahoo.com
Aer treatment
the compost
TOFSUBSCRIPTION FORM
SUBSCRIPTION FORM HOW TO ADVERTISE
Return this completed form to TOF. PO Box 14352 00800 Nairobi or info@organickenya.com
Registration type: If you wish to share in the success of Africas Ag-
riculture revolution, The Farmers Classified, offers
Name: Individual farmer you the ideal media to do so. Distributed free of
Postal Address: Code: Farmer Group charge in East Africa, and other parts of the world
Town: District Women Group via the internet every month, the magazine is the
Youth Group
Province: first publication to educate farmers on sustainable
College
Registration No.: agriculture. Advertisers have a unique opportunity
School
to unlock the untapped potential.
Number of active Members: Church Group
Chairpersons Name Extension Officer
NGO
To Advertise contact:
Chairpersons Tel.: James Wathuge
CBO
Areas of interest: Other thefarmersclassified@mailnew.com
+254 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300
+254 020 356 4106
P.O. Box 14494

Nairobi 00800 Kenya
Fax: +254 20 3742605
Tel: +254 20 3741482 / 3566241/2
Cell: +254 735 712090 / 720 937535
Innovative Organic Farming Technologies from

Reach over 100,000 readers

Greencure
and sell:
High breed bulls & heifers
Sheep for meat and production
Goats for milk and meat
Pets and hunters
You can do it in this space call: james wathuge on
0720 419 584
020 356 4106
A challenge Farmer uses 75 percent less diesel
for farmers Su Kahumbu
As we have see on page 4,
conservation agriculture has A few weeks ago I visited a farm in
three basic principles: disturb Thika which is owned by PierLuigi Mag-
the soil as little as possible, gioni. The farm produces three main crops
keep the soil covered as much for export: Baby corn, French beans and
as possible, mix and rotate the Baby courgettes. Production is along con-
crops. To gain the full benefit ventional lines, following the European
of conservation agriculture, requirements.
all the three principles have PierLuigi is the chief agronomist in the 1
to be applied at the same farm, Italian by birth but pretty Kenyan
time. This is the case with now after residing here for the last twenty
ideal practice: direct planting years. His interests span beyond conven-
through a soil cover. tional methods of production, and he has
This ideal is not possible been at the forefront of Integrated Pest
everywhere. But farmers Management (IPM) of production locally.
should try to go in that direc- He is ever experimenting in new systems,
tion as far as possible. Because a firm believer in trial and error and has
each farmer faces a different more patience than I will ever have. Of late,
situation, this may mean dif- he has been doing trials on Zero Tillage on
ferent things. Some farmers maize and has managed to produce three
may find it best to introduce a crops with astonishing results!
cover crop first. Others might The big change ...
gain by reducing their tillage French beans are first grown using fertil-
to ripping (using a narrow izers which, after harvest, are dried by use
2
plough-like implement of chemical Roundup(1) . The bean waste is
that creates a small furrow left in the field and maize is planted directly
without turning the soil over) into the same area, using a seeder(2). The
or pitting(digging planting maize does not get any additional fertil-
holes with a hoe) as a first izer(3). After the baby corn harvest, this
step towards conservation maize crop (4) is chopped above the ground
agriculture. In a second step, level and beans are planted once more, this
these farmers can leave crop time also with fertilizer(5).
residues in the field and start Considering this process to be one
planting cover crops. cycle, after three cycles, the soil is aerated
Practicing conservation agri- from beneath using a special implement.
culture can be a challenge. As shown in the photos, the top soil is
It means a different way of covered with maize and bean mulch, which 3
farming. Farmers may be improves the soil condition and quality
reluctant to make the switch, over time. Also shown in the photos is the
and they need to learn new uniformity of the growing blocks.
skills. It also means a new
mindset: for example, they ... saves a lot of money
have to learn that a clean The savings realised from this system are
field is not the best. incredible. According to PierLuigis calcula-
But the benefits are real. tions, he uses 75 per cent less diesel, since
Farmers quickly find that by he simply does not use his tractors as much.
applying these principles, Considering that he used to spend 1000
they can save labour, reduce litres with the system there before, this is
costs, and improve their soils an incredible saving. Most surprisingly, he
fertility and ability to hold has brought his pesticide use to zero. He no 4
water. That means higher longer uses any pesticides on the crops, as
crop yields. They can use pest damage is at negligible levels. Equally
the time they have saved to important, he has increased his yields by
expand the area they culti- up to 70 percent. This, PierLuigi says, is due
vate, or even to start other to better germination realised by this new
enterprises that earn more planting method minimal tillage.
money. Conservation agricul- This is a huge eye opener for me. Why
ture may at last give them arent other exporters and small-scale
a chance to break out of the farmers doing the same? quizzes Pier-
vicious circle that binds them Luigi. He is now experimenting with zero
in poverty. tillage on other crops. Im fascinated and
Ref: Conservation Agriculture - would love to see this approach adopted
A manual for farmers and exten- by more and more large-scale exporters, 5
sion workers in Africa (IIRR) he concludes.
Food prices
widen rich-poor gap
They poor can no longer afford the
increasing food prices. More information on drip irrigation
For the first time since 1973, the world accessories and how much it would
has been hit by a combination of a cost for an acre of land. I would also
record high food and fuel prices. The request to know about vanilla crop
price of oilseeds and grains, such as farming; where to get seeds, how to
wheat and maize, has doubled since grow them and their market.
January 2006, with over 60 percent of Peter Mwangi, P.O Box 162, Homa-
the hike taking place since January Bay
2008, according to aWorld Bank report. We will send you a copy of TOF that has
The cost of rice more than tripled details on drip irrigation. To buy drip
between January and May 2008. irrigation pipes you can get in touch with
the following institutions for advice: Call
Africa is becoming poorer Thank you very much for your dedica- Esther Muriuki (KARI-NARL) Tel. 0722
Since 2001, oil has gone up from tion to organic farmers in our country 397 750. KARI has drip irrigation kits that
US$ 20 a barrel to an unprecedented through The Organic Farmer magazine. cater for various land sizes and require-
$140. Oil prices are now higher than We have been receiving these maga- ments. They can distribute the kits to
any time in the last century, not only zines through Kaimbaga Dairy Self- farmers through their stations in various
pushing up the price of food in poor Help Group and we have benefited a parts of the country. Alternatively you
countries importing staple grains and lot through it. I would like to know can get in touch with the manufacturers,
fuel, but also eroding their capacity to more about drip irrigation farming Shade Nets Ltd, P.O. Box 2127, Thika Tel.
buy food. According to a recent World that could benefit me especially during 067 31051/6 or email: shadenet@wanan-
Bank study, at least another 105 million the dry season, where to buy these chi.com
people across the world will become
poor. Simulations in this study suggest New tool ees have their own small holdings
that in Africa alone, nearly another 30 and would benefit from it. We have
million people will fall into poverty that improves soil small farms and we mostly grow
Last year, the global grain harvest was I have been developing a copper alloy mangoes, apples, guavas, pomegran-
a record 2.3 billion tonnes, 4 percent coating for farming tools (grub hoe) ates, coconuts and we also have a
more than in 2006. Since 1961 the which act as a slow release fertilizer casuarina tree plantation. We expect
worldwide production of cereals has when worked in the soil. I believe this to hear from you.
tripled, but the world population has technology has the promise to provide Foster partner, Sand Island beach,
also doubled. It is absurd because even an inexpensive solution to improving P.O Box 5516, Diani Beach Tel. 040
if the production goes up, around one poor soil for African farmers. Please 3300042, 0721 425 716
billion people cannot afford to pay see my website http://www.kopperk-
for their food. At the same time about ing.com for more information. I am Dear Farmers,
a half of the grains produced in the looking for funding to start a research As we have mentioned many times,
world are used for feeding cattle and garden using this technology. The Organic Farmer magazine is dis-
for producing fuel. Regards, David Prokop tributed free of charge, but only
to farmers groups. Why? For two
Who benefits? We want it in Zambia reasons. First, our objective is that as
Logically, small-scale farmers should I received several nice copies of The many farmers as possible get access
benefit. But very few subsistence Organic Farmer magazine Nos 33, 34 to the magazine. This means that if
farmers in Africa produce surplus food, and 35, sent to me by my Kenyan pen we sent the magazine to a farmers
and are mostly net buyers. The World friend that I read with much interest. group, we can be sure that one copy
Bank has also found that although I wish to receive these helpful and will be read by other farmers in the
farmers who produce surplus food educative magazines on regular basis group. And what we have also seen
might be better protected, they might because I am also an organic farmer, is that when farmers share TOF, they
not benefit from the better food prices here in Mpika Zambia. I would be always discuss the articles and share
because the cost of agricultural inputs very appreciative if you could add their experiences. Secondly, for us, it is
such as fuel, fertilizer and transporta- my name and address to your mailing much cheaper to send to groups than
tion is much higher than the prices list. Once again I am very thankful individuals. To send one copy of the
offered in the market. to you for printing such a wonderful magazine to every farmer would cost
The big winners are the grain trading magazine. Ksh 30.Now we pay only Ksh 5 when
companies. The profit of the worlds Fort Hares Flori-Organic Gardens, we post the magazines to groups. So
biggest trading company, Cargill, P.O Box 450114, Mpika Zambia, if you would like to be in our mailing
went up by 86 percent in the first Andrew Bwalya list, please form a group of about 10
three months of this year. Last year, people and write to us. You will get a
the trading companies made record My employees need it copy of TOF every month!
profits: Cargills profit went up by I have seen a copy of The Organic
36 percent to 2.34 billion US dollars. Farmer magazine. I understand that it
ADM upped theirs by 67 percent to is given free to farmers and I hereby
2.2 billion US Dollars while Conagras ask you to send me back copies and to Questions? Ideas?
rose by 30 percent to 754 million US include me in your mailing list. I ask Complaints?
dollars. (TOF) for four copies as some of our employ- SMS us, and we shall get back to you.
0721 541 590 / 0738 390 715
Hot water treatment of seeds
How can I treat my farm stored seeds Heat treatment recommendations
to control seed-borne diseases? Spinach, cabbage, pepper, tomato,
Many farmers are using their own eggplant: 50C: 30 minutes
seeds in their shambas. This makes Broccoli, cauliflower, carrot, kale,
sense, but it would be good to treat the kohlrabi, turnip: 50C: 20 minutes
seeds with hot water to prevent seed Mustard, cress, radish: 50C: 15
borne diseases such as black rot, black minutes
leg, black spot and ring spot. This Lettuce, celery: 47C: 30 minutes
treatment helps reduce the seedborne
pathogens (a bacterium or a virus, or below!). It is important that the water
other microorganism that can cause is maintained at a uniform tempera-
disease). ture throuhgout the container. Con-
But you have to be careful. Specifiedstantly stir the water while soaking The correct size
temperature and time interval must the bag. Suspend the bag and do not of a chicken house
be strictly followed in order to main- let it touch the bottom of the pot. I would like to rear 100 chicken. What
tain seed viability. What you need is a3. Remove the bag after the indicated is the measurement of the chicken
good thermometer. A thermometre for time and cool it in clean water to stop house? 0724 104326
this purpose costs Ksh 800. the heating.
4. Spread the seeds on a clean dry On the model poultry house in TOF
How to treat the seeds paper to cool and dry. Nr. 31, how many chicks are sup-
1. In a large pot put plenty of water, 5. Preferably do not store treated posed to be raised on that house?
heat the water following the required seeds. Sow them immediately on Thank you 0723 866274
temperature. well-prepared seedbeds. The brooding house for 100 chick-
2. Place the seeds in a loose cotton ens can start off 1.5m by 1m as the
Storing seeds:
bag and submerge it in water. Strictly chicks are very small. As they grow
If treated seeds cannot be sown
follow the recommended tempera- the spacing needs to be increased to
immediately, store them carefully.
ture and the time required (See box accommodate their increasing size. It
Use a totally dry jar, pot or bottle and
close it properly. Spread about 2 mm is wise to start off with a room that is
layer of grease or vaseline over the over sized and contain the chicks in a
plastic or cork so that the edges are small area with partitions which can
covered to prevent moisture getting easily be removed and resized as the
into the container. Check regularly if chicks grow.
mould has formed on the seeds. If the When the 100 birds are adult size
seeds were dried well, the chance that they will require a laying and roost-
mould would develop is very small. ing house of approximately 5m x
However, should you see mould, dry 2.5m, on condition that they have
them again. ample outdoor access during the day
time. Su Kahumbu
(In non-organic culture it is advisable
that dry seeds be additionally treated with Information on beekeeping
a mixture of fungicide and insecticide I need more information on bee-
before storage. In this case use only regis- keeping, where can I get the right
tered products and duly comply with the training material? Maina, Nyeri
instructions on the label) (TOF) Many farmers have sent various
questions on beekeeping. We cannot
With proper care, carrots grow well be able to
answer
What diseases affect carrots? growth of the carrots, and can cause
all the
0725 652290 stunting of the roots. Carrot diseases
questions
Carrots suffer from a few diseases can be avoided with good rotation,
on this
when growing under the right con- healthy soils and proper storage of
subject
ditions. Most diseases are of bacte- the roots. Other problems to look out
due to
rial and fungal nature, resulting in for in carrots are root splitting, caused lack of space. However we would
rotting of the carrot roots (bacterial), by sudden onset of too much rain request any farmer interested in
or infection of the green leafy carrot after a long dry spell, forked carrots, getting information on beekeeping
tops (fungal). Canker and sclerotinia caused by growing carrots in soil to send us their full address. We will
rot affect carrots mostly after harvest, that has not been well prepared and send them past issues of The Organic
causing sunken wet spots as well as is stony and hard, nematodes, These Farmer which they can use for refer-
white fungal growth on the roots. To cause damage and stunting to the ence on this subject. Alternatively,
avoid these diseases, it is imperative root resulting in small cysts attached there is a very useful book on bee-
to lift mature carrots and store in cool to the carrot hairs. If nematodes are keeping titled: A Beginners Guide
dry condition. Remove any roots with present, rotation is recommended, to Beekeeping in Kenya by Thomas
disease as they will cause a spread of as well as a growing (even inter- Carroll. It is available at Legacy Book-
the same. cropping) of African marigold in the shop, Yaya Centre Nairobi.
Fungal diseases affect the green leafy effected areas. Su Kahumbu ( www.legacybookshop.com )
Soil fertility: The bottom line for better yield

Interesting comparative results of In contrast, at the
long-term farming systems in Thika trial site in Thika
and Chuka. (Maragua District),
which lies in a zone
The Organic Farmer with medium to
How can I earn a better living as a marginal potential,
small scale farmer, with organic or organic maize yields
conventional agriculture? This is a were less than half
question that we hear very often when of the conventional
visiting farmers groups throughout maize yields. Dou-
the country. It is not so easy to give a bling of the organic
definite answer, since there are many manure and fertil-
elements that have to be taken into izer amounts did
consideration: The soil for instance, not result in higher
or the weather, or the seed, or the yields, neither in the
availability of credit. This explains conventional nor in Martha Musyoka (trial coordinator, icipe) discusses with a
why field trials, which compare the the organic system. field assistant in Chuka. (Photo: Christine Zundel, FiBL)
yields of organic and conventional What then is the reason for this ten years. Only then will it be possible
agriculture over a long period of time, difference? It is assumed that, on the to make a conclusion on the perfor-
are of great importance. For a year rich soils of Chuka, the crop from the mance of organic farming compared
now, various institutions have been organic system benefited from nutri- to conventional agriculture, since it
working together in field trials (see ents that were readily available in the takes time for the soils to build fertility
TOF No. 30 of November 2007). The soil. The soil in Thika, on the other in the organic system.
trials on two sites, in Thika and in hand, is much less fertile. On these
Chuka, have now delivered their first poorer soils the crop had to depend Trials in India and Bolivia
results. Similar trials were also carried out in
on the easily soluble fertilizers that India and Bolivia. In India, where a
Diverse trial sites were applied only in the conventional crop rotation with cotton, soya and
At the trial site in Chuka (Meru South system. wheat was studied, the organic yields
District), which is located in a high Fertilizers not a cure for poor soils of the first year were considerably
potential area, the organic maize This first years example also showed lower in cotton and wheat. Due to
yields of the long rainy season 2007 that high levels of fertilizers only pay lower production costs and the price
were the same as the yields of the under ideal conditions. Under less premium for organic cotton, the gross
conventional maize. Maize yields of favourable conditions, high doses of margin for organic cotton reached the
both the conventional and the organic fertilizers may not generate higher level of the gross margin for conven-
systems could have been increased if yields, and the farmers risk losing the tional cotton. In wheat, where no price
the amounts of organic manures and money so invested. Can higher doses premium is paid, the gross margin
fertilizers were doubled. of compost, tithonia mulch and rock for the organic crop remained low,
Long-term comparative farming systems in Kenya are being phosphate, together with mucuna as despite the lower production costs.
researched on by the following institutions:
an intercrop, increase soil fertility and Yields and gross margins of conven-
FiBL Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Switzerland
icipe African Insect Science for Food and Health
thus maize yields of marginal sites in tional and organic soya were similar.
KARI Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute the long term? This was expected, since soya is a
KU Kenyatta University This is one of the objectives of this leguminous crop that can fix its own
TSBF-CIAT Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the Inter- study. The partner institutions intend nitrogen without need for the use of
national Centre of Tropical Agriculture
to continue these trials over the next any fertilizer.
How to order Infonet-Biovision CD

Do you have a problem with pests in is simple, all you need is a computer,
your shamba? Would you like to know when you insert it into the computer,
how to fight spidermite? Then you you will read it like a book.
should order the Infonet-Biovision CD Farmers interested in buying the CD
which we have talked much about. only need to send us airtime worth
The CD contains all the information Ksh 200 through either our CELTEL
that a farmer may need. However, (now Zain) or SAFARICOM lines (see
information on human and animal page 7). After sending this airtime,
health requires much more work, it please send us an SMS detailing your
will included when the final CD is full name and correct address. We
ready early next year. We are offer- shall send you the CD by registered
ing the CD for Ksh 200. This amount mail. Many farmers have requested
caters for both the package and the first edition of the CD will get the final for the CD, order your copy immedi-
postage charges.Farmers who buy the version free of charge. Using the CD ately before the copies run out.
Nr. 41 October 2008
New tricks by feed makers

Feed manufacturers are now In the last few months, wananchi have
trying to cheat farmers with faked had to bear the burden of rising fuel
labels; farmers beware prices. Families are spending a good
In April this year, The Organic Farmer part of their income on the purchase
highlighted the problem of poor of kerosene, gas, charcoal and firewood.
quality feeds being made by some of Recently electricity charges went up!
the local feed manufacturers. Many Evidently, even if one has to pay more for
farmers wanted us to name the com- firewood than ever before, it still remains
panies involved. But as we explained cheaper than other sources of energy.
we could not do so because we risked Consequently the pressure on our forests
having legal action being taken against is growing. We can see it whenever we are
us. We however advised farmers to buy traveling by the countryside: Along our
their feeds from established companies major highways and roads, mountains of
with a reputation for maintaining high charcoal bags are stacked by the roadside,
standards in feed quality. Following ready for the market, even in areas with
pressure from the farmers, we men- Mineral supplements a fragile environment such as Baringo,
tioned Unga and Sigma Feed compa- There are some plants with high Laikipia or even Northern Kenya. We use
nies as some of those selling quality mineral content for instance Amaran- more than two million tonnes of charcoal
feeds. Although we thought that we thus, comfrey or spider weed (pic- a year and the figure is on the rise. One
had helped the farmers, we have since tured). Farmers can easily use them can then imagine the pressure and threat
established that the companies with for the required home-made mineral on our remaining forest cover!
low quality feeds have devised new supplements. See page 5 We are slowly destroying our own
ways in order to keep their products in forced to stop distribution in these future. In the last two decades, Kenya has
the market. parts of the country. He advises farmers lost nearly 90% of its forest cover, as we
One of the many tricks they are to check the packaging bags carefully have mentioned on page 3. We know that
using is to use the same packaging and to ensure they are buying genuine forests are water reservoirs. Many parts
brand names of Unga and Sigma Feeds feeds from the company. They can for of the country are facing water shortages
in order to sell their feeds. Accord- example check the way our feed pack- because all the forests that helped conserve
ing to Robert Muriithi, the sales and ages are sealed to be able to distinguish water have been destroyed. Mt Kenya
marketing manager at Sigma feeds, the difference with the fake products, and Aberdares are the best examples of
the problem is so widespread in some Muriithi says. these. Now the Mau forest is threatened
regions that the company has been As we explained in our July issue, by human settlement.
farmers should buy their animal feeds Reasons for forest depletion are well
TOFRadio from reputable stockists. Established
stockists get their feeds directly from
known. They are rapid population growth
rate, and lack of a long term, clear and
Listen to KBC Kiswahili service every these companies and are less likely to sustainable energy policy on the part of
Thursday from 8.15 to 8.30 pm. sell poor feeds. (TOF) the government.
There are technologies developed to
Growing interest in eucalyptus trees enable us use energy much more effi-
Kenyan forests are under pressure as deforestation
eforestation ciently. For the last two decades, the
has been accelerated. Wood for firewood d and for government has not undertaken a single
construction is becoming rare and expensive.
ive. This afforestation programme in the country.
explains to some extent the increasing inter- Unless urgent action is taken, our
est in growing the eucalyptus tree. Notably,
ably, remaining forests will disappear. We
70 percent of the new tree plantations are cannot wait for the government or the
eucalyptus. In terms of efficiency, eucalyptus
ptus NGOs to save us. We, the wananchi have
is a good choice since it grows fast. Thee to act. Our country has vast chunks of
concentration on eucalyptus, on the other idle land that could be put to good use by
hand, impoverishes the biodiversity in planting trees; moreover, agroforestry is
our forests. The biggest problems still part and parcel of organic farming. Nor-
linger: the inefficient consumption of mally, in an emergency everybody has to
energy, especially firewood and char- act pretty fast; degradation of our forests
coal, and the lack of a long-term policy is an emergency!
on energy. Pages 2 & 3
Nr. 41 October 2008
Eucalyptus: the tree of choice
Despite complaints about it, the and therefore any tree that takes a shorter period
eucalyptus tree can meet the and meets the increasing demand would natu-
ever increasing demand for wood. rally attract the interest of farmers and even the
timber industry; eucalyptus fits the bill.
Eucalyptus is the tree of choice for many
When it was first introduced into the farmers who want to diversify their farming
country, the now popular eucalyptus activities and earn an extra income from agro-
tree was then used in the fueling of forestry. Thousands of eucalyptus trees have
steam engines belonging to the Kenya- been planted by farmers. In the last planting
Uganda railway. Nobody at the time season alone, more than 70 percent of the trees
ever imagined that the tree would later planted in the country were eucalyptus. One of
on become a major source of firewood, the reasons why farmers prefer the tree is that it
building material, fencing posts as well matures fast and does not require a lot of care in
as providing poles for power transmis- terms of management.
sion and telephone lines. However, there are some fears about the
Destruction of our existing forests negative effects of the tree. One of the objec-
due to encroachment by the expanding tions against eucalyptus is that it takes up a lot
population has led to an acute shortage of water, depleting water sources and depriving
of trees for both domestic and indus- other plants of essential nutrients. Some people
trial use. Reports indicate that Kenya demand that the eucaplyptus trees should only
faces a wood deficit of seven million be grown in swampy areas where they can help
cubic metres. The country boasts of to drain water.
huge chunks of land with potential for More water, more wood
tree production but this is underutil- Jason Kariuki, a senior researcher at the Kenya
ised. Trees need a long time to mature Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) says some of
the fears about the eucalyptus tree are unfounded.
Studies show that the eucalyptus hybrid has the
magazine for the Kenyan farming com-
highest productivity per litre of water consumed
(2.06 g) compared to most trees planted by
farming and supports dis-
farmers. This is a clear indication that the trees
cussions on all aspects of
are more efficient in water utilisation. Eucalyp-
sustainable development. The
tus spp. is the most efficient user of water for
Organic Farmer is published
maximum biomass production in arid areas.
monthly by icipe and distributed free of
More to that, eucalyptus has the added advan-
charge to farmers. The reports of The
tage of being a good coppicing tree, ensuring 4 to
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect
5 cuttings without replanting.
the views of icipe.
Besides, the tree has the highest carbon conver-
sion rate among the local tree species, therefore
reducing carbon in the atmosphere. Farmers
dation for the promotion of
with large eucalyptus plantations may in future
sustainable development.
benefit from carbon credit payments like those
www.biovision.ch
in other developing countries (Tanzania for developed at the Kenya Forestry
Publisher African Insect Science for Food
instance). Research Institute for planting
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100
By planting eucalyptus, farmers could help in different agro-ecological zones
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000,
increase the forest cover that currently stands at in the country. Before growing
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org,
3.4 % of the total Kenyan land area. However, eucalyptus trees, farmers must
Kariuki advises farmers planning to set up euca- know the growth characteristics
lyptus plantations to isolate a portion of their of each variety, straightness and
land for this purpose. They should be planted suitability. Eucalyptus grandis
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584
away from buildings, boundaries or crops to and eucalyptus saligna grow well
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe,
prevent its vigorous roots from interfering with in high potential areas such as
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph
them. No other tree can grow in an eucalyptus Muguga, Londiani, Turbo, Nyeri,
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian
plantation. Kitale, Eldoret, Nandi hills; euca-
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe
Choose the right varieties lyptus camaldulensis is good for
There are three improved varieties of the euca- low potential areas, e.g Makueni,
lyptus tree that are now common in Kenya; Kibwezi, Mweiga and Isiolo. The
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590
eucalyptus grandis, eucalyptus camaldulensis eucalyptus seedlings should be
and eucalyptus saligna. At the moment more bought only from certified seed
than 40 clones of the eucalyptus tree are being producers or the forestry depart-
continued on page 3
Nr. 41 October 2008
Charcoal is finishing our remaining forests

Since our forests are becoming smaller traditional earth kilns need 1 hectare
and smaller, we should seriously think of woodland to produce 10 tonnes of
of other sources of energy. charcoal compared to a half hectare in
efficient kilns.
Heating the air
Like most african countries, Kenya is What makes the situation even worse
faced with a serious energy problem. is that the biggest part of this high
Increasing oil prices have made it dif- valuable energy is wasted: On a char-
ficult for the poor to afford oil products coal jiko, only one third of the energy is
such as kerosene for cooking and light- actually used, the rest disappears into
ing. What this means is that more and the air; in the traditional metal stoves,
more people will continue to rely on 80 percent of the heat vanishes.
firewood and charcoal for their energy charcoal caters for the huge demand The Kenyan Government does not
requirements. This, in turn, will con- for energy in Kenyas urban areas; it have a policy on sustainable char-
tinue to put pressure on our diminish- is used in 4 out of every 5 households, coal production or energy in general.
ing forest resources. Already the envi- while almost all rural households use The Forest Bill of the year 2000 states:
ronment has paid the price: Our forest either charcoal or firewood. Charcoal is Forests are the main source of domes-
cover has been reduced to less than 2 one of the leading causes of deforesta- tic fuelwood for the Kenyan people.
percent, way below the 10 percent rec- tion in Kenya, together with the clear- But this reliance on forests has to
ommended by the United Nations. ing of forests for cultivation and illegal change. There is need for developing
Every year Kenyans consume between logging activities. energy saving ovens such as are used
2 and 2.5 million tonnes of charcoal. Mass wastage in cold Europe. Sustainable energy
According to Stephen Mutimba, the The charcoal makers use traditional sources, for example wind, solar and of
managing director of Energy for Sus- earth kilns that waste close to 90 percent course biogas should be subsidised to
tainable Development Africa (ESDA), of the would be charcoal produced; the make them affordable for wananchi.
from page 2: Eucalyptus that involves removing any weeds the tree when the tree stump starts
growing around the young eucalyptus sprouting; they can leave two stems
ment. William Mucheke, a senior tree tree. to allow the tree to grow again. This
breeder at KEFRI says farmers should Harvesting: Harvesting of the euca- means (in theory) that if the farmer
seek advice from the forestry depart- lyptus tree can be done after 3 - 5 harvested 1,000 trees during the first
ment before buying any eucalyptus years, but they can be left to grow to harvest, they can get up to 2000 trees
seedlings. the desired size depending on their in the next harvest.
Planting guidelines intended use. Farmers who want to Diseases and pests: Although resis-
Site selection: Select a portion of your use the trees for poles can cut them tant to most diseases, a new pest, the
land that is not very productive e.g. when they attain 6 to 7 years. Trees for bluegum chalcid has recently invaded
a swampy ground or far away from use in power lines should be allowed eucalyptus plantations in most parts
where you grow maize, beans or veg- between 8 and 10 years. After cutting, of the country. Scientists are working
etables. the tree takes a short time to grow on various methods to control the pest
Land preparation: Prepare enough again. Farmers are advised to prune biologically.
compost three months before plant-
ing the trees, prepare seed bed using
sand instead of the soil. The seedbed
Agroforestry improves biodiversity
should be 1m wide and the desired No doubt, the euca- has many benefits to
length. Broadcast the seeds and con- lyptus is a very fast the farmer. One of
stanlty remove any weeds from the growing tree. When them is that various
young eucalyptus seedlings. Transfer wood production is trees attract different
the seedlings into 4 cm by 6 cm poly- the major objective other living organ-
thene bags in a second seedbed. of the landowner, he isms such as benefi-
Planting: Transfer the seedlings into will thus choose euca- cial insects and bees
the selected portion of land after 3 or lyptus. that provide honey
4 months. On the other hand, and help in pollina-
Weeding: Young eucalyptus trees are planting only euca- tion. It also provides
very vulnerable to weeds especially lyptus trees means a habitat for preda-
grasses, which cause diseases such as impoverishment of tor birds. And by the
Amillaria and root rot. These diseases our nature. We should way, we should not
can wipe out a whole plantation if not forget that plant- forget the beauty of
weeds are not controlled. It is recom- ing different varieties big indigenous trees
mended that farmers do spot weeding of trees in our farms on the landscape!
Nr. 41 October 2008
Mustard as a cover crop, can control ering of soil mineral components. sclerotinia in potato production.
pests and diseases while Mustard speeds up these processes b) Reduction in nematode population
improving soil texture and fertility. by activation of soil microorganisms. which cause root lesion, hapla and chit
These microorganisms support the wood in potato production.
release of essential nutrients for plants c) Suppress root rot (pythion, fusar-
Many times, this magazine has advised while suppressing the disease-causing ium, and rhizoctonia) and sclerotonia
farmers on the value of planting green agents in the soil. The result is that the in bean production.
manures or cover crops in order to soils biology is changed in a way that d) Suppresses pink rot and sclerotonia
improve the quality of our soils and to makes it difficult for the fungi, bacteria in onion production.
increase their productivity. At the same and nematodes to survive. e) It reduces disease pressure from
time, green manures provide fodder for Additional benefits. aphamyces, pythium, rhizoctonia,
animals. Some of the well known green Crop rotation, as we know, can reduce fusarium and sclerotinia in pea pro-
manure crops are lablab, mucuna, pest problems by altering the environ- duction.
desmodium and purple vetch. In this mental conditions under which par- f) It controls cavity spot, root rot, fusar-
issue, we introduce to you another very ticular pests thrive. When these condi- ium and sclerotinia in carrot produc-
important cover crop, the mustard. For tions change, the pest cannot survive tion.
centuries, mustard has been used by and therefore ceases to be a problem to g) It is highly effective on most diseases
farmers across the world to improve your crops. The application of mustard that affect wheat.
their soils and to replenish their fertil- reduces the influence of some of the How to plant mustard
ity and productivity. pests that pose a problem to the crops. Mustard should be planted at the rate
The application of mustard as green Why? Like other crops in the brassica of 10-15 kg per hectare at a depth of
manure can increase the physical, family, such as cabbage, broccoli or 10-15 mm in soil that has adequate
chemical and biological properties of rapeseed, mustard produces, in its roots moisture. The soil needs compacting
the soil. Mustard controls pests such and shoots, a compound called glu- so that the seed comes into contact
as nematodes, a fungal disease such cosinolates. It also produces an enzyme with the soil for good germination.
as blight, a stubborn weed, and at the called myrosinase. When the mustard Soil moisture should be maintained
same time it improves the texture of is chopped and incorporated into the to ensure adequate plant growth and
the soil. soil, the glucosinolates and myrosinase good weed competition. Well prepared
Mustard protects the soil combine, in the process producing a compost can provide the crops nitrogen
Mustard supports farmers who want mixture of other substances. Some of requirements. Sulphur can be added if
to improve the physical structure of them are toxic to soil fungi, nematodes the soil is deficient because mustard
their soil such as infiltration and water and even weed seeds. requires 5:1 nitrogen to sulphur ratio.
holding capacity. It can also help to These substances help to fumigate Farmers without machinery can plant
ensure that more air goes into the soil the soil in a process called bio-fumi- mustard by simply broadcasting it
to increase the population of impor- gation. Farmers are advised to chop over the prepared land. For good ger-
tant soil micro-organisms such as myc- the mustard when it is still green and mination there must be good seed to
orrhizae bacteria that promote plant working it immediately into the soil. soil contact.
health. Like any other cover crop, This enhances the effects of biofumiga- For good results, farmers are advised
mustard can control wind and water tion especially when the mustard is cut to wait for 14 days after chopping and
erosion and therefore protect the soil. while still young, preferably when it is incorporating mustard seed into the
and fixes nitrogen flowering or just before it sets seed. soil before planting the desired crop
Apart from the physical properties of It controls diseases such as beans, potatoes or even wheat.
the soil, mustard can also improve the Some of the diseases that mustard Interested in buying mustard seed:
soil by correcting its chemical proper- green manure can help control are HYGROTECH (E.A) Ltd
ties. It fixes nitrogen and reduces leach- outlined here: P.O. Box 41446,00100, Nairobi,
ing of essential nutrients and weath- a) Verticilium wilt, silver scurf and Tel 066 73 567 /8/9, 0733 896 092.
Nr. 41 October 2008
Mineral salts are essential for animals

There are alternative sources result in movements, hormone and In cattle that are high milk produc-
of essential minerals that are not enzyme, etc. When animals do not ers, milk fever, difficult birth and
found in feed concentrates and fodder. get salts, the following conditions are retained placenta after births are
observed: observed.
Michael Waweru Reduced growth. When no salts are given, animals
Salts provide essential minerals such as Rickets or bent bones. develop strange dietary habits such as
calcium and phosphorus. Both of these Osteomalacia (soft bones that frac- feeding on clothes, rags, bones, soap
are vital for livestock. They are needed ture easily). etc. This is usually a sign that the
in the body for bone and eggshell for- Reduced egg production with egg- body is lacking minerals but the habit
mation, for muscle contractions that shells that break easily. stops when minerals are provided. Salt
should not be put in drinking water
Simple and basic feeding tips as in this case animals shall be forced
To avoid spoilage: Supply only fresh or processed feeds to the animals to take salt when they drink water,
To meet nutritional needs: Offer a wide variety of feed daily regardless of whether they need it or
To increase production: Provide forage and water at all times not. Ordinary table salt (sodium chlo-
To encourage intake: Ensure easy access to feed and clean water always ride) used in the kitchen is not appro-
To prevent disease: Limit intake of concentrates priate for livestock, as it does not have
To provide minerals and vitamins: Supplement the animal diet regularly the types of minerals that are much
continued on page 6
Amaranthus Spider weed Conge Stinging nettle Black night shade Comfrey
Make your own mineral supplement for livestock

Farmers can do much more to provide is a very good source of carbohydrates and add one tablespoon full of salt to
their cattle and other farm animals and calcium for fattening animals and encourage intake. The powder should
with important and necessary mineral good masculinity for draught power. be availed throughout in a mineral
supplements. Some plants with high Oxygonium Sinnathuum (Kikuyu: box. It is also important that the
mineral content can easily be used for Conge) contains calcium which is farmers take care when sourcing for
home-made mineral supplements: essential for egg formation. Leaves of these plants to avoid contamination,
Amaranths and comfrey are good this plant can be hang in the house for especially in areas where lots of herbi-
sources of calcium for poultry and the birds to eat; apart from providing cides are used. If possible, the farmers
pigs. them with nutrients they are good for can grow their own herbs as opposed
Spider weed (Gynadropsis Gynandra) exercise as the chicken jump up and to harvesting them by the roadside or
is a good source of calcium for lactat- down to peck on them. in other peoples farms.
ing animals. The plant can be fed to Variety of fodder
Stinging Nettle (Urtica Dioica) is very
increase milk production in cows. It rich in calcium and iron. In case of It is important that farmers use dif-
can also be mixed with other fodder milk fever it can be fed as powder ferent types of plants mixed together,
and given to the animals. (crushed after drying) or as concentrate
since different plants have different
Pumpkins (and the leaves of other by boiling the whole plant. Stinging types and quantities of minerals. It is
plants of Curcubitae family) are very nettle tea or powder is a good source also advisable to use young and tender
rich in phosphorus, which is essential of iron for poultry and piglets. plants just before flowering; at this
for boosting immune systems in all Black night shade (Solanum nigrum) is stage they are known to contain a lot
animals. Pumpkin leaves can be fed very rich in calcium and can be fed toof nutrients and minerals.
green to the young animals; they can all types of animals to reduce chances Mineral deficiencies are not common
also be cooked and mashed for young of milk fever after giving birth. This is
in free-range animals. Thus a farmer
piglets. very common in cows. should provide the widest variety of
Amaranthus (Pigweed) is very rich in Dry and feed them! fodder in the diet of farm animals
calcium and carbohydrates; it can be All these plants can also be dried in to create a balance and reduce the
fed to the animals; green or as flour. It the sun, ground to a smooth powder chances of mineral deficiencies.
Nr. 41 October 2008
from page 5: Mineral salts

needed by animals. Eggshells, when Where can we buy an oil press?
boiled to kill germs, then ground, are a In the July-issue you had a nice article
good source of calcium for piglets. on Jatropha and other plants such
Tread carefully on licks as Sunflower, soya, peanuts, sesame
Salt blocks are important in supporting etc, whose seeds could be used by
the home made mineral supplements, farmers to produce oil for their own
especially in the arid areas where some consumption. Unfortunately you
of these plants are not available (see did not mention the most important
box). It is important to note that many thing: where to get an oil-press at an
of the salt licks available in the market affordable price. If a group of farmers
are natural in the sense that very few would jointly buy an oil-press, they
artificial ingredients are added. Also it could save a lot of money in produc-
ing their own cooking oil instead of
buying it from the shops. If you have
some ideas where we could get an
oil-press cheaply, please let us know,
we will appreciate. German university of Hohenheim is devel-
Henry Kamau, Athi River oping a pressure oven; we shall inform
Dear Henry, you in the coming issues about this oven.
Your concern is genuine. The problem is We really regret the lack of small-scale
that it is not easy to get small oil-presses. technology, which would allow small-scale
This is the same with small cookers for farmers to improve their livelihood through
cooking with the oil out of Jatropha. The appropriate technology.
Magazine is Its time to go organic

I have come across your magazine
full of knowledge which I found very interesting and
is important to appreciate that in every I would like to be receiving copies informative. The cost of farm inputs
community in Kenya there are natural or even photocopies of the monthly and most of their side effects, both
mineral lick areas where farmers take edition of The Organic Farmer maga- on us and our environment is devas-
their animals to lick the minerals. In zine at my own cost in both postage tating. In my area, no one practices
Makueni district for example natural and photocopies. The magazine is full organic farming and I think it is time
salt licks, along dry river beds and of knowledge for some of us who we started it.
areas with sedimentary rocks, are a want to take agriculture a notch higher. Keter DK, FADC Chairman, P.O Box
common occurence. Besides there is need for new and sus- 29, Sotik
tainable agricultural practices, which
Salt blocks are the magazine addresses, not to mention More please on dairy cows
often of poor quality the agri-business angle of farming that After reading your magazine, I can
Be careful with commercial salt I find most encouraging in the few edi- confidently say that I am now empow-
blocks. Avoid those ones with hor- tions I have received. Kindly advise me ered by the information it contained. I
mones as they might compromise on how I can realize this. Currently we am a small-scale farmer with 1 hectare
organic animal production. In the are involved in horticultural farming of land. In my farm I have six dairy
market one can get a wide range of and are in the process of registering a cattle which give up to 20 litres of milk
salt blocks from different companies. community based organization whose everyday. Thank you. Benson Karanja
According to Dr. James Kariuki, the agenda is to emancipate the rural folks Matoro, P.O Box 560, Olkalou
KARI National Animal Husbandry from poverty through sustainable and
Centre Director Naivasha, more than modern farming methods. Thank you. Useful information
80 percent of the mineral licks in the Joseph Douglas Adera, P.O Box 3505 This is to acknowledge with thanks
market are of poor quality. He says Kisumu the regular receipt of five copies of The
that the manufacturers of the mineral Thanks to the support of the Swiss Organic Farmer magazine. The informa-
blocks do not formulate the minerals foundation BioVision, our magazine is tion contained is very useful to staff
in the right quotients. Cows are espe- available free of charge to all farmers. and farmers.
cially very sensitive to calcium and However, those who need to get past Wafula Mutoro, DAO, P.O Box 104,
phosphorus if the two minerals are issues are requested to send us stamps Kapsowar
not given in the right balance. Differ- worth Ksh 350 in an envelope. These
ent parts of the country have different stamps are like money; we use them Questions? Ideas?
mineral deficiencies. (TOF) to send letters and other materials to Complaints?
farmers. SMS us, and we shall get back to you.
0721 541 590 / 0738 390 715
Nr. 41 October 2008
Apple vinegar against warts

Is apple cider vinegar a single product a sterilized container and cover with
or a concoction in warts treatment? cheesecloth. Add yeast and leave the
Imboba, Naro Moru. 0721 621 764 liquid to ferment.
No, you can use apple cider vinegar 2. Keep the liquid between 15C and
just like it is, without any other ingredi- 25C during the fermentation process.
ents; it is an inexpensive, homeopathic Stir the liquid daily to introduce ade-
treatment for the removal of warts. quate amounts of oxygen, which is
There are two ways to use apple cider necessary for fermentation.
vinegar: 3.After three to four weeks, the bac-
- You mix warm water with a cup of teria will have converted most of the
vinegar and soak the affected area for alcohol, and the mixture will begin to
20 minutes a day until the wart disap- smell like vinegar. When the vinegar is Why are my
pears. This method takes longer than ready, there should be no more flavor passion fruits dying?
the second method, but it is not apt of alcohol. I am a farmer from Gatundu South and
to cause as much irritation to the sur- 4. Strain the liquid through a cloth I grow passion fruits. Unfortunately
rounding skin. or filter several times to remove the my crop has started dying; from the
- A quicker way is to soak a piece of cloudy substance. Otherwise the fer- tips downwards. Is there any remedy
cotton in the vinegar, place it on the mentation process will continue and for this misfortune or should I just
wart, and secure it in place with a eventually spoil your vinegar. abandon this project? (Tel 0720 443
band-aid and then wear it over night. Your vinegar is now ready for use. 248).
You should do this each night until the Keep it in a capped bottle in a cool Passion fruit production is a profitable
wart and its core is gone. Your wart place. Good luck! farming activity, but farmers are finding
should be covered with cotton that is Do you have any experinece with this a host of problems when it comes
soaked with apple cider vinegar at all wart-removing-method? Please write to us to disease control. Passion fruits are
times. The easiest way for treatment is and share your knowledge with your fellow prone to a number of fungal diseases
during the night while you are sleep- farmers! J.C and pests. Unless a farmer manages to
ing. control them, he/she may find growing
You can buy apple cider vinegar in these fruits quite a challenge.
the shop, or you can make it your- One of the ways of avoiding these
self. What you need to make apple diseases is to ensure that your passion
vinegar: in a wide mouth glass con- fruit crop is not planted on the same
tainer, cheesecloth, ripe apples and plot of land for more than three years;
yeast (for brewing wine or beer, not this is to avoid the build up of soil-
bakers yeast). borne diseases. You should practise
How to produce it: strict crop rotation. We may not be
1. Press clean, washed, ripe apples. sure which of the above diseases your
Strain to make a clean juice. Pour it into crop is suffering from but we have
downloaded all details about each of
Diverse methods of organic topdressing the possible diseases including pictures
We are a home based support group basis depending on your crops. Crops from the Infonet/Biovision website at
in Bungoma. We would like to know that are heavy feeders like broccoli and www.infonet-biovision.org. We will
which organic topdressing fertilizer can cauliflower require more feeding than send these details to you to enable you
be used on kitchen crops like carrots. lettuce, carrots etc. identify the particular diseases and
(0735 273 976) There are many different liquid feeds take the necessary remedial measures.
When using organic fertilizers as top that can be made. Fermented Plant We advise other farmers with access to
dressing you should remember that, Extracts (FPE) can be made using a the internet to do the same. Alterna-
unlike the salts used in chemical fertiliz- variety of plants that are decomposed tively, and more easily, they can order
ers, the organic fertilizers require more in water for 7 days to release their the Infonet-BioVision CD (which is
than just water to dissipate. They need nutrients. Compost tea can be made now available) to get any information
the help of micro organisms, which in by submerging a bag of well matured they need on plant health (To order the
turn demand optimum conditions to compost into a drum of water for a day CD, see page 8). TOF
survive. It is therefore logical that if you and using the liquid collected to feed
are irrigating with over head irrigation, the plants. NOTE: Farmers send us questions that
you can top dress with compost and Vermiculture is another perfect way we find extremely hard to understand.
perhaps mulch the compost to protect of using nature; in this case earth- We kindly request you to explain your
the micro organisms from the drying worms are used to produce liquid problems in a clear way and to the
effects of sunlight. Alternatively, it worm juice which is a great organic point. It is easier for us to give the
may be better to use bio-liquid feeds fertilizer. relevant answers if the questions are
as a spray on a weekly or fortnightly Su Kahumbu clear.
Adapt to changing weather Order Infonet-Biovision CD

Every farmer in the country must use is to divide their land into Do you have a problem
have felt the effect of climate different portions says three with pests in your shamba?
change.We had been used to a portions. What they can do Would you like to know
very predictable rainfall pattern. then, is to plant one portion how to fight spidermite?
The long rains would start in at the beginning of the rainy Then you should order
mid-March and end in August- season say mid-March, another the Infonet-Biovision CD
September while the short rains portion can then be planted in which we have talked
would take us through the May and the third in July or much about. The CD con-
September- December period. even September. This way the tains all the information
Now all this has changed with farmer will have reduced the that a farmer may need.
rains starting sometimes late in risk of having to lose the whole However, information on insert it into the com-
April and disappearing in June crop if they planted once. This human and animal health puter, you will read it
a time when the crops are in strategy is already being used requires much more work, like a book.
dire need of moisture. Meteo- by some farmers and it has con- it will included when the Farmers interested in
rological Department forecasts siderately reduced their losses. final CD is ready early buying the CD only need
are no longer reliable because next year. We are offering to send us airtime worth
only a few of their predictions the CD for Ksh 200. This Ksh 200 through either
come to pass. amount caters for both the our numbers 0721 514 590
Do we then give up on unpre- package and the postage or 0738 390 715). After
dictable weather? No, farming charges.Farmers who buy sending this airtime,
gives us an income, and the the first edition of the CD please send us an SMS
country relies on us for food. will get the final version detailing your full name
Instead we should adapt to the free of charge. Using the and correct address. We
changing weather patterns. CD is simple, all you need shall send you the CD by
One strategy that farmers can is a computer, when you registered mail.
Issue 4, October 2008
To advertiser contact: James Wathuge 020 356 4106, 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300, email: thefarmersclassied@organickenya.com
EM
For organic practices
EM distributors & retailers

Amiran Kenya Ltd
Box 30327 Nairobi
Tel: 020 - 824840
Menengai Agrovet
Box 360, Nakuru
Tel: 051 - 2214087
Nekin Farmnet Depot
Box 4814, Eldoret
Kalimoni Greens store
Karen, Nairobi Tel: 020 - 884802
About EM
EM (Eective Microorganisms)
nisms) is a mixture of microorganisms which are
found in nature and used d in foods.
EM technology is a provenen and eective technology used for develop-
ing healthy agricultural and environmental systems.
EM increases the humus content of the soil promoting biodiversity
biodiversity,
changing disease causing soils to disease suppressive soils capable for
sustaining high quality food production.
Developed in the 1970s at the University of Ryukus, Okinawa, Japan by
Dr. Teruo Higa, the technology is rapidly expanding throughout the
world.
For more information and where to nd EM, please contact:
EM Technologies Ltd
Tel 0721 640 174, TeleFax 068 41074
email: embu@emteckenya.com, emtechkenya@gmail.com
PO Box 1365-60100 EMBU
Concerned about the future of his stu-

dents, a primary school teacher in Nairobi
set out to offer career guidance and coun-
seling services to his class eight pupils.
First of all he sought to establish the career
preferences of these young learners.
The teacher was shocked to learn that out
of the 44 pupils in his class, only a miser-
able 3 wished to, in future, take techni-
cal courses such as carpentry, masonry
or tailoring. The rest preferred courses
tailored for white-collar jobs such as sec-
retarial training, engineering, marketing,
accounting, medicine and law. Of course,
apart from the so-called better salaries
associated with these professions, office
Demand for rabbits growing

Every week we get a number of calls efits of rabbit meat compared to other
jobs are also prestigious to those who hold
them, their families and the general public.
The low figure of pupils willing to pursue
from farmers asking if they can find meats in the market. technical education featured earlier in this
market if they went into rabbit keeping. A good example for a success- statistics is a sign of the bad and sorrowful
The worry from the farmers is under- ful farmer, who has never had any reputation of skilled labour. Our country
standable: Rabbits reproduce very fast. problems in marketing of rabbits, is badly needs good auto mechanics, carpen-
Farmers would have problems dispos- Godfrey Gichuhi (see TOF No. 26, July ters tailors, masons etc. Unfortunately,
ing the rabbits if there was no ready 2007). The only problem for him is our school and college curricula have
market. how to meet the increasing demand. completely neglected technical education
In Nairobi, there are many hotels Every month, I sell between 400 and and majored in cognitive skills.
and restaurants serving rabbit meat. A 500 rabbits. In fact, my main problem Take agriculture for example. Although
spot check in a number of butcheries is where to find the rabbits whenever it is said to be the backbone of Kenyas
in Nairobi showed many of them stock I get more orders than I can be able economy with more than 80 percent of
rabbit meat; one kilogramme goes for to supply, he says. Gichuhi supplies our population engaged in it, the same
between Ksh 250-400. However, most hotels in Karatina, Nyeri and even is not reflected in our education system.
of the butchery owners complained Nairobi. He sells rabbits for between At the primary school the subject is
that although demand for the meat was Ksh 400- 500. Recently he got orders inexistent while in secondary schools,
rising, there was need to create more to supply rabbit meat and skins to it is offered as an optional subject. Con-
awareness to consumers on the ben- buyers in China, but he cannot meet sequently, students are not prepared to
the required order for at least 200 appreciate the importance of agriculture
rabbits per week. Farmers with rabbits and the varied opportunities that it
TOFRadio for sale can contact Godfrey Gichuhi at offers.
P.O Box 137, Karatina Tel 0720 406 195 Since we have very few people trained
Listen to KBC Kiswahili service every email: godfreygichuhi@yahoo.com in technical skills in agriculture, our
Thursday from 8.15 to 8.30 pm. See Pages 4 & 5 agro-based industries that specialise
in value addition and marketing are
Harvest and store grains well Earthworms dominated by foreigners. Our farmers
Timely harvesting and improve soils and even traders are confined to being
proper storage of cereals To farmers, earthworms primary producers of agricultural prod-
is of great importance to are just like any other crea- ucts, which fetch very low prices in
farmers. A lot of maize is tures in the soil. But they the market. If this country is to say
lost due to poor timing convert organic material good bye to massive unemployment,
and lack of proper storage into very rich plant food our education system must emphasize
facilities. Mycotoxins while improving the soil on technical skills especially in agri-
(aflatoxins) develop when fertility. They produce culture with special emphasis on value
maize is poorly stored. essential plant nutrients. addition.
See page 7
How to protect cereals after harvest

If they can observe simple storage tips, mid- March and April are ready for Sorting and shelling: Before storage,
farmers can save their stored maize harvest between October and Novem- the maize should be sorted to remove
from pests and spoilage. ber. Maize not harvested early is prone rotten grains that may have been
to pest damage and rotting especially damaged by insects and mildew
The Organic Farmer (mould). Research shows that sorting
Farmers incur heavy losses during maize before storage can reduce loss
storage; the United Nations Food and by up to 36 percent. Shelling helps to
Agricultural Organisation (FAO) says check pest damage because most pests
farmers in Africa lose between 15 and prefer maize when it is still on the cob
40 percent of their harvest due to poor for easy movement.
storage facilities. This loss can be pre- Drying: The maize should be dried a
vented if the farmers can take a few few days before storage. Drying gets
simple measures to reduce the losses. If rid of excess moisture which is respon-
they had good storage facilities, farmers sible for decay and development of
could withhold their maize stock and mould (aflatoxins) during storage.
sell when prices improve. Direct sunlight kills pests that have not
Wrong timing gained entry into maize and beans. The
Most farmers leave the crop in the maize should be turned and stirred
field for too long after it matures. to ensure it dries evenly. Drying also
Some maize varieties open their sheath helps to bring down the moisture level.
(maize cob covers) too early exposing Grains should be dried to a moisture
the grains to water and pests while the level of 13 percent which is ideal for
maize is still in the field. Maize should long term storage.
be harvested immediately it matures; Control methods
for example, most varieties grown in Ash/chilli mixture: Ash/chilli mixture
and a thick layer of rice husks cover-
when wet conditions persist. Loss from ing stored grains is said to be effective
magazine for the Kenyan farming com-
maize that is harvested at maturity is in preventing the larger grain borer
less than that of maize that overstays in attack. The chilli should be dried and
farming and supports dis-
the field after maturity. pounded into fine powder. Sieve cold
Construction of stores: A good store wood ash from the fireplace. Mix 2 kg
sustainable development. The
should be well constructed. It should of wood ash with 1 teaspoon of chilli
Organic Farmer is published
have enough space for air circulation powder. Mix them thoroughly. Add
monthly by icipe and distributed free of
at the base and the upper section; 1 part ash/chilli mixture to 4 parts of
charge to farmers. The reports of The
pests prefer a warm environment and dried maize grain.
Organic Farmer do not necessarily reflect
will keep away if the store is not com- Red soil
the views of icipe.
fortable for their stay. A good store The common red soil has been used
should have 40-50 percent open space to protect stored grains against pests.
for the stored grain to dry properly. The soil should be crushed into fine
The stores platform should be 60-90 powder and dusted on stored maize
cm above the ground to allow for air and beans. The dust prevents the pests
www.biovision.ch
circulation. Iron sheet roofs do not from drilling holes or even laying their
harbor pests. Wood and grass used in eggs on the dusted grains. The laterite
building stores encourages breeding of in the soil rubs off the waxy coating
the larger grain borer. on the insects body dehydrating and
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org,
Cleaning: Weevils can live in cracks in killing them. In sealed storage pots,
the wood of the store, they can remain insects suffocate because enough dust
there until the next harvest. Thorough is poured in with grain to exclude air.
cleaning of the store is therefore nec- Trapped insects dehydrate and die as
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584
essary before fresh grain is stored to their outer covering is damaged by
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe,
reduce infestation during storage. All abrasion (rubbing).
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph
equipment used for storage including Air tight container
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian
earthenware, plastics, synthetic or sisal Air-tight container can protect stored
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe
sacks should be disinfected preferably grains from infestation by pests. The
in hot water to kill any pests or their containers are useful for small-scale
eggs. Cow dung may be used to plaster farmers with a few bags of maize and
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590
granary floors and walls. Fresh euca- beans or traders who sell seeds and
lyptus tree leaves can be burnt to repel grains. The grain should be harvested,
any pests in the store before storage. shelled, winnowed and cleaned of all
continued on page 6
The unseen poison in animal feeds

Be careful with grain that appears
mouldy; it may be infested
with mycotoxin which is poisonous.
William Ayako
Mycotoxins are the most significant
threat in grains (maize, wheat, barley
etc.) that form the bulk of human and
livestock feed in feed manufacturing.
There are two types of mycotoxins,
those that develop in the field prior to
harvesting (arising from field moulds)
and those that develop after harvest-
ing during storage (caused by storage Moisture in maize causes the growth of mould (afflatoxins) Photo TOF
moulds).
Over three hundred strains of myco- Practical control measures
toxins, among them aflatoxin in maize, An important first step in control- Moving or turning: Regular turning
have been identified and new strains ling mycotoxins is preventing mould of grain in storage facilities is a good
are still being discovered. As moulds growth. There are several strategies for control of temperature, moisture level
grow, they use the nutrients in the doing this: and insect infestation. In a way, this
grain and therefore reduce their nutri- Moisture control: This is the cheapest is a form of aeration. It also enables
tive value. If they continue to grow and the easiest way of ensuring safe detection of any developing insect
further, they produce the toxins (Myc- storage. To minimize the potential for infestations.
otoxins). Unless the growth of moulds 15 cm mould growth and mycotoxin Minimizing mechanical damage:
is effectively controlled they cause production, grain moisture content Although most mould pathogens
serious damage to the grain. should be reduced to below 15 % can directly penetrate plant tissues,
The occurrence of mycotoxins in within 48 hours after harvesting. mechanical damage provides addi-
both grains and feed can adversely Aeration and temperature control: tional entry point and therefore should
affect productivity and profitability of The interaction between moisture level be minimized.
poultry and pig flocks. Even though and temperature is the most impor- Selection of resistant cultivars: Selec-
there are recommended agricultural tant factor affecting grain preservation tion of cereal cultivars resistant to
practices to reduce the formation of during storage hence; both should be Fusarium and other mycotoxin-pro-
mycotoxin during crop growth, har- kept as low as possible. Temperature ducing fungi is currently viewed as
vesting and storage, significant feed can be achieved by regular aeration. a possible option for reducing myc-
contamination still exists whereby Aeration is effective for the control of otoxin contamination in grains and
poultry and pig farmers continue to fungal and insect infestations. feeds. W. A.
incur losses. There is also a serious
growing concern over contamination their toxins may be the cause of differ- Reducing risks
of human foods by mycotoxin. ent crops being affected. Prevention It has been proved that the risk associ-
Prevention is important of formation of mycotoxins in feed ated with mycotoxin contamination of
The occurrence of mycotoxins happens is the most appropriate strategy and feed can be reduced through imple-
when favourable conditions for their economic approach in their control in mentation of different approaches:
development are created. Specific feedstuff. Dilution: Animal feeds severely con-
mycotoxins appear to be limited to It has been widely known that mois- taminated with mycotoxins can be
certain environmental conditions and ture, temperature and aeration are diluted with non-contaminated feed
specific crops. Regional and geograph- primarily the environmental factors to achieve final concentration of myco-
ical distribution of different fungi and controlling fungal growth. However, toxin that does not affect the perfor-
moisture is the single most important mance of the animal.
factor. So if commodities are dried Diversion: Some species of animals
to less than 14 % moisture, minimal are more tolerant to a particular myco-
fungal development can occur. toxin than others. This fact can be used
Farmers can easily achieve the rec- to divert the mycotoxin contaminated
ommended moisture content by sun- grains to less susceptible species. The
drying grain to a level that is easy to best example is diversion of contami-
grind or mill into flour as in this case nated grains from pigs to dairy cows.
the moisture content should be below Physical methods: Many physical
14 %. In addition moisture metre (mois- methods such as cleaning and seg-
ture detector) can be used to determine regation of mould-damaged grains
moisture level in the grain. from the intact grain, milling, thermal
continued on page 6
Rabbits can support your whole family
Rabbits are easy to keep, provide
you with healthy meat and can give
you a good income.
Val Corr*
Many Kenyans, especially the men,
would not contemplate eating rabbit
meat. However, I have always been
of the opinion that if every Kenyan
family kept a few rabbits, their chil-
dren, at least, would eat meat every
day. Rabbit meat is totally fat and cho-
lesterol free and has the highest protein
of all domestic livestock.
Rabbits are easy to keep, cheap to Housing and bedding
feed, breed quickly and are ready for To grow healthy, rabbits must be fed
slaughter within four months. They properly, housed properly and kept
carry much more meat than a chicken clean. It is best to house them off the
of the same weight and are very easy ground as follows:
to cook. The house should be 90 cm off
Enough feed and water the ground, be 90 cm high and 90 cm
Rabbits need to feed on rabbit pellets square. Because mabati comes in 2.5
or rabbit ration sufficient to last them meter lengths, it makes sense to build
through the day. Green fodder is essen- blocks of houses 1.80 meter wide so
tial but can be fed in relatively small that one sheet can be used to cover the
quantities. There is very little that two houses.
rabbits will not eat including potato The floors should be of chicken
peelings, carrot peelings and other veg- wire so that droppings and urine fall
etable scrap. They thrive on weeds through to the ground. This can then
(especially chick weed and thistles). be swept up daily and used as compost
Lucerne and Napier grass (thara), if it (see end of the article).
Rabbits need clean house with adequate
is available. The house should have a layer of space, light and comfortable bedding
It is essential that they receive plenty hay as bedding. This is a very impor-
of clean water. It is a fallacy that rabbits tant part of the rabbits diet; they will Their houses should be cleaned
obtain sufficient water from their food. eat a lot of this bedding during the daily. Wet bedding should be removed
It is surprising just how much water night. and put on the compost, dry hay can
they drink in 24 hours. Rabbits must not be in windy con- be returned and some more added. If
Earthen ware bowls with a small lip ditions, so it is advisable to cover the rabbits are left on soiled bedding, it
seem to be the best for water and food, ends of the building with shade nets is not only uncomfortable but it will
as they are too heavy for the rabbits to and to have roll down shade netting encourage flies which will, in turn,
turn over. curtains at night. cause disease.
It is always a good idea to put
minerals in the feed (Coopers Maclick How to slaughter a rabbit
powder is a good one). It is important that the rabbit is killed removed. The feet are clipped off. A
We place a square of sacking under very quickly. The quickest and kindest small slit should be made on the inside
the feed bowls to prevent food being way to do this is: of the back leg that is not attached to
dug out of the bowl and spilt onto the Hold the rabbit in your left hand the slaughter post. The skin is peeled
floor which is waste. by its back legs. With your right hand off this leg. The skin is then gently
Enough meat hold the rabbit between your index loosened round the body and front
If you decide to keep rabbits I am sure and middle fingers, under the chin legs. You will then be able to take the
you will find it very rewarding and and against the base of the skull. Lift skin off the remaining back leg, and by
it is an excellent opportunity to teach your right hand to shoulder height, pulling down, so that the skin is now
children about responsibility and the stretching the rabbit, and pull the head inside out, you will be able to peel the
care of animals and you may be lucky quickly and sharply. If you try to do skin off like a sock.
enough to be able to produce enough this any other way it will not work. The heads, spleens and heart make
meat to sell to your neighbours! The rabbit should then be hung by excellent dog food. The liver is a deli-
*Val Corr, Lake Breeze Farm, Eburru, one back leg. The head is removed. cious delicacy and highly nutritious
Naivasha. If you wish to contact her for The rabbit is gutted and entrails your rabbit is now ready to eat.
further advice, please call 0734 913 049.
Plan the breeding and care for the young

The doe (female rabbit) is a spontane- zol administered orally with a small
ous ovulator; it is receptive to the buck syringe is sufficient for each rabbit. Be
as soon as she is introduced. The doe is careful, not to put the syringe (nozzle)
ready to breed at 5 months. She should too far into the mouth or you may
be placed with the buck and mating damage the throat.
will usually take place within minutes. They should be ready to slaughter at
When she has been mated properly, 4 5 months.
the buck will twist and fall over to one Plan the breeding
side. The doe can then be returned to Three or four does to one buck would
her pen. It is not advisable to leave a be more than sufficient to keep a
doe with the buck for longer than 15 household supplied with meat all year
minutes as they will both get bored. If round. You would therefore need:
she is not mated in that time, return her A pen for the buck
later in the day. A pen for each doe
We have had instances of miracle At least two weaning pens one for
births which are recorded in some vet- males and one for females
erinary journals. We have also found If each doe is bred to the buck at inter-
that some does, who will not accept vals of, say, one month or longer, you
the buck, are already pregnant even would have a continuous supply of
though they have not been with a meat. Depending on how many does
buck. you keep, you can work this out:
Important: a warm nest Gestation is one month
Gestation is exactly one month and a One month with the mother
doe will produce anything up to 10 Three months to slaughter
kits (young rabbits). Eight is a perfect It is important that you plan your
number as she has eight teats; but if breeding you could otherwise end
well fed, they seem to manage more up with more weanlings than you can
with no difficulty. Obviously, smaller comfortably cope with! It is very easy
litters thrive better than large ones. to get over crowded very quickly as
Does tend to feed their young once rabbits are very prolific breeders.
a day, and usually at night. A couple A breeding doe, if looked after and
of days prior to birth you will notice fed properly, will serve you well for
that she will start collecting hay in her approximately 4 5 years. A buck if
mouth to make a nest. She will then fed and looked after properly could
pull hair from her chest and under her last you longer.
neck to line the nest. She will pull out It is advisable to keep a breeding
more hair after the birth and cover the sheet on the door of every doe pen.
babies. show a small opening. This is easier This should record her age, the date
Take care of young ones done with two people, one holding the she is covered, date of birth, number
This is the time that the young have to baby and the other doing the sexing. of kits, any deaths, date of weaning,
be watched carefully: The males and females should be number of kits reared. Valerie Corr
It is essential that the babies are separated at this stage as they can start
not allowed to get cold, especially in
the first few days after birth. The
breeding when they are very young.
They should then be put in separate
Valuable compost
nests need to be checked to ensure that weaning houses. A pen 90 cm x 180 Sweep all the droppings and soiled
babies are not carried out of the nest by cm can comfortably house 6 young bedding into a neat, square heap
the mother when she stops feeding. It rabbits. Remember that there are now every day. If possible sprinkle with
is quite safe to handle the young and more growing rabbits in one cage, so water or, better still, with EM1. After
replace them in the nest. they must be fed adequate quantities two weeks turn it over and keep moist
The young should be weaned when a of food and water if they are to grow until you have a lovely dark compost.
month old. Sexing baby rabbits is not satisfactorily. If you keep other livestock (cattle,
that easy, but once you have got the At weaning, it is advisable to rou- sheep, goats, donkeys and chickens)
hang of it, it gets easier: Hold the baby tinely treat the weanlings with Coc- their droppings can be added to
upside down in your hand and gently cidian powder (all animal pharmacies this compost for an even better end
blow on the hair round the genital area stock this for chickens). 1 ml per litre product. This would give you an
and, with two fingers, gently separate once a day for 3 days should be suf- endless supply of good compost for
the genitalia towards the head and tail. ficient to protect your rabbits). your shamba or, alternatively, a by
The males will show a small upward It is also advisable to deworm them product that you can sell.
protrusion, whilst the females will only at this stage. Quarter ml of Albenda-
from page 2: Storage

residues. It should then be dried until
it rattles when shaken. The farmer How to order your CD
should inspect the grain and ensure The Infonet-Biovision CD contains
there are no weevils. The containers all the information that a farmer may
should be clean and dry. Load the need. Farmers interested in buying
grains into the container until it is full the CD only need to send us airtime
to the brim and close tightly. It should worth Ksh 200 through either our Zain
be stored in a cool dry place. line (former CELTEL) 0738 390 715, or
Neem and pyrethrum extracts through our SAFARICOM line, 0721
Neem mixed with pyrethrum (known 541 590. After sending this airtime,
as Nimpyr) is very effective in the please send us an SMS detailing your
control of both weevils and the larger full name and correct address. We shall
grain borer in stored maize. However send you the CD by registered mail.
larger quantities are needed (2 to 3
kg/100 kg of grain). Pyrethrum has an Magazine good for reference
unpleasant ordour while neem has a
bitter taste. This can be eliminated by Recently I visited a Ministry of Agri- old newspapers. Often we may not get
soaking the grain in water for some- culture office and I was impressed by the copy we want because it was either
time and later washing the grains. what I saw. In the waiting room was a borrowed by a friend or even used by
Neem oil is especially effective when neat spring file where monthly copies school children to cover their books. In
applied to stored beans, cowpeas and of The Organic Farmer magazine are other words we lose very vital infor-
other legumes. filed. I opened it and found almost mation that can be used for many years
all issues of the not only by us, but
from page 3 Mycotoxins magazine where also our children. A
anybody inter- good filing system
activation, and irradiation have been ested on any topic is important for
used to minimize the adverse effects of regarding organic such a publication
mycotoxins in animal industry. Some farming can make because we know
of these methods have some limita- their reference. we may need it
tions and so are not widely employed This filing system later. Right now
in the feed industry. got me think- there are very few
Organic absorbents ing. Every month, books on agricul-
Adsorbents are substances which, some of our fellow ture in our book-
when added to feed, are capable of farmers are lucky shops. The few that
forming other irreversible substances to get a copy of the magazine, but after you find on sale are not relevant to our
with mycotoxin in the intestine of reading it, we simply throw it in the needs as farmers. The magazine has
farm animals. These substances are not nearest table and forget about it. If we come to fill this gap and we should
digestible and hence they pass down have a problem on a topic which was treasure and keep it in safe custody for
the digestive tract and are excreted in carried in a past issue of the magazine, our future reference. A small library at
the faeces. Their net effect is to reduce then we have to wade through all the home can go along way to meet our
the amount of toxin absorbed in the paper work in the cupboard, the book- information needs.
blood of animals to the point that is shelf or where we stack the piles of John Kiarie, Kiambu
not harmful to allow contaminated
feed to be fed with minimal losses in Magazine has become to many rural households. Initially,
performance. labour is intensive and tiresome but the
Legal limits and regulation the farmers bible fruits are sweeter. With support from
It is important to note that the enforce- The Organic Farmer magazine is now World Vision and the magazine we
ment of legal limits for mycotoxins in being referred to as a farmers bible. have done exemplary work in farming
animal feed is not only for protection It is proving to be a very resourceful and are now influencing and convert-
of the health of animals. It is even more publication. Going through each copy ing neighbouring farmers to go into
important for the protection of the con- every month, a committed and focused productive farming activities. I would
sumers of any edible animal products farmer is now able to source all the like to urge all concerned to adopt
that may be contaminated. The legal necessary information from livestock and religiously practise what we have
limits for mycotoxins reduce indirectly to crop husbandry. On selection of mar- learned.
the financial losses due to the adverse ketable agricultural projects, the maga- John G Njoroge, 3N Harvest
effects exerted by some mycotoxins zine is informative. Congratulations
on animal productivity which is of a and keep on educating us. What the Questions? Ideas?
great economic advantage to animal magazine teaches guarantees self-suffi- Complaints?
keepers. ciency in food production and incomes SMS us, and we shall get back to you.
0721 541 590 / 0738 390 715
Earthworms are good for soil fertility

Earthworms can improve the struc- a lot of plant material incorporated in
ture, increase fertility and even the top 1 foot of soil will be a heaven
remove poisonous substances in the for earthworms. Crops produced in
soil. this area should flourish. Note that
The importance of earthworms in earthworms do not normally feed on
soil fertility and structure cannot be growing plants, seeds, seedlings etc
overlooked. Without them, soil would Create artificial wormeries
most probably be compacted, infertile Here we create a small- scale heaven
and perhaps even less stable and thus for the worms, allowing them to breed,
easily eroded by water and wind. So eat and excrete safely under controlled
which are these little creatures and conditions. Most wormeries are about
what is their role? Earth worms have 1-1.5 feet deep .They allow for drench-
been studied for many years; Charles ing of the system with water and col-
Darwin alone studied them for 36 years lection of the same water now termed
and through these studies brought the An earthworm (above) compost made as worm juice or worm tea. This juice is
importance of these wonderful crea- using earthworms (below). (Photos TOF) then diluted and used as a plant foliar
tures into the realms of science. There feed.
are thousands of types of earthworms. Makes leaf mould
Different worms have different func- Leaf mould broken down by earth
tions, some living within the top few worms is extremely nutritious for
inches of the soil strata and others plants. As you can imagine, the nutri-
living well below. Some only operate ents in leaves are collected from a soil
at night and are called night crawlers. depth most plants would be unable to
So what are the actual benefits of reach. To produce leaf mould, simply
these worms? fill a sack (gunia) with leaves, fresh as
Earthworms feed on bio-degradable well as dry and leave in a shaded place.
organic matter. As the materials pass Make sure the leaves are damp and
through the bodies of the worms, they never dry out. Add a few earth worms
change in their composition due to the and leave them to do their work. In a
action of enzymes within the worms. few months, depending on the amount
Worm excreta known as casts are of worms in the system, you will have
very high in plant nutrition-nitrogen, a wonderful plant food. One thing to
phosphorus, potassium and calcium. note: Earthworms are cold composters,
A word of caution here though-what do not try to add them to a compost
goes in comes out. It has now been pile that is too big and expected to heat
discovered that earth worms can also from the magic of improving the soil up. However, do expect to find earth-
pick up soil contaminants (including fertility by burrowing and creating worms inhabiting a compost pile that
toxic metals), some of which they can water and air passages, breaking down has gone through its heating phase and
neutralise, others remain in the worms bio-degradable matter into easily acces- is now completely cool. Su Kahumbu
bodies. Strangely enough, new find- sible plant nutrition and improving the
ings are also showing that earthworms soil structure, earthworms also help to Destructive earthworms
are one of the fastest creatures to adapt clean polluted soil. They are really fan- In the past few months, new findings
to contaminants in the environment tastic creatures. Here are guidelines on are beginning to reveal the destruc-
and pollution. They actually breed how farmers can make the most use of tive nature of some earthworms. It is
better and live longer in areas that are earthworms in organic agriculture: said that in the US, exotic earthworms
most contaminated! Attract the indigenous worms into are infact feeding on delicate forest
These contaminants could be from our fields mosses threatening the extinction of
pesticide or fertilizers, hormones and To do this we need to understand both this moss and resulting in degrada-
antibiotics found in animal manure what earthworms require and what tion of the top soil. It is feared this
or other plant material. In the case of repels them. They require damp soil may result in the extinction of other
cleaning up contaminated soils, earth- with a lot of decaying plant mate- delicate soil organisms and thus the
worms are now playing a major roll rial. I emphasise damp because worms fertility of the forest soil in the future.
jointly with plants that have the capa- cannot move through dry soil. They Note: These worms are exotic and
bility of extracting soil contaminants. either die or tend to travel towards the not indigenous. So as we utilise the
The worms process the contaminants damp soil. They do not like dry soil, or benefits of these worms locally, let us
in the soil and make them available soil that is humus-free. They are eaten keep in mind the likely damage they
for plant uptake. There is even talk by ants (siafu)) and birds, they there- can cause if we were to introduce
of smelting these plants to extract the fore need sheltered areas. Simply put, exotic worms into our soils. SK
metals for reuse in industry! So apart land that is mulched, damp and has
Save your beans from destructive pests

One of the major away. For this method
causes of bean loss to be effective, farmers Diatomite can control pests
during storage is should do the follow- Diatomite is white powder made up of
damage by grain ing: millions of fossilised microscopic plants
weevils (bruchids). Spread out the called diatoms,
Bruchids drill holes beans in a mat under which have
and feed within the the sun for about 6 sharp edges
beans, leaving them hours. that pierce
with many holes After sun drying, insects killing
and low weight. sieve them using an them. It is one
Control methods: ordinary kitchen wire of the most
1. Mix the dry beans sieve effective natural pest control compounds
grain with wood During the first 3 that does not affect the quality of grains and
ash for every 90 kg months after harvest, is not harmful to both humans and animals.
bag of beans. sieve the beans once Diatomite is mined at Gilgil by the African
2. Mix a teaspoon- every 2 weeks. After Diatomite Industries. A 20 kg bag retails at
ful of corn oil like 3 months, sieve the Ksh 350. A kg of the powder is enough to
Elianto for every 1 beans once every 3 protect 1 bag of maize, wheat, oats, rice or
kg tin of beans. weeks. The method not only saves even sorghum. It is applied directly to the
Sunning and sieving money. The beans are not harmed or grain and mixed with a shovel. Diatomite
If you have 1 or 2 bags of beans and damaged and they germinate well should be washed off and the grain dried
you live in an area with adequate if they are used as seed. The taste of before consumption. Farmers interested can
sunlight, drying the beans and then the beans is not affected and there contact African Diatomite Industries P.O Box
sieving them kills the eggs and is no risk of poisoning from use of 32 Gilgil Tel. 050 401 209, 050-401 5209
larvae and makes the adults to fly chemical pesticide. Mobile Tel.0722 277 120
Issue 5, November 2008
To advertise contact: James Wathuge 020 356 4106, 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300, email: thefarmersclassied@mailnew.com.com
Farmers Diary
Brookside dairy farmers training days:
Month Date Venue District
October 31 Mundoro Gatundu South
November 7 Sabatia D.F.Coop Koibatek
November 21 Kathangariri Embu
November 28 Tetu Nyeri South
December 5 Sotik D.F.C.Soc Buret
CONTACT PERSON: S.N. KARIUKI 0733 - 270986
Serve your cows on time The hike in fuel prices in the recent
Lack of knowledge on animal past has demonstrated how greedy local
breeding is to blame for the poor companies can be in their bid to make
quality of dairy cattle in the country. profits at the expense of the common man.
Although fuel prices have gone down by
The Organic Farmer more than half of what it cost two months
Many farmers lack knowledge when it ago, oil companies are unwilling to reduce
comes to managing the fertility of their pump prices by the same margin, which
dairy cattle. This ignorance is to blame has in turn raised the cost of goods and
for irregular calving, low milk produc- services. This is a big burden to consum-
tion and the poor quality of dairy cattle ers and especially the low income earners.
in most farming areas in the country. Farmers are also hard hit by the increase
In this issue of TOF, we have revisited in the cost of inputs. When they produce
the issue of animal breeding following food at unimaginable high costs, it is
enquiries from several farmers. sad to see companies, which operate like
cartels, buying such produce at throw-
Too early or too late. away prices.
The quality of dairy cattle in the country heat. There is another and even worse Yet this is what is happening when
started deteriorating two decades ago problem: Without records, private arti- it comes to the marketing of agricul-
when the government privatised vet- ficial insemination providers may end tural products. If it is not the middlemen
erinary services following pressure up serving the daughter of a cow with exploiting farmers, it is the millers and
from donors. Since then, the quality of the same semen that was taken from its food processing companies. Take wheat
service has considerably gone down. father, resulting in inbreeding. In this for example. Although world prices have
The private service providers do not issue we advise farmers how to detect remained relatively high since last year,
impart any knowledge to the farmers heat in an animal and show the best local millers still buy the commodity
on important aspects of breeding such time to serve it in order to increase the form farmers at very low prices. One
as heat detection in a dairy cow. chances of conception. Page 3 wonders why these companies can afford
What usually happens is that hat the to buy wheat at a price of upto Ksh 4000
farmer may call the servicee in the international market but pay local
provider either too
Cow calendar
This chart
c is a Cow Calen- farmers as low as Ksh 2400 for a 90 kg
early or too late bag of wheat. The companies are quick
dar, it can help farmers to
when chances
hances to increase the price of wheat flour and
manage
m the fertility of
of the animal
imal bread to maintain and maximize their
their
t dairy cows. With
conceiving profits, but they are not ready to pass on
the calendar, a farmer
are minimal.al.
can tell when the cow the benefits to the farmers. One of the
Lack of responsibilities of the National Cereals
will next come on
records and Produce Board (NCPB) is to help
heat, when to dry it
makes it veryy regulate the price of cereals and store stra-
and
a also the date of
difficult forr tegic food reserves for the country. Two
delivery.
d Those inter-
the farmer too decades ago, the board used to buy wheat
ested
es in buying this
know when n from farmers and sell it to millers as is
useful
us calendar can
the cow was as the case with maize. But individuals with
contact
con
last served.
d. vested interest stopped this, leaving the
Fuga Enterprises
Therefore he farmers at the mercy of the millers.
Limited,
Limited P.O.Box 653,
cannot be ablee to Price controls may appear outdated
Uthiru-00605,
Uthiru-00 Nairobi
predict when n the
Tel. 0733 86686 191. Price Ksh200 in a liberalised market such as Kenyas,
animal shall nextext be on but sometimes it is the only way the
government can rein in unscrupulous
Sukumawiki Fodder companies out to fleece farmers. The other
No other vegetable There are several ways to alternative is for farmers to form strong
reduces better the provide your cattle with associations that can lobby for their inter-
occurence of different adequate fodder during ests. Such associations can exert pressure
kinds of cancers. Page 2 the dry season. Page 5 on the companies and on the govern-
ment to change its policies on marketing
of agricultural produce.
Due to the current food crisis everyone
Fish farming now is talking about revitalising agri-
If managed well, fish culture. We hope this is not just empty
farming can easily talk. Finally, we wish all farmers a merry
improve the income of Christmas and a prosperous new year
ce
farmers. Page 4 2009!

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8. Th wah o
to sd se
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ur ili
FR
TOF P.O. Box 14352, Nairobi 00800, Tel: 020 44 50 398, 0721 541 590, 0738 390 715, Email: info@organickenya.com
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15
Sukumawiki keeps the doctor away
Sukumawiki is not only a cheap
vegetable. It is also one of the healthi-
est with lots of vitamins.
John Cheburet
Kale, popularly called sukumawiki,
is a staple vegetable for most Kenyan
households. In recent years, many
organisations pushed for the planting
of traditional vegetables arguing that
these are more nutritious than sukuma
wiki. But only few people know the
numerous benefits of kales. Some
people consider this vegetable to be
bitter while others treasure it because
it is easy to grow and has numerous
health benefits.
Rich in nutrients
Sukumawiki does well in a well
manured soil and is relatively drought vonoids) called kaempferol. Research When leaves are left for too long, they
resistant, meaning that it can be easily in 66,940 women enrolled in the become coarse and bitter. And, when
grown in most homes across the Nurses Health Study between 1984 buying sukumawiki ensure that you
country. It is a member of the bras- and 2002 revealed that women whose select deep coloured leaves that have
sica family of vegetables that includes diets provided the most kaempferol moist hardy stems. Small leaves are
cabbage, Brussels sprouts and collards had a 40 percent reduction in risk of usually tender and have a more mild
(a cabbage which does not develop a ovarian cancer, compared to women flavour than larger, more mature leaves.
heart). This family of vegetables is high eating the least kaempferol-rich foods. Store sukumawiki in a cool place since
in nutrients that help in fighting and In addition to kale, foods richest in kae- warm temperatures will cause it to wilt
reducing the occurence of different mpferol include non-herbal tea (like and reduce its flavour. In addition, you
kinds of cancers. These nutrients help green tea), onions, broccoli, leeks and can pair kale with other greens, such as
the liver to neutralize substances in the spinach. collard greens, which have a sweeter
body that may be cancerous. Sukumawiki is also good for men. flavor to reduce the strong flavor of
Kale is rich in plant pigments (fla- Recent studies show that those eating kale.
the most cruciferous vegetables (veg- Good for the environment
The Organic Farmer is an independent etables of the brassica family) have a Sukumawiki is good for the environ-
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- much lower risk of prostate, lung and ment. It needs between 5-8 minutes to
munity. It promotes organic other types of cancer. In a study of cook well without losing the nutrients
farming and supports dis- over 1,200 men conducted at the Fred it is known for. This means it requires
cussions on all aspects of Hutchinson Cancer Research Center less energy to cook compared to tra-
sustainable development. The in Seattle (Canada), those eating 28 ditional vegetables which have to be
Organic Farmer is published servings of vegetables a week had a 35 boiled before frying. It is ideal for both
monthly by icipe and distrib- per cent lower risk of prostate cancer, rural areas where there is high demand
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports but those consuming just 3 or more for firewood and in urban areas where
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- servings of cruciferous vegetables each there is high demand for charcoal.
ily reflect the views of icipe. week had a 44 per cent lower prostate
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- cancer risk. Food safety
sion, a Swiss-based foun- In addition, sukumawiki is useful While sukumawiki has numerous
dation for the promotion of in keeping away other ailments. For health benefits, it is also important
sustainable development. instance, the vegetable has a nutri- to know that a dirty environment is
www.biovision.ch ent called beta-carotene that helps in a major factor that affects the safety
Publisher African Insect Science for Food good vision. This nutrient reduces the of the sukumawiki we plant or buy.
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 growth of cataracts that lead to gradual In major towns, across the country, it
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, loss of sight. Sukumawiki is a good is common to find green leafy veg-
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org source of the highly valued vitamin C etables planted near sewers.
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner which reduces the likelihood of devel- Dirty water increases the levels of
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia oping colon cancer. Just one cup of this harmful bugs and bacteria that can
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 cooked vegetable supplies 88.8% of be found in the vegetable. There is a
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, the daily value for vitamin C. Sukuma strong link between diseases such as
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph wiki is rich in minerals; calcium, potas- diarrhoea and food poisoning caused
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian sium, manganese, iron, and potassium. and the consumption of vegetables
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe It also contains an insoluble fiber that grown in dirty water laden with germs
Address The Organic Farmer is associated with protection against such salmonella, E coli and listeria.
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA heart disease in both men and women. Farmers planting vegetables in dirty
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 Select and cook well places risk losing customers as people
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, Cut the lower leaves of plants for sale will not buy vegetables with high
www.organicfarmermagazine.org or your own domestic consumption. levels of dangerous bacteria.
Know the best time to inseminate cows

Many farmers serve their animals to point that a poorly fed dairy cow Signs of an animal on heat
when it is too early or too late. Result: cannot come on heat at the expected The time during which a cow is on
Failed conception. time because its body may not be in heat can be divided into three phases:
good condition for conception. Dis- The early heat, the standing heat and
The Organic Farmer eases associated with the animals after heat. During each of these phases,
reproductive system may also interfere the cow shows specific signs.
Several Farmers have written to us with conception.
requesting to know how they can be Short heat period Early heat: An animal on early heat
able to tell when and if their dairy cows Very often only a few of the signs tends to sniff other animals. It is also
are on heat and need to be served. To us (on the right) are clearly visible. For sniffed by the other animals. It tends to
this is an important question because instance, when the weather is warm, mount other animals but walks away
good timing in serving a dairy cow will the cow will not be very active and
determine the success of conception. there may be a secretion of mucus
Timely service also ensures that a cows indicating that the animal is still on
calving cycle is attained. Most farmers heat. At this stage it is too late to serve
serve their dairy cows too early or the animal since this may lead to failed
even too late due to lack of knowledge. conception. In tropical countries such
Failed conceptions can be avoided if as Kenya, the period during which
the farmers are well informed on the the farmer can detect heat in a cow is
tell tale signs that a dairy cow shows very short. The visible heat period lasts
when she is in need of service. when mounted. The cow is usually
only for between 11-12 hours for grade restless and keeps on looking around
Cows need attention cattle. This means that the farmer has to while making noise. Its vulva (lips of
The fertility of a dairy cow is very be alert and observe their cows closely vaginal opening) is slightly swollen,
important. It affects the number of to notice any heat signs. Observing moist and reddish. It is also extra
calves born and the total milk pro- the cows in the morning milking and attentive. When the animals shows
duced during the entire life of a cow. also in the evening can help the farmer these first signs, the farmer is advised
Good fertility improves a dairy farmers to detect heat. A farmer who keeps not to inseminate (serve) the cow at
income. A cows fertility is determined good records of their animals can also this stage.
by the number of calving intervals- this predict when the animal is about to Standing heat: A cow is said to have
is the period between two successive come on heat. This can help them serve standing heat when it shows all the
calvings (births). A healthy cow should the animal at the right time (see page 1). signs already mentioned above.
give birth after every 365 days, or every If the animal bleeds from the vulva At this stage however, the vulva is
year. The calving interval is divided two days after the end of the heat swollen, deep red and there is a flow
into two periods: The calving-concep- period, then it will come on heat in the of clear mucus from the vulva (vaginal
tion period (the period the cow gets next 17 25 days. Normally a cow will
pregnant) and the conception-calving show the first heat within 3-4 weeks
time. A dairy farmer, thus, should pay after calving. If a farmer kept good
much attention to the cow between records, it is always easy to predict
calving and conception period. The when the animal will come on heat
farmer should ensure that he serves again. The best time to serve a cow is
the cow at the right time to increase the between 45 to 90 days after calving.
chances of the cow conceiving. Any insemination done before 45 days
The cow should be properly fed after calving give a lower chance of
with a balanced diet of carbohydrates, pregnancy. On the other hand any
proteins and minerals. It is important insemination given in 90 days after opening). It forgets to eat and its milk
calving results in birth intervals of production goes down. The cows tail is
over one year. Therefore it is importantbent away from the vulva. The animal
that the farmer selects the best time should be inseminated immediately it
between 45 and 90 days to service their shows these signs.
dairy cows. After heat: At this stage the cow con-
How to reduce inbreeding tinues sniffing the other animals and
Farmers should always maintain is also sniffed at. However it refuses
records of each animal. to stand when being mounted. A clear
When an animal is inseminated, do
not throw away the semen straw. All
straws are labelled with name and
code of the bull from which the semen
came from. This helps the inseminator
avoid serving the daughter of the cow
with semen from the same bull - its
father.
Farmers should avoid use of village
Farmers should use semen from known bulls to stop the transmission of vene- mucus is evident from the vulva. All
service providers such as CAIS (Central real diseases. Home-bred bulls also heat symptoms cool down rather sud-
Insemination Services). This helps upgrade increase chances of inbreeding. They denly. Source: The Fertility of a Dairy
the cows, improve their growth, milk pro- should therefore be separated from the Cow (Ministry of Livestock & Fisheries-
duction and health. rest of the animals at all times. Development)
Do you have fodder for the dry season?

Feeding the cattle during the management practices are in order.
dry season requires good planning Animal feed should contain various
and some additional labour. groups of nutrients, and the composi-
tion depends on which type of animal
The Organic Farmer is being fed: Proteins help to build the
animals body and its maintenance,
Meeting feed requirements for their carbohydrates provide energy while
animals during the dry season is quite minerals help in biological regulation
challenging for farmers. During the and growth. Vitamins regulate biologi-
wet season a lot of fodder is wasted in cal processes and provide nutrients to
many farms simply because either the the milk. A dairy cow requires plenty
farmers do not store the fodder cor- of water for milk production, body
rectly or the modes of feeding adopted building and for the regulation of body
are wasteful. temperature.
A good number of farmers do not Dry matter intake
even bother collecting crop residue The amount of fodder a dairy cow
and storing it in good structures. They needs depends on its bodyweight. For
just abandon it in the field where it example a Jersey (400 kg) that produces
is exposed to wet conditions, conse- 15 kg of milk per day will require 11.5
quently rots or becomes unpalatable for kg of fodder but a Friesian cow (600
animals. Such farmers prefer grazing kg) needs 16.5 kg/day of dry matter to
their animals directly in the field where produce the same amount of milk. This A dairy cow needs adequate fodder for
lots of fodder is trampled upon and statistics can help farmers to decide optimum milk production. (Photo TOF)
thus wasted. Once they have stepped, what breed of a cow they can buy for
made droppings or urinated on the crop residues can be improved by
milk production. various methods:
fodder, animals cannot feed on it. A The amount of feed also depends
good trough or feeding rack is ideal as Adding fodder legumes such as
on the palatability of the feed being lablab or desmodium improves the
it ensures that a large percentage of the offered. Fodder should be cut in small
fodder is consumed. quality of fodder as well as the supple-
sizes. Nutrition experts advice that mentation of fodder with concentrates
The feed nutrients fodder for dairy cows should be of the like cotton seed cake or sunflower seed
Only if animals are fed more than they same length as the animals muzzle cakes.
need for basic survival, can they then (mouth); this is ideal as it allows the Soaking the hard pieces of crop resi-
produce more milk or, in case of beef animal to chew it into the right quality dues in water increases palability (this
production, gain weight if all other for ease of digestion. The quality of softens it). Continued on page 6
Conserving fodder by use of polythene bags

Take care of surplus fodder. If well on it. Spread the material into a thin remains above the forage/ molasses
stored, it feeds your cow during the layer. mixture. Place some weight on the tied
dry season and boosts your income. 2. Dilute 3 Kasuku tins of molasses with sack to compact the mixture further.
At times we are disappointed to see 3 litres of water. Sprinkle the diluted Store the bags away from direct sun-
how careless farmers often handle the molasses onto the chopped forage as light or rain. The silage will be ready
surplus fodder. It can be stored as hay evenly as possible. Turn evenly and for use after two months. It can then
(see TOF Nr 19, December 2006) or spread it. be stored for as long as the farmer
used for making silage. 3. Tie one end of 2 metre long poly- wishes.
There are many methods of making thene bag (1.5 metres, 1000 gauge) to Cheap solution
silage, but the use of polythene bags is make a large polythene bag. Place the Each time you open the silage bag,
one of the most suitable for small-scale 100 kg of forage already mixed with
expel the air from the bag and then tie
dairy farmers. The following steps molasses into the polythene bag and
should be taken when making silage compact as much as possible. it tightly to avoid spoilage. Polythene
using polythene bags. 4. Repeat the same process twice, each bags cost about Ksh 110 per metre
1. Chop the forage to the correct length time compacting the forage thoroughly while molasses cost Ksh 300 per 20 litre
using a panga or chaff-cutter. Spread after adding forage into the polythene jerrican. It costs Ksh 385 to make one
a sheet (Chandarua) or canvas onto a bag. Tie the top of the polythene bag bag of silage which can feed one dairy
flat surface and place 100 kg of fodder tightly ensuring as little air as possible cow for upto 4 days. (TOF)
Done correctly, fish farming is profitable

For proper management of fish ponds, can only survive and reproduce well
farmers should consult fisheries exten- in different temperatures. In Kenya,
sion officers in their areas. tilapia and clarias are the two main
species reared by farmers. They do
The Organic Farmer well in warm waters of more than 25C
For successful tilapia farming, average
Despite enourmous potential for fish temperatures of 28C are best. In areas
farming in Kenya, there are very few with temperatures less than this, the
farmers who rear fish. The main reason farmers are advised to increase the
is that most farmers do not know that size of the fish pond for the water to
fish farming has potential to earn them acquire the right temperature. Ade-
a living and they also lack the knowl- quate sunlight is required for tilapia
edge on how it is done. farming under semi intensive systems.
Fish farming, like any other economic Others such as trout grow well in cool
enterprise, needs good management waters, 10-18C under free flowing
for it to give good returns. Besides, water systems.
the fish farmer has to consider many Land area: Fish ponds require a
factors before he can rear fish. One of larger land area with a gentle slope
these factors is the market. It is not wise as compared to fish tanks and race-
to start any farming activity without ways. This is more cost effective if the
carrying out a survey to find out if land and water does not cost much. A
there is demand for the product you larger surface area allows for a greater
intend to produce. Many farmers have natural production. Pond construction
tried fish farming and ended up being is cheaper than the cost of tanks or
frustrated after failing to find market fish cages. For tilapia production, one
for their fish. Others have failed due to hectare of pond space can produce
poor management of their fish farms. about 8 to 10 tonnes of fish every year
Important factors if the pond is fertilised and the fish
It is very unwise for fish farmers to well fed.
produce fish first, and then look for the
markes later, Says Mbugua Mwangi, Fish farming has improved my income
a fish farming expert at the Fisheries
Department in Nairobi. Apart from William Kiama started eating fish as a the income from fish farming with
markets, any farmer with an interest young man growing up in Mombasa crop production. Besides fish farming
in fish farming has to explore the suit- where his parents worked back in requires little initial capital and labour
ability for fish culture in the area they 1965. Although he occasionally went apart from pond construction, he
intend to start fish farming. It is wise for fishing in river Sagana back in says.
to consult fisheries extension officers his rural home, it never crossed his Rearing ornamental fish
in their districts at every stage of the mind that fish farming can be a good A few years ago, Kiama diversified
project. Here are some of the factors source of income until the Depart- his fish farming enterprise and started
potential fish farmers have to consider ment of fisheries in a project funded rearing ornamental fish. The reason
before making decisions: by USAID, trained farmers in his area he changed is that
Water: Availability of water and its on fish farming, immediately after ornamental fish fetch
quality is an important factor in fish pro- the training, I constructed my first fish more money in the
duction. Gravity flow water is cheaper pond, he says. An immediate increase market. The 7 ponds
for a fish farmer. Polluted water should in demand for food fish from his cus- on his acre fish
not be used for fish farming; farmers tomers prompted him to increase the farm are stocked with
should be assisted by extension officers number of ponds. He abandoned about 30,000 orna-
to find out if the quality of the water in growing tomatoes, French beans and mental fish which is
their area is suitable for fish farming. cabbages and went into full time fish now the main source
Temperature: Different types of fish production. You cannot compare of his income. The
market for ornamen- William Kiama
tal fish is growing in
East Africa. This type of fish such as
goldfish, olanda and koi carp fetch
between Ksh 600 and Ksh 1200 in
the local market. He sells the fish to
organisations, hotels and individuals
with aquariums in Kenya, Tanzania
and Uganda.
Through his project, Kiama has
acquired enough experience on pond
construction; many people includ-
ing government institutions in the
region consult him to train farmers on
fish farming and pond construction.
He says that any farmer can do fish
Continued on page 6
from page 4: Fodder
The digestability of crop residues can 020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
also be improved by sprinkling it with
urea; but this technology is tricky as More on mushroom please Dear farmers,
there is a risk of poisoning the cow if We have found The Organic Farmer very Many farmers have called us in
too much urea is used. (Farmers inter- educative and useful to us as small-scale the last one month complaining
ested in urea-technology can order a farmers strenuously working to realize that they never received their
leaflet from us). farming as a business and therefore of September and October 2008
Proper planning is the key benefit to us and our health. We want issues of The Organic Farmer.
A farmer should start making fodder to contribute more towards making This happened because of some
for the dry season when there is a lot our environment better for ourselves interference with our comput-
of green forage material from maize, and for generations to come. Your erised address list which led to
beans, Napier grass or other crop magazine is therefore doing a com- omission of a number of farmers
residue. This is when there is more mendable job. Please highlight more on addresses during preparations
fodder available than the animals can mushroom growing in your next issue for the dispatch of the maga-
eat. A wise farmer starts much earlier and include us in your mailing list. And zine. We therefore kindly request
by taking the following measures: we wish you ever-greater heights in farmers who did not receive
Growing grasses and deep rooted promoting agriculture in the country. their copies during this period
legumes that provide high quality Yours truly, to contact us either through
fodder for a longer period (leguminous Upendo Growers Self Help Group telephone, SMS or e-mail to
forage contains protein). upendomushroommolo@yahoo.com enable us update our mailing
Planting fodder trees such as cal- list and resume normal delivery.
liandra, mulberry, Leucaena etc. (see We have already written a comprehensive Immediately we receive your
TOF Nr 12, April 2006) which provide article on mushroom growing (Read TOF complaints, we will ensure you
farmers with large amounts of high- Nr.23, April 2008). You can download continue receiving your copy. We
quality but low-cost fodder. the same by visiting our website at www. regret the error.
Planting sweet potatoes since the organicfarmermagazine.org
sweet potato vines are protein boosters
and can survive even during the dry
It is a store of knowledge Order your CD
We came across your magazines
season (see TOF Nr. 31, Dec. 2007). and they are very resourceful to our
- Making your own mineral salts by community-based organizations who
use of plants such as pumpkins, ama- indulge in sustainable agriculture. We
ranthus etc. (see TOF Nr .41, October therefore request you to include us
2008). in your mailing list and send to us 20
copies of the magazine for the benefit
from page 5: Fish farming of our members. I have attached an
introductory page and our profile of
activities. Thanks for the good work, we
really appreciate.Our postal address is
ECoS-GROUP, Box 777-20200, Kericho.
Tel. 0734523334, Kind Regards, Sylvia
Korir, EcoS The Infonet-Biovision CD contains
all the information that a farmer may
More on beekeeping need. Farmers interested in buying
I came across this magazine two weeks the CD only need to send us airtime
ago and it impressed me a lot due to worth Ksh 200 through either our Zain
the information it contains on various line (former CELTEL) 0738 390 715, or
aspects of agriculture. I am also very through our SAFARICOM line, 0721
much interested in beekeeping and 541 590. After sending this airtime,
request for more information regarding please send us an SMS detailing your
farming if they have adequate water the same. I do plant wheat, beans and full name and correct address. We shall
and the right soil profile. An average maize and rear Maasai cattle. Anthony send you the CD by registered mail.
fish pond of 10 m by 20 m can hold up Lemein, P.O Box 52, Olololunga
to 600 tilapia fish. From his 7 fish ponds
at the fish farm, Kiama earns between SUBSCRIPTION FORM
Ksh30, 000 and Ksh 60,000 a month. Return this completed form to TOF, PO Box 14352 00800 Nairobi or info@organickenya.com
To reduce costs, he says farm yard
manure produces very good fish food Registration type:
compared to use of chemical fertilizer. Name: Individual farmer
Natural fish food is also supplemented Postal Address: Code: Farmer Group
with maize or rice bran. Women Group
The government has recognised Town: District
Youth Group
his effort. Through the Agricultural Province:
Finance Corporation (AFC), they have College
Registration No.: School
pledged to advance Kiama a soft loan
for the construction of additional ponds Number of active Members: Church Group
and equipment. These will enable him Chairpersons Name: Extension Officer
increase fish production. (TOF) NGO
Chairpersons Tel.:
CBO
Areas of interest: Other
Tissue culture and GMOs Answers in brief

What is the difference between tissue
Weed killer
Can I use 2-4D to weed the just germi-
culture and genetically modified crop
nated desmodium seedlings?
breeding? Moses Ndungu PO Box 617,
0721 322 809
Ol kalou, 0727 902 181
The application of chemical weed
Tissue culture is the growing of parts of
killers is not recommended in organic
a plant or organs in a laboratory envi-
farming unless it is absolutely neces-
ronment, free of diseases and or pests
sary. The use of 2 -4D in your case
(also called in vitro). The plants are pro-
may kill all your desmodium seedlings
vided with the necessary nutrients and
because the chemical is active on all
conditions such as temperature and
broad leaf crops. We would recom-
are light controlled to ensure proper
mend that you do the normal weeding
growth. Through this method scien-
to avoid losing your valuable desmo-
tists are able to reproduce or multiply
dium crop.
clean planting material of particular
crops which would otherwise be very Soil tests
difficult to reproduce in a nursery or I plan to start farming along the shores
other traditional methods without the A bunch of tissue culture bananas (above). of river Tana in Mwingi. I have soil
risk of diseases. Plant material under Tissue culture bananas in a laboratory samples but I cannot get a place to test
tissue culture production can be stored them in Eldoret. Please assist. 0727 746
for a longer period of time. 103
GM changes genes Soil tests can be done at the KARI-
On the other hand, a genetically modi- National Agricultural Laboratories
fied crop is one whose characteristics (KARI-NARL) Along Waiyaki way in
have been altered by the insertion of Nairobi. Contact KARI-NARL P.O.Box
a gene or genes from another crop or 14733, 00800 Tel 020 444 02 29.
organism to make it produce more,
resist a disease or even a pest. The
process is achieved using various tech-
niques of genetic engineering.
New tomato varieties not available

What is the name of the blight resistant being released to private seed pro-
tomato varieties and where can one get duction companies for multiplication
its seeds? and sale to farmers. Although a few
Two blight resistant tomato varieties farmers have managed to get the seeds
have been developed by the World in Taita hills and Usambara mountains
Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) in Taiwan in Tanzania, the seeds are meant for
and its regional centre in Arusha Tanza- trials and not for commercial produc- Tree tomatoes
nia. These are the Meru and Shengena tion. You should wait until these seeds How many types of tree tomato are
varieties. However these new varieties are released into the Kenyan market for there? Muturi, Kinangop, 0729 015 919
are still undergoing field trials before commercial production. Please assist to get tree tomato seeds
and their literature. Pareiyo, Narok
0722 967 314
Cowpeas are good fodder Home-made feeds
At what state are cowpeas best for How can we make homemade feeds Tree tomato, also known as Tamarillo
fodder? Green or dry? Which part of (dairy, beef, calf, layers, broilers, (cyphomandra.b.etaceae) may have origi-
the plant is considered toxic (poison- chicks)? Show us because we want to nated from Japan. There are three vari-
ous)? Can it be used or preserved as do it as a business Ramadhan Odhia- eties: yellowish soft, brownish with
hay? mbo Tel. 0721 908 675. strips and the pinkish variety with long
Anthony Muhia, fhoreal@yahoo.com thick cover.
Although it is possible to prepare
To get tree tomato seedlings get in
home-made rations for dairy cows,
Cowpeas can be fed to animals when touch with Benjamin Lugano Tel.0733
beef cattle or even calves ( See TOF
it is still green but it is advisable to 990 574. The Organic Farmer has written
Nr. 19 December 2006) preparing feed
dry it slightly in the sun until it has for layers, broilers and chicks requires about production of tree tomato fruits
wilted before feeding it to the animals. more specialised equipment which (TOF Nr. 33, February 2008). If you can
Cowpeas are most small- scale farmers may not be send us your full address, we can send
not poison- able to buy. Exotic chickens such as you additional material on tree tomato
ous. They can layers, broilers and even chicks require production.
be dried and special feed formulations to grow and
stored as hay produce eggs and the right quality of
Slurry
Is slurry from a biogas digester classi-
like any other meat.
fied as organic fertilizer? 0722 339 178
fodder. Make A small-scale dairy farmer may
sure the fodder not have the expertise and equipment Yes, it has high concentration of nitro-
is cut into small needed to make such feeds. We will gen, potassium and phosphorus which
pieces! In terms of the right variety for send you information material on how are essential for plant growth in their
your area, get advice from your local to prepare feed for indigenous chickens natural form and can be used as an
agricultural extension officer. which you can sell to fellow farmers. organic fertilizer.
Mandala: A kitchen garden for the dry season

Getting vegetables during the dry a circular garden in the
season is a big problem for farmers. seedbed. A watering
This is because most farmers rely on hole is then made at the
rain to grow their food crops. Come centre of the circle. A
the dry season and many rural house- number of furrows and
holds have no reliable source of veg- ridges 2 ft apart are then
etables as nothing grows at this time. made following the cir-
For those farmers without a river front- cular outline. A small
age (a garden near the river), there are water channel is then
various methods they can use to grow made stretching from the
vegetables. One of these is putting kitchen to the watering
up a Mandala garden, named after a hole at the centre of the
farmer in Elitrea who pioneered the circle. The garden is first
first garden of this nature. watered and the desired
Well nourished soil vegetables planted on
A Mandala garden is a small circu- the ridges, all the waste
lar kitchen garden made close to the water from the kitchen
house where the farmer can use water flows into the hole where it is used the garden has saved his family of 10
from the kitchen to water the garden to irrigate the garden. To protect the from the severe shortage of vegetables
and grow such vegetables as suku- garden from the animals, the farmer during the dry season which stretches
mawiki, spinach, tomatoes, chillies or can make a hedge around it or even use from January to March, from this
any other crops that they need. The a net to protect it against birds. garden I have been able to meet the
seed bed is prepared by use of double- Saved my family vegetable needs of my family and
digging method to make sure the soil Stanley Mungai is a farmer at Karunga even sell to my neighbours, He says.
is good enough to retain water and the in Gilgil. Two years ago, he learned Having learnt from him, more than 22
right texture. With a stick and rope, about the Mandala garden and decided farmers in the area have already made
the farmer can make the outline of to make one at his homestead. He says their own Mandala gardens. (TOF)
Issue 6, December 2008
Merry Christmas to All Farmers and our esteemed clients

To adver
advertise
tisse
ti
tisee contact:
con
on
o nt James Wathuge 020 356 4106, 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300, email: thefarmersclassied@mailnew.com.com
P.O. Box 14494

Nairobi 00800 Kenya
Fax: +254 20 3742605
Tel: +254 20 3741482 / 3566241/2
Cell: +254 735 712090 / 720 937535
A big hurdle facing small-scale farmers

in Kenya is lack of small-scale technol-
ogy that would make their work easier.
Simple machines could help them save
on time that in turn could be invested in
efforts for adding value to farm produce.
A motorised machine for example would
be an ideal tool for chopping the hard
maize stalks or Napier grass to make feed
for livestock!
Of course, we know about the plight
of low income small-holders; when they
make some money, a lot of it is spent
on other pressing needs such as paying
school fees, medical bills, and other inci-
dental expenses. Consequently there is
not much remaining that can be ploughed
back into the farm after the payment of
these bills.
Apart from the high costs of transport
to remote areas, small-scale farmers in
A farmer feeding a polythene digester with mixture of manure and water (slurry). Our rural Kenya have to cope with many other
photo does not show the roof that protects the digester from sunlight. (Photo TOF) problems:
Biogas, an alternative to firewood

Lack of power: Rural electrification
programme is crawling at a snails pace.
This is unfortunate, since most of the
Biogas is clean and relatively simple to land, which would further diminish small machines that use electrical power
generate, but it is an under-exploited the countrys already limited agricul- are cheaper than those that run on fuel.
source of energy. tural potential. Lack of appropriate technology: Com-
Cost effective-technology pared to the technology used on big farms,
The Organic Farmer One possible alternative to firewood develoment of small-scale technology is
especially for farmers is the installa- slow. Good looking designs is one short-
70 percent of Kenyas total energy fall, its applicability another.
demand is met by wood fuel and char- tion of a biogas unit using the tubular
Polythene (plastic) Biogas Digester. It Lack of information: Extension officers
coal. The pressure on our forests for know little about small-scale technology.
firewood and charcoal has speeded is an efficient and a cost-effective tech-
nology. Lack of interest in new technology:
up severe deforestation. This will lead Very few farmers are unwilling to try out
to the destruction of so many water The costs for a biogas digester made
from polythene tube vary, but for a something new.
catchment areas and in the long term However, we know that small-scale
, cause the drying- out of agricultural 2-cow unit, one can spend between Ksh
5,000 and Ksh 8,000. It lasts for about farming is a challenging business.
four to five years, if well maintained. Farmers can hardly risk losses. But if they
in this issue Findings at KARI-Embu have shown evaluated carefully and took appropriate
that the Polythene Biogas Digester fed measures, they could, in the long term,
with dung from two dairy cows can win. Lets take the example of biogas; it
supply 30 to 50% of the total energy could replace firewood as the only source
needs of a typical rural household of of fuel in rural households. In this issue,
about 5 to 8 people, with up to 60% we feature a simple biogas unit which
saving on wood fuel, which is a sub- costs around Ksh 5,000 and which has
stantial saving on costs. Pages 4 & 5 been used by farmers for many years in
many developing countries.
4 years with TOF Page 2 You can save on fertilizers There is quite a number of cheap
How Amos Nganga switched The declining soil fertility, changing small-scale technology equipment which
to organic farming after reading TOF. weather patterns and soaring prices of farmers (or farmers groups) could use
agricultural inputs such as fertilizers to make work easier, to save time and
More on chickens Page 7 pose a serious problem to resource- money, or to expand in value addition
Su Kahumbu answers a number of poor small-scale farmers. In several of their products. The biogas unit we are
questions on chickens. issues, The Organic Farmer has pub- writing about in this magazine is only
lished tips on how to build soil fertil- one of them, others are oil presses or solar
Wananchi suffer Page 6 & 7 ity through the use of well-prepared dryers. Small-scale farming is a business,
Corrupt government officials and fake compost, crop rotation and planting of and farmers should use every chance to
millers export 80,000 bags of maize boost their income.
ce
nitrogen fixing legumes. Page 3

8. ay r vi
8. Th wah o
to sd se
i
ad
pm
ur ili
FR
30
s
TO
Ki
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KB
15
For me, going organic was the best decision
To change from conventional to people in the villages do not care about
organic farming is a challenge. Amos the nutritional value of their food; they
Guandaru Nganga has managed it. just want something to eat, he adds.
In order to be able to sell his produce
Anina Bondeni as organic and get a better price for it,
since they are of higher value, Nganga
It is a great challenge to try new pro- would have to follow the documented
duction methods, especially in agri- Standards of Organic Production and
culture, where farmers are always to have his land certified as organic by
concerned about losing their precious a recognized certification body. For a
crops if they changed. Nevertheless, long time all certification of produce
it is also worthwhile to try, since the was carried out by international certi-
benefits can be immense, sometimes fiers only. But in July 2005, a certifica-
improving soil fertility as well as your tion company for the local market was
harvest - and maybe even income. established to provide certification to
Amos Guandaru Nganga is a great local farmers at an affordable cost. This
example of a man who took this chal- certifying body is called EnCert.
lenge and benefitted a lot from it. International statistics show that con-
Farming with TOF in the pocket sumption of organic produce is increas-
Amos is a full-time small-scale farmer ing due to better consumer aware-
from Subukia valley. For the past sixty ness. Organic certification could be a
years he was used to farming the con- good investment. Both local and export
ventional way with chemical fertil- markets of Kenyan organic products
izers and pesticides. Then, four years are yet to be tapped.
ago and at the age of 66, a friend gave For many organic small-scale farmers
him an issue of The Organic Farmer Amos Guandaru Nganga changed to however, certification is still too expen-
magazine. After reading it carefully, organic after reading The Organic Farmer sive. But costs can be greatly reduced
he immediately decided to change to In one week, he had already put if farmers came together and paid for
organic farming as he realized that it together enough material to make certification as a group. Working in
would be much healthier for him and his first heap of compost, following a group has other advantages: Since
his family. Moreover, he understood every step as outlined in a TOF article most of the buyers of organic food live
that he would save a lot of money if How to make compost. Amos says: in urban areas, the members of a group
he used compost instead of chemical I kept the article in my pocket while could save on transport costs (see our
fertilizers. working on the compost heap! When article about successful avocado-grow-
we visited Nganga and the members ers in Subukia valley in the March-2009
The Organic Farmer is an independent of his farmers group some weeks ago, issue of TOF).
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- he showed us, with pride, his well-
munity. It promotes organic maintained compost. He had covered
farming and supports dis- it carefully with a plastic sheeting to
cussions on all aspects of prevent sun-drying and keep it moist.
sustainable development. The He has also adopted several methods
Organic Farmer is published and tips he acquired from reading
monthly by icipe and distrib- articles in TOF magazine. He is prac-
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports tising the push-pull method which is
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- aimed at controlling stem-borer in his
ily reflect the views of icipe. maize crop and providing fodder for
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- his cows apart from fixing nitrogen in
sion, a Swiss-based foun- the soil. He is also rearing rabbits (see
TOF No. 42 of November 2008 and No.
26 of July 2007) to provide his family TOF celebrates
www.biovision.ch with good and healthy meat. fourth birthday
Publisher African Insect Science for Food However, the change from con- In April 2004, we launched your mag-
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 ventional to organic farming comes azine, The Organic Farmer. In view
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, with an increase in labour input, of the commemoration of this event
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org Amos says. But it was the right deci- in April, we shall publish a short
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner sion. I noticed an immense increase in series on farmers groups in Subukia
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia harvest, in addition, I save money by valley as an example of all the farmers
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 using compost instead of the expensive groups we are dealing with. How has
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, chemical fertilizers, he says. TOF influenced their farming methods
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph Marketing problems and their social life? And what is the
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian The only disadvantage is that Amos experience of Charles Munyari, a TOF
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe Nganga has to sell his products to distributor since the inception of the
Address The Organic Farmer the local buyers for the same price magazine?
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA as conventionally-grown fruits and In the first article on this page
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 vegetables. Mine are more nutritious, we shall talk about Amos Guandaru
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, tasty and healthy, he says. I should Nganga, who has changed from con-
www.organicfarmermagazine.org be selling them at a higher price. But ventional to organic farming.
New way to reduce fertilizer costs

With a variety of organic fertilizers,
farmers can replace chemical fertili- Compost
zers thus improving soil quality. is never enough
Peter Kamau Su Kahumbu
Whenever we visit farmers groups, Understanding the life cycle of plants
they often ask us one question: Do helps tremendously in the deci-
you have examples of organic fertiliz- sions we make when it comes to
ers? And if yes, which one can you rec- feeding them. Organic production
ommend to a farmer? From where can entails feeding the soil, where a very
we get them? Since mid-December nutritious soil will produce healthy,
last year we got dozens of calls and problem free plants. Organic produc-
SMS from farmers, asking us the same tion strives to create a sustainable
questions. From her point of view and cycle within a farm setting with little
experience, Su Kahumbu emphasizes need for external inputs, but natural
the sole use of compost, as she writes composting, constant mulching, abun-
in the 3rd column of this page. But dance of biodegraders, very little soil
what can a small-scale farmer with say, disturbance.
5 acres of land do when they do not
have enough compost? We also have Plant health affected
to take into consideration the fact that Conventional farming unfortunately
the majority of those who work on the does a lot of the opposite. Land is
farms are women who cannot afford ploughed up disrupting the soil struc-
the extra labour needed for such tasks tures and balance, compost is substi-
as compost preparation. tuted with artificial fertilizers, mulch-
Of course, we know that well done newly planted crops are able to utilise ing is negligible. As the soil structure
compost is the cheapest and best fer- all the fertilizer that is applied at plant- changes fertility drops, as does water
tilizer, I fully agree with Su. TOF has ing time. Indeed, what happens if the retention capacity and microbial life
always emphasised on the benefits of rains increase? Much of the fertilizer is densities. The soil begins to reduce in
building soil fertility through the use either washed away or driven further volume too as organic matter is not
of well-prepared compost and other into the ground through leaching. This replaced but removed with each suc-
material such as legumes. However, happens at a time when the young cessive harvest. Naturally this creates
it takes time to attain full soil fertility maize or bean roots are not yet fully a cycle that ultimately impacts on
with compost to a level where good developed and not able to reach the plant health, where then pests and
crop yields can be obtained, without fertilizer. The plant is starved of essen- disease take a foothold.
additional fertilizers. tial nutrients while all the fertilizer is You can never have enough
We therefore have done some research lost. A yellow colouration on plants at compost. Well matured compost also
on where organic farmers can buy this stage is a clear sign of deficiency. has a good shelf life and if kept under
commercial organic inputs to use on To correct this situation, farmers optimum conditions i.e well covered
their farms. Organic fertilizers enable make up for the nutrient deficiency and in damp condition, can last from
farmers to increase the nutrient levels with intensive top-dressing. But again, one season to the next. As organic
in their crops while at the same time this may not solve the problem. When producers, we create compost on a
building soil fertility through use of applied in dry conditions, the fertil- weekly basis, come rain or sunshine,
compost. To give our readers compre- izer granules cannot dissolve into the 52 weeks of the year. If not, we stand
hensive information, we mention here soil and therefore cannot be taken up to run out. When this happens we are
some products from a number of com- by plants. In dry conditions, the soil stuck as compost takes a minimum of
panies which are allowed in organic forms a crust (hardens). This harden- 30 days to mature. So what do we do
farming and also their addresses. By ing makes it difficult for plant roots to meanwhile?
the way, they are even cheaper than reach the fertilizers. Bridge the gap
conventional (chemical) fertilizers, as Three stages While the organic Standards strive
the table below shows. In the following paragraphs we provide for a closed nutrient cycle on any
Fertilizing at the right time you with an insight on the stages the farming unit there are allowances for
To understand the approach of these plant undergoes in its growth cycle periods where some inputs are lacking
organic fertilizers, it is important that and gives you the methods of treat- (see article on this page). The purchase
a farmer knows how a seed develops ment required at each of the plants of organic nutrients in the form of
and what it requires at each stage organic fertilizers and foliar feeds is
Continued on page 8 allowed, but expected to be used as
of growth. Farmers assume that the
a stop gap measure until systems are
A comparison of costs between conventional and organic treatment in maize: built up or restored on the farm. If we
Conventional farmers method Organic farmers method were to rely on commercial organic
foliar feeds and use organic fertilizers,
Fertilizer Cost per ha Cost per acre Fertilizer Cost per ha Cost per acre we would be doing the same thing to
150 kg DAP 12,500 4,500 Vitazyme 3lt 4,950 1,980 our soils as in conventional farming.
150 kg CAN 6,900 2,700 Twin N (1vl) 3,300 1,300 We would not be adding the soil
building materials that are the corner-
Total 18,900 7,500 Total 7,950 3,280 stone of organic production.
A simple method of producing biogas

I no longer buy firewood
Small-scale farmers with two cows
can produce enough biogas to
cook for a family of up to 8 people.
The Organic Farmer *
An ideal biogas
Biogas is a relatively cheap source of digester should
renewable energy to meet our require- be put up next to
ments for cooking or even lighting. It the zero grazing
is a combustible gas that is produced shed and in close
when organic matter such as farm proximity to the
yard manure is digested inside airtight house and kitchen
containers called digesters. However, to facilitate easy
dung from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs flow of gas.
and poultry is the most ideal since it This well done
is easily available in most rural house- digester should
holds in the country. also be covered
The black plastic tube against sunlight.
There are many ways of producing (Photo TOF)
biogas. A relatively easy and cost effec- David Muriithi is a small-scale farmer two cows. Within a short time he
tive biogas unit is a Polythene Biogas with 1 acres of land in Kagumo was already producing his own biogas
Digester. This is a black (or white), village in the outskirts of Kagumo which met all his familys cooking
10 m long polythene tube (1000 mm town. Due to the high population, the needs. The by-product is very high
gauge) like the one now being used area suffers an acute shortage of fire- quality manure which he applies on
by farmers to store silage. This is why wood. For many years, Muriithi was crops on his farm that include tea,
this type of biogas unit is also called forced to buy firewood for his family maize, potatoes, beans and peas.
tubular digester. The digester is quite at the local market, where 1 cubic
simple to instal because the material Farmers learnt from Muriithi
metre cost him between Ksh 800-1200 Except for some little charcoal to
used is affordable and readily avail- depending on availability.
able in most big hardware shops. It is warm the house I no longer buy fire-
In the year 2005, Muriithi attended a wood because my wife now uses
built within a short time. However, the farmers field day near Kagumo town
design of the tunnel and the handling biogas to cook all the meals for my
where officials from KARI showed family of four. I save a lot of money
of the plastic tube need extra care. farmers how to produce biogas for
The 10 metre digester is the most that I would have used to buy fire-
cooking using a plastic digester. Seeing wood. Besides biogas is safe and clean
ideal as it produces adequate gas that
how simple it was to produce biogas, as it does not produce smoke and we
can meet up to 50% of the daily energy
he immediately bought the necessary now live healthier, he says. Many
needs for cooking for a family of 5
to 8 people. It is particularly suitable components and with assistance from other farmers in the area have learnt
for farmers who have a zero-grazing KARI, he set up his own digester from Muriithi and have already set-up
unit with at least two cows because next to his zero-grazing shed with their own biogas units.
the collection of cow dung is easier.
eases experienced in households which by KARI-Embu in 2005. According
The digester can be directly connected
use firewood or charcoal. to Erastus Kiruiro from KARI-Embu
to the animal shed in order to collect
After a false start in promoting this there are around 300 tubular digesters
adequate manure, urine and water
energy source in Kenya in the mid- in use, mostly in Central Kenya but
and to reduce the handling. However,
1990s, it was successfully re-introduced also around Nairobi.
farmers with free grazing systems can
also adopt the digester since the daily
amount of dung required to maintain Biogas is a low-cost energy source
gas production is low and dung can be TOF asked Erastus Kiruiro *a few ques- money for firewood, charcoal and ker-
collected from the grazing areas. tions regarding the biogas unit: osene. In a nutshell, it is a low-cost
Famous in many countries What are the reasons for increased adoption domestic energy-source.
The Polythene Biogas Digester was of this biogas technology by farmers? We understand that one of the disadvan-
developed in Colombia; the technol- We use a better approach: The farmer- tages of this biogas models is the short
ogy is widely used in Vietnam and based technology transfer that incor- lifespan of the digester tube. Is this true?
Colombia as well as in other countries porates a component of capacity build- This is no doubt a critical point. We
of Asia and Latin America. Biogas is ing and scaling-up based on farmer-to- have seen that the digester material
clean and does not produce smoke; farmer networks. (the plastic tube) has a lifespan up to
therefore it reduces respiratory dis- Do the farmers share their knowledge? four, even five years. But this needs a
Yes, they do. This is possible because of good management. When farmers dis-
*Sources: Erastus Kiruir (KARI-Embu), William
the low technical requirements on the cover the benefits, they really do every-
Ayako (KARI Naivasha). More information you can
installation and management. thing to protect their biogas units.
get from the Kenyan based company JuaNguvu Ltd. *Erastus Kiruiro works at KARI-Embu and
in Mombasa which is specialized in the building of Are many small-scale farmers apprehen-
sive of the costs? is co-author of the KARI-brochure Biogas
biogas units and solar energy systems; the company
offers trainig courses for building biogas units. Con- The costs are relatively low. Farmers production. KARI Technical Note Series
tacts: http://juanguvu.com, e-mail: info@JuaNguvu. pay about Ksh 5,000 for a Polythene No. 24, January 2003
com Biogas Digester, but they can save Erastus Kiruiro contact: 0722 30 38 81
Any farmer can afford a biogas unit

Making a plastic digester is easy. 4 PVC inlet pipe Gas outlet 1/2
plastic pipe
But any farmer intending to set Gas 4 PVC outlet pipe
up a unit should seek advice from

technical personnel. They should Upper side
explain to them the minor details
to ensure the system works effi- Lower
side
ciently. The plastic digester should
be handled with care.
Slurry (dung/
The Organic Farmer Trench water mixture
ratio 1:2)
1. Prepare a horizontal trench on the cm or diametre) is then inserted into the digester and an
ground in a good part of the farm preferably near the air-tight joint made using rubber straps. (You can cut this small
zero-grazing unit. The trench will enable the polythene piece from the PVC pipes which will eventually be used to
tube to hold the digester in place. The trench should be deliver the gas from the digester tube to the jiko (kitchen).
trough-shaped with a top width 4. The digester is then laid horizontally into the trench with the
of 65 cm, a bottom width of 50 cm, inlet, outlet and gas tube facing upwards.
a depth of 65 cm. The length of 5. The cow dung accumulated over time is mixed with water at
the digester is variable depending a ratio of 1:2 and the mixture poured into the digester through
on the number of animals but a the inlet pipe until the digester is about three quarters full; this
digester measuring 8 to 10 m long usually occurs when the mixture starts flowing from the outlet
is recommended for a 2-cow or pipe.
8-pig unit. The trench should have firm sides to avoid 6. The external end of the 30 cm-long
soil from collapsing, and a gentle slope on the floor pipe is then fitted to other PVC water
(about 5 percent) to ensure outflow of exhausted slurry. pipes using elbow joints. These pipes
2. The two sides of the digester are fitted with the 4 will eventually deliver gas from the
PVC pipes measuring about 1 m to serve as inlet and digester to the kitchen.
outlet for the slurry. The PVC 7. It takes two or three days for the
should be tied to the digester dung in the digester to start pro-
using rubber straps made from ducing gas. Once the digester starts
old vehicle tubes. Biogas cannot swelling, this is an indication that it
escape through these pipes since is producing biogas. To ensure con-
the pipes remain immersed in the tinuous gas production, the system
dung inside the digester. should be fed with about 1 to 2
3. A small hole (about one centi- buckets (the normal 20-lt capacity)
metre in diametre) is punctured through the wall of the with the same mixture of cow dung
digester about 1 metre from the inlet end. A small piece and water (ratio of 1: 2) daily.
(about 30-cm long) of the normal PVC water pipe (1.2 8. The digester should be covered
with light materials such as grass
straw and maize stalks to protect
Budget for a biogas unit it from direct sun rays (ultra-vio-
10 m polythene tube (1000-mm gauge), black let radiation). A fence of fine wire-
or white, 90 120 cm diameter, @ Ksh 250 per 2,500 mesh or closely spaced wooden slats
meter should be used to protect the digester from damage by chil-
* Two 4diametre PVC pipes, 1 m long(like the dren, pets and livestock. The plastic digester should be handled
ones used for pit latrine ventilation but prefer- 750 with care.
ably of a stronger gauge) Photos courtesy of JuaNguvu of their demonstration plot in Mombasa.
JuaNguvu PO Box 1779 - 80100 GPO Mombasa Tel: 0722 87 37 38
3 PVC water pipes ( diameter) for the delivery email: info@juanguvu.com
of gas (from digester to kitchen) @ Ksh 250 per 750
piece Important tips for biogas users
5 PVC elbows @ Ksh 25 125
Careful handling: The plastc digester should be handled with
Rubber straps for tying the 4 PVC pipes and the care. It should be covered and protected. The inlet and outlet
100
inch gas pipe into the digester @ Ksh 20 should be airtight as well as the gas outlet.
A burner or jiko (made by jua kali artisan) incl.
1,000 Regular feeding: A 5 m3 digester requires 19 kg of cow dung
valve
**Total costs (without labour) 5,225
and 47-57 litres of water to produce enough gas for a day.
Under-feeding reduces the amount of gas produced. If a green-
* You can hardly get 1m-pieces of a 4 PVC inlet looking slurry comes out of the digester, this is an indication
and outlet pipe; a full pipe costs between Ksh 600 - that it is overloaded.
1,200, depending on the quality. If three farmers come Cow dung: Cow dung is the ideal substrate for bio-digesters
together, they can buy 1 pipe normally 6 m long (20 because it is not acidic. If livestock wastes and garbage have to
feet) and share the piece including transport costs. be used, cow dung should be used as a starter substrate.
** If the digester is protected with wire mesh then an Effluent recycling: Recycling some of the digested slurry
additional Ksh 1,500 is required improves the performance of the bio-digester. This is important
Material (in Ksh; prices from Embu) when the digester is still new because the used slurry contains
Continued on page 6
from page 5: Biogas
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
Sadness of a Happy Name firms

with poor quality milk
New Year In our January 2009 issue, we carried
Happy New Year! I could not help
feel the irony of this statement as out a research on milk quality where
friends kept on greeting me and SMS we sampled milk from a number of
landed on my innocent mobile phone local milk processing companies. As
on New Years Day. we did when we carried out a similar
more of the biogas producing bacteria. research on feed quality in April last
Gas pressure: The amount of gas pro- Hey farmers! The year is indeed
New but is there anything jovial to year, we did not give out the names
duced depends on the size of the bio- of companies that had poor quality or
digester, its feeding regime, type of make it happy? Indeed as the year
2009 kicks off, over ten million Kenyans adulterated milk. The reason for this
substrate and environmental condi-
tions such as aerial temperature (the are oscillating between hunger and
warmer, the better). The mean volume poverty amidst a background of politi-
of a 2-cow bio-digester is about 5 m3. cal trickery and dishonesty.
This will produce enough gas to cook Unfortunately, as I helplessly watch
for about 3 hours. Within this period, my once healthy maize crop of maize
gas pressure drops and there is need to wither and eventually dry up, my small
place an object weighing about 3-5 kg transistor radio emphasises to me that
at the top the digester to increase the the food shortage that I am facing as
pressure and therefore flow of gas to a low income earner is indeed not
the kitchen. really natural but man-made. Further
Temperature: Maximum gas produc- still, as I watch my once upon a time
tion will occur at 35-40C. Gas produc- well-fed and productive cows perish
tion declines as temperature drops and with hunger and dehydration due to
will cease at 10C. lack of food and water respectively,
my 14 inch television screen flashes
Worlwide use of biogas with political statements, reactions and
Biogas is a well-established fuel for denials that our politicians have not is to avoid legal suits where the com-
cooking and lighting in a number of actually been involved in any food panies may sue us claiming they have
countries. China has over 7.5 million laundering cartels. made losses due to our article and
household biogas digesters, 750 large- Amidst this political drama on food then seek compensation for damages.
and medium-scale industrial biogas is a declaration that famine has been A number of readers and milk con-
plants, and a network of rural biogas declared a national disaster. Unfortu- sumers have called us requesting that
service centres to provide the infra- nately, the only disaster in the declara- we name the companies selling poor
structure necessary to support dissem- tion of famine as a disaster could be quality milk. We would like to inform
ination, financing and maintenance. that the allocations of relief food might our readers that doing so would
India has also had a large programme, go the same way the cheap maize flour invite a lot of court cases. The main
with about three million household- for the poor went; never to reach the purpose of this research was to high-
scale systems installed. Other countries tables of the village and slum folks. light the extent of the problem and
in the South with active programmes To me, it is surprising that an agricul- perhaps persuade government agen-
include Nepal, Sri Lanka and several tural country like Kenya can declare cies charged with the responsibility of
countries in Latin America. famine within a few months of drought. setting quality standards. They should
Industrialised countries commonly This clearly shows poor planning on ensure that consumers are protected
use biogas digesters where animal food security in the country. The gov- from companies whose main objective
dung, and increasingly fuel crops, ernment is not solely responsible for is to make profits at the expense of
are used as feedstock for large-scale this mess. consumers. (TOF)
biogas digesters. Brazil and the Phil- As a farmer, I have recently learnt
ippines lead the world in crop-based that had I embraced organic farming
digesters using sugar-cane residues as earlier enough, then the quality of my
feedstock. sandy soil would be better if not best
Interest and public support in biogas leading to a healthy crop that perhaps
has been growing in most of the would have withstood drought up
European countries. After a period of to the showers that we received in
stagnation, caused by technical and mid January. This way, I would actu-
economical difficulties, the environ- ally have harvested some crop. It is
mental benefits and increasing price only last harvesting season that I had
of fossil fuel have improved the com- a bumper harvest but I sold almost
petitiveness of biogas as an energy everything sooner than I had harvested
fuel. This has been seen in both small it. Had I not sold my grain I would not
and large scale plants in Denmark, be starving.
Germany and Switzerland, and as a Dear colleagues, some of these food
transport fuel in Sweden. There have problems are of our own making,
been interesting biogas projects in the arent they?
UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands. Paul Kariuki, Limuru
Rearing chickens can be profitable, if...
With proper planning and careful
investment, farmers can make good
money from chicken rearing.
Su Kahumbu
I was once told that rearing less than
3,000 hens at a go was merely a hobby
-an expensive hobby where the chick-
ens would eat me out of house and
home. Commercial chicken rearing is
an investment of both time and money
and therefore before you begin pro-
duction you must be very clear as
to whether you want to produce on
a home-based scale, or a commercial
scale.
You must also be clear on whether
you would prefer to produce layers for
eggs, or broilers for meat. Either way,
you must do the right calculations in
advance, which involves working out Indegineous chickens are easier to keep, less affected by diseases and tasty.
your costs to find out whether your
business will be viable. Now here follows the interesting part. directly to customers.
Example with 100 chickens You have your cost per kg. How do you Sadly many people start poultry pro-
For 100 broilers the math will be as decide your selling price? For starters, duction without doing the figures and
follows: it would be advisable to find out what end up running into financial difficulty
Input Costs the market price for chicken is in the mid way. This leads to cut backs in care
market that you want to sell. for the birds, which leads to illness in
No. @ Total Subtract your cost of production per the flock, increased risk and ultimate
Chicks* 100 72 7,200 kg from the market price and you will losses.
Starter end up with your profit. To find out the Remember the figures we are working
2 2,520 5,040
Mash** percentage profit, divide your profit with are not fixed. Some feeds are
Finisher
4 2,390 9,560 over your cost per kg. cheaper too, however it is imperative
Mash** that the math is done and markets con-
Electricity 1 1,500 1,500 The calculation of profit is done as
follows: firmed before production begins.
Water 1 1,000 1,000 For home consumption of hybrid
-If the market price is Ksh 325 per kg,
Labour 1 6,000 6,000 your profit will be Ksh 325 (market broilers we run into the costs of storage.
Medication 1 1,500 price) minus Ksh 298.5 (production Even if one were to rear 20 birds, where
cost) = Ksh 26.5 per bird, or for the would one store them when slaugh-
Total 1 31,800
whole stock of chickens: Ksh 26.5 x 95 tered?
Misc @ 10% 3,180 Breed Kienyeji chicken
= Ksh 2,517.5
Total 2 34,980
-Your profit as a percentage is: Ksh 2, This is where on small scale, we rely on
*from Kenchic 517.5 : Ksh 34,980 + 1,900 slaughter cost the Kienyeji chicken. It breeds and cares
** from Unga Feeds = 6.8 % ONLY!! for its young, gives us eggs as well as
meat and does not leave us bankrupt.
The figures for power, water and More chickens, more profit It is more resistant to disease, depends
labour have been approximated and This computation of profit will give you on forage for most of its food, fends
will differ with regions. Feed is avail- an indication of whether your money is off dogs and cats and finally, it tastes
able in 70kg bags, therefore you will better invested in chickens or safer in better!!
need approximately 6 bags of feed in the bank.
total You will realise that as you increase How to feed chickens
the number of chickens in the formulas, Chicks need to start with Starter Mash
Outputs and benefits your cost per kg actually goes down as for 3 weeks during which time they
Expected rate of mortality is 5%. you use less labour and electricity per will consume approximately 900grams
Therefore one can expect 95 birds to bird and thus profits go up. each. Thus total of 90 kg. Therefore you
survive to slaughter age and to reach an At 200 birds with the same labour and will remain with 50 kg Starter from the
average dressed weight after slaughter little increment in power and water second sack of food.
of 1.3kg your profit margin is already 18% During weeks 4-6 birds are to feed
Cost per chicken would therefore be And finally, at 3,000 birds you make on Finisher Mash and will consume
the input cost divided by the number an average return of 34% approximately 2.9 kg each thus 290 kg
of chickens. Thus Ksh 34,980 95 = Ksh Looking for market which will mean you will be short of 10
368 plus Ksh 20 for slaughter. Thus cost To make a healthy return on your kg from the last bag of Finisher Mash.
per chicken: Ksh 388 money it would be wise to look at In this case, feed birds a little longer,
Cost per kg would therefore be cost 200 plus birds. Or, to receive a higher a day or two of the Starter Mash so that
per chicken divided by weight of income for fewer birds, which can you do not have to buy another full
chicken which should be about 1.3kg. be achieved if you make direct sales bag of Finisher and remain with a left
Thus Ksh 388 1.3 = Ksh 298.5. cutting out middle men and going over of 60kg.
A common culture of cheating Fake seeds in the

market
Once again there is a looming famine fol-
As we approach the plant-
lowing the failure of the long and short
ing season, one of the major
rains in most parts of the country last
problems that farmers face is
year. But reports show that that there is
affordability and availability
only a short drop in maize production. It
of seed. Seed producers who
is not the rains that are to blame for the
are contracted by seed compa-
current shortage of maize. Rather it is the
nies to produce seed collude
corrupt system within the government
with traders and sell com-
institutions charged with the responsibil-
mercial maize or condemned
ity of safeguarding the countrys strategic
seed to farmers claiming it
food reserves and its distribution that are
is genuine seed. Since this
to blame. Whenever the country is faced
seed is cheaper than certified
with food shortage, unscrupulous cartels
seed, most farmers fall prey
with links to senior people in the govern-
to these tricksters and buy
ment go into operation, manipulating food
the fake seeds. The result is a
distribution and sale.
poor harvest. Already reports
Trouble started after when the govern-
from maize growing districts
ment through the National Cereals and
of Trans-Nzoia and Uasin
Produce Board (NCPB) allowed millers
Gishu show that a number
to buy maize from the board in order to
of seed producers have been
stabilise prices. However, NCPB colluded
arrested for packaging com-
with the fake millers and sold more than But when they visit their depots, they are mercial maize seed in genuine
80,000 bags of maize which has now found told the fertilizer is either out of stock or it seed bags for sale to farmers.
its way into the neighbouring countries is not adequate. There is no price in guess- Some seed growers offer
where a bag is fetching Ksh 6000. One way ing where the fertilizer is going consider- basic seed maize (from which
to avoid scandals of this nature is to stop ing that a bag is going for Ksh 4000 in the hybrid maize is propagated)
the government from dealing with food agrovet shops. as genuine seed, this maize
distribution in the country. Any food held The government should then allow free is weak and cannot produce
in the strategic reserves should only be movement of maize to all parts of the healthy maize. Farmers should
distributed to needy as relief food through country and stop exports to neighbouring ensure they buy their maize
NGOs and churches. The NCPB has now countries. The measure will help stabi- seed from licenced seed stock-
proved that it cannot help farmers in any lise prices and reduce hoarding. This has ists only. They can demand to
way. Recently farmers were promised they worked before and there is no reason why see the licence before buying
would get fertilizers at subsidised prices. it cannot work now. the seed. TOF
from page 3: Planting planting. will help to provide the needed nutri-
Vegetative stage: From the eighth to ents. When maize is about to tassel,
the tenth day, the plant develops two farmers can apply Vitazyme at the rate
leaves and also the first roots also called of litre per acre (Lachlan) Synegizer
the fibrous roots. At this stage the plant (Juanco).
will have finished all the food reserves Do a trial
within itself but the two leaves help Farmers can also select a small portion
it to make its own food using the sun of their land and try the two methods
rays in a process called photosynthesis. of fertilizer application. After getting
growth stages. The plant roots also start taking nutri- the results, they can go into large scale
Germination stage: Once planted in ents from the soil to feed the plant. production using the best method.
moist soil, the seed breaks its dor- Unless these nutrients are provided Read the labels on the fertilizers and
mancy and starts germinating. During (for instance in a well composted soil), foliar feeds carefully to ensure you
this period (normally seven days), the growth will be stunted and the plant is apply them in the correct way.
plant gets all its nutrients from food prone to diseases and even pests. For To get more detailed information,
stored within itself. Therefore it does this stage, farmers can use Vitazyme at farmers can contact the companies
not require any fertilizer for growth. the rate of litre per acre or TwinN at selling the organic fertilizers and foliar
After the 7 days, the plant will require the rate of vial for every one acre of feeds we have mentioned here. Their
extra feeding and also some protec- maize (Lachlan) alternatively they can addresses are given below:
tion from diseases. To provide essen- use or Synergizer or Phosgard (Juanco). Lachlan Kenya Limited, P. O. Box
tial nutrients farmers can top-dress the Application of these foliar feeds should 49470, Nairobi, 00100, Old Airport Rd.
seeds with 1.5g of Eco-T (Lachlan) per be done in moist conditions for proper Tel. 020 207 3912 , Cell 0722 209474.
kilogram of seed. They can also add a absorption by the plant. Hygrotech (EA) Ltd P.O Box 41446,
diluted solution of Vitazyme (Lachlan) Fruiting stage: At this stage that the 00100 Te. 020 205391 cell.0722 390207
at the rate of 1 litre for every 50 kg of plant is in need of extra feeding to (EA) P.O Box 381, 00502 Karen, Nairobi
seed. Fulvic acid is also essential for produce the required size of grain, Tel. 0722 827 987.
the germinating seed (Lachlan, Hygro- weight and other desired qualities. It Juanco Centre, Ngong Rd, Ngong
tech). The seeds should be thoroughly should therefore be fed with all their Hills, P.O.Box 381 Karen, 00502, Tel.
mixed and dried in sunlight before fertilizer requirements nutrients that 254 -45-41209, 40206.
Nr. 48 May 2009
Mbaazi repels red spider mites If you have been reading newspapers,
watching television or listening to the
radio in the last few months, you may
have realised one thing: Well known
agricultural organisations worldwide,
experts in agriculture and governments
have recognised the special role small-
scale farmers will continue to play to
ensure food security in future. Poor
countries with a large population who
can no longer feed themselves rely on
small-scale farmers to meet their food
requirements. But when we compare the
nice promises with the reality, things
look quite different, at least in Kenya.
Let us give some examples:
- Due to corruption, small-scale farmers
Did you know that a row of pigeon peas (mbaazi) can protect your crops from harmful who have tried to get the subsidized
pests such as spider mite? Read more about natural pest control methods on page 3 fertilizer from The National Cereals and
Produce Board have been unable to buy
I went home empty-handed even a single bag of this important farm

input, as you can read on this page.
- Improving farm output needs invest-
For small-scale farmers, my land. As I pondered my next
ment. Up to now there is not a single-
getting subsidized fertilizer course of action, including how much
credit scheme in the country ready to
can be very difficult and frustrating. it would cost me to go all the way
offer farmers affordable credit, likewise,
to our divisional headquarters, some
there is no bank willing to give small-
The Organic Farmer farmers advised me to see the secu-
scale farmers loans at a low interest
rity guard at the gate. The guard told
Farmers were full of hope when the rate.
me that I could get the document if I
government announced the arrival of - What happened to the seasonal credit
gave him some chai of Ksh 200.
subsidised fertilizer that would cost schemes which worked so well two
Meanwhile, as I talked with the
Ksh 2,500 a bag at the National Cereals decades ago?
guard, pick-up vehicles and trucks
and Produce Board (NCPB), instead - Why do small-scale farmers have to
were going in and coming out of the
of paying Ksh 3,000 for the same in wait for months to get paid for the maize
depot laden with fertilizer. One of
agrovet shops. In the last few weeks, and wheat, which they delivered to the
them belonged to a local politician
many small-scale farmers have called NCPB?
and others to prominent agro-veter-
the TOF magazine complaining about The government, no doubt, has very
inary shops in the town. The queue
their difficulties in obtaining a bag of good policy initiatives and strategies
grew longer as the day wore on. Some
subsidized fertilizer. One small-scale for improving food production in the
farmers started leaving the depot, but
farmer from Subukia wrote to us his country. But all these documents have
I decided to hang on until the closing
frustrating experience: never been implemented and are gather-
time at 12.00 noon. Eventually, just
Full of hope, I went to the NCPB ing dust in government offices. Avail-
like my colleagues, I also had to go
Depot. On arrival, I found a long ability of funds may only be a part of
back home without the fertilizer. The
queue of farmers from various parts the problem; but even worse is lack of
following day I decided to buy the
of the district at the gate of the depot. political will or the inability to translate
commodity from a regular agrovet at
Those in the queue told me that I these strategies into concrete action.
Ksh 3,000. I felt so bitter and enraged.
could not be allowed to buy the fertil- Getting things done does not require
It is like always: People with connec-
izer unless I filled in a special form a lot of funds, but determination. Well
tions make their profits, the wanan-
from the agricultural extension officer sounding words, blueprints and prom-
chi and especially we the small-scale
of my home area proving that I was ises alone cannot change anything.
farmers go home empty-handed!
a farmer and detailing the size of The long and short rains last year were
See also the editorial on this page
inadequate, which led to crop failure in
in this issue Geese, geese! many food producing areas. So, one
These birds would have expected that this year, we
Enrich fodder with Lupin 2 are easy to would do everything to enable farmers
Lupin is a highly nutritious feed for keep, they produce more food. Right now, hungry
dairy cows and goats need care Kenyans have to depend on well wishers
and plenty of for food aid. Our farmers have proved
Malaria control 8 short grass that they have the capacity to produce
A BioVision-funded project has to pick. food if they got the necessary support.
reduced malaria cases in Malindi But this is lacking.
ce
Pages 4 & 7
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15
Nr. 48 May 2009
Lupins are good fodder for your livestock
Farmers have many
methods to improve the livestock feed,
for instance with lupin seeds.
John Cheburet
As farmers in Kenya continue to grapple
with the high cost of animal feeds, a
crop not yet known to most farmers
is slowly taking root as a preferred
protein supplement for dairy farmers.
This is lupin, a leguminous plant. Like White lupin beans (above); a flowering
most members of this family, lupins lupin plant (right) (Photos TOF)
can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere vest are late maturing. They take 6-7
into ammonia, fertilizing the soil for months to mature.
other plants. White lupins (Lupinus albus) The
There are two types of lupin; bitter major variey is Ultra. It takes 4-5 months
lupins and sweet lupins. Bitter lupins to mature. Ultra is a good seeder giving
are used for soil regeneration and up to 6 tons of dry seeds per ha per
cannot be used for feeding livestock year while Uniwhite and Uniharvest
because of poisonous alkaloids found are high in herbage yields giving about
in the leaves, pods and seeds. Sweet 4 tons of dry matter yields per ha.
lupins pose no dangers of poisoning According to Frederick Wambiru
livestock because of low percentage of of KARI Ol Kalau, the Ultra variey
alkaloids. Sweet lupins can be grown has been under trial and has shown
anywhere in the highlands where rain- satisfactory results. The centre is now
fall is over 900mm in a year. in the process of bulking the seeds for
There are two cultivars of the sweet farmers.
lupins Nutritional Composition
Blue lupins (Lupinus angustofolius). The composition of the grain and espe-
Major varieties are Uniwhite, Unihar- cially the high protein content makes
vest and Unicrop. Unicrop is early white lupin highly suitable for animal
maturing variety. It takes 3-4 months diets as a protein-rich product. Lupin 1-2 years to avoid soil borne fungal
to mature. Unishite and and Unihar- seeds are a product of nutritional diseases.
importance due to their high protein Start to harvest when the pods begin
The Organic Farmer is an independent content (37%), soluble fibre (35.5%), to change colour from green to yellow,
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- crude fibre (13%), fats (10%) and ashes and the lowest leaves begin falling off.
munity. It promotes organic (4%) as well as acceptable levels of 1/2 acre produces 4 to 6 bags of lupin
farming and supports dis- thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin E. seed, which will be enough to feed 1
cussions on all aspects of As an animal feed, Wilson Wekhulo dairy cow for 1 year.
sustainable development. The of KARI Kitale says that lupin is used If lupin is intercropped with maize,
Organic Farmer is published together with maize as a home made 1/2 acre can produce about 2 to 3 bags
monthly by icipe and distrib- alternative to dairy meal for farmers of lupin seed, which with 6 to 9 bags of
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports keen on getting more milk while reduc- maize can feed a dairy cow for 3 to 4
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- ing the cost of animal feeds. months.
ily reflect the views of icipe. Preparation and planting After harvesting lupin pods should
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- Prepare land like for maize and be dried and threshed like beans.
sion, a Swiss-based foun- beans, so as to have a uniform, firm soil Utilization
dation for the promotion of that will maximize germination. The To prepare the animal feed, the seeds
sustainable development. land should also be level and free of are ground with maize seed in the ratio
www.biovision.ch depressions to permit uniform depth of 1:3 (1 gorogoro of lupin seed and 3
Publisher African Insect Science for Food of seed placement. gorogoros of maize grain). 1kg of this
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Plant early to avoid heat and water supplement can substitute 1kg of dairy
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, stress during flowering and pod fill. meal.
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org Plant Lupin seed at a spacing of 45 Feed 2 kgs of the the mixture per
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner cm between rows and 30 cm between medium cow per milking. Fresh
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia plants. herbage can also be used as a livestock
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 Use 1 to 2 handfuls of compost or feed.
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, farm yard manure per hole. Lupin can Introduce the mixture gradually for
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph also be planted between maize rows at cows being fed with lupin for the first
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian a spacing of 30 cm from hole to hole time. Add a little mineral salt, molasses
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe Plant 2 seeds per hole or other feed to the mixture to encour-
Address The Organic Farmer Management and Harvest age the cow to start eating it.
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA Keep the field free of weeds by Interested farmers can get small quantities of
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 regular weeding. seeds for bulking purposes from The Officer in
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, White lupin is relatively tolerant to Charge, KARI Ol joro orok,
www.organicfarmermagazine.org diseases. However, rotate lupin every Telkom wireless number 020 2026510
Nr. 48 May 2009
Go organic on pest and disease control

Farmers know the benefits of organic
pest and disease control methods,
but they prefer chemicals.
The Organic Farmer
The period between May and July is
a very delicate time in crop produc-
tion. This is the time farmers will be
trying to tend their crops to protect
them from diseases and pests. Pest
and disease pressure tend to increase
during this period especially when it is
warm and wet. The farmers first line
of defence against pests and diseases is
to use chemical pesticides because they
are fast acting and seem to solve the
problem immediately.
But as we have mentioned before,
farmers are already having problems
Chemicals are easy to use but they affect people and the environment. (Photo TOF)
with a range of chemical pesticides
that do not work against the same liver and kidney complications that are labour; the farmers have to follow the
pests anymore. This means that the difficult to cure. instructions carefully to ensure the bio-
continued use of pesticides has made There are many safe, natural and logical pesticides are effective when
the pests to develop resistant traits simple methods that farmers can use used to fight pests. Many farmers are
that enable them to survive pesticide not ready to do the extra work required
to protect their crops from pests. In the
application. To go round this problem, past issues of The Organic Farmer, we to prepare plant extracts. Farmers
chemical companies are being forced have explained the various methods prefer the easier way out, to the benefit
to develop stronger pesticides that can that farmers can use to protect their of the chemical companies. They are
kill the pests; but some of the chemicals crops without using chemicals. One spending millions of shillings every
being used have serious side effects, month to advertise various chemical
of these is the use of plant extracts. If
not only to the environment but also properly used, plant extracts cannot pesticides and fungicides in the local
to other beneficial insects that control only prevent pest damage, they can FM radio stations that are reaching
these pests naturally. Most chemicals also control common fungal and bacte- many farmers in rural areas. Of course,
in the pesticides do not break down rial diseases while saving the farmer a the companies do not tell farmers the
completely when used on target crops; lot of money they would otherwise use side effects of the chemicals they are
chemical residues remain on the crop to buy chemicals. selling.
to the time of harvest which has dan- Marketing of chemicals It is only the wise farmer who knows
gerous side effects to people who eat However, there is only one problem the danger posed by chemicals who
food prepared from such crops. Some that we have noticed with farmers: Pre- has adopted plant extracts and other
of the side effects include allergies, paring plants extracts requires some biological methods to control pests and
diseases. These organic farmers spend
Natural barriers that keep pests away less money, have healthier crops and
their income is also higher because
Organic farming educates farmers African marigold which many farmers they spend less in terms of inputs.
on an integrated system of pest and consider a weed can help repel many Healthier crops can also withstand dis-
disease management where the farmer, pests). Crop rotation eliminates the eases and pests. For those farmers who
for instance, tries to restore the natural problem of pests or diseases that attack find it time consuming to prepare plant
balance between pests and their preda- a particular crop. extracts to control pests, local compa-
tors. In this system each organism has For example if maize is rotated with nies have started making organic pesti-
an important part to play in the eco- potatoes which are affected by bacte- cides some of which are given below:
system; for example, a few pests in a rial wilt, the disease disappears in 3 Nimbecidine: This is a pesticide made
farm may not be a threat to your crops to 4 years because the disease causing from neem oil that can control a wide
if there are predators which feed on bacteria cannot survive long in a maize range of insect pests and mites and
them. This helps to keep the predators field. Planting hedges that separate nematodes. It is safe and does not harm
alive. The predators on the other hand one crop from another also helps to beneficial insects.
ensure the pest population does not control pests; for example a tithonia Thuricide HP: This is a pesticide
increase to a level where they can be a hedge can act as a barrier to insects made from Bacillus Thurigiensis (Bt)
threat to your crop. such as aphids. A row of pigeon peas that effectively controls cabbage looper
The use of chemicals disrupts all (mbaazi) can protect your tomatoes, and other pests in tomatoes, cabbages,
these systems because chemicals kill potatoes and even cabbages from red coffee and citrus fruits. Bt
the predators or beneficial insects, spider mites. Beans planted around Pyegar: This is a pesticide made from
therefore allowing the pest popula- tomatoes, potatoes or any crop also pyrethrum extract that is very effective
tion to increase to a level where they attract aphids and many other insects in the control of all types of pests that
can devastate an entire crop. Disease that may attack the crop, thus protect- attack a range of crops.
control is also possible in this system if ing it. Phosphite: This is a fungicide that can
the farmer practices crop rotation and Farmers can order the TOF plant extracts be used to control a number of fungal
intercropping (some plants such as the special issue for more information. TOF diseases.
Nr. 48 May 2009
Geese are precious and good askaris

Geese are easy to keep. They
provide farmers with
meat and supplementary income.
Valerie Corr
Geese are part of the duck family.
However, they are much bigger and,
unlike the ducks, they feed entirely on
grass and other herbage spending very
little time in water even if they need
a pond for swimming. The goose (a
single one) is a robust farm bird, is one
of the fastest growing avian species
commonly raised for meat. Goose
rearing requires little attention and
it ideally fits into integrated farming
systems. Geese offer nutritious and
delicious meat, large eggs and rich
fat for cooking as well as soft down
feathers for bedding and clothing. A
goose can live in excess of 20 years. So
if looked after properly, it is an easy
domestic animal to keep as well as a to marauding rodents. They will also will advise you of similar products
cheap and productive asset. enjoy chopped-up green vegetables but available) Never use more as it is easy
Mature geese are independent, larger this should only make up 10 percent of to overdose and this may kill the bird.
than other poultry species, and thus less the diet. Goslings (young geese) learn This treatment is not suitable for gos-
vulnerable to predators. When kept in by example and will eat whatever they lings of 10 weeks and younger.
small flocks and allowed to roam about see the adults eating. Alternatively, use Flubenvet which
in the farmyard or field, they require Geese also require grit (which can is a multipurpose wormer and covers
less attention than any other domestic be made up of crushed egg shells, gizzard worms. It is a powder which
bird. They adapt easily to captivity, calcium, phosphorous and bone meal) sticks readily to feed. The correct dose
and if small quantities of supplemen- and pure sand which they will peck at (on the pack) should be administered
tary feed are provided in the evening, freely. It is essential to the digestive for 7 days. It is suitable for goslings
they will even return home by them- system, to help break up the grass. and it is adviseable to treat a hen when
selves. But they are known to be messy They must always have an easy access she starts sitting, as well as the gander.
birds, and it is better to house them a to clean drinking water. Apart from worms, other prob-
little away from the farmhouse. KSh 2500 - 3500 for a goose lems associated with geese are bad
Geese like short grass. The flesh of a goose is delicious but is a legs and bacterial infections passed
Geese should not be overcrowded. dark meat and contains a high percent- on by wild fowl and rats. If they are
The house can be of simple construc- age of fat making it very rich. lame, worming should be your first
tion providing ample shelter, clean dry Geese lay about two clutches of ten defence. In case they are showing
bedding and protection from preda- eggs each in a year. The eggs on an signs of swollen legs or ankles, they
tors. They must have a plentiful supply average will weigh about 115g each. may also need antibiotics. But if they
of short green grass on which to graze They can be hatched using a brooder are eating a good diet of green grass,
(not more than 12 cm long). If they hen or in incubators at a temperature vegetables, pellets and wheat (which
are to live on zero grazing and in of 37.8 degrees Celsius, and they hatch supplies vitamins and minerals) they
pens, then they must be supplied with in about 40 days. The goslings can be should not develop leg problems.
cut green grass in generous quanti- reared in brooders generally used for If a bird is not eating, treat it with
ties If longer grass is fed, it can cause rearing chicks. They should not be let antibiotics immediately if you are
crop binding, which will kill the bird. in to ponds and pools for swimming. certain it does not have worms. Laying
But if you prefer healthy geese and Only when they are over ten weeks birds sometimes suffer from complica-
quality meat, they must have space for of age, should they be let out to roam tions associated with laying. This is
roaming. freely in the farm. Geese will be ready prevented if adequate grit containing
Geese can play a crucial role in weed for mating in about two years, and sufficient calcium and phosphorous is
control and pest management in inte- they should be paired with ganders available.
grated farming systems. They relish (a male goose) of the same age. One Geese are good askaris
grasses and shun most broad-leaved gander is sufficient to fertilise five to Geese with their sharp eyesight and
plants. They have shown particular seven geese. wide field of vision, combined with
preference to troublesome perennial Worms the only threat to health their strident calls, make excellent
grasses. The main problem with geese is that guards against approaching intruders
Normally geese need very little they are susceptible to gizzard worms or predators.
supplementary feed if they are on free which will kill them if left untreated. They will ferociously charge at strang-
range but will benefit from dry layers, Gizzard worms are a very common par- ers entering the farms, and they cannot
pellets and or wet wheat or maize at asite and geese should be dewormed at be cowed into silence by intruders.
night. By wetting the grain, you make least twice a year with 1 ml Levamisole They are thus good tough watchdogs
it more digestible and less attractive 7.5%. (Consult your pharmacist who for the farms.
Nr. 48 May 2009
Parasites on livestock: small but dangerous

Farmers have many methods of disease causing vectors; they are
to fight external able to eliminate a lot of ticks from the
parasites on their livestock. pastures.
Know the life circle of parasites: Eggs
The Organic Farmer of parasites are normally not killed
by chemical and organic treatment
External parasites such as ticks, methods. Lice eggs, for instance, need
lice, fleas, leeches and even flies are 8-19 days to hatch as nymphs. This
a real nuisance to livestock. We are means that after treatment, eggs can
not just talking about minor discom- still hatch and continue the infestation.
fort here. Losses can occur from these It is important to repeat the treatment
parasites due to irritation, blood loss, every week until you are sure the para-
depressed appetite, and decreased rate sites have disappeared.
of weight gain. Mange, for instance, Treatment of lice, fleas and mange
which is caused by mites, can affect Like all external animal parasites, lice,
the mammary gland and interfere with fleas and mange (caused by mites) are
milking. Studies have shown that even common primarily in the cold season
mild infestations of parasites could cost from June to September. They are a
you half a kilogram of milk production Lice
problem in all types of cattle, but espe-
per head per day. This loss accelerates asites are however tiny and cannot cially in dairy cattle which are housed
too quickly if the animal is not treated. be easily seen. In such cases, there in closed quarters. There exists various
Another major economic loss due to are many clear signs for the diagnosis methods of control:
parasites is skin damage. Indeed, tan- of parasitic infestations and of live- Diatomite: Naturally, diatomite has
neries are rejecting up to 35% of sheep stock diseases. Some of them are listed very sharp edges. It kills insects and
skin and 56% of goat skin due to mange below: mites by piercing their exoskeletons
and lice infestation. External parasites Constant rubbing against the fence, and causing them to leak and die.
transfer diseases between animals by trees or any other equipment. Diatomite is not toxic, but farmers
sucking blood. Therefore, they should Lethargy (weakness) and depression. should take care when applying the
be kept firmly under control. The worst Low appetite indicated by reduced powder. As a precaution, do not pur-
of all these external parasites is the intake of water and feed. chase the diatomite that is sold for pool
brown ear ticks (see box on this page). Reduced production of milk and poor filtration. This is not the same as is
Acaricides are commonly used against rate of weight gain. needed for parasite control.
external parasites. They are applied by High fever. Garlic: Garlic powder has an active
dipping or spraying of the affected ingredient called allicin. It can kill
animals. These chemicals are expen- Prevention methods
Prevention is an important method of or repel parasites and also has excel-
sive. To save money, many farmers lent antimicrobial properties. Feeding
do not apply them according to the avoiding losses and damages:
Always separate new arrivals for at a garlic tincture in conjunction with
instructions on the label. Instead, they external treatment has shown positive
add too much water and in the long least three weeks. Check these animals
run, the chemicals do not work effi- very closely for any signs of infestation
ciently. and treat them if necessary.
Apart from chemicals, farmers can use Separate animals that display early
other methods through a combination signs of infestation.
of prevention and control with organic Reduce animal stress; the animals
methods. If an infestation occurs, it should have access to the outdoors,
should be treated promptly. pasture for ruminants, fresh air, direct
sunlight, shade and shelter. Well kept
Watch the livestock carefully animals are much less affected by para-
A farmer can save money if he observes sites.
his animals regularly. Most of the par- Provide good quality feed with
appropriate mineral supplements.
Series Parasites prefer animals with a weak
Flea
on parasites immune system, an indication of stress progress, especially with mange mites.
Pyrethrum: Pyrethrum is very effective
External and internal para- or poor nutrition. Animals that repeat-
edly have problems with external para- against mites and lice. It contains pyre-
site infestation are a serious sites often have some other underlying thrin that kills insects on contact and
problem among livestock problems, perhaps internal parasites. can be used in liquid or powder form.
keepers. However there are various The weakest animals (and thus the Soap: Soaping animals removes the
methods farmers can use to protect most stressed) are the most likely ones waxy cuticle that protects insects and
their animals against them. Starting to develop parasite problems. mites from drying out. It kills lice and
this month, we will bring you a short Clean the environment off harmful mites, but repeat treatments will be
series of articles on parasites and how pathogens and livestock parasites with necessary, especially with heavy infes-
to control them. In this issue we give a proper waste management and recy- tations. Repeat the treatment in one
you tips on external parasites such as cling of biodegradable materials. week to do away with the lice from
fleas and lice. In our June issue we will Use clean equipment for watering newly hatched eggs. Use pure soaps
feature the control of ticks in livestock and feeding. and avoid detergents.
and in July we will give you tips on Free-range chicken and ducks in the Plant oils: A thin coat of vegetable
internal parasites. compound are an ecological control oil in the affected area will suffocate
continued on page 6
Nr. 48 May 2009
from page 5: Parasites
insects and can probably kill 020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
insect eggs. Apply a light coat
of oil to the areas of infestation.
Also run oil along the neck and
Do you want your own TOF copy?
spine to cover some of most Since we started publishing The Organic Farmer magazine, we have always insisted that it
commonly infested areas. As should be shared among members of farmers groups across the country. Apart from reach-
with soap, repeat treatments ing so many farmers, the idea behind this distribution system was that this would encour-
may be necessary. One can also age you to come together, read the magazine and share the ideas, tips and new farming
use various essential oils such methods featured in each new issue.
as anise, camphor, eucalyptus, The system would require well-organised farmers groups that hold regular meetings.
rosemary etc.: 1 part of each Such groups should build up a file with all issues of TOF to ensure that the few copies they
with 2-3 parts of any other oil. receive are well-stored. This method would enable any member wishing to get information
Good results are attributed to on a particular topic covered in one of the magazines to borrow the file and make refer-
raw linseed oil, applied with a
stiff brush. ence. While some groups have adopted this system, many others have not been able to
Neem Oil: The neem tree is keep all the copies in a way that is accessible to other members. Some groups chairmen
the source of this natural pes- rarely share the magazines with other members and distribute them within their extended
ticide. A combination with oil family. Others prefer to give copies only to a section of the members denying others a
is effective against all external chance to read.
parasites. This is one reason why farmers from many parts of the country keep calling us to send
Aloe: Crush the leaves of aloe them a particular issue of the magazine which we produced months ago; most of which
and sisal plant leaves and extract have run out of stock. Other farmers would like to keep the magazines to themselves for
juice to make equal portions of reference when they need it. We understand the problem, but this goes against the spirit
juice. Mix with 10 litre of water and purpose of the magazine: That each copy should be read by at least seven to nine
and leave for 2 days. Apply the
people, as is the case at the moment.
mixture on the animals once a
day for 2 days to control lice and In the past few weeks we have received more than 300 fresh applications from individual
mange. farmers who want to get their own TOF copies. We have stretched our resources to the
limit: Even after raising the circulation to 18000 copies, we have realised that we are unable
Fighting leeches
Leeches affect livestock that to meet the demand from farmers. Very few copies remain for our own use in the office,
drink in shallow water. They which means that we can no longer send more copies to new subscribers. Our budget has
suck a lot of blood from the now risen to more than Ksh14 million a year.
animal by attaching themselves To overcome this problem, we are starting a new subscription service for farmers. Those
to the lining of the mouth or who wish to receive their own copies can pay a yearly subscription fee of Ksh 840. With this
throat. To remove leeches, use amount TOF will cost you only Ksh 70 per month. This is a negligible amount of money com-
alcohol, salt, soap, or lemon pared to the value of information and the knowledge you will acquire from the magazine.
juice or just pull them off. The We will not make any profit from this subscription fee because this is exactly what we pay
best way is to slide your finger- for the production of one copy in one year. Of course, we know that this new service will
nail under the front and tag on increase our administrative burden. We will accept only yearly payments, from January to
the tail to gently cause the leech
to break the suction from the December. If a farmer would like the individual TOF for this year, he has to pay Ksh 490 by
animal. This method substan- end of May to get TOF from June to December 2009. Immediately we receive the payment,
tially reduces the risk of bad we will start sending you the copies. Renewal of subscription for the year 2010 has to be
infection. done by end of December 2009. You can send the money through M-pesa to our special
Tobacco: Mix 50g of tobacco subscription telephone number 0717 444 405. Send in a separate sms your name and full
powder (snuff) with litre of address.
water and flush the animals Farmers groups will continue to get their TOF copies free of charge. But they will have
mouth with the mixture.The to prove that their groups really do exist. Groups applying for copies should include a
leeches will detach and fall off. photocopy of the registration certificate together with some details such as the number of
members (men and women), describe how their group operates, including their manage-
ment (their full address and, if possible, their mobile phone numbers).
The big demand for The Organic Farmer is a good sign for us, the TOF team as well as
you the farmers, this is a sign that you are interested and willing to improve your farming.
We will do our best to fulfill these expectations. The Editors
Alert us if you do not get your copy

In the past few weeks we have visited various is a waste of resources if TOF-copies do not
parts of the country and one problem we reach the farmers. While we are trying to
have discovered is that some farmers are no investigate the source of the problem espe-
longer receiving their copies of The Organic cially with Postal Corporation of Kenya, it is
Farmer magazine, yet they do not even inform very difficult to help you if you do not notify
us about it. Is it laxity? Or lack of interest us that you are not receiving your monthly
because you get TOF free of charge? This TOF copies.
behaviour is difficult to understand. If TOF does not arrive on time, farmers can
Several times we have reminded farmers send SMS to our new SMS telephone number
to call us immediately if they fail to get their 0715 916 136 or call us on Telephone numbers
copies latest by the 15th day of the month. It 0721 541 590 or 0738 390 715
Nr. 48 May 2009
Spider mite not easy to control ...answers in brief
I have serious problems with spider Eucalyptus
mites which have damaged my toma- I have small piece of land on which I
toes and are now attacking the black have planted eucalyptus trees. Is there
nightshade (managu) and eggplants. I anything else I can grow in between
have been using dictator pesticide but the lines as the trees get tall? James
they keep on recurring. Please help. Kaburu Meru town. Tel 0725 511 334.
Tel. 0722 580 626. Yes you can plant maize or beans in
Spider mites are a big problem espe- the first year. However the eucalyptus
cially if they are not controlled on tree grows very fast. In the second
time. They attack tomatoes, potatoes, year the trees will have formed a
tobbaco, black night shade, and more canopy which makes it hard for any
than 300 other plant species. One other plant to grow. Its water utilisa-
mistake farmers make is to spray them tion is also higher than many plants
with pesticides when it is already too which tends to deny other plants inter-
late. Another problem is that when cropped with it a chance to grow.
spraying pesticides, farmers do not
apply the pesticide on all the affected In need of Sudan grass
parts of the plant including the lower main problem in Kenya is that farmers Where can I purchase Sudan grass?
part of the leaf. Spider mites are found rely on dangerous pesticides to control I need 2 kg for some push-pull trials
in many colours. Adult females that pests such as spider mites which also I am doing. I have desmodium and
attack tobbacco are orange- red with kill the predators. Some biological pes- Napier grass. I have a ready plot
reddish legs. Spider mites protect ticides such as pyrethrum extracts also for this season. Organic farmer, Mai
themselves from pesticides by use of kill the predators. Neem extract with a Mahiu, Naivasha Tel. 0724 308 361.
silk threads that makes them stick to high proportion of oil has been found
the plant leaves. They multiply very Farmer Kiarie from Nakuru has 50 kg
to be very effective, but farmers should of Sudan grass and is looking for a
fast during the hot dry, dry weather, be careful not to use too much neem oil
however their population declines buyer. Ask him if he still has some for
as it can harm the plants. sale. Call on Tel 0721 484 199.
during the rains. Field sanitation: Farmers should
Blown by the wind ensure the field is kept as clean as pos- Benefits of Amaranth
Red spider mites are blown by wind sible and free of weeds. Does Amaranth have calcium miner-
from one crop field to another. People Intercropping: Plant tomatoes together als? Aggrey Mudete 0715 213 182
walking across the fields also help in with crops as garlic, basil, and onions
dispersing the pests as they attach can give some protection due to their Amaranth is a good source of essential
themselves on their clothing or working strong smell. nutrients when consumed as grain or
tools. The most common spider mites Tomato leaves: Boil one kilogramme of as a vegetable. Amaranth is a nutri-
in Kenya are the tomato red spider tomato leaves in 2 litres of water, cool tious grain, with protein, particularly
mite and the two-spotted spider mite. and use as a spray. amino acid, Lysine, which is low in the
Control methods: The best biological Castor oil (Ricinus): Soak green castor cereal grains. Amaranth is also a rich
way to control spider mite is the use of oil seeds and leaves in water for 24 source of dietary fibre, essential vita-
their natural enemies, such as preda- hours, filter and then spray. However mins C, B1 and minerals like calcium,
tory mites or lady beetles. The preda- be careful because castor oil seeds are potassium, phosphorous, iron, zinc
tory mites have been discovered in poisonous. Do not allow people or and manganese. Nowadays you can
parts of South America but are yet to be animals to eat tomatoes sprayed with buy milled Amaranth in the super-
introduced in Kenya yet. However the castor oil. markets, 1 kg goes for Ksh 190. TOF
Why your geese may not lay that golden egg

My geese stay too long without laying. hands; any fumbling with their pre-
Please help. 0725 695 253 cious eggs will result in immediate
A number of farmers have similar rejection in laying. They also cannot sit
problems and are asking us why the on eggs that are tampered with!
birds take long to lay eggs. We have This lady told TOF-field officer
sought the answers from a number Isaac Maina the following story: One
of experts who have given various day a neighbours dog strayed into
reasons why the geese have stopped my compound and came across a
laying. number of eggs that the geese had
- Geese have very definite seasons for laid in a thicket. The dog ate the eggs
laying, and may be off at the moment. leaving the empty shells on the nest.
Flocks of domestic geese are known to On noticing the damage, the geese
synchronise their laying patterns and, sensed danger and stopped laying
generally, lay every other day. eggs altogether.
- There may be dietary problems. i.e., Canadian geese on the walk If you have any additional advice
are the geese getting enough water could be the cause. on why the geese fail to lay eggs or
/ the right feed including sufficient - A geese keeping lady in Nakuru has tips about their general management,
grazing / the correct housing / enough some other reasons. She advises fellow write to us. We will share the infor-
daylight hours/ are they penned or farmers that geese need a well pro- mation with other farmers.
free range? Any one of the above tected nesting area away from prying See also page 4! Valerie Corr/TOF
Nr. 48 May 2009
Mosquito control project in Malindi bears fruit

The BioVision-funded malaria kill mosquitoes in their larval stage.
eradication campaign is a model for Having identified mosquito breeding
other mosquito-infested areas. areas, the project has launched a public
awareness campaign on mosquito
By Lucy Macharia control in homes, schools and other
institutions. A clean-up exercise known
Malaria kills thousands of people in as shine the village, which involves
Kenya every year, but for the coastal filling up of pools with stagnant water,
town of Malindi, the disease had draining of abandoned swimming
attained epidemic proportions, affect- pools, blocked canals and distribution
ing more than 80 per cent of all chil- of free Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)
dren between the ages of 2 to 9 years is done in residential areas in the town
and more than 50 per cent of pregnant and the surrounding areas. Every year
women. Realising the danger posed by the project organises a mosquito field
the disease, a number of community week where all these activities, the
groups came together 6 years ago to Stagnant water pools are the breeding climax of which is the Mosquito day,
educate the residents on ways of con- ground for mosquitoes. are commemorated. This years event
trolling the disease. The local youth dation for ecological development, took place at the Malindi Municipal
formed 250 Self-Help groups under which also funds The Organic Farmer stadium on April 4. It involved a pro-
an umbrella organisation by the name has been financing the project since cession through the town, songs and
Punguza Mbu Malindi (PUMMA). inception. The Ministry of Health and speeches by local leaders urging the
To support the initiative, The Kenya the Municipal Council of Malindi are community to double their efforts on
Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) also involved in the campaign. It uses malaria control. Already the campaign
together with the African Insect Science integrated, environmentally friendly is bearing fruits, KEMRI reports indi-
for Food and Health (ICIPE) sent scien- and cost effective methods of mosquito cate that malaria cases have declined
tists to work with the community on control such as the use of safe bacteria from 10,000 at the beginning of the
malaria control. The BioVision Foun- or Bt (Bacillus thuringiesis israelensis) to project to only 5,000 last year.
Issue 9, May 2009 To advertise contact: James
Wathuge 020 356 4106, email: the-
farmersclassified@mailnew.com
Quality breeds for fur, leather and meat.
To book your quality bunnies please order in advance for

planned breeding.
Buy bunnies from our farm and you get your
Rabbit Management Handbook FREE.
Tel: 0733 893 300, Email: jwathuge@yahoo.com

(Call only during the day 8am - 5pm)
The Organic Farmer
The newspaper for sustainable agriculture in Kenya Nr. 5 August 2005
Take farming
as business
The Kenyan farmers face many prob-
lems. Of course, many difficulties they
are confronted with are beyond their
scope. But with commitment, encourage-
ment and with cooperation, they could
solve so many of these problems on their
own. Before, many Kenyan farmers
relied on the National Cereals and
Produce Board and the cooperative
movement to market their produce. But
with the liberalisation of the agricultur-
Harvest season: Happy boys carry home their bean produce. (Picture : Kamau) al sector they were caught flat-footed.
They now find it increasingly difficult
The war against pest damage to cope with the changing market
demands. Most farmers will harvest
Not all Kenyan farmers can take home human health and the environment their produce and keep it in their stores
a big harvest like the boys in the picture some of which is difficult to reverse. waiting for buyers. In most cases these
above. Many of them incur huge losses Indeed, consumers are becoming buyers are middlemen out to make a
due to pests. more and more sensitive to chemicals quick profit and who often offer prices
applied during food production. far below the prevailing market prices.
By The Organic Farmer There are many methods a farmer Of course transport costs to markets
can use to control pests without may be high due to the bad state of the
resorting to the use of synthetic pes- roads. But why are farmers not taking
Every year, farmers in Kenya lose bil- ticides. Intercropping for example is their own initiative? Why they are not
lions of shillings following the one (see page 5). Another one is coming together to share transport costs
destruction of their crops by pests. Pyrethrum. In this issue (on page 8) to exploit the available market opportu-
Although many of them use chemical we have featured various cost effec- nities?
pesticides for control, they are now tive methods of making Pyrethrum In the last issue we heard the com-
losing the war because most of the extracts.
pests have developed resistance to the plaints of farmers in Nyeri who had big
chemicals. Besides inorganic pesti- Preventive measures problems selling their cabbages. The rea-
cides are causing great harm to It is a fact that many farmers already son why is very easy to explain: So
have some indigenous knowledge on many farmers are planting the same
how to control pests without the use crops, and there are not enough cus-
of harmful pesticides. However they tomers to buy them. Who is to blame?
need to supplement these with addi- The customers? The farmers? Our
tional information in order to pro- Farmers are rarely market driven. This
mote effective pest management has to change. A manufacturer of
In this issue strategies in their farms. Know your pumps for instance has to look for what
pests and their natural enemies! The the customers need, and he has to mar-
Benefits of a useful herb accurate identification of the species, ket his own products otherwise he will
Comfrey is good for human life cycle, habitat requirements, time soon go bankrupt. There is no big dif-
and plant health. Page 2 and location of occurrence form an ference with farmers. In order to remain
important part of the knowledge of competitive, what the farmers need to do
Fighting hunger and poverty pests and natural enemies is indispen- is to take farming like any other busi-
A slum women group reclaims sable for long-term pest manage- ness. Farmers should be able to balance
a refuse site to grow food. Page 4 ment.
Crop rotation, timing of planting between their subsistence and market
and harvesting periods, planting of needs. But most important of all, they
Make your plant extract should change their attitude and way of
How to prepare a pesticide for nat- trap crops and choice of crop vari-
ural pest control at home. Page 8 eties do play an important part in pest doing things in order to realise the full
control. benefits of farming.
MY OPINION Comfrey is a healing plant

By Francis Karuga Comfrey is not only a health plant. It is of roots. The roots are very brittle
It is really heartening to see the rate also good for composting and for and the least bit of root will start
at which people in the rural areas mulching in agriculture. growing afresh. They should be
including farmers are embracing planted about 2.5 feet apart each way
the mobile phone. Wherever you go By Sandra Zumpano and will need no further care except
nowadays farmers can communi- to keep them clear from weeds. Many
cate with their relatives and friends Comfrey (botanical name: farmers like to plant comfrey at the
in towns and other far flung places. Symphytum officinale) has been used borders of their shamba.
Indeed: The mobile phone is chang- for hundreds of years in the external
ing the way of life in rural Kenya. treatment of broken bones. We are Fertilizer with leaves
But let us stop briefly and think a much more interested here from the With its' high levels of potash, com-
little: Why are our farmers not point of view of a farmer. In Kenya frey tea can be used as an excellent
adopting new technologies when it the plant is also well known under the fertilizer for tomato, pepper, cucum-
comes to farming? It is really ironic name knitbone, knitback, or local: ber and potato plants. Pick a good
that we can accept such new inno- (Mabaki, in Kikuyu). sized handful of leaves. Place them in
vations as the mobile phone and at The plant is erect in habit and rough a container with enough water to
the same time continue using out- and hairy all over. The leafy stem, 2 to cover the leaves. Cover and let this
dated farming practices that neither 3 feet high, is stout, angular and hol- soak for 4 weeks in cool weather or 2
uplift our living standards nor low, broadly winged at the top and weeks in hot weather. The smell while
improve our country's food security covered with bristly hairs. One-sided it is "cooking" is strong. Then
situation. clusters of drooping flowers, either squeeze the leaves to extract as much
creamy yellow or purple growing on juice as possible. Strain and use at a
Francis Karuga is a farmer in Limuru. short stalks. rate of 1/3 cup of comfrey juice to
Comfrey is a very hardy perennial. one gallon of water. Use as a foliar
It grows in moist areas and has the feed and soil drench around the
The Organic Farmer ability to clean and extract nutrients plants. Put the solid wastes into the
Nr. 5, August 2005 from stagnant or foul water. It sends compost pile.
The Organic Farmer is an independ- down long tap roots, enabling it to
accumulate minerals in it's leaves. Fertilizer with flowers
ent newspaper for the Kenyan farm-
ing community. It promotes organic These minerals include potassium, When in full bloom, the stalks with
farming and supports discussions on calcium, magnesium, iron and phos- flowers are cut, about 15-20 on each
all aspects of sustainable develop- phorus along with several vitamins. plant. They contain nitrogen and
ment. The Organic Farmer is pub- The leaves contain a lot of protein. potash. That's what potatoes like very
lished monthly and distributed free When comfrey leaves are composted much so their furrows can be covered
to farmers. and returned to enrich the soil, all with this comfrey material. We can
these elements are made available to also put it between the other rows of
The reports of The Organic Farmer your plants. vegetable or under tomatoes. After
do not necessarily reflect the views Comfrey grows in almost any soil or cutting the comfrey that way, it will
of ICIPE. situation, but does best under the look a bit worn out. But after about
The Organic Farmer is sponsored shade of trees. Propagation may be two weeks and the next rain it will get
by BioVision, a Swiss based foun- effected either by seed or by division back the usual beauty.
dation for the promotion of sustain-
able development.
Publisher
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
KENYA
Tel. (020) 861 680
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org
Editors
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner
Secretariat
Lucy W. Macharia
Advisory Board
Address
The Organic Farmer
KENYA
Tel. 020 445 03 98
The Organic Farmer Nr. 5 August 2005 3
Co-operatives can improve farmers income
The running of a Sacco needs committed
farmers, who can work together for their
own benefit - and that of their commu-
nity.
By Eric Lumosi Asiligwa

In the July-issue of The Organic Farmer
we carried the story on the problems
farmers are facing when trying to get
loans. We have already mentioned the
benefit of Saccos. In this edition we
bring you more information on how
co-operatives function. In the coming
issue we will feature one model-
Sacco.
Let us now look on the different
types of Saccos before we come to
the formation of Saccos. There are Members make all decisions on the running of a co-operative
three types of co-operative societies: sometimes process the produce organisations. Besides it has fewer
Producer before selling. formalities (see box).
Individuals engaged in production They may to go to the extent of
giving financial assistance to the Ownership
form these co-operatives societies. It A Sacco is owned by members each
is possible for any group of business- members on loan or credit basis.
Some companies go through of whom buys shares in the society
men engaged in production (e.g. according to ability. Membership is
manufacturers, any given industry, or SACCOs to sell their products to the
members on credit. open and voluntary. This means that
factory owners) to form a co-opera- anyone can join a society as long as he
tive society, In Kenya most producer Consumer or she is involved in the type of activ-
co-operative societies are formed by These societies are formed specifical- ity for which the society has been
farmers. These means that they are ly with the aim of buying products formed. No one can be forced to join
formed by people producing agricul- jointly with a view to pay as low a a society.
tural crops individually but join hands price as possible. This trend is not
to sell their products collectively so as common in the country because Administration
to get a good market price. many producer co-operative societies The members run the affairs of the
The farmers who engage in farm- already provide the service. society. The members make the capi-
ing in a particular area form them- tal decisions that govern the society..
selves into a co-operative society. Savings & Credit This is done in the Annual General
This helps them not only get the best Employed persons or producer co- Meetings (AGMs). A committee
prices for their crops but also offer operative members who save a part elected by members does the day-to-
certain other services: of their monthly salary with their co- day running of the office. Each mem-
operative societies form these Saccos. ber has one vote, regardless of the
They attain education on growing Their money earns good interest and number of shares held.
of a particular crop. when they have saved a significant The committee officials are elected
The societies provide tools, fertiliz- amount they are entitled to loans. The for a fixed period after which fresh
ers, seeds and insecticides to the interest charged on the loan is usually elections are held. Non-performing
members. very low as compared to ordinary officials may be voted out. In addition
The societies collect, store and banks or even some micro-finance to elected officials some paid employ-
ees may also be hired to assist in the
Saccos are sensitive to farmers needs daily management of the society
There are many co-operatives in They also offer credit at low interest affairs.
Kenya. In the Central province alone and give enough time to repay. One Formation
there are 998 registered Co-operatives successful Sacco that lends money to Setting up this type of system is a
with 820,423 members. According to farmers is the Neccofosa, which has matter of competency, commitment
the Central Provincial Cooperatives its headquarters in Nanyuki town in and motivation. But how can a struc-
Officer, Geoffrey Karuku, it makes Laikipia District. Neccofosa's General ture of this type be born, grow and
sense for farmers to join savings and Manager, Faith Muchoki, said the reach maturity? People wishing to
credit co-operatives, or saccos. 7,500 members guarantee one another form a co-operative society get
"Saccos are sensitive to farmers needs to get loans, which are paid at an inter- together and apply for registration of
and would not easily move in to auc- est rate of 5 per cent. This is extreme- their society with the Ministry of Co-
tion property, even when one fails to ly low compared to commercial banks, operative Development, giving details
repay the loan in the specified period". whose interest rates is as high as 20 of what the society will be doing, for
The Saccos are managed by fellow per cent. Small loans are repaid within example in the area of operation. The
farmers who understand the plight of a few months, while bigger ones of Ministry controls and supervises the
their colleagues. "They also know each Sh100,000 are repaid in three years. growth and activities of co-operatives
other, so they do everything possible To qualify for a loan one need only in the country to ensure they are well
to avoid such auctions", Karuku said. register with Sh 500 (PM) managed.
Group changes dumpsite into garden

A slum women group in Kitale
helps improve food security and living
conditions in their poor community.
By Peter Kamau, Kitale
Two decades ago, famine stricken
Turkana families were driven out of
their home district by drought and
cattle raiding. They settled around a
refuse dumpsite in Kipsongo area on
the outskirts of Kitale town where
they scavenged for food. Soon their
temporary shelters built of polythene
sheeting and cardboard boxes, grew
into a sprawling slum where more
than 3000 people have been living in
squalid conditions. Lack of basic
amenities such as water and toilets The slum women group at work with their leader Lydia Asipitar (Photos P. Kamau)
has led to frequent outbreaks of maize while the rest was sold and the house and are in return given por-
cholera, typhoid and malaria, which money deposited in the groups tions of meat unsuitable for sale such
has left many villagers dead. account in a local bank. Asipitar says as calf foetuses and entrails. Many
Appalled by the poor living condi- apart from working in the farm, each group members also undertake clean-
tions in the slum, women from the of the group members has a market ing chores in local hotels while others
community decided to form the garden where they grow tomatoes, sell firewood to fellow villagers and
Akiriamriam Slum Women Group sukumawiki or cabbages organically. neighbours.
two years ago. The group has now From their earnings in these activi-
converted the refuse dump into a Fear of eviction ties, each member has to contribute
three-acre organic farm where they Although none of the women between Ksh.5 and Ksh.10 daily that
grow maize, beans and vegetables to knows what organic farming is all is later deposited in the group's
feed their families. They have also set about, growing these crops without account. Every month the group is
up a revolving fund that is helping any inputs has greatly reduced their able to save Ksh.4000. So far they
members start income generating expenses in terms of inputs. have saved Ksh.16,000. "From this
activities to uplift their living stan- Their efforts have impressed many money we are able to assist members
dards. visitors to the slum. Already Asipitar who want to set up small businesses
"When we ran short of funds last says the Ministry of Agriculture is or pay school fees or medical bills in
year, we decided to use stored maize considering funding them through case of sickness. It has made a big
as seed and planted without fertilizer. the "Njaa Marufuku Kenya" pro- difference because it has stopped
We were surprised to see the maize gramme to enable them buy certified many of us from begging in town,"
was healthier than that of our neigh- seed. The VI, a Swedish agro-forestry says Asipitar.
bours who had used inorganic fertil- project, has pledged to provide veg-
izers. We have discovered very good etable seeds and has already started a Force for change
soil which does not require anything tree nursery on the group farm. The women group has become a
to grow food", says a happy Lydia The only worry for the group is that strong force for social change in the
Asipitar, the group secretary. the Kitale municipal council owns the poor community. On realising that
The group now has 56 members. land on which the slum is built, rais- the poor sanitary conditions in the
Last year they harvested 67 bags of ing fears of eviction. However they slum were responsible for the repeat-
maize. Each member got one bag of are determined to change living con- ed epidemics that killed people every
ditions of the slums dwellers at what- year, they started an intensive educa-
ever cost. "We have changed the tion campaign through chief's
notion that women cannot initiate barazas, funerals and related social
development. Our involvement in gatherings. The slum dwellers were
this activities will help improve the taught hygienic methods of human
quality of life in the community," says waste disposal. The Intermediate
26 -year old Asipitar who has two Technology Development Group, a
children. local non-governmental organization,
At 5 o'clock every morning each of last year built sanitation blocks that
the women leaves the village and included toilets and communal bath-
forms a beeline to the town. Some go rooms for use by the community.
to the local municipal council market "If you came here two years ago,
where they help the traders sort you could hardly walk in the village
maize and beans. After sorting they because every path was littered with
are allowed to take away low grade human waste but we have changed all
grains, which they later sell to fellow that. At first it was difficult to con-
villagers at a lower price. Other vince them to use toilets but they are
Anna Arukudi sorts beans for sale women work in the local slaughter- now using them," says Asipitar.
Intercropping has many benefits for farmers
Although farmers know that intercropping
increases land productivity and overall yield
many do not practise it.
By Sandra Zumpano
In July, The Organic Farmer informed
you about crop rotation. In this edi-
tion we will inform you in detail
about intercropping or multiple crop-
ping.
Intercropping (multiple cropping)
means that two or more crops are
grown at the same time in the same
field. This results in a bigger plant
diversity which helps the small-scale
farmer not to be dependent on only
one crop. As with crop rotation,
weeds, pests and diseases are reduced.
Intercropping can also be used in
succession planting. Here, early Intercropping is for the benefit of the farmers Photo TOF
maturing crops are combined with
later varieties for perpetual yield all caused by the stem borers in mono- space for the development of
season long. cropped maize and maize inter- weeds.
There are different possibilities to cropped with non-host plants such as Better use of available resources
associate crops: Some plants provide cassava, cowpea and soy bean. (land, labor, time, water, nutri -
natural way of protecting crops Maize monocrops had 3-9 times ents).
against insect pests. Taller plants offer more stems tunnelled and 1-3 times Different food crops are provided
support to winding plants. Low- more cob damage than intercrops. for the farm family in one crop-
growing plants provide shade to the Maize yield losses due to stem borer ping season.
roots of nearby plants. were 2-3 times higher in monocrops Examples for intercropping
than in intercrops. That means that Leafy vegetables combined with root
Different types of intercropping total land productivity is increased
Mixed cropping: two or more crops are vegetables: like lettuces with carrots
with intercropping. According to the plant families:
sown at the same time sharing the
same space without row arrangement Advantages of intercropping legumes (for example beans, peas,
(see pictures) Because of the diversity of the crops groundnuts, soy beans or lentils)
Relay cropping: is the growing of two grown, insect pests are reduced since which are nitrogen fixers can be inter-
or more crops on the same field with they are usually host specific. cropped with cabbages, sukumawiki
the planting of the second crop after More beneficial insects are attract- or spinach which are nitrogen users.
the first one has completed its devel- ed, especially when you include Maize can be mixed with cowpea,
opment. flowering crops in your intercrop- groundnut, pumpkin, melon, cucum-
Cropping in rows: different crops are ping system. ber, cassava or okra.
sown at the same time, on the same Plant diseases are reduced It is important for farmers to
field, each arranged in their own row because the distance between understand that plants of the same
Combined cultivation: annual crops plants of the same family is botanical family are subject to the
mixed with trees increased since crops of other same pests and should not be inter-
families are planted in between. cropped with each other and not
Research by ICIPE Different plants with a variety of grown close together (for example
Maize is the dominant cereal in most root systems can reduce erosion tobacco and potatoes)
of Sub-Saharan Africa and stem bor- and protect the top soil better.
ers are the most prevalent maize Minimized cost for the control of
pests. Therefore ICIPE conducted weeds because a mixture of vari- References: Production without destruction,
field trials. The aim was to assess the ous crops gives often a better cov- natural farming network, 1995,
level of damage and yield reductions erage of the soil. There is less Zimbabwe; ICIPE Nairobi, Kenya.
What can I do against Spidermites?

"It is very difficult to recog-
nize the Spidermite in time",
writes Isaac Maina Munyari Silk webbing on leaf - caused by spider mite
from Subukia. "How can a
farmer control this pests
before it destroys the toma-
toe plant"?
A first step for us organic farm-
ers in the protection of our
crops from pests, is the ability
to identify the pest at a very
early stage (see also article on
page 1). This can be done by
regularly scouting our crops,
and understanding the pest effect on
the plants before we may even see the Hot spots very difficult to eliminate entirely.
culprits. In the case of the Mashilingi It is also very obvious at this stage Keep checking and most importantly,
effect, the pest in question, the spi- that the mites are only in specific practice good crop hygiene. If you
dermite at this stage, has done maxi- areas, we call these HOT SPOTS. It is have spider mite try not to spread it
mum damage. Let us work backwards cheaper and easier to control these via handling, harvesting, forceful irri-
from the problem. pests from this level as later their web gation, etc.
protects them from contact with bio-
Early inspection pesticides. Use of bio-pesticides
Before this stage, on close inspec- Even animals brushing against infect-
tion of the plant, one would have Conditions of the pests ed plants will spread these mites. A
noticed fine silky spider webs nor- Before we even get to the solution, good idea would be to intergrow
mally where the leaf meets the stem. now lets us learn a little more about rows of crops that are not effected by
Infestation is already high when this the ideal conditions for these pests. mites, with those that are. Also keep
is noticed. If one were to look close- Spider mites are tiny (0.5mm) and good spacing between plants to min-
ly at the silky strands, you would we have 3 types in Kenya. They are imise the spread.
notice it is dotted with very tiny little oval in shape and at adult stage have These bio-pesticides are produced
reddish brown bug. With very bad 8 legs. Larval stage has 6 legs. They by BIOP at ICIPE and East African
infestation, whole plants may be cov- prefer to live within a temperature Botanicals as well as others. Ask the
ered in an orange looking web. Your range of 16-37 C, however they conventional fertilizer and pesticide
plants at this stage may look very dull. flourish at relatively low humidities distributors in your area to stock
Going further back, before this stage, (24-26 C) where a new generation these products.
when the infestation is much lower, will develop every 10-13 days! Life Make sure to scout all the crops
on inspection of the plant leaves you span of a mite is 13-32 days, during these mites affect. Potato, tomato,
would have noticed a white speckled which time the female may lay over egg plant , peppers, some wild plants
effect on the upper side, on close 100 eggs! and weeds, tobacco, black nightshade,
inspection of the lower side, you will With this information it would seem gooseberry and bitter apple. Notice
again see the tiny reddish brown logical to identify and stop them at a how most of these plants are in the
mites but less numerous. very early stage. same family. This family is called
Solanaceae.
Different pesticides
Dear farmers! Our target area would be the HOT Remember, the Mashillingi effect is
cosmetic. The nutritional value of the
SPOTS. This will also ensure we have tomatoes is not affected and is by far
We are getting a lot of ques- minimal collateral damage as well as
tions. Ronald Mokaya Nyabuya, healthier and superior in taste to
being more cost effective. As the tomatoes grown using poisonous
P.O Box 995, Kitale for instance mites can develop resistance to pesti-
is asking for information about artificial pesticides. We need to edu-
cides it is advisable to use two differ- cate our consumers on this reality!
chicken diseases and medicine ent bio-pesticides alternatively. A
used. Or the chairman of the 3 pyrethrin-based bio-pesticide made
km Self Help Group Machakos from natural pyrethrum will kill the
would like to have the prescrip- mites at adult stage on contact, how-
tion for making pesticides from ever may not affect the eggs. To pre-
Su Kahumbu
chilli. We have only one prob- vent the mites from developing resist-
answers your
lem: The Organic Farmer is a ance to the pyrethrin pesticide, alter-
questions
small newspaper with limited nate with spraying of a Neem based
space. Su Kahumbu has bio-pesticide. Although slower acting,
already handed over the it will ultimately affect the reproduc-
Write to:
answers to us. We will publish The Organic Farmer
tion of the mites as well as act as a P.O.Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi
them as well as the answers to break against resistance. It is through
your other questions in the next KENYA
constant vigilance, that we manage to
issue of The Organic Farmer. keep the populations low enough not
Tel. 020 445 03 98
Thanks for your patience! e-mail : info@organickenya.com
to affect the yield, as spider mites are
Members are happy
As new chairman of Kugeria Organic
Farming Group, and on behalf of the
entire active group in Kipipiri, we are
grateful to receive your wonderful letter
all the way from Nairobi (ICIPE).
Kugeria Organic Farmers are grateful
and happy to receive your magazine
"The Organic Farmer" while speaking
every member had a minute or more to
congratulate your mindful thought
since we learnt how to fight hunger in
and society in Kenya. So please should
you send us more copies and informa-
tion through the new address as given
above, and for us to get information
quickly, the new chairman name is
Davis Njuguna Mwangi. As secretary
of the group I have found it wise to be
one of your partners and be assisting
us to get loans rural areas to uplift the
standard of living.
Chairman Kugeria Organic Group, P.O Box
1155, Naivasha.
Give us more
Farmers in Kinangop like Purple Vetch
I do hereby acknowledge receipt of Our newspaper, The Organic attention to the magic plant and this
your wonderful magazine. I find your Farmer, is getting a lot of letters. almost led to its extinction.
magazine quite interesting and the Some farmers have sent ques-
farmers with whom we are sharing, are Benefits
tions, which we hand over to Su With advice from one of the old
always longing for the next issue. Kahumbu, others come with their
Allow me to make a few suggestions hands who worked in the white set-
own proposals and ideas. In this tlers farms, our members have
that might make the magazine interest- edition we publish a letter from
ing and more informative. searched the plant seeds and carried a
South Kinangop. Some farmers thorough study on growing it. The
1) Ask all the farmers who are giving there know about the plant
suggestion and contributions to give plant grows sideways covering a cir-
Purple Vetch. Do you have any cumference of about 2 meters from a
their full contacts example postal additional knowledge on it? If
addresses, telephone and cell phone double or single seed.
you do you can share it with fel-
numbers, emails so that we can be low farmers. Please write to us! Some of the plants benefit's are:
communicating direct with them Underneath the plant, it is always
without necessarily coming through Taking the soil as a living entity and wet thus moisture is conserved
you. also the fact that the good perform- Very few or no weeds grow under
2) Ask the manufactures of products ances of all plants generally depends neath the plant.
to make their labels strikingly con on the good physical and biological It is a legume; therefore it fixes
spicuous, and appealing to cus properties of the soil, it is good to nitrogen in the soil.
tomers. know much has to be done to protect The plant can cover a large area
3) Include uses of your products in conserve and even improve its quali- where mulching might be expen-
the livestock sector example EM. ty. One of the ways we can get good sive.
4) Give possible uses of foliage in dif- fertile and quality soil is through It is a fodder crop for livestock
ferent species of animals, for exam mulching. and can be kept as 'hay' for dry
ple can mulberry leaves be fed to Since that there are many places you seasons.
goats, rabbits or cows? cannot get enough mulching materi- Its flowers are very much liked by
als, it is good to know that there are bees and produce a lot of high
S. M. Muthui, Thika Poultry Self Help other ways which can work the same quality honey.
Group, Thika. as mulching. One of them is planting You can plant it along with other
ground covers (vegetation cover). crops like maize, fruits and even
Market place Ikinyukia Self Help group from fodder crops like Napier grass.
south Kinangop Nyandarua district
Any farmer wishing to sell their organ- have been carrying a project on this Help to conserve the soil and the
ic products should get in touch with issue by growing " Purple vetch" a environment for a better future. We
Su Kahumbu at: plant that was introduced by colonial have plenty of the plant seeds and if
Green Dreams Ltd, settlers in the White Highlands needed contact:
PO Box 1403, Limuru, including Kinangop area. The imme- Benson Maina Muturi, P.O BOX
Tel: 0722 70 4488 diate modern settlers gave little or no 125. South Kinangop.
How you can make Pyrethrum pesticide

Kenya is the world's leading producer of Pyrethrum. insecticidal, repellent, fungicidal and nematocidal.
Farmers can make their own Pyrethrum-pesticides. It Pyrethrum has a quick knockdown effect on insects
is helpful in many ways, but farmers should be care- and can be applied a day before harvest because
ful while handling it, plant extract can cause irritation Pyrethrins are quickly destroyed by sunlight. The fol-
to sensitive skin. All parts of the plant can be used - lowing table was obtained from the agricultural infor-
flowers, leaves, and roots. It's mode of action is mation-service Oisat (www.oisat.org).
Used Methods How to use Target pests
Materials of preparation
Pyrethrum extract Soak flowers in alcohol Add 3 liters of water Aphids, Cabbage loopers,
1 cup of fresh pyrethrum, overnight. to the filtrate. Codling moths,
daisy flower heads, 30 ml of Strain through a cheesecloth. Stir well. Mexican bean beetles, Spider
rubbing alcohol Spray on infested plants mites, Stink bugs, Thrips,
(70% isoprophyl alcohol), Tomato pinworms,
Pail, Strainer Whiteflies
Pyrethrum water extract Finely shred dried Aphid, Bean fly, Cabbage
1-1.5 kg of dried pyrethrum pyrethrum. Add into the white butterfly, Coffee bugs,
3 kg of liquid soap drum with water. Stir vigor- Colorado beetle,
100 liters of water ously. Strain. Add soap. Mix Diamondback moth,
Drum well. Spray on the target pests Eggplant fruit and shoot
preferably in the evening. borer, Flea beetle, Gall
midge,
Grasshopper,Green leafhop-
per
Locust, Mites, Thrips
Powder extract Add the pyrethrum powder Immediately apply on infest- Flea beetles
3 g of pyrethrum powder. 1 and soap to water.Stir well. ed plants preferably in the
liter of water evening.
1 tsp of soap, and a Pail
Procedures for the preparation of plant extracts

Farmers should remember the following light and moisture. the mature and ripe fruits
guidelines when making plant extracts. Make sure that they are free from before plant extract application.
moulds before using them. Always test the plant extract for
Select plant parts that are free Use utensils for the extract prepa mulation on a few infested plants
from diseases. ration that are not use for your first before going into large scale
When storing the plant parts for food preparation and for drinking spraying.
future usage, make sure that they and cooking water containers. When adding soap as an emulsifi
are properly dried and are stored in Clean properly all the utensils er, use a potash-based one.
an airy container (never use plastic every time after using them. Wear protective clothing while
container), away from direct sun Do not have a direct contact with applying the extract.
the crude Wash your hands after handling
extract the plant extract.
while in the
process of The Organic Farmer
the prepara
tion and in September
during the
application.
Make sure
that you
place the
plant
extract out
of reach of
children
and house
pets while
leaving it Biological Control: The wasp
overnight. that is saving the cabbage
Harvest all
Nr. 49 June 2009
New centres to help farmers Kenyan farmers are slowly beginning

You have problems getting to change from the traditional method
information on organic farming of relying on only one crop to a more
including essential inputs such diversified range of high value crops
as organic fertilizers? Soon that earn them more income. It is
The Organic Farmer will put up encouraging to see that farmers are no
information centres known as longer waiting for other people to come
i-TOF in a few selected areas and solve their problems for them; they
in the country. In these centres are taking their own initiatives to better
farmers will have easy access to their income.
information, training and even We are saying this from what we have
buy essential organic inputs for observed in the past few months. We
their farms. Read more about have received dozens of questions from
this initiative on page 6. farmers who want to diversify into new
Most agrovet shops are stocked with high value crops and keep livestock in
chemicals but rarely sell organic inputs a professional manner. One example
we can give is the large number of
Diseases reduce passion fruit yield farmers who have gone into the pro-
duction of passion fruits; others have
began poultry keeping as a business, as
Despite being a high value crop, you can read on pages 5 and 6. These
farmers are getting low earnings farmers can count on the increased
from passion fruits due to diseases. demand and the good prices these prod-
ucts fetch in the market.
The Organic Farmer However, this new interest at diversi-
There is a huge demand for passion fication should be matched with a will to
both in the local and export markets, adopt the best production practice that
but farmers have been unable to exploit enables them to attain the desired yields.
this opportunity due to poor yields But the situation is quite the opposite
caused by increased fungal diseases. on the ground. Although most farmers
There are two factors responsible for have gone into production of these high
this problem: value fruits and vegetables, their poor
Farmers do not take the trouble to A healthy passion fruit (above). Below is a management methods have led to low
buy certified planting material from fruit affected by alternaria fruit spots. yields: For example passion fruit pro-
reputable seedling suppliers. If the duction in the country is declining. The
planting material is diseased, farmers main cause for low production is the
Photos: Infonet-Biovision
transfer the diseases to their farms. increase in fungal diseases. With crop
Another reason for the declining rotation and field sanitation, farmers
production is poor management by can effectively prevent and control these
farmers which has led to the spread of diseases.
diseases. Farmers rarely observe field Our farmers are really struggling
sanitation; all diseased leaves, vines to better their income, and they are
and fruits should be removed and hard working. But working hard is not
burned or buried in a pit to stop the enough; they need to have the right
disease from spreading to the healthy skills to do things the correct way. Since
plants. Old unproductive shoots and farming is a business, farmers have
infection from one plant to the other. to adopt the best methods to increase
deadwood must be removed. All the To avoid a build-up of soil-borne dis-
equipment used for pruning should production and avoid incurring losses.
eases, passion fruit growers should This not only needs an intensive search
be disinfected to avoid spreading viral ensure that they practise crop-rotation. for more knowledge on how to grow
in this issue Passion fruits should not be grown on crops such as passion fruits. But it
the same piece of land for 2- 3 years to also requires effort to look around for
Medicinal plants 2 keep it free of diseases. A wide range
Farmers in Kakamega earn more certified seedlings. To buy them from
of vegetables can be intercropped with roadside nurseries might be the easiest
from Medicinal plants. passion vines such as beans, cabbages, way; they are near and one can avoid
Tick Control 4 tomatoes, potatoes, beetroot, Swiss the transport costs to well known and
Ticks cause huge losses to farmers. chard, carrots, strawberries, leeks recognised nurseries. But this short cut
Learn alternative control methods. and head lettuce. However, plants in will cost them dearly, because even the
Breeding 7 the pumpkin family (cucurbits) such best farmer cannot expect to get a good
Do you need a high yielding dairy as pumpkins and squash should be crop when the seedlings are already
cow? See our list of breeders avoided as they bring in diseases such infected with disease.
ce
as woodiness and fruit flies. Page 3

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15
Nr. 49 June 2009
Medicinal plants bring fortune to farmers
Mondia and ocimum hangovers: A group of farmers who the medicinal products began about
kilimandscharicum plants are a source have domesticated the highly threat- eight years ago, reliance on the forest
of income for Kakamega farmers. ened medicinal plant, known locally has decreased, allowing better forest
as Mkombela (Mondia whytei), used conservation.
Anja Bengelstorff to collect and sell the roots locally. The Community enterprise
plant is widely distributed in tropical James Ligale, assistant administrator of
Before they started conservation work Africa. In Kenya, it is more preva- the Mondia community enterprise, said
in Kakamega forest in western prov- lent in the remnant tropical rain forest a group of
ince of Kenya, it was just one of the fast of Kakamega. Mondia whytei is also 30 farmers,
disappearing tropical rain forests in known as mondia, or Whitess ginger. known as
Africa, exploited for firewood, timber, It is a vigorous climber (3-6 m high) the Muliro
charcoal and building posts. But now with attractive heart-shape leaves and Farmers,
the African Insect Science for Food a vanilla aroma. w e r e
and Health (ICIPE) must be proud of involved in
Remedy for flu
their conservation efforts. They have the initial
Another group of farmers is involved
not only managed to save the forest, domestica-
in the domestication of the medici-
they have also shown the surround- tion of the
nal plant Ocimum kilimandscharicum,
ing farming community the benefits of mondia
commonly also known as kilimanjaro
conserving its rich biodiversity while p l a n t ,
basil, camphor basil, hoary basil or
exploiting its resources to improve which takes Mondia whytei
feverplant. A leaf extract from the plant
their liveslihoods. six months
is used in the manufacture of a balm
The forest is host to many medicinal to mature. These farmers have since
and an ointment used to treat flu, cold,
herbs; among these are the mondia encouraged outgrowers to cultivate the
chest congestion, aches, pain and insect
and Ocimum kilimandscharism. For cen- plant, which is processed at the factory
bites.
turies the local communities had used MFCG Enterprise Shinyalu, built with
Ocimum kilimandscharicum is one of
these plants to treat various ailments. financial assistance from international
the species of the genus of the Ocimum
But it was not until the ICIPE came donors.
plant that is native to East Africa. It is
to the area that the community rea- Products of these medicinal plants
an evergreen aromatic perennial under
lised that they had been sitting on that are currently available at super-
shrub. It thrives as a natural rounded,
gold; the medicinal plants could be markets like Nakumatt are Naturub
woody shrub that can grow to a height
processed and sold in the markets, Balm and Naturub Ointment (30
of up to 2 m. It has an efficient rooting
locally and abroad. A powder devel- grams, Ksh 179, against muscular
system and perennial habits which
oped from Mondia whytei is used as aches and pains), made of Camphor
prevent soil erosion where it is grown.
a revitaliser, appetizer and clearer of from Ocimum kilimandscharicum as
The plant requires little management
in the field and no pesticide control. the main ingredient. The root barks of
The Organic Farmer is an independent We believe the project has a major mondia are processed wholly to make
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- role to play as a model for conservation Mondia Tonic.
munity. It promotes organic or biodiversity and in the improve- Additional income
farming and supports dis- ment of the livelihoods of communi- The farmers harvest the plants three
cussions on all aspects of ties living near the forest, says Wilber times a year and earn three times more
sustainable development. The Lwande, ICIPE leader of the Applied from mondia or Ocimum kilimand-
Organic Farmer is published Bioprospecting Programme. It is also scharicum than they did cultivating
monthly by icipe and distrib- one of the ways of enabling indigenous crops like maize and tea. On average,
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports traditional knowledge to be useful to a farmer makes Kshs 35,000-40,000 a
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- humankind before [that knowledge] is year from one acre. The cultivation
ily reflect the views of icipe. entirely lost. According to ICIPE, this of O. kilimandscharicum does not
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- is a new venture that is developing a involve external inputs like fertilizers,
sion, a Swiss-based foun- sustainable financing plan and with pesticides or insecticides. However,
dation for the promotion of measures to increase farm productiv- Evelyn Ndenga from ICIPEs Applied
sustainable development. ity to enable farmers to exploit the Bioprospecting Programme points out
www.biovision.ch potential markets. The total asset base that farmers around Kakamega forest
Publisher African Insect Science for Food for both community groups amounts still grow maize, beans and other food
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 to Ksh 7.5 million, including buildings crops. Cultivating those medicinal
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, and equip- plants was meant to provide supple-
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org ment. mentary income and reduce depen-
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner Communities dency on the forest, she says. Cur-
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia living near the rently, nearly 1,500 farmers within four
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 forest relied on districts around Kakamega forest grow
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, it for firewood, the two plants.
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph building mate- Ligale said those who previously
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian rials and lived in grass-thatched houses now
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe various herbs. have better homes; awareness about
Address The Organic Farmer However, environmental conservation has
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA since com- improved. Many local people now seek
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 mercial cul- computer and business management
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, tivation and skills to improve their production and
www.organicfarmermagazine.org processing of Ocimum kilimandscharicum marketing.
Nr. 49 June 2009
How to control passion fruit diseases

Farmers can increase passion fruit production and income, When the stem is split, its vascular tissue shows brown
if they can be able to identify and discolouration.
prevent fungal and bacterial passion fruit diseases. Preventive measures
Affected plants should be removed and burnt. Snap off
The Organic Farmer the affected parts or remove the affected plant manually.
Do not cut affected plant tissue and then use the same on
A major problem facing passion fruit farmers across East other healthy plants.
Africa is an increase in fungal and bacterial diseases which Keep the base of the plant clear of grass and weeds which
have forced most growers to stop production altogether. To encourage fungal development.
help farmers, we have compiled a list of the most common Grafting to wilt-resistant yellow passion fruit rootstocks is
diseases, how they can identify them and measures they the most effective way of controlling the disease.
should to take to protect their crop. We hope farmers will
use the information to prevent the diseases and improve on Phytophthora blight (phytophthora nicotianae var. paras-
passion fruit production: tica)
Affected leaves are water-
Brown spot disease (alternaria passiflorae) soaked and light brown in
This is the most important colour. They fall easily leaving
disease in the passion fruit pro- the vines without foliage. The
duction in the world today. Its affected areas of the stem are
symptoms are brown spots on first purple and later brown
leaves, vines and fruits. The above the graft union. They
spots can be upto 10 mm in may completely girdle the stem
diametre on the leaves often causing wilting and collapse of
extending along the veins and the vine. The fruit shows large, water-soaked areas and the
drying out in the centre. On the stems, spots are up to 30 diseased fruits fall off easily and are later covered with a
mm long. When they occur at the leaf edge, they may kill white fungal growth. Another strain of fungus (phytophthora
the vine, resulting in dieback appearance. On the fruit, cinnamon) causes root rot. The yellow and purple varieties
the spots are light brown, light and sunken; they often have different patterns of susceptibility. The yellow vine is
merge, covering large areas and produce large brown spore affected by the fungus p. cinnamoni and the purple vine is
masses. Spores produced on the leaf, stem and fruit, are susceptible to P.nicotianae. Both fungus strains attack both
dispersed by wind-blown rain. Warm moist weather favours passion fruits and can cause root rot, wilt, damping off and
the diseases development. leaf blight. Fungal spores are initially produced in wet soil
Preventive measures beneath the vines and are splashed up to lower leaf canopy.
Planting disease-resistant varieties such as yellow passion Wet windy weather encourages the disease.
and its hybrids is one way of avoiding this disease. Preventive measures
Collect all diseased leaves and vines and ensure the field Observe good field sanitation
is free of any fruit residue. Prune and keep the ground covered with grass to reduce
Prune vines to reduce density and humidity that encour- the possibility of disease spores being splashed on the lower
age the disease. leaves
Spray copper-based fungicides. An interval of 2 to 3 weeks Graft with resistant varieties
should be observed in order to protect new shoots. Apply copper-based fungicides every 2-3 months during
Septoria spot (septoria passiflora) the wet season to reduce disease incidence. Wounds on the
The disease attacks leaves, stem can also be painted with copper- based fungicides.
stems and fruits. Brown spots Passion fruit woodiness Virus (PWV)
up to 2 mm with tiny black Passion fruits affected by viruses in this family show light
dots develop on leaf surface. and dark green mosaic pattern
Infected leaves fall off (the dis- often with light yellow speck-
eased vines have no leaves. les. At times small, yellow ring
Light brown spots with tiny spots may develop on upper
black dots can be seen on the leaf surface. Infected fruits are
fruit. Spores produced by the small and misshaped with very
blackdots are blown by wind hard rind and small pulp cavity.
to other vines during wet, windy weather further spreading When the affected fruit is cut,
the disease. The disease is spread by rain, dew and over- the inside rind tissue may have
head irrigation. Warm moist weather favours the develop- brown spots. Some strains of
ment of the disease. the virus cause cracking of the affected fruits. The viruses
Preventive measures are spread by aphids and pruning knives. It is also found in
Preventive measures are the same as those of the brown bananas, pumpkins and many other weeds
spot disease. Preventive measures
Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Farmers are advised to use clean planting material
oxysporum f.sp passiflora) Use clean pruning tools
Symptoms consist of yellow- Use resistant rootstocks such as yellow passion fruit.
ing of leaves, collar region of Remove diseased vines from the field
affected plant at soil level turns Ensure the passion field is free of weeds.
brownish and vertical cracks. Do not plant bananas or pumpkins near passion fruits.
The vines wilt, followed by a
complete collapse of the plant. Source Infonet-Biovision
Nr. 49 June 2009
Ticks pose a great danger to livestock

They look small, but they can cause dehydration and eventual death. As it
heavy economic losses to farmers if works physically rather than chemi-
not controlled on time. cally there is no chance of insects build-
ing up an immunity, or resistance. It
The Organic Farmer can be dusted on cattle, pigs, goats etc
for control of ticks and fleas.
The worst of all types of ticks are Pyrethrum: Pound 250g of dried
the brown ear ticks. They harbour the flowers with little water into paste. Dis-
parasite that causes the dreaded East solve in 10 litres of water and boil for 20
Coast Fever (ECF). Ticks are masters of minutes. Leave it to stand for 12 hours,
survival. Burning the pastures does not then sieve and apply with a knap-
help as ticks hide up to 20cm deep into sack sprayer. Alternatively, one can
the soil, and they can survive for up to mix 250g of dried flowers in 10 litres
two years without food. Moreover, the A brown ear tick before sucking blood of water and let it stand in a dark room
main problem is that ticks are quickly reduces the effect of ticks. Free-range for 12 hours (always use protective
getting resistant to chemicals; farmers chicken if allowed to roam in the cattle clothing when handling pyrethrum).
should frequently change the chemi- shed can pick and thus reducing the Tobacco: Boil 1 kg of fresh tobacco
cals they use to control them. Worse population of ticks in a cow. plant leaves in 10 litres of water for 30
still, many agrovet shopkeepers are not Organic ticks control methods minutes. Allow to cool, filter and rub
willing or able to inform the farmers Diatomite: This white powder of the preparation on the infested animal
about the efficiency of acaricides (anti- Diatomaceous earth is efficient in the using a clean cloth. 5 litres of this solu-
tick chemicals). Very often, farmers control of ticks. The sharp edges of its tion are enough for an adult cow.
dilute the chemicals too much in order particles perforate all body parts of Plant extracts: There are some other
to save money. insects and at the same time absorb plants that are efficient as repellents,
The most promising chemicals are the body fluids. This results in total for instance
those made from synthetic pyrethroids
(chemicals that act in the same way as
pyrethrum). They are applied in dips
or by hand spraying. These chemicals
also come in oil-based formulations
that allow the farmer to pour on the
animals back. The oil spreads through-
out the animals body repelling any
ticks.
Since the frequency of application is
normally on a weekly basis, the cost
of this control measure is too high for
many small-scale farmers. Dipping for A tick infested ear (above left). Areas affected by Brown ear tick in Kenya
instance, costs 15 to 20 shillings per
cow every week. It is unfortunate the The soft ticks that affect chickens
Government stopped the management The chicken soft tick, (Argas persicus) is assist materially in minimising para-
of cattle dips and handed them over a serious pest in chickens and it causes sites population.
to communities or private dip-owners. a great loss to the poultry farmer. Sanitary measures (cleaning or fumi-
Very often farmers are cheated as the Although the parasites very seldom gating the chicken house) should be
dip-owner does not apply the right kill the chicken instantly, losses occur properly carried out.
and or sufficient amount of chemi- in terms of stunted growth, decreased Periodic removal of droppings as a
cals which have made ticks to develop body weight in broilers and layers and source of breeding places for many
resistance to some of the chemicals. reduced egg production. Chicken soft insects and beetles should be practiced
With fencing, pasture management ticks can cause economic damages, as as some insects and beetles transmit
and rotational grazing farmers can the egg production of layers can drop chicken diseases.
avoid or reduce the damage caused by to more than 30 percent. They can Control methods
ticks; zero-grazing for instance sharply cause paralysis and can also transmitDiatomite: As mentioned in the article
a disease called spirochaetosis, which
above, is a very effective method in
Series is a gut condition that leads to diar-
rhoea.
soft tick control if dusted on the chick-
on parasites ens. Dust chickens in diatomite daily
In cases of an infestation, the larvae
and dust housing, change bedding
External and internal para- are found all over the cages day and etc. weekly as the ticks live and breed
site infestation are a serious night, while the adults hide in cracks
in the bedding and in cracks in the
problem among livestock and crevices during the day and chicken house.
keepers. However there are various emerge to attack the birds and suck Pyrethrum: Dip chickens twice a week
methods farmers can use to protect blood at night. The female lays eggs in
in a pot filled with the pyrethrum
their animals against them. In the last the cracks and crevices of the poultry
extract (preparation see article above)
issue we gave you tips on external house and under the bark of trees in It is important to ensure chicken are
parasites such as fleas and lice. In this batches of 100-250. Each female lays 4
released to run around the compound
issue we feature the control of ticks in to 7 batches of eggs in her lifetime.and have enough space for movement,
livestock, and in July we will give you Preventive methods this helps to reduce the build up of
tips on internal parasites. Efficient poultry management methods pests in chickens house.
Nr. 49 June 2009
Chickens require good care to be productive

We are receiving many questions from farmers regarding housing, feeding and sanitation are important in any
poultry keeping. This is a clear indication that they regard poultry keeping enterprise. In this issue, Su Kahumbu
poultry keeping seriously and as a good source of income. attempts to answer some of the questions we have received
However, disease control and general poultry manage- in the past few weeks; we have answered many other ques-
ment are some of the challenges farmers are facing. Proper tions directly by phone.
My hens are not laying eggs! Kenbro chickens

Kitui Children of God Relief Institute is Sometimes we make the mistake of in big demand
rearing Kienyeji (indigenous) chickens, we expecting 130 chickens to produce 130 Dear Su, I am a month old Kenbro Poultry
have 130 of them since January 2009. My eggs. This would be ideal, and would Farmer. Please give contacts of farmers of
worry is that they have not been laying for be a 100% production. But, more often the same. I need to learn from them. Thank
all that long. Please advice. than not, only 70% of your brood will you. Anna, Ruai Tel. 0722 388 949.
Ann Tel. 0725 085 184; be actively laying at any one time. In Dear Anna, I do not currently know
Hi Ann, I would need to know the ages your case, the fact that they are kienyeji of any farmers producing Kenbro at
of the hens to answer this question, and could perhaps be of mixed age the moment. I produced them myself
layers normally start laying at around it is hard to tell how many should be and found them to be so much fun.
7 months of age. It could just be that laying. They seemed more alert than the
your hens are young? Also do not Unless the birds are looking unwell, normal white meat producing chicken,
expect them to lay, all at the same time with ruffled feathers and sunken eyes, almost like a cross between a layer
and as they are kienyeji types, they I would not be worried. Make sure they and a broiler. They seemed to be more
may have a few days interval between have access to ample clean water, feed, resistant to disease, I reared mine free
laying. If they are not the same age, sunlight and enough space for roaming range so that during the day they were
you will get some laying while others around. Keep them happy and you outside in an enclosed area, but during
may take time to start laying. shall be rewarded. the night they were in an indoor secure
area. This meant that they spent a
lot of time running around enjoying
the outside. They seemed much more
active than broilers and this could be
why they gained weight at a slower
pace. They seemed to be roughly 3-4
weeks behind the growth weight of
white broilers of the same age. Physi-
cally they also had longer legs and
when slaughtered, had a redder meat
than the white broiler which has very
white meat.
I also noticed that as they grew up,
they seemed to mature quite quickly
and we soon had very clear ideas which
were female and which were male due
to their crown size and calling sounds.
The males had large crowns and started
waking us up in the morning as roost-
If provided with good care all chicken breeds will lay eggs. Photo Kamau ers normally do!
Another very interesting observation
Preventive medication for chickens was how they were so hardy when they
were chicks. We had 1% mortality with
Which is the most effective medicine against idea to add some vitamin drops to the the Kenbros whereas we had 4% with
early mortality in chicks? Can it also drinking water when the chicks are the white broilers.I hope this informa-
prevent them from getting diseases (both unwell. tion helps and would encourage any
Turkey and hens)? A trick I learnt for spraddle leg (this readers who are rearing Kenbros to
Tel. 0712 249 845 is a condition where they cannot stand call you so that you can compare your
Poultry chicks normally suffer from and their legs seem to grow at funny production experience.
coccidiosis which can lead to death. angles from the knees) which is very
This disease can be detected when common in broilers is to add a few A broody hen
you notice the chicks starting to have drops of cod liver oil to their drinking
a loose stool, at first a brownish colour water once a week from the time they changes its behaviour
that soon changes to a bloody colour. are 4 days old. On average I would get I would like to venture into poultry farming.
There are many sulphur-based rem- at least 5 chicks with spraddle leg, I How will I know that a hen wants to incu-
edies available from agrovet shops that swear by this remedy of cod liver oil. bate eggs? Tel. 0727 599 114.
you can mix with the drinking water. Be careful not to use too much as it will This is a good question, and the answer
Another solution is EM effective micro- give the chicks loose stools. Also be largely depends on the type of chick-
organisms. A teaspoon of EM in 5 litre sure to start early as once the knees are ens you have and also sometimes the
of drinking water helps to prevent this affected it is almost impossible to cure character of the chicken.
disease, as does a teaspoon of vinegar as the birds gain weight and put more Hybrid chickens like the commercial
in the drinking water. It is also a good pressure on their joints. red and black layers are extremely bad
continued on page 6
Nr. 49 June 2009
from page 5: Chickens
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
Serving farmers with information and inputs

Since we started the publication of The Organic Farmer, we have always men-
tioned a number of organic inputs that farmers can use in organic production.
However, most farmers cannot be able to get these inputs in every part of the
country. Every week, we receive enquiries from farmers: TOF, where can we buy
diatomite powder, neem or pyrethrum-based insecticides? Our local agrovet
shops do not stock them. This is an indication that many more farmers would
like to go organic but it is difficult for them to get the right inputs.
Another serious problem is training and information. We are really commit-
ted to uplifting the standard of farming and raising incomes in rural areas. To
achieve this objective, we have decided to set up four farmer information centres
in selected parts of the country; They will be called i-TOFs (since they are con-
nected to and managed by TOF). These centres will have two basic functions:
Transfer of knowledge and assisting farmers to get organic inputs.
brooders infact they do not brood. They 1. Transfer of knowledge: The information centre will be a library of sorts that will
lay an egg a day for a period of about provide farmers with a bulk of information they need. All issues of The Organic
18 months if they are given a good Farmer since we started publication in 2005, will be available in one big volume
layers feed. Once the egg is laid they for farmers who would like to make a reference. The centre will also be equipped
get up and go. They very rarely stay with a computer which has all information on farming from the infonet-biovision
for longer than a few minutes before project (you remember the cartoon of the farmer sitting at a computer)? Each of
they are on their way. If they happen the centres will have an organic agricultural extension officer. He/she will be in
to lay the egg in an open field and not the centre for two or three days in a week to assist farmers who may need some
in a nesting box, they more than likely information or advice. The remaining days of the week, the extension worker will
will not come back to it, though they
may lay another egg in the same place visit the various farmers groups to train them on organic farming technologies
the next day. They do not get broody such as making plant extracts, compost making or visit a farmer who may be
or defensive and do not hide their eggs facing a pest problem or disease. These services will be offered free of charge.
very well. 2. Organic input scheme: One main problem as we have mentioned above is the
A kienyeji chicken on the other hand lack of organic inputs in almost all parts of the country. There are about 15 organic
does not lay every day, and when she inputs that farmers really need in organic farming, because much of the mate-
starts she finds a secretive spot if pos- rial used in organic farming is available on farm. After a lot of discussions with
sible. She will continue to lay every farmers, agrovet shops and manufacturing companies on how we can make the
day for about 12 days and then she will inputs available to farmers, we came up with the following solution: The i-TOFs
start to brood her clutch in the most will be connected with a local agrovet shop, which will stock organic inputs in a
protective manner. As she builds up to
section of the shop. It is from this shop that farmers can get the organic inputs
this stage you will notice her behaviour
change. Where she may have been they need; of course they have to pay for it! TOF will produce a small leaflet on
very normal she suddenly becomes how to use the various inputs in the correct way.
secretive and at times you may think Make use of centres
she is lost as she hides for long periods The four centres are a kind of a pilot project. They offer farmers a good oppor-
of time. tunity to get information, to talk together and to share experiences the i-TOFs
Observe carefully could become a sort of a market place. At the same time farmers will have an
An easy way is to watch your hen agrovet shop where they can buy organic inputs. If they expect the agrovet shops
and see where she is laying her eggs. to stock them, they have to buy the inputs. No shopkeeper can keep or buy stock
If she is a kienyeji type, leave an egg which they cannot sell, in the same way that no farmer will grow a product which
or two where she is laying her clutch. they cannot sell or eat. Depending on the success of these centres , the project
You may take some away for safety, can be expanded to other parts of the country.
however when she sits to incubate the In our July issue of The Organic Farmer we will inform you more about these
last one return all the eggs to her. Be
i-TOFs, give you details where they are and how they will be operating. We shall
careful when doing this; wait until she
is off to feed. repeat this information in our August issue.
If you would like to brood many In July and August, all our readers including farmers groups, agricultural exten-
eggs a combination of a few red layers sion workers and organisations working with farmers will be updated on this new
with kienyejis and some cockerels is service. The same will be aired through our radio programmes on KBC radio.
good. Hopefully the cockerel will mate
with both types of hens and fertilise all Do not play politics with maize
the eggs which you can brood under I am very disappointed at the way our the work of politicians. I think this is
the kienyeji hens. On the character politicians are playing politics with very unethical, the government should
of chickens, sometimes you get the maize. This is happening at a time come out and state its position regard-
odd hen that is expected to brood but the country is facing a critical food ing the quality of the imported maize.
decides not to and vice versa. Observa- shortage. The daily reports in the local nobody can risk buying a commodity
tion can be very enlightening and a lot press and the electronic media are very whose quality is questionable.
of fun. confusing to Kenyans. Quality is not Mary Oduor, Nyanza
Nr. 49 June 2009
Select well-bred dairy cows Breeders
Kapsoen Farm, Box 1025, Kitale,
Please send me information on where Mweiga Estates, Box 453 Nyeri,
I can buy pedigree dairy in calf heifer Wangu Embori, Box 219 Nanyuki,
registered with the Kenya Dairy Tintawn Farm, Box 631 Karuri,
Recording Services. Pokea Farm, Box 157 Njoro,
Charles , 0738 397 977 Kenana Farm, Box 23 Njoro,
Indeed, dairy farming as a business Sunset Farm, Box 13366 Nakuru,
requires that farmers acquire good Kimwatu Farm, Box 256 North Kinan-
sources of breeding stock. Most live- gop,
stock breeder farms are encouraged to Nyara Tea Estate, Box 18 Limuru,
register their animals with the Kenya Amboni, Box 595 Nyeri,
Stud Book by the Kenya Livestock Risa Farm, P. O. Box 641 Nairobi,
Breeders Organization. The Kenya Chura Farm, Box 244885 Karen
Friesian Breeders society is a member Nairobi
of the Kenya Livestock Breeders Orga- Deneside Farm, Box 72 Njoro,
nization. Maradju Ltd, Box 362 Naivasha,
There are several Friesian dairy farms Fairview Dairies, Box 48592 Nairobi,
that are members of the two societ- Chemusian, Box 86 Menengai West,
ies and are registered with the Kenya Kihumbas Dairies, Box 14827
Stud Book. If you are interested in a through your nearest District livestock Nakuru,
Friesian in calf pedigree heifer, you can extension office or by direct contact, to Homa Lime Company Box Private
make enquiries about the availability the under listed farms. William Ayako Bag Koru,
Upgrading or replacing your dairy cows? Ngamini Farm, Box 33 Njoro,
Ngera Fancy Farm, Box 1273 Nakuru,
This list of farms with the best breed- encouraging farmers to upgrade their Thengeini Farm, Box 611 Nakuru,
ing stockist is very helpful. However, dairy cows through selective breeding. Egerton TDU Farm, Box 536 Njoro,
the cost of these pedigree cows is quite Pokea Farm Njoro (Tel. 0733 555 621) Bonbeef Farm Ltd, Box 17947
high (between Ksh100000 to 200000) has a training programme for dairy Nairobi,
and beyond the reach of many small- farmers who want to upgrade their Baraton University of East Africa, Box
scale farmers, not to mention the milk herds. Farmers groups interested 2500 Eldoret,
high level of management, feeding can contact this farm and arrange for Ngongogeri Farm, Box 140 Njoro,
and maintenance. The Kenya Dairy training. The farmers have to pay a fee KARI- Naivasha, Box 25 Naivasha,
Board (KDB) together with a number for these training, depending on their KARI Ol joro orok, Nyahururu Private
of organisations in the dairy sector are location and duration of training. TOF Bag Ol joro orok.
Maize cobs are poor quality feed ...answers in brief

What is the nutritive value of maize The metabolisable energy (ME) in the Carrots
cobs in feeds? 0722 304 469 cob was reported in those studies to Which diseases affect carrots? Tel. 0725
As much as maize cob is regarded by range between 1.60 1.80 Mcal/kg of 652 290
most farmers as an important feed dry matter. While the required ME for The main disease
resource during dry season in some maintenance of a steer weighing 300 that affects carrots is
parts of Kenya, it is generally of very kg was 9.4 Mcal, the cob was found to the leaf spot disease
poor quality in terms of the avail- contain 7.99 Mcal. Another negative (alternaria dauci)
able nutrients it contains. Some studies attributes of maize cob include high whose symptoms
done in Kenya as well as Tanzania in fibre content estimated at about 30% of include small spots
the seventies indicate that the crude the dry matter. William Ayako on the leaves. This
protein value in the cob varied between Some farmers wrote to us that they are disease makes the whole crop to turn
3- 4%. using maize cobs as feed and that they brown especially during wet condi-
This value is too low to support never had any problems. tions. The disease can wipe out the
the protein requirement of a dairy This is okay. But farmers, who need to whole crop if it is not controlled on
cow if offered as a sole diet. Other use maize cobs because of lack of other feed time. You can treat the crop with copper
implications involved in feeding such are advised to incorporate ingredients with based fungicides which are allowed
a poor diet include low voluntary a high protein content such as soya bean in organic farming. Another common
intake, poor digestibility and hence meal, fish meal sunflower or cotton seed disease is the bacterial soft which can
reduced production (growth or milk). cake to make the feed more nutritious.TOF be controlled through crop rotation
Termite control is not easy

and maintaining crop hygiene.
Vegetables?
I planted 1000 seedlings of eucalyptus ful of bicarbonate to 1 litre of water. I would like to get information on veg-
(South African variety) but I have lost Hot water poured into a termite nest etable dehydration.Kipsang Kirui Tel.
almost all of them to termites. Please can also eradicate them. Urine also 0729 594 704.
advice. Tel 0722 269 184 repels termites especially if it is applied There are several simple driers that
Termites are very difficult to control around the nest. Mulching material can be used for vegetable drying. We
once they have established themselves tends to attract termites because they are yet to identify a suitable drier that
in an area. But you can try spray- feed on decaying plant material. Try is affordable for small-scale farmers.
ing with a solution of bicarbonate of and remove all these type of plant Soon we will write an article on various
soda and dishwashing soap in water. material around your seedlings and see methods and equipment that farmers
The proportion should be 1 teaspoon- if this will keep termites away. TOF can use for dehydration.
Nr. 49 June 2009
Plant trees and restore our fast disappearing forests

With the long rains having started in while keeping the soil fertile and cool.
most parts of the country, this is the But farmers need to be careful when
most appropriate time for farmers to choosing the type of trees to plant.
start planting trees. The forest cover Trees such as the eucalyptus or pines
in the country has reduced from 10 to should not be planted near crops. The
2 percent in the last 20 years. One of best trees to plant with crops are those
the reasons for deforestation is largely that help fix nitrogen such as grevillea,
due to human encroachment into our leucaena or even sesbania.
gazetted forest areas. Most farmers The best way to plant trees is to do it
know that it is now very difficult to in rows (also known as alley planting),
predict rainfall patterns due to climate using this method: Farmers can leave
change. This has affected food secu- a space of 2 to 5 metres between the
rity and made it difficult for farmers tree rows and then plant their crops
to plan their farming activities. Our Good seedling grow into healthy trees between the rows. If the trees are nitro-
water sources have reduced and many gen-fixing, they can provide the plants
former permanent rivers are now sea- trees. They can be planted on hedges with nitrogen and mulch, which stores
sonal streams. or even along the terraces. Trees have moisture and organic matter for use by
Farmers have been blamed for defor- many advantages, they can grow on the plants. Trees that are planted with
estation since most of the forested land hills and rocky places, they do not dry crops should be fast growing varieties
has been turned into farmlands, but easily during times of drought and which can be prunned and be able to
they can also be part of the solution help protect fields and houses from regenerate after a short period. Trees
if they embraced the tree planting on wind. Agroforestry involves the plant- such as eucalyptus can also be planted
their farms. Trees have many benefits ing of trees and crops or pasture on in an isolated part of the farm which is
to farmers; apart from being a source the same field. Farmers can choose to not being used for crops. Such peren-
of firewood and building material, plant fruit trees and crops together; nial trees are planted in a wood lot
they also prevent soil erosion. Farmers the trees in this case help the crops by mainly for the purpose of providing
have many options on where to plant drawing water from deep in the soil firewood, timber or building material.
Issue 10, June 2009 To advertise contact: James

Mwangi 020 356 4106, email: the-
To book your quality bunnies please order in advance for

planned breeding.
Buy bunnies from our farm and you get your
Rabbit Management Handbook FREE.
Tel: 0733 893 300, Email: jwathuge@yahoo.com

(Call only during the day 8am - 5pm)
Organic farmer.qxp 11/16/2005 6:19 PM Page 1
The Organic Farmer

6JGPGYURCRGTHQTUWUVCKPCDNGCITKEWNVWTGKP-GP[C 0T &GEGODGT
Dear farmers,
This is the last issue of the The Organic
Farmer this year. In the last 12 months,
many of you have faced a number of
challenges in your efforts to increase
agricultural production, both for food self-
sufficiency and for sale. Despite it being
the festive season, many farmers are
already engaged in harvesting maize and
related food crops. That's why we have
given additional tips on maize storage. It
will be most unfortunate if farmers lose
their precious crop after working so hard
during the last 12 months.
Farmers lose a lot due to poor storage. (Photo courtesy of ICIPE) Now the year is coming to an end.
$GPGHKVUQH RTQRGTOCK\GUVQTCIG
What does it mean to you? First of all it
is helpful and always important that
farmers take stock of failures and
Early harvesting and good
(#1 HCTOGTUKP#HTKECNQUGDGVYGGP achievements. This gives you an
storage can reduce losses and VQ RGTEGPV QH VJGKT JCTXGUV VQ opportunity to evaluate yourself so as to
increase earnings for farmers. RGUVU 6JKUECPDGCXQKFGFKH QPN[VJG[ perform even better in the coming year to
EQWNF VCMG C HGY UKORNG OGCUWTGU VQ avoid the same mistakes. The decisions
The Organic Farmer UVQR VJG NQUU ECNNGF RQUVJCTXGUV you make today will have consequences
NQUU FWTKPIUVQTCIG tomorrow.
+PQTFGTVQRTQVGEVVJGKTJCTXGUV OCP[ /CP[DW[GTU OKNNKPIEQORCPKGUCPF
HCTOGTU KP -GP[C DWKNF YGNNUGCNGF After selling farm produce, farmers
VJG 0CVKQPCN %GTGCNU CPF 2TQFWEG need to focus sharply on the tasks ahead.
UVQTGU VJCV ECPPQV DG DTQMGP KPVQ D[ $QCTFQHVGPTGLGEVRQQTSWCNKV[OCK\G
VJKGXGU $WV VJG[ HQTIGV QVJGT HQTEKPI HCTOGTU VQ UGNN KV CV NQYGT A lot of financial requirements will be
VJKGXGUCNTGCF[YCKVKPIKPVJGUVQTGU RTKEGU VQ OKFFNGOGP 6JKU KU OCKPN[ waiting for you, such as land preparation,
6JGUGKPENWFGYGGXKNU VJGNCTIGTITCKP FWGVQRQQTJCTXGUVKPICPFUVQTCIG farm inputs and even paying school fees in
DQTGT QT l1UCOC CPF GXGP OQWNFU the month of January. You may also have
VJCV EQPVCKP FGCFN[ RQKUQPU UWEJ CU Early harvesting is the answer various debts that need to be settled. All
CHNCVQZKP /CP[RGQRNGFKGFKPRCTVUQH .QUUGUCNYC[UDGIKPKPVJGHKGNF +VKUC these obligations mean that you have to
-KVWK FKUVTKEV NCUV [GCT CHVGT GCVKPI RTCEVKEGCOQPIOCP[EQOOWPKVKGUKP plan properly in order to meet all these
RQQTN[ UVQTGF OCK\G VJCV EQPVCKPGF -GP[CVQYCKVHQTVJGUEJQQNJQNKFC[U responsibilities.
CHNCVQZKPU VQ UVCTV JCTXGUVKPI 1H EQWTUG YG Everyyear farmerswho do not prepare
%CP[QWKOCIKPGDW[KPIHGTVKNK\GTU WPFGTUVCPFVJCVUOCNNUECNGHCTOGTUCTG
UGGFUCPFVGPFKPI[QWTOCK\GETQRCNN their activities carefully are caught up in a
PQV CDNG VQ RC[ HQT QWVUKFG NCDQWT vicious cycle of problems. Planning is an
[GCTTQWPF QPN[VQJCXGKVFGUVTQ[GF 6JKUKUVJGTGCUQPYJ[VJG[FGRGPFQP
D[RGUVUCHVGTJCTXGUV!;GVVJKUKUYJCV important step to avoid troubles later in
VJGKTEJKNFTGPHQTJCTXGUVKPI the year. Careful choice of what to plant
JCRRGPU VQ OCP[HCTOGTU GXGT[[GCT $WVVJKUYKNNCNTGCF[DGVQQNCVG #V
#EEQTFKPI VQ VJG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU and where to plant is essential; not all
VJG OQOGPV OCP[HCTOGTU JCXG PQV plants like each other, as you can see on
(QQF CPF #ITKEWNVWTG 1TICPK\CVKQP [GVJCTXGUVGFVJGKTOCK\G CNVJQWIJKV page 8. If a particular crop has not done
JCUDGGPTCKPKPIKPOQUVRCTVUQH VJG well this year, the farmer has to find out
EQWPVT[ KP VJG RCUV VYQ OQPVJU the reason for the failure and make the
(CTOGTU CTG IQKPI VQ NQUG C
EQPUKFGTCDNGSWCPVKV[QH OCK\GFWGVQ necessary changes - of course not forgetting
In this issue what the market demands.
TQVVKPI CPF RGUVU GXGP DGHQTG VJG[
Working for African Farmers JCTXGUV /QUV QH VJG OCK\G XCTKGVKGU We arelookingforward to a fruitfuland
6JGXKUKQPQH VJGPGY+%+2' RNCPVGF KP /CTEJ CPF GCTN[ #RTKN rewarding relationship with you in the
FKTGEVQTIGPGTCN Page 2 UJQWNF DG TGCF[ HQT JCTXGUVKPI D[ coming year. We should not forget that
1EVQDGT +H VJGCNTGCF[OCVWTGOCK\G agriculture is the backbone of this
Importance of Nitrogen UVC[U VQQ NQPI KP VJG HKGNF VJG JWUMU country'seconomy. Let us work togetherto
%TQRTQVCVKQPCPFKPVGTETQRRKPIYKVJ VGPFVQQRGP 6JG[CTGVJGPPQVQPN[ increase production in a sustainable way
NGIWOGUKPETGCUG[KGNFU Page 3 GZRQUGF VQ RGUVU DWV CNUQ VQ YCVGT that uplifts the living standards of our
HTQOVJGTCKPU 6JGYCVGTKPVJGEQDU people. We wish all our readers and their
Associated plants KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG [GNNQY EQNQWT families a happy holiday season and a
*QYFKHHGTGPVRNCPVUFGRGPFQPGCEJ CPF TQVVKPI *[DTKF XCTKGVKGU CTG prosperous New Year.
QVJGTVQHKIJVFKUGCUGU Page 8 GURGEKCNN[ XWNPGTCDNG VQ RGUVU CPF
FGEC[ See page 3 6JG'FKVQTU
2 The Organic Farmer 0T &GEGODGT
MY OPINION
By John Miriti
+%+2'CUUKUVKPI#HTKECPHCTOGTU
Whenever I introduce myself as a ICIPE will strengthen the
farmer to other people, the reaction cooperation with African
I get is that of somebody who is way universities to promote
down the career ladder. This is agriculture in Africa.
despite the fact that we farmers play
a very important role in Kenya's The Organic farmer
economy. We should be proud of (CTOGTU KP -GP[C CPF
our occupation and let other people VJGTGUVQH #HTKECHCEGC
know this fact. It is from the work of DKIRTQDNGOYKVJKPUGEV
our hands that millions of our people RGUVUUWEJCUVJGNCTIGT
get something to eat. Otherwise ITCKPDQTGT CHNCVQZKP
C
they would not survive. Farmers are VQZKP RTQFWEGF D[ C
hardworking and self-employed. It is HWPIWUKPOCK\G VJTKRU
so satisfying to work on the land. It QT GXGP VJG FKCOQPF
is what makes me to be proud as a DCEMOQVJ +H [QW
farmer. OGPVKQP VJGUG CPF
John Miriti is farmer in Meru. OCP[ QVJGT RGUVU VJG
PCOG QH QPG RGTUQP
CNYC[UUVCPFUQWVCPF
The Organic Farmer VJCV KU &T %JTKUVKCP
Nr. 8, December 2005 $QTIGOGKUVGT VJG PGY
FKTGEVQTIGPGTCN QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN Dr. Christian Borgemeister
The Organic Farmer is an %GPVTG QH +PUGEV 2J[UKQNQI[ CPF IQQFCPFVJGDGPGHKVQH VJGRGQRNGKP
independent newspaper for the 'EQNQI[
+%+2' *GKUETGFKVGFYKVJ #HTKEC CPF GURGEKCNN[ HQT VJG #HTKECP
Kenyan farming community. It JCXKPIRKQPGGTGFTGUGCTEJQPYC[UQH HCTOGTU
promotes organic farming and EQPVTQNNKPIVJGUGFGXCUVCVKPIRGUVU 6JCV KU YJ[ &T $QTIGOGKUVGT
supports discussions on all aspects CVVTKDWVGU C ITGCV XCNWG VQ VJG
of sustainable development. The $QTP KP KP )GTOCP[ &T
$QTIGOGKUVGTKUPQUVTCPIGTVQ #HTKEC PGYURCRGT The Organic Farmer
Organic Farmer is published monthly RWDNKUJGF D[ +%+2' 5EKGPVKUVU ECP
by ICIPE and distributed CPF KVU RTQDNGOU *G YQTMGF CU C
TGUGCTEJGT CV VJG VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN UJCTG VJGKT MPQYNGFIG YKVJ VJG
free to farmers. The HCTOGTU CPF VJG HCTOGTU ECP UGG VJG
reports of The Organic +PUVKVWVG HQT 6TQRKECN #ITKEWNVWTG

++6#KP$GPKP 9GUV#HTKEC DGVYGGP EQOOKVOGPV QH VJG UEKGPVKUVU YJGP
Farmer do not necessarily VJG[ CTG VT[KPI VQ UQNXG VJG HCTOGTlU
reflect the views of ICIPE. CPF #HVGTVJCVJGOQXGFVQ
VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *CPPQXGT KP RTQDNGOU
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by )GTOCP[YJGTGJGTQUGVQDGEQOGC
BioVision, a Swiss based foundation RTQHGUUQT CV VJG RTGUVKIKQWU +PUVKVWVG Fight against malaria
for the promotion of sustainable QH 2NCPV 2TQVGEVKQP CV VJKU WPKXGTUKV[ &T $QTIGOGKUVGTRNGCFUHQTEQPVKPWKV[
development. NCUV[GCT $WV#HTKECYQWNFPQVNQUGKVU QH VJGYQTMQH +%+2' 6JGDCUGNKPG
www.biovision.ch ITKR QP JKO +V KU TGCNN[ C PGY TGUGCTEJ JCU VQ DG CEVKXCVGFOQTG CU
EJCNNGPIGHQTOGVQNGCF+%+2' UC[U YGNNCUVJGCFXKEGVQHCTOGTU 9GJCXG
Publisher $QTIGOGKUVGT YJQ FGUETKDGU JKOUGNH VQ UWRRN[ VJGO YKVJ PCVWTCN YC[U VQ
International Centre of Insect CU RTCEVKECN KP JKU CRRTQCEJ VQ HKIJVRGUVUKPVJGKTETQRU
Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) RTQDNGOU +%+2' KU URGEKCNKUGF KP $WV VJG VCUM QH +%+2' UVTGVEJGU
P.O.Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi TGUGCTEJ KPVQ KPUGEVU DWV QWT HKGNF QH HWTVJGT +V KU CNUQ QPG QH VJG NGCFKPI
KENYA MPQYNGFIGUVTGVEJGUHWTVJGT 9JKNGYG QTICPKUCVKQPUKPVJGYQTNFKPVJGHKIJV
Tel. +254 20 863 2000 VT[ VQ UQNXG RTQDNGOU QH #HTKECP CICKPUV OCNCTKC 9G CTG PQV CNNQYGF
e-mail: icipe@icipe.org CITKEWNVWTG YG ECP JGNR KORTQXG VJG GXGT VQ NQUG UKIJV QH VJG RTQDNGOU
homepage: http://www.icipe.org NKXKPIUVCPFCTFUKPVJGEQPVKPGPV OCNCTKC DTKPIU CNQPI CPF YG CNYC[U
6JCV KU QPG QH VJG TGCUQPU YJ[ JCXGVQRWVJWOCPNKHGCVVJGEGPVTGQH
Editors +%+2' YCPVU VQ UVTGPIVJGP VJG QWTHQEWU6JGOCPKHGUVQH +%+2'KU
Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner EQQRGTCVKQPYKVJ #HTKECPWPKXGTUKVKGU QH ITGCV KORQTVCPEG VQ &T
Secretariat 9G YCPV VQ GUVCDNKUJ IQQF $QTIGOGKUVGT +V UVCVGU +%+2'lU
Lucy W. Macharia TGNCVKQPUJKRU GZRNCKPU $QTIGOGKUVGT OKUUKQP KU VQ JGNR CNNGXKCVG RQXGTV[
Advisory Board VJGTGGZKUVUCITGCVRQVGPVKCNDGECWUG GPUWTGHQQFUGEWTKV[CPFKORTQXGVJG
Dr. Bernhard Lhr, ICIPE #HTKECP 7PKXGTUKVKGU JCXG FGXGNQRGF QXGTCNNJGCNVJUVCVWUQH RGQRNGUQH VJG
Dr. Nguya Maniania, ICIPE XGT[YGNNUKPEG+NGHV 6JKUKUGURGEKCNN[ VTQRKEU D[ FGXGNQRKPI CPF GZVGPFKPI
Dr. Fritz Schulthess, ICIPE UQKP-GP[CKPRCTVKEWNCTCPFKP'CUV OCPCIGOGPV VQQNU CPF UVTCVGIKGU HQT
Address #HTKECKPIGPGTCN JGUC[U JCTOHWNCPFWUGHWNCTVJTQRQFU YJKNG
The Organic Farmer
%CRCEKV[DWKNFKPIKUCOCIKEYQTFHQT RTGUGTXKPI VJG PCVWTCN TGUQWTEG DCUG
VJG PGY +%+2'FKTGEVQT *G UGGU VJTQWIJ TGUGCTEJ CPF ECRCEKV[
KENYA
QRRQTVWPKVKGUKPVJCVCTGCHQT+%+2' DWKNFKPI
Tel. 020 445 03 98
e-mail : info@organickenya.com +VKUCP#HTKECP+PUVKVWVG 9GYQTMKP 6JQUGCTGEJCNNGPIKPIIQCNU UC[U
Layout: #HTKECP EQWPVTKGU 6JGMPQYNGFIG &T $QTIGOGKUVGT GURGEKCNN[YJGPYG
In-A-Vision Systems(k) YGICVJGTKPCNNVJQUGEQWPVTKGUJCUVQ NQQMCVCNNQH VJGOVQIGVJGT $WVVJG
DGWUGFKPCOQTGKPVGPUGYC[HQTVJG GHHQTVKUYQTVJYJKNG
The Organic Farmer 0T &GEGODGT 3

(CTOGTUECPGCUKN[TGFWEGUVQTCIGNQUUGU
With simple storage measures
farmers can keep away
pests and can avoid the
destruction of their precious harvest .

*CTXGUVKPICVVJGTKIJVVKOGCPFWUKPI
VJG CRRTQRTKCVG UVQTCIG OGVJQFU ECP
ITGCVN[ TGFWEG NQUUGU FWG VQ KPUGEV
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9JCV GNUG ECP VJG[ FQ VQ UCXG VJGKT
OCK\G! This type of maize storage encourages pests
Photo courtesy of Helvitas)
Careful preparation HWOKICVG VJG UVQTGU DGHQTG UVQTCIG VJG[ ECP CRRN[ VJG TGEQOOGPFGF
Sorting: 6JGETQRUJQWNFDGUQTVGFVQ
HWOKICVKQP KU VJG WUG QH EJGOKECN EJGOKECNRGUVKEKFGUKH VJGCNVGTPCVKXGU
TGOQXG VJG EQDU VJCV JCXG CNTGCF[ HWOGUVQMKNNRGUVU (WOKICVKQPVCDNGVU IKXGPCDQXGCTGPQVGHHGEVKXG
DGGPFCOCIGFD[KPUGEVUCPFOKNFGY CTGCXCKNCDNGKPCITQXGVGTKPCT[UVQTGU 'XGT[HCTOGTUJQWNFEJGEMVJGITCKP

OQWNF 5VWFKGU JCXG UJQYP VJCV TGIWNCTN[ YJKNG KP VJG UVQTG VQ OCMG
UQTVKPIJGNRUVQTGFWEGVJGCOQWPVQH Methods of pest control UWTG RGUVU FQ PQV TGKPXCFG KV
FCOCIGD[WRVQRGTEGPV 'XGP YKVJ CNN VJGUG RTGECWVKQPU %QPVTQNNKPI TCVU CPF OKEG KU CNUQ
Drying: +VKUCNYC[UIQQFVQFT[OCK\G HCTOGTU JCXG QVJGT OGVJQFU VQ KORQTVCPV 4CVUGCVNCTIGSWCPVKVKGUQH
DGHQTGKVKUUVQTGF /CK\GEQDUUJQWNF EQPVTQN RGUVU +P UQOG RCTVU QH VJG OCK\G GURGEKCNN[FWTKPIUVQTCIG 6JG[
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QTVYQFC[U GWECN[RVWUVTGGUVQJGNRTGRGNRGUVUDWV TCVRQKUQP 1PTCKUGFUVQTGU HKZKPIQH
Shelling: #PQVJGT UVGR VQ RTQVGEV VJGKTGHHGEVKUPQVNQPINCUVKPI 0GGO OGVCN TCV IWCTFU QP VJG UWRRQTVKPI
OCK\GKUVQUJGNNKV 5JGNNKPIKUVJGDGUV NGCXGU CTG CNUQ WUGF CPF CEV NQPIGT RQNGU ECP UVQR VJG TQFGPVU HTQO
YC[VQEJGEMRGUVFCOCIG 2GUVURTGHGT 9QQF CUJ KU CNUQ XGT[ EQOOQP CU KV ICKPKPI CEEGUU VQ VJG UVQTG 6JG TCV
OCK\G YJKNG KV KU UVKNN QP VJG EQD RTGXGPVU VJG OQXGOGPV QH RGUVU KP IWCTFUNQQMNKMGCEQNNCTHKVVGFCTQWPF
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UGGDQZ YJGPWUKPIHWOKICPVUQTTCVRQKUQPU
CRRN[RGUVKEKFGU KVKUOQTGGHHGEVKXGKP 7PHQTVWPCVGN[KVKUPQVYGNNMPQYPD[ JQYGXGT UQ VJCV EJKNFTGP RGVU CPF
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Storage: +H [QWJCXGVQDWKNFCUVQTG WUGFFWUVUKPVJGEQPVTQNQH RGUVUKP XGT[ HGY #HTKECP HCTOGTU WUG KV HQT
KV UJQWNF JCXG CFGSWCVG URCEG HQTCKT UVQTGF ITCKPU +V KU C PCVWTCN RGUVEQPVTQN
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OQTGURCEGKPVJGWRRGTRCTV +PFGGF VJG SWCNKV[ QH ITCKP &KCVQOKVG KU C Application
VJGUVQTGUJQWNFJCXGCVNGCUVVQ RQTQWUYJKVGTQEMOCFGQH HQUUKNKUGF (CTOGTUECPCRRN[MIQH VJGFWUVVQ
RGTEGPV QRGP URCEG HQT VJG UVQTGF OKETQUEQRKE RNCPVU ECNNGF FKCVQOU VQPPGQH OCK\G DCTNG[ YJGCV QCVU
EGTGCNU VQ FT[ RTQRGTN[ 6JG UVQTG YJKEJ GZKUVGF KP RTGJKUVQTKE VKOGU TKEG QT UQTIJWO FKTGEVN[ KPVQ VJG
RNCVHQTOUJQWNFDGTCKUGFWRVQQT 6JG RQYFGT EQPUKUVU QH OKNNKQPU QH UVQTGFITCKPCPFOKZ+YKVJCUJQXGN
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+H [QW WUG C UVQTG YJKEJ KU CNTGCF[ FKCVQOKVG HCTOGTUFQPQVPGGFVQWUG FCOCIKPIVJGITCKPU
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Fumigation: (CTOGTU CTG CFXKUGF VQ 6GN
TOF
(CTOGTUDGPGHKVHTQOITQYVJCEVKXCVQT
The activator is helping farmers
get better results and strengthen plants
to withstand diseases and even pests.
By Peter Kamau, Kangema
+H CP[QPGYGTGVQENCKOVJCVQTICPKE
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JGNRVQURGGFWRVJGFGEQORQUKVKQPQH Rosemary Nyambura shows her healthy passion fruits. (Photo TOF)
QTICPKE OCVVGT YJKNG TGNGCUKPI
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HQTVWPGU HQT OCP[ HCTOGTU YJQ CTG /WTCPICFKUVTKEV 6JGETQRUKPJGT HCTOKPIKUVJCV+WUGOCVGTKCNYJKEJKU
PQYWUKPIKVHQTOCP[RWTRQUGUQPVJG CETGHCTOUJQYYJCVVJGCEVKXCVQTECP TGCFKN[ CXCKNCDNG QP VJG HCTO 6JG
HCTOVQKPETGCUGRTQFWEVKQP FQVQETQRUKH KVKURTQRGTN[WUGF *GT RTQDNGOYKVJOCP[HCTOGTUYJQWUG
CETG OCTMGV ICTFGP KU KPVGTETQRRGF EJGOKECN HGTVKNK\GTU CPF RGUVKEKFGU KU
Compost decays faster YKVJ JGCNVJ[ RCUUKQP HTWKVU QPKQPU VJCVVJG[FQPQVUKVFQYPVQHKPFQWV
$GHQTGO[EQORQUVWUGFVQVCMGVQ VWTPKRU EQWTIGVVGU ECDDCIGU VJG EQUV QH VJGUG KPRWVU +H VJG[ FKF
OQPVJUVQFGEQORQUG YJGP+CRRN[ UWMWOCYKMK ECRUKEWOUCPFKORTQXGF VJG[YQWNFFKUEQXGTVJCVEQPXGPVKQPCN
'/KVVCMGUQPN[OQPVJ /[ETQRU RWORMKPU #JCNHCETGKUTGUGTXGFHQT CITKEWNVWTG KU OWEJOQTG GZRGPUKXG
CTG JGCNVJKGT CPF VJG [KGNF JCU OCK\G YJKNG VJG WRRGT UGEVKQP KU C UJGUC[U
KPETGCUGF EQPUKFGTCDN[ UC[U ECVVNG UJGF YKVJ FCKT[ EQYU VJCV Marketing organics a big problem
0[CODWTC RTQXKFG HCTO[CTF OCPWTG YJKNG VJG 0QYVJGOCKPJCPFKECRHQTVJGITQWR
6QIGVJGTYKVJQVJGTOGODGTUQH TGOCKPKPICETGUCTGWPFGTVGC
VJG 0IQGKPK-CP[GP[CKPK
0IQMC KUHKPFKPIOCTMGVHQTVJGKTXGIGVCDNGU
5JG JCU UGGP C ITGCVKORTQXGOGPV #NVJQWIJVJG[JCXG RTQFWEGF SWCNKV[
5GNH*GNR)TQWR 0[CODWTCJCFDGGP QP VJG RTQFWEVKXKV[ QH VJG XCTKQWU XGIGVCDNGU CPF HTWKVU HQT VJG NCUV HKXG
KPVTQFWEGF VQ WUKPI QTICPKE OQFG QH ETQRUQPVJGHCTO +WUGFVQJCTXGUV [GCTU PQVCUKPINGDW[GTJCUGZRTGUUGF
RTQFWEVKQP DCEM KP 6JGP VJG QPN[DCIUQH OCK\G NCUV[GCT+IQV CPKPVGTGUVKPVJGO #UCTGUWNVVJG[CTG
ITQWRYCUITQYKPI#TCDKEWOHNQYGTU DCIU QP VJG UCOG RKGEG QH NCPF /[ HQTEGFVQEQORGVGYKVJEQPXGPVKQPCNN[
QTICPKECNN[YKVJHCTO[CTFOCPWTG 5JG ECDDCIGUPQYYGKIJCPCXGTCIG QH ITQYPUWDUVKVWVGU
NCVGT CDCPFQPGF HNQYGT ITQYKPI FWG MICRKGEG 6JGOQUVKPVGTGUVKPIVJKPI Need for certification
VQ VJG RQQT RTKEGU QHHGTGF D[ YKVJQTICPKEHCTOKPIKUVJCVVJG[KGNF
OKFFNGOGP +V YCU VJGP VJCV C MGGRU QP KPETGCUKPI GXGT[ [GCT $[ UC[U )GQHHTG[-KTCIW CPQVJGTOGODGT
DWUKPGUUOCP HTQO -KTKCKPK OCTMGV VJCV YKVJ VJG PGY OGVJQF QH
GCVKPI QTICPKE HQQFU O[ JGCNVJ JCU QTICPKERTQFWEVKQP
VCWIJV VJGO JQY VQ WUG '/ 5JG KORTQXGFVQQUJGUC[U VJGITQWRKUCDNG
CVVGPFGFUGXGTCNVTCKPKPIUGUUKQPUWPVKN VQ UWRRN[CP[SWCPVKV[QH QTICPKECNN[
UJGDGECOGEQPXGTUCPVYKVJEQORQUV 9KVJVJGGZVTCEVUJGJCUOCPCIGFVQ ITQYP KVGOU *G UCKF VJG[ JCF
OCMKPICPFRTGRCTCVKQPQH (GTOGPVGF EQPVTQN OCP[ RGUVU CPF FKUGCUGU VJCV TGURQPFGFVQCPCFXGTVKUGOGPVKPThe
2NCPV 'ZVTCEVU
(2' WUKPI VJG YGTG FKHHKEWNV VQ EQPVTQN GXGP YKVJ Organic Farmer D[ 5W -CJWODW VJG
CEVKXCVQT EJGOKECNU #PQVJGTDKICFXCPVCIGUJG HCTOGT HTQO.KOWTWYJQ ITQYU CPF
JCUFKUEQXGTGFYKVJVJGWUGQH '/KU UWRRNKGU QTICPKE XGIGVCDNGU VQ NQECN
Yield has increased VJCV ETQR TGUKFWGU URTC[GF YKVJ VJG UWRGTOCTMGVU
5JG CNUQ CPUYGTU
(TQO VJGP HCTOKPI JCU PGXGT DGGP UQNWVKQPFGEQORQUGHCUV 6JGTGUKFWG HCTOGTU SWGUVKQPU QP RCIG
VJGUCOGCICKPHQT0[CODWTC 6QFC[ KU TGCFKN[ EQPXGTVGF KPVQ SWCNKV[ -CJWODW JCF CFXKUGF VJGO VJCV HQT
EQORQUVVJCVECPPQVVTCPUHGTFKUGCUGU VJGKT RTQFWEVU VQ DG CEEGRVGF CU
Dear farmers, HTQO QPG ETQR VQ VJG PGZV 5JG JCU QTICPKE VJGKT HCTOU JCXG VQ DG
5Q OCP[ HCTOGTU CTG ECNNKPI YKVJ CNUQ TGFWEGF VJG PWODGT QH ETQR KPURGEVGFD[SWCNKHKGFQTICPKEHCTOKPI
GPSWKTKGU QP YJGTG VJG[ ECP DW[ TQVCVKQPE[ENGUKPGCEJRQTVKQPQH NCPF GZRGTVUYJQYQWNF VJGP IKXG VJGO C
QTICPKE HGTVKNK\GTU CPF ITQYVJ 6JKU KU DGECWUG VJG UQKN HGTVKNKV[ KU EGTVKHKECVGVQUJQYVJCVVJGKTOGVJQFU
CEVKXCVQTU UWEJ CU RJ[OKZ DKQCNIGPG OCKPVCKPGF CPF GPJCPEGF YJKNG QH RTQFWEVKQP OGGV VJG TGSWKTGF
PGGOCPF'/CUYGNN FKUGCUGUCPFRGUVUCTGEQPVTQNNGF KPVGTPCVKQPCN UVCPFCTFU HQT QTICPKE
$GIKPPKPI ,CPWCT[ The Organic Local material HQQFU $WV -KTCIW UC[U VJG[ FQ PQV
Farmer YKNN ECTT[ C UGTKGU QH CTVKENGU 6JG OGODGTU EQNNGEV OQPG[ CPF WPFGTUVCPFVJGRTQEGFWTGUKPXQNXGFQT
IKXKPIFGVCKNUKPENWFKPIKPUVTWEVKQPUQP DW[VJG'/LQKPVN[
CNKVTG EQUVU -UJ VJG RGQRNG YJQ RTQXKFG EGTVKHKECVKQP
VJGKT RTQRGT WUCIG +H [QW JCXG CP[ VJG[VJGPRTGRCTGVJG(2'CUC UGTXKEGU
SWGUVKQPU RNGCUG HQTYCTF VJGO VQ WU ITQWR CPF WUG KV KP VJGKT KPFKXKFWCN 1WTRTQDNGOKULWUVVJGOCTMGV 9G
CPFYGYKNNVT[VQTGURQPF HCTOU 6JG TGOCKPKPI ECUJ KU JQRGVJCVQPGFC[YGYKNNDGCDNGVQ
FGRQUKVGF KP VJG ITQWRlU CEEQWPV HQT UGNNNQECNN[CPFGXGPGZRQTV JGCFFU

9J[PKVTQIGPKUIQQFHQTOCK\G 0KVTQIGPHCEVQTKGU
Maize planted in soil with high nitrogen UEKGPVKUVUFKUEQXGTGFVJCVOCK\GKPVJG QH VJGRNCPVYQTNF
does not only grow better, it is TQVCVKQPU[UVGO
KKJCF VKOGU 6JGITQYVJQH CNNQTICPKUOUFGRGPFU
more resistant against the stemborer. OQTGUVGODQTGTURGTRNCPVEQORCTGF QP VJG CXCKNCDKNKV[ QH OKPGTCN
VQ VJG EQPVKPWQWU OCK\G RTQFWEVKQP PWVTKGPVU 0KVTQIGP KU JG OQUV
By Felix Mbitu Murimi U[UVGO GURGEKCNN[CVVJGGCTN[UVCIGQH KORQTVCPV GNGOGPV 6JGTG KU C
OCK\G ITQYVJ 6JKU KU DGECWUG VJG RNGPVKHWN UWRRN[ QH PKVTQIGP KP VJG
/CK\G KU QPG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV OCK\G KP VJG TQVCVKQP U[UVGO YCU GCTVJlUCVOQURJGTG PGCTN[ QH
UVCRNG HQQFU KP NCTIG RCTVU QH #HTKEC DGVVGT QHH CPF UVTQPIGT CPF OWEJ VJGCKTKUPKVTQIGPICU
KPENWFKPI-GP[C CUYGCNNMPQY 5QKV OQTGCVVTCEVKXGVQVJGUVGODQTGTU *QY FQ VJGUG PCVWTCN PKVTQIGP
KU QDXKQWU VJCV UEKGPVKUVU YQTMKPI QP *QYGXGT OQPVJUCHVGTRNCPVKPI HGTVKNK\GT HCEVQTKGUYQTM!$CEVGTKCKP
VJG EQPVKPGPV CTG XGT[ EQOOKVVGF VQ VJGUVGODQTGTNCTXCGYGTG VKOGU VJGTQQVPQFWNGU
UYGNNKPIUQH EGTVCKP
FQKPICNNMKPFUQH TGUGCTEJQPOCK\G OQTG NKMGN[ VQ FKG KP VJG TQVCVKQP RNCPVU OCKPN[ NGIWOGU RTQFWEG
6JG TGUWNVU QH FKHHGTGPV VTKCNU KP U[UVGO VJCP KP VJG EQPVKPWQWU OCK\G DKQNQIKECNN[ WUCDNG PKVTQIGP
OCKPN[
%COGTQQP CPF 6CP\CPKC CTG XGT[ U[UVGO #PF VKOGU OQTG ITCKP COOQPKWOHTQOPKVTQIGPICUKPVJG
KPHQTOCVKXGCPFJCXGOCP[NGUUQPUHQT YCU NQUV FWG VQ UVGODQTGTU KP VJG KP CKT 6JKU RTQEGUU KU ECNNGF PKVTQIGP
CNN HCTOGTU GPICIGF KP QTICPKE VJG EQPVKPWQWU OCK\G RTQFWEVKQP HKZCVKQP 6JG DCEVGTKC ECNNGF
HCTOKPI U[UVGO
KVJCPKPVJGETQRUGSWGPEGU 4JK\QDKWO GZKUV KP UQKN CPF CVVCEJ
VJGOUGNXGU VQ VJG TQQVU QH NGIWOGU
6JG HKGNF VTKCNU KP %COGTQQP QH ITCKPNGIWOGUYKVJOCK\G
KK CPF
VKOGUOQTGYCUNQUVEQORCTGFVQ ECWUKPI VJG HQTOCVKQP QH UOCNN
KPXGUVKICVGF VJG GHHGEVU QH ETQR ITQYKPIOCK\GCHVGTEQXGTETQRU
UWEJ PQFWNGU KP YJKEJ VJG[ NKXG 9KVJKP
TQVCVKQP KPVGTETQRRKPIYKVJCNGIWOG CU NGIWOGU 6JKU TGUWNV KU GCU[ VQ VJKUPQFWNG VJGDCEVGTKCOWNVKRN[CPF
EQXGT ETQRU CPF DWUJ HCNNQY QP WPFGTUVCPF 1P HKGNFU YJGTG OCK\G HKZPKVTQIGPHTQOVJGCKTVJCVKUHQWPF
KPHGUVCVKQPD[UVGODQTGTUCPFQP[KGNF YCU KPVGTETQRRGF QT TQVCVGF YKVJ C DGVYGGP VJG UQKN RCTVKENGU 6JGTQQVU
QH OCK\G 6JG UEKGPVKUVU EQORCTGF NGIWOGPQWU ETQR QT YJGTG VJG NCPF DGEQOGTKEJKPPKVTQIGP UGPFKPIKVVQ
HQWTVTGCVOGPVU VJG TGUV QH VJG RNCPV YJGTG KV

K YJGTG OCK\G JCU DGGP RNCPVGF JCV DGGP NGHV VQ HCNNQY VJG RTGXKQWU
UGCUQP VJG UQKN IQV OWEJ OQTG UVKOWNCVGU ITQYVJ 5QOG COQWPV QH
EQPVKPWQWUN[[GCTCHVGT[GCT PKVTQIGPYJKEJ EQWNF HGGF VJG RNCPVU PKVTQIGP OC[ FKUUQNXG KPVQ VJG

KKYJGTGOCK\GYCURNCPVGFKPHKGNFU DGVVGT 6JGKPETGCUGFPWVTKVKQPCNUVCVWU UQKNYCVGT DGPGHKVKPI QVJGT RNCPVU
YJGTGCITCKPNGIWOG
UWEJCUEQYRGC QH VJG RNCPVU NGCF VQ CP KPETGCUG KP (QNNQYKPI JCTXGUVKPI QH C NGIWOG
QT UQ[C DGCP JCF DGGP RNCPVGF VJG UVGODQTGTCVVCEMUCVVJGGCTN[UVCIGQH
UWEJCUDGCPUQTRGCU VJGTQQVUOC[
RTGXKQWUUGCUQP
TQVCVKQP FKG TGNGCUKPI HWTVJGT PKVTQIGP

KKK YJGTG OCK\G YCU KPVGTETQRRGF RNCPV
RNCPV
ITQYVJ DWV CNUQ VQ KORTQXGF
XKIQWT
UVTGPIVJ TGUWNVKPI #NVJQWIJ NGIWOGU CTG PQV VJG QPN[
YKVJ RKIGQP RGC XGNXGV DGCP
DQVJ HKPCNN[ KP C PGV DGPGHKV HQT VJG RNCPV ITQWR QH RNCPVU VJCV HQTO C
NGIWOGU CPF JKIJGT ITCKP [KGNF 6JG JKIJGUV TGNCVKQPUJKR YKVJ PKVTQIGPHKZKPI UQKN

KXYJGTGOCK\GYCURNCPVGFKPCHKGNF OCK\G [KGNFU YGTG QDVCKPGF YJGP DCEVGTKC VJG[CTG RTQDCDN[ VJG OQUV
VJCVYCUNGHVVQDWUJHCNNQY
PQETQRU OCK\GYCUKPVGTETQRRGFYKVJCNGIWOG KORQTVCPVHQTCITKEWNVWTGVQKORTQXG
VJGRTGXKQWUUGCUQP ITQWPFEQXGT
KKK UQKNHGTVKNKV[
%QORCTGFVQVJGEQPVKPWQWUOCK\G Nitrogen the decisive factor 6JGETKUKUKPUQKNJGCNVJKP#HTKECKU
ETQRRKPI U[UVGO OCK\G KP VJG ETQR 6JKU TGUWNVU JCXG DGGP EQPHKTOGF KP CSWKGVECVCUVTQRJG 1XGTVJGFGECFGU
UGSWGPEG YKVJ NGIWOG CPF HCNNQY UKOKNCT HKGNF VTKCNU EQPFWEVGF CV #HTKEClU UOCNNUECNG HCTOGTU JCXG
U[UVGOU
KKKCPFKXJCFOWEJCJKIJGT -KDCJC CPF /QTQIQTQ KP GCUVGTP TGOQXGFNCTIGSWCPVKVKGUQH PWVTKGPVU
PKVTQIGP EQPVGPV KP VJG UVGO CPF 6CP\CPKC 6JKU RTQLGEV CNUQ KPENWFGF HTQO VJGKT UQKNU YKVJQWV TGVWTPKPI
NGCXGU &WTKPI VJG TGUGCTEJ VJG CP GEQPQOKE CPCN[UKU 6JG UEKGPVKUVU VJGO KP UWHHKEKGPV SWCPVKVKGU KP VJG
EQORCTGFVYQOCK\G HKGNFU 1PGJCF HQTO QH OCPWTG QT HGTVKNK\GT 6JGUG
DGGP VTGCVGF YKVJ RGUVKEKFGU CICKPUV RTCEVKEGUJCXGTGUWNVGFKPCXGT[JKIJ
VJG UVGODQTGT CPF YKVJ PKVTQIGP CXGTCIG CPPWCN NQUU QH MI QH
HGTVKNK\GT 1PVJGQVJGTHKGNFOCK\GYCU PKVTQIGP MIQH RJQURJQTWU CPF
ITQYP YKVJQWV RGUVKEKFGU CPF VJG MI QH RQVCUUKWO RGT JGEVCTG QH
UEKGPVKUVU CFFGF QPN[ PKVTQIGP EWNVKXCVGFNCPFGCEJ[GCTQXGTVJGRCUV
HGTVKNK\GT [GCTU CEEQTFKPI VQ TGUGCTEJ
6JG TGUWNVU UJQYGF VJG DGPGHKEKCN EQPFWEVGF KP #HTKECP EQWPVTKGU
GHHGEVQH PKVTQIGPQPVJGRNCPVlUCDKNKV[ 6JKUCPPWCNNQUUKUGSWKXCNGPVVQ75
VQEQORGPUCVGHQTDQTGTFCOCIG DKNNKQPKPHGTVKNK\GT
fmm
;KGNFNQUUYCUNGUUYKVJCPKPETGCUGKP
PKVTQIGPCRRNKECVKQP PKVTQIGP EQPVGPV QH VJG UQKN CTG VJG
6JGTG YCU PQV C DKI FKHHGTGPEG FGEKUKXG HCEVQT KP IGVVKPI C JKIJGT
DGVYGGP VJG HKGNF YJGTG RGUVKEKFGU [KGNF 6QTGRNGPKUJUQKNHGTVKNKV[KUGXGP
YGTG WUGF CPF VJG QPG YKVJQWV OQTG KORQTVCPV VJCP WUKPI KORTQXGF
RGUVKEKFGUKPVGTOUQH [KGNF ETQRXCTKGVKGU
6JG CPCN[UKU QH VJG GEQPQOKE 6JGTGHQTG VJGEJGCRGUVYC[VQCFF
DGPGHKVU QH CRRN[KPI HGTVKNK\GT CPF PKVTQIGP VQ VJG UQKN KU TQVCVKPI OCK\G
KPUGEVKEKFG VTGCVOGPV UJQYU VJG YKVJCNGIWOKPQWUEQXGTQTITCKPETQR
HQNNQYKPI 7UKPI KPUGEVKEKFGU KU PQV QTWUKPICPKVTQIGP HGTVKNK\GT +PCTGCU
RTQHKVCDNGYJGPVJGUQKNSWCNKV[KUXGT[ YJGTG UVTKIC KU C RTQDNGO
RQQT UC[U +%+2' UEKGPVKUV &T (TKV\ KPVGTETQRRKPI OCK\G YKVJ FGUOQFKWO
Beans provide maize with nitrogen. (TOF) 5EJWNVJGUU 6JG UQKN SWCNKV[ CPF VJG KUTGEQOOGPFGF
5GGFNKPIUTGSWKTGVGPFGTECTGYJKNGKPVJGPWTUGT[
5WDWMKC HCTOGTU CTG MPQYP CNN QXGT -GP[C HQT VJGKT CEWOGP KP 9JCV UYTQPI
JQTVKEWNVWTCNHCTOKPIGURGEKCNN[VJCVQH VQOCVQGUCPFECDDCIGU 6JGTGKU YKVJO[ECTTQVU!
JQYGXGT C JCPFKECR KP TGCNK\KPI VJG QRVKOWO [KGNFU DGECWUG QH VJG
HQNNQYKPITGCUQPU
.CEMQH RTQRGTMPQYNGFIGQPVJGRTGRCTCVKQPQH PWTUGTKGUTGUWNVKPIKP
HCKNWTGKPIGTOKPCVKQPQH CNCTIGRQRWNCVKQPQH UGGFU
#VVCEMD[RGUVUGURGEKCNN[CRJKFUCPFEWVYQTOU
2NGCUGUGPUKVK\GWUKPVJGUGVYQKUUWGUUQCUVQGHHGEVKXGN[KORTQXGQPVJG
[KGNFCPFKORTQXGQWTGEQPQOKEYGNNDGKPI
+PO[NKUVQH SWGUVKQPUHTQOHCTOGTU UGGFNKPIU NKMG [QWPI EJKNFTGP TGSWKTG
VJKUOQPVJ +YCURNGCUCPVN[UWTRTKUGF VGPFGT ECTG YJKNG KP VJG PWTUGT[
VQ UGG C SWGUVKQP HQTO The Organic 0WVTKVKQPOWUVDGGCUKN[CEEGUUKDNGCPF
Farmer TGCFGTU 5WDWMKC 6JKU KU DGUV RTQXKFGF VJTQWIJ OCVWTG
KPFKECVGUETQUUUJCTKPIQH KPHQTOCVKQP EQORQUV EQODKPGF KP VJG UGGFDGF
DGVYGGP UQOG HCTOGTU QWV VJGTG YKVJVJGUQKN
YJKEJ KU LWUV HCPVCUVKE VQ MPQY
%QPITCVWNCVKQPU VQ [QW 5JCTKPI QH Watch the soil...
#UVJGTGCTGOCP[V[RGUQH UQKNUCPF
5W UCPUYGTU FKHHGTGPEGUKPHGTVKNKV[YKVJKPVJGUCOG
QPG OWUV LWFIG VJG COQWPV QH
EQORQUVD[VJGHGGN UOGNNCPFEQNQWT
)GQTIG )KVJWMW CUMU + CO CP
QTICPKE HCTOGT DCUGF KP 6GVW

5WDWMKC +RNCPVGFUQOGECTTQVUQP
QH VJGUQKN 1PGCKOUVQETGCVGCFCTM CYGNNOCPWTGFRNQV 6QO[UWTRTKUG
MPQYNGFIG GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG QTICPKE JGCNVJ[ UGGFDGF UQKN YKVJ JKIJ VJG ECTTQVU FKF UQ RQQTN[ FGURKVG
YQTNFKUPGEGUUCT[ +VKUVJGTGNKIKQPQH QTICPKEEQPVGPV ETWODN[VGZVWTGCPF JCXKPI YGGFGF VJGO CPF YCVGTKPI
QWT RNCPGV CPF KH YG CTG VQ KORTQXG IQQFYCVGTJQNFKPIECRCEKV[ 6JGHKPCN VJGO TGIWNCTN[ 9JCV EQWNF DG
QWTJGCNVJCPFVJCVQH QWTRNCPGV YG OKZVWTG QH UQKN CPF EQORQUV OWUV RTQDNGO EQPUKFGTKPI VJCV VJG QVJGT
OWUVDGUGNHNGUUKPUJCTKPICPFECTKPI UOGNN XGT[ GCTVJ[ 1HHGPUKXG QFQWTU ETQRU+RNCPVGFCNQPIUKFGVJGECTTQVU
9JKNUVCMPQYNGFIKPIVJGKTHCOGCPF UWIIGUV EQORQUV VJCV JCU PQV HWNN[
RQVCVQGUFKFXGT[YGNN
GZRGTKGPEG KP VQOCVQ CPF ECDDCIG TQVVGFCPFYKNNETGCVGRTQDNGOUKPVJG 1DUGTXCVKQP KU QWT HKTUV UVGR KP
ITQYKPI VJGUG HCTOGTU HGGN UGGFDGF WPFGTUVCPFKPI PCVWTG )GQTIG
JCPFKECRRGF KP TGCNK\KPI OCZKOWO 5GGFDGFU OWUV PGXGT FT[ QWV )KVJWMW TKIJVHWNN[ QDUGTXGF VJCV
[KGNFU DGECWUG NCEM QH RTQRGT EQORNGVGN[ CPF OC[ DGPGHKV HTQO ECTTQVUFKFPQVRGTHQTOYGNNFGURKVG
MPQYNGFIG QP RTGRCTCVKQP QH UNKIJVOWNEJKPIWPVKNVJGGOGTIGPEGQH TGIWNCT YCVGTKPI CPF YGGFKPI YJGP
PWTUGTKGU TGUWNVKPI KP HCKNWTG QH UGGF VJG[QWPIRNCPVU (GGFKPIQH UGGFNKPIU RNCPVGF QP C YGNNOCPWTGF RNQV
IGTOKPCVKQP KUPQVPGEGUUCT[KH UGGFNKPIUCTGVQDG 2QVCVQGU JQYGXGT RNCPVGF KP VJG
VTCPURNCPVGF DGVYGGP VQ FC[U UCOGCTGCFKFYGNN *GKUYQPFGTKPI
Fragile condition of seed *QYGXGT YGGMN[ HGGFKPI XKC C OKNF
)TGCVCVVGPVKQPOWUV DG IKXGP VQ VJG NKSWKF EQORQUV VGC KU PGEGUUCT[ HQT YJCV VJG RTQDNGO OC[ DG
RTGRCTCVKQP CPF OCKPVGPCPEG QH QWT UGGFNKPIUCPFEWVVKPIUQH HTWKVVTGGU #UVQPKUJKPICUKVOC[UGGO ECTTQVU
PWTUGTKGU QT UGGFDGFU KH YG FGUKTG VTGGUGVE VJCVTGSWKTGCNQPIGTUVC[KP FQPQVNKMGPGYN[OCPWTGFUQKNUCPF
JGCNVJ[UGGFNKPIU %QOOQPUGPUGCPF VJGPWTUGT[ DGCTKPI VJKU KP OKPF VJG[ CTG C
NQIKE IQ CNQPI YC[ YJGP YG VJKPM RGTHGEV ETQR VQ HQNNQY KP TQVCVKQP
CDQWV VJG HTCIKNG EQPFKVKQP QH UGGF ...and watch the seedlings carefully DGJKPFCJGCX[HGGFGTETQRYJGTGC
CPFUGGFNKPIU .QECVKQP QH PWTUGTKGU KU XGT[ NQV QH OCPWTG CPF EQORQUV YCU
5QKNOWUV DG NKIJV CPF ETWODN[VQ KORQTVCPV +FGCNN[ VJG[ UJQWNF DG WUGF
CNNQY VJG [QWPI UGGFNKPIU CP GCU[ NQECVGF KP C EQQN CTGC CU ENQUG CU 9GFQPGGFJQYGXGTVQNKIJVN[CGTCVG
LQWTPG[ HTQO VJGKT UGGF ECUKPIU CPF RQUUKDNGVQCYCVGTUQWTEG +H RQUUKDNG VJG UQKN D[ UJCNNQY FKIIKPI DGHQTG
OQKUVWTG OWUV CNYC[U DG RTGUGPV VQ VJG[UJQWNFCNUQDGRTQVGEVGFHTQOVJG RNCPVKPI ECTTQVU 6JKU YKNN CNNQY
CXQKF FT[KPI QWV VJWU UVTGUU VQ VJG GNGOGPVUD[CNQYHGPEKPICPFRQUUKDN[ GCUKGTRGPGVTCVKQPD[VJGECTTQVTQQV
[QWPI RNCPV 7RQP GOGTIGPEG C VJCVEJ QT PGV EQXGTKPI
(QT UQOG CPF YKNN CNUQ CNNQY DGVVGT YCVGT
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Please send us some more copies We want to increase production
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do not want farmers acquire
'ODW
Continues from page 6 Dear Mr. Ngigi,
the right information? We We refer you to Mr. Charles Kimani of Box
RNCPVQPN[UVTQPIJGCNVJ[UGGFNKPIU hope they will change. We 1388 Kikuyu Tel: 0721-382-556. He is
#PFHKPCNN[ FQPQVQXGTYCVGTUGGF also advise farmers who do practising bee keeping on a small piece of
DGFU WPNGUU [QWT RNCPVU CTG CSWCVKE not receive their monthly land like yours and would share the
VJG[ FQ PQV PGGF VQ DG RGTOCPGPVN[ copies to get in touch with us experience with you. Alternatively you can
YGV 6JKUKPJKDKVUICUGQWUGZEJCPIGCV or change their addresses. buy the Bee Farming Handbook from the
VJG TQQV JCKTU CPF TGUWNVU KP TQVVKPI National Beekeeping Station P.O Box
TQQVUCPFVJWUFGCVJVQVJGRNCPVU Organic farming is productive
34188 Tel. 020 564-302, Nairobi. Many
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The answers to aphids and cutworms
questions could not get space in this column /TU 0FWTW -CTQ)TQWR 21$QZ 6WGK4KEJCTF #ODWUMGV5GE 5EJQQN
we will bring them in the January 2006 issue. 0[GTK 21$QZ 1NGPIWTWQPK

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Not all plants like each other. However,
if you choose the right companion, your
garden will benefit a lot.
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Nr. 53 October 2009
We are sure that each one of you has

experienced first hand how crucial water
is as a resource for agricultural activi-
ties. And of course, all of you know what
disaster the lack of water can mean to
your farm and to you.
Water is becoming an increasingly
scarce commodity. It doesnt rain as
much as it used to anymore. The rainy
seasons have shifted, and sometimes
cant even be called season anymore.
Almost every year now, Kenya experi-
ences floods while at the same time,
certain regions of the country dont see
a single drop of rain for years. Agricul-
tural activities have become more unpre-
Water, scarce and valuable dictable and thus risky than ever before.
We cannot blame this on the global
climate change alone. An uncontrolled
People take water for granted when there current drought should be a lesson to
growing population needs more and
is plenty of it. In Africa, almost 90 per farmers that water is a critical resource more water. Careless deforestation, the
cent of the drinking water available to in our lives. With this issue, TOF is start- destruction of centuries-old water res-
human beings is used for agriculture. ing a series of articles on water. How ervoirs like the Aberdares, badly leaking
When water becomes scarce, agricul- can farmers cope with challenges in the water pipes, destruction of rivers through
tural activities are affected and thus efficient management and conservation sand collectors, or flood irrigation. At
the livelihoods of millions of people. The of this valuable resource? Page 5 the same time we need more water than
Breeding problems persistent

we can afford. To make things worse, we
are now exhausting the last remaining
water sources. When extracting this
Lack of training opportunities for water, our policy makers do not have
farmers and inbreeding affect the any idea how to protect water catch-
quality of dairy cows in the country. ment areas in order to conserve the little
water resources. Upto now the country
The Organic Farmer has no idea on where to get this valuable
commodity to meet future water require-
Cattle inbreeding is still a big problem ments for the increasing population.
in the country. At the same time, more When it comes to agriculture, the
farmers are seeking training opportu- situation is critical. Farmers need to
nities in order to acquire the necessary think seriously how to conserve and
skills needed to improve the quality manage the diminishing water resources
of dairy cows. In particular, there is a to sustain food production. This is not
huge demand for training on livestock only 50,000 cows have been registered the first time that our magazine encour-
breeding. The other cause of the prob- and graded by the Kenya Stud Book. ages you to use this important resource
lems in the Kenyan dairy industry is Although more than 90 percent wisely. We have in the past introduced
the reluctance by small-scale farmers of the dairy cattle in the country are and explained various methods of water
to do record keeping which leads to bred using Artificial Insemination (AI) collection and management, and most
inbreeding. More than 75 percent of the methods, most small-scale farmers farmers know them. What we do not
3.4 million dairy cattle in the country do not understand what inbreeding understand is, why more of you are not
are owned by small-scale farmers, but is all about. Inbreeding occurs when willing to put these ideas into practice.
two closely related animals are mated. Is it lack of understanding or money or
Most farmers do not care about the fear of doing some extra work?
Human and animal Health 3 quality of semen served to their dairy There are many farming practices that
Brucellosis is a contagious disease that cows. If a farmer does not keep the help to conserve water such as cover-
affects both people and animals. code name of bull whose semen is ing the soil, planting trees, cheap and
used to serve their cows, AI service water efficient irrigation systems e.g.
Food processing 4 providers often end serving cows drip irrigation: We will bring you all
If you have too many vegetables, daughters with semen from their father these technologies in the coming issues
dry and store some. bulls, causing inbreeding. Experienced of The Organic Farmer. Farmers like
farmers avoid inbreeding by keeping other business people have no choice but
Maize harvesting 8 AI service records of all their animals,
Harvesting maize early can reduce showing the dates when the animals to be innovative, as this is a matter of
losses and pest infestation. their survival.
were served and by which bull.
io
See pages 2 and 3

ad
FR
TO
tof October 2009.indd 1 10/13/09 3:41 PM

Nr. 53 October 2009
Farmers discover the benefits of breeding

Increased awareness and higher milk
prices encourage more farmers
to upgrade their dairy cows.
The Organic Farmer
Most Kenyan farmers have started real-
ising the benefits of animal breeding,
leading to a thirst for training in order
to upgrade their dairy cows. More
small-scale farmers want to improve
the productivity of their animals and
prevent inbreeding. There are two
reasons for this:
Many articles in The Organic Farmer
magazine have aroused awareness on
the benefits of having good quality
cows. Caption:
The ever escalating prices of milk ing. The problem became worse fol- erly and inspecting animals according
encourage so many dairy farmers to lowing post-election violence in parts to established standards.
seek training services from breeders of the Rift Valley province last year;
and even buying improved breeds or
Neglected animal husbandry
a large section of dairy farmers lost A big dilemma facing the dairy indus-
are at least eager to upgrade their cows their breeding stock during the unrest. try in the country is that farmers have
using the latest breeding methods. The loss of dairy cattle and earnings been left on their own when it comes to
Lack of qualified personnel from milk sales is estimated at Kshs animal husbandry. Since the privatisa-
However, the country still lacks ade- 20 billion over the violence period. tion of veterinary services following
quate skilled personnel to train farmers. Having lost their dairy cows, many the withdrawal of donor aid in the
According to James Karanja, a Direc- farmers are yet to restock. Even for early 90s, the government has given
tor of the Kenya Dairy Board, who is those farmers who are restocking, the little support to small-scale farmers in
also a Friesian-Holstein breeder, the AI services are still costly (Ksh 600 per the dairy sector.
quality of dairy cows owned by the animal). This forces most of the farmers Currently, it allocates a paltry Ksh
small-scale farmers has been very low to go for village bulls whose quality is 600,000 to the Kenya Livestock Breed-
leading to low milk production due undefined. ers Organisation to cater for its running
to lack of basic skills of animal breed- High demand for training costs. The US Agency for Interna-
According to Karanja, the biggest tional Development agency USAID is
The Organic Farmer is an independent problem now facing the dairy industry working with the Kenya Dairy Board
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- is lack of trained breeders who can through the Land O Lakes organiza-
munity. It promotes organic offer quality training to scores of small- tion which is aimed at improving the
farming and supports dis- scale farmers seeking breeding services dairy sector. But very little funding has
cussions on all aspects of to improve the quality and productiv- been allocated for the training of small-
sustainable development. ity of their dairy cows. The only other scale farmers on breeding; a large sum
The Organic Farmer is pub- organization offering training is the of this money is spent to cover admin-
lished monthly by icipe and Kenya Livestock Breeders Organisa- istrative costs. With many new farmers
distributed free of charge to farmers. The tion (KLBO), but it has only one exten- expressing interest in upgrading their
reports in the The Organic Farmer do not sion officer who is only able to train 200 dairy cattle, there is an urgent need
necessarily reflect the views of icipe. farmers every month. for an organisation that would come
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- Overwhelmed by the demand for in with additional funding to train
sion, a Swiss-based foundation more knowledge, James Karanja has more breeders at the community level,
for the promotion of sustainable been travelling every week to various who will train more farmers in every
development. www.biovision.ch parts of the country where he trains region in the country. With such a
Publisher African Insect Science farmers on how to upgrade their stock. kind of support the dairy industry will
for Food and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, He says that he has been able to train increase milk production and thus a
00100 Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 an average of 30 farmers in a week. higher income for farmers.
2000, Karanja says more farmers who have A German AI company has offered
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org read or heard from fellow farmers about 30,000 straws of high quality semen to
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner the importance of livestock breeding help farmers who lost their dairy cows
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia have booked appointments for train- during the post election-violence. The
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 ing. Among the areas he has covered so semen is being sold to farmers in the
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, far include Uasin Gishu, Elgeyo Mara- affected regions at Ksh250. But this is a
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph kwet, Kericho Nyeri, Narok, Nyanda- drop in the ocean, considering the large
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian rua, coast and Eastern provinces. He number of farmers who require train-
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe says the training programme identi- ing and affordable AI services. Farmers
Address The Organic Farmer fies 5 farmers in each region who are interested can contact James Karanja
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA trained and encouraged to train other Ndungu, P.O.Box 157, 20107 Njoro,
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0738 390 715, farmers at a small fee. But he has to Cell. 0733 555 621 or KLBO P.O.Box 478
0717 551 129, info@organickenya.org make a regular follow-up to verify that Nakuru, 20100 Tel. 051 2216996 cell.
www.organicfarmermagazine.org the trainers are doing their work prop- 0723 379 048

Nr. 53 October 2009
How to prevent inbreeding Brucellosis affects people and animals
Inbreeding can be reduced considerably if farmers
observed a few simple rules: Vaccinating young animals Upto 80 percent of heifers or
Always maintain records of each animals date of against the bacterium Bru- cows infected for the first time
birth, AI records such as the name of the bull whose cella abortus can protect both can abort. If the calves are not
semen was used to serve the cow. The date and age at people and their animals. aborted they are born weak
service, number of services, calving and calving inter- and cannot grow normally.
vals are also important. The Organic Farmer Vaccination controls bru-
Avoid using village bulls whose quality is not known. cellosis
They can also transfer venereal diseases to your cow. Brucellosis has become a Since the disease cannot be
If you keep bulls, separate them from the cows at all common disease in Kenya. treated once the animals
times to avoid mating. Indeed, many people simply are infected, the best way to
Try and register your graded animals with the Kenya call it the milk disease. This prevent it is through vacci-
Stud Book (this is a secretariat that maintains records of shows that at least they have nations. Vaccinations against
all graded animals and breeders in the country. A reg- an idea where the disease orig- brucellosis can only be done
istered animal can be sold at a better price because its inates from, namely from our in calves at the appropriate
pedigree is already animals suffering on Brucel- age. Calves vaccinated at 4-7
known; some of the losis (caused by the bacterium months followed by 3 other
pedigree animals Brucella abortus). The disease vaccinations which help to
produce as much is transmitted to people if they boost their immunity can be
as 40 litres of milk drink unsterilized milk (not protected against the disease
in a day and can properly boiled) or eat meat throughout their lifetime. All
fetch as much as from infected animals. One new animals should be tested
Ksh 250.000 in the can also be infected through
market). close contact with the animals
Do not throw secretions.
away the semen Symptoms include fever or
straws after your flu-like feeling, restlessness,
animals are served. muscular pains, sweating at
You can use them night, tiredness, lower back
for future reference. and joint pains, menengitis or
All straws are labelled with the name and code of the heart-valve infection. People
bull from which the semen was obtained. infected with brucellosis can
Always use semen from high quality bulls whose be treated using antibiot-
potential is already known. Using semen from known ics which have to be taken
service providers such as CAIS will help improve your over several weeks. Infected
cows pedigree, milk production health and accelerated people should always consult
growth rate. a doctor for proper diagnosis
and treatment.
Selective breeding Spreading of Brucellosis
The bacteria which cause Bru-
Upgrading dairy cows is a process that requires exper-
tise. This is how it is done: cellosis are spread from an
A dairy cow with the right quality of a selected breed infected animals around the before being allowed to mix
has to be identified by a qualified inspector. It is then time of calving or abortion. with the herd.
served with semen from a pedigree bull. The cow is It can be introduced to your In Kenya and other devel-
then registered with the Kenya Stud Book as a foun- cows when they lick or sniff oping countries, there is a
dation. fluids from the birth canals tendency to treat only those
The calf which the foundation cow gives birth to is of infected animals which are diseases that often kill our
called the intermediate. permanent carriers. Infected animal herds; this is one
When the intermediate stock heifer comes on heat, it bulls can become infertile. reason why most farmers
is served with semen from a different pedigree bull of Cows can get the disease from would not bother to test their
the same breed. The calf which the intermediate heifer bulls when they smell or lick animals for Brucellosis. But
produces is called the Appendix. fluids from its sexual organs. the cost to the farmer is high
When the appendix comes on heat, it is again Heifers get the disease when especially when the disease
served with semen developing in the uterus. The is transmitted to people or
from another pedi- most common clinical signs when they lose their valuable
gree bull of the of cattle infected with the calves through abortions. The
same breed. Finally bacterium Brucella abortus disease is difficult to control in
the calf produced bovi are high incidences of Africa because of the uncon-
by the appendix abortions, arthritic joints and trolled movement of animals
is now called the retained after-birth. and presence of scavenger
pedigree. Few things are important to birds that spread the disease
An experienced know: from one area to another.
breeder can main- Cows can carry the disease NOTE: Others animals such
tain the pedigree throughout their life and pass as goats, sheep and even dogs
line by continued An improved Holstein-Friesian calf the disease causing bacterium can be infected and pass the
use of semen from quality bulls locally and abroad. to other animals. disease to people. Scavenger
Each of the animals from the foundation to the pedi- The disease cannot be birds and animals can also
gree has to be registered with the Kenya Stud Book. cured. spread the disease.

Nr. 53 October 2009
A surplus of vegetables? Then dry them!

Drying products from
your shamba is a clever way Portable food dryer with two chambers
of coping with hard times. Food drying chamber
- covered tightly with black polythene sheet
The Organic Farmer (or black cloth and clear polythene on top)
- protects from direct sunlight
Drying of vegetables and fruits is the
simplest method of preservation and is
used all over the world. However, for
good results and quality, some basic
rules must be followed.
Sun drying
Sun drying is used for products which
are not sensitive to direct sunlight
like dry beans, nuts or coffee: they
are protected by solid coats or shells.
Cereals consist mainly of starch which
is also not sensitive. These crops can be Heating chamber
spread directly in the sun. - covered with clear polythene sheet
Air drying - painted black inside
Most fruits and vegetables should be When you place the dryer in the sun, The height should be around 20 cm,
protected from direct sunlight, because the heating chamber should be at a but you may determine other mea-
it affects their quality, taste and colour. slightly lower level than the drying surements on your own. The larger
A product which looks nice and tastes chamber. Since hot air goes upwards, the dryer, the more space you have
good can always fetch a better price! the heated air can flow upwards for drying your vegetables. Place the
The simplest method is air-drying through the openings shown below product on some kind of grid (but
in the shade of trees, under a roof or into the drying chamber and out avoid metal as it contaminates) and
in a well-ventilated room. But in the again on the top, this way drying the make sure the black cover does not
shade, the drying process is slow, and food in the drying chamber. touch it.
fruits and other juicy material may go
mouldy before they are dry. Preparation of fruits and vegetables
Solar food dryers
In solar dryers, sun heat is accumulated Fruits like mangoes, pawpaw, guavas layers. The same can be done with
and the drying process is much faster. and bananas should be ripe, but still green beans, but do not chop them.
Such driers consist of a box with black firm. Wash them thoroughly, peel and Drying time in the solar dryer
walls or a black cover absorbing the remove the seeds if necessary, and cut Drying time depends on size and water
sunlight and trapping the heat inside. them into uniform pieces. content of the pieces. Tomato halves
The material for drying is placed inside If you dip them in a solution with may need 2 to 3 sunny days, while
the box. lemon juice (1 part juice, 4 parts clean tender leafy vegetables or herbs may
You may at first want to experiment water), they will retain their colour for be dry within hours.
with a simple dryer (below), and (above a longer period of time. All dried products must be packed
right) you find the solar dryer with two Vegetables with hard, thick leaves (like in clean bags and stored in a dry, dark
chambers. If you have good market kale and cabbage) should be washed, and cool place. Moisture, heat and
opportunities and higher quantities to chopped, then dipped in salted boiling light will promote deterioration.
dry, you may want to construct a larger water for 2 minutes and drained before
and more professional solar dryer. they are spread on the tray in thin Additional information by Njeri Kinuthia
Drying system with one chamber General rules

First you need a tray or frame with a Cover the tray with a piece of clean for drying food
stable bottom which is also permeable black cloth. You may need to place a Ventilation
to air. You may of course use several few sticks across the frame to make Air must be allowed to circulate.
trays. You could build a frame like the sure the cover does not touch the Fresh air must reach the product
one below and prepare the bottom product. while moisture must be able to escape
with clean thin sticks: On top, stretch a clear polythene the drying area.
When you have filled the product sheet or cover with window glass.
into the tray, place it on a piece of Make sure the wind can not blow Hygiene
corrugated metal roofing, or even on both the cloth and sheet away. The Clean processing protects the con-
a roof, if you can reach it easily. The upper opening of the tray must be left sumers and is essential for the dura-
metal must have a gentle slope. free for the moisture to escape. bility of dried products.
All trays, cloth or areas which are
used for drying the product have to
be clean. Wash, scrub, rinse well and
dry before using them.
Always wash and dry your hands
and any tools like knives, chopping
boards or pots carefully.

Nr. 53 October 2009
Making better use of water resources

Sustainable use of the available
water resources is the only way to
save this diminishing resource.
Anja Bengelstorff
Nobody is more dependent on rain
water than a farmer. The current
drought has led not only to crop failure,
but it reduced power generation and
even domestic water supplies in most
parts of the country. The water short-
age should be a lesson to all, that due
to climate change, we are going to have
more serious water shortages if we do
not manage our water resources well.
Kenya is classified by the United
Nations as one of the countries with
chronic water scarcity, it can only
supply about 647 cubic metres per
person, far below the 1000 m per
person set as the mark for water scar- water needs, nowhere else is water so also release water vapour through their
city in the world. Yet we are busy important than in agriculture. Food pores (holes on leaf surface) when
destroying water catchment areas production is the largest consumer the sun strikes their leaves sending
such as the Mau complex, Aberdares, of water in the world. More than 70 the vapour into the atmosphere in a
Cherangany hills, and Mt Kenya per cent of water we use from rivers process called transpiration. When the
through human settlements, deforesta- and groundwater sources goes to agri- vapour reaches a certain height in the
tion and soil degradation. Rapid popu- culture, about 10 percent is used for atmosphere, it condenses into liquid
lation growth will complicate the situ- domestic consumption and 20 percent form which forms clouds that later fall
ation, further depleting the remaining in industries. Unless the available water in droplets as rain.
water resources in a few years. resources are used in a sustainable The water moves across the lands
Apart from meeting our domestic way especially in developing countries surface as run-off, some of it penetrat-
such as Kenya, then we face a crisis of ing the ground where it is stored. This
Water unimaginable proportion. Farmers can water cycle affects the patterns, prac-
In this issue, greatly contribute to water conserva- tices, quantity and even the quality of
The Organic tion if they understood where water the water we use for all purposes. The
Farmer starts a comes from and the process through major sources of water we use for agri-
series of artices which it moves through the environ- cultural production comes through the
on water. For a ment- this is called the water cycle, following processes:
proper under- which is described above: Surface water: This supplies water to
standing of this Understanding the water cycle plants indirectly through evaporation,
highly valuable, but often neglected When sunlight strikes water, whether condensation and rainfall, or directly
resource, it is important to know the in a lake, river or even moisture or on when tapped and channeled for irriga-
water cycle, as is shown on this page. the earths surface, the water turns into tion purposes.
In the November-issue, we talk about vapour and rises into the atmosphere Rainfall: Rain falls on plants directly
water harvesting. in a process called evaporation. Plants and filters down or penetrates through
the soil to the plant root zone and
continues to replenish ground water
supplies.
Moisture: These are tiny droplets of
water that are formed on any surface
either by transpiration or condensation.
Moisture nourishes plants by availing
water that promotes plant growth.
Groundwater: Groundwater accumu-
lates underneath the soil at various
depths. The water moves up through
the soil profile just in a process called
capillary action and is taken up by
plants.
Water catchment areas like the Mau nutrients and minerals found in the Managing the water cycle involves
Forest or the Aberdares that supply soil. Trees instead break the run off. processes that protects available sup-
water for the surrounding lowlands They catch rain water on their plies and reduces water losses; this is
are lifelines for humans and animals leaves, needles and roots and store called water conservation. The other
alike, as well as for farming. When it for their own growth as well as process that helps increase the amount
trees are cut, water runs off over the the supply of rivers, streams and of water available for our use is called
surface of the land, washing away groundwater sources. water harvesting. The way water is
Continued on page 6

Nr. 53 October 2009
from page 5
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
Dear editors,
A short while ago I read a report from the German Heinrich Bll Foundation
Study on the Impact of High Food and Factor Prices on Kenyan Farmers from
conserved and harvested is called April 2009. I think it would be of interest to my fellow farmers if you would
water management. Managing the publish the conclusions of this report. Thank you. Anthony Otieno, farmer
water cycle in a farm has to be done in Dear Anthony, we have gone through the report, and agree with you. We hereby
the right way as it can affect the water
publish its conclusion. Some parts have been adapted to enhance clarity. The Editors
supply both positively or negatively.
Balance between
water intake and off-take
Do farmers benefit from high food prices?
Countries that rely on imports to meet their food requirements may, in future,
The way a farmer balances between have to reorganize their trade and national marketing systems to ensure they are
rainfall, evaporation or transpiration self-sufficient in food production, if at all they want to avoid escalating and unsta-
determines the amount of water availble global food prices. Countries such as Kenya which, in normal years, are almost
able for better crop production. When
rainfall exceeds evaporation and tran- self-sufficient in food production are highly influenced by their domestic food pro-
spiration, the crops will have adequate duction, national market structures or failure of the government.
water for proper growth since the root Yet, besides the global trends with their enormous influence, country-specific
zone will have adequate water. When factors seem to limit the possibilities for farmers to benefit from higher food prices
evaporation and transpiration exceed much more. As long as staple food marketing is to a certain degree controlled by
rainfall, the water available for plant cartels or monopolies with high market power, weak institutional governance and
growth is decreased. In analysing water corruption, economic activities of farmers might depend much more on domestic
needs for agriculture, evaporation and agricultural policy reforms than on global food price developments.
transpiration rates are very important. Meanwhile, farming households are already diversifying their incomes in Kenya
Run-off and percolation also affect the as elsewhere. A clear trend to more off-farm and more non-farm income for
amount of water remaining in the root rural households can be observed. Furthermore, household investments are not
zone. The main objective of water man-
directed towards farm improvement or farming as a business.This shows that
agement in sustainable agriculture is to
make maximum use of run-off, perco- rural households with opportunities divert from agricultural activities, because they
lation evaporation and transpiration. are not seen as promising avenues for the future. The stagnating productivity of
One way of increasing the amount African small-scale farms might be a cause and a reason for this phenomenon.
of water available for agriculture is to Investing, but not in agriculture
reduce the loss of water through tran- Yet, the need for food production increases. We can only expect a reaction
spiration. For example one hectare of towards investment in agricultural production or productivity, where price increase
maize can lose as much as 37,500 litres took place; if it mainly takes place at the level of traders and millers, little produc-
of water in a day or 1,900,000 litres per
tion impetus can be expected. Moreover, further evidence is needed on future
growing season through transpiration.
However, establishing a mixture of food price projections. So far, it is not clear whether the trends on commodity
crops and trees creates a micro-climate world markets were just unusually volatile during the past 18 months due to
where the moisture produced (transpi- unusual domestic and international circumstances or whether they were indicat-
ration) is used by nearby crops. Raising ing a longer term increase in real food prices. On the other hand, decreasing food
seedlings in shady places protected prices make it better for poor consumers. But this might put producers in a situa-
from wind also prevents loss of mois- tion of agricultural treadmill.
ture. In the next issue we will show But even if prices stabilise, agricultural production remains an economic activity
other methods of water conservation with a number of other risks. One of them is the weather which might gain more
for crop production. importance in the forthcoming years due to climate change. The argument of price
incentives for producers doesnt seem to materialise soon for small-scale farmers
The cost of El Nino in Kenya or elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. The assumption is that As product
A World Bank report released almost prices climb higher, so too is the producer encouraged to invest in higher agri-
a decade ago after the 1997/98 El Nino inputs This, as formulated by many observers, has in the short term not proved
rains followed by La Nina drought to be right.
in the year 2000- 2001, shows the
country lost at least 14 percent in Needed: better infrastructure
each of these years. At the moment Higher prices can theoretically mean incentives to producers; however it is not
the loses are much higher consider- prices but profits that count. The challenges will be to translate higher food prices
ing that water resource degradation into motivators for lasting investment in rural areas and sustainable agricultural pro-
has intensified. Lack of investment duction in order to achieve food security for all producers are also consumers.
in water resources cost the economy This study couldnt find evidence that high food prices alone will provide incen-
even more. It shows that droughts tives for smallholders to intensify their production in the medium term. From the
and flooding would not be so severe Kenyan experience it is much more likely that farmers would respond to more reli-
if there was better access to water
able, affordable and available services for inputs and to improved rural infrastruc-
supply through more surface water
storages such as earth dams and ture. Secure access rights to productive resources such as land and water and a
more groundwater development in reduced volatility in input and output markets seems to be much more important
arid and semi arid areas (ASALs). for rural incomes than temporarily high prices.

Nr. 53 October 2009
Choose the right material for compost ...answers in brief
I am planning to make compost but the I need tree seedlings
only material available is a fern called Where can I get seedlings for moringa
ruthiru that decomposes very slowly. oleifera, tissue culture bamboo and
Do you think it will have decomposed Muiri indigenous tree? Charles Mach-
in 3 months? Tel.0716 913 127 aria, Ol Kalou Tel. 0721 814 717
You can get seeds and seedlings for
I would like to make compost manure these trees from the nearest forestry
and the only material available is a station in your area. If they are not
fern specially called ruthiru. It decom- available, you can try the Kenya For-
poses very slowly. Are the conditions estry Research Institute (KEFRI) at
of the compost heap able to break it in a Muguga, they have seeds for most of
period of 3 months as TOF wrote once? the indigenous and exotic tree species
0716 205 540 in the country. Contact: 0722 157 414 ,
It is important to use well- decomposed 0734 251 188, 0722 801 539.
compost as organic fertilizer because it Organic coffee
releases the required nutrients to your Please advise me on how to grow
crop. While preparing your compost coffee organically and where to sell it.
make sure that you include all the John Muchangi. Tel 0725 338 255
material you can get. This can include It is possible to grow coffee organi-
animal manure, crop residue, kitchen cally. Some farmers, including com-
and other household waste such as panies, are already doing it. We will
wood ash, potato peelings etc. It is publish a series of articles on organic
also important that you include par- coffee production later in the year,
ticular plants such as tithonia (kiruru from which you can get the details on
in kikuyu) which contain a lot of plant the country). Ensure your compost is how to grow organic coffee.
nutrients. All kinds of legume leaves always moist but covered to protect
such as those from soya beans, desmo- the nutrients from the sun or rain. Eucalyptus saw dust
dium, lablab (njahi) etc. can be added. Farmers should know that the differ- How can I use eucalyptus saw dust?
Avoid using material from only one ent material used in compost making Tel 0710 623 867.
plant as you want to do with the ferns. can also be mixed without affecting its Saw dust has many uses on the farm.
You may use it in thin layers if you quality including decomposition; some Most farmers spread it in the animal
want to be sure that the compost is farmers prefer arranging the material or even chicken shed where it mixes
ready within three months. in layers first and then mixing the dif- with farm yard manure. When this
For quicker decomposition, add ferent layers while turning it the - the waste material is well-composted,
comfrey (mabaki) leaves which help result is always be the same. it can provide you with very high
speed up decomposition. However the For use of fern, I would just give it quality compost. Some energy-sav-
use of Effective Microorganisms (EM1) a try. You could make a separate heap ing jikos also use saw dust which
greatly improves decomposition. The using larger amounts of the fern and reduces the cost of buying firewood or
EM1 should be mixed with water and observe what happens. You will then charcoal especially at this time when
sprinkled on the compost after every be able to judge when you will have to everybody is talking of conserving
layer of material used (EM1 is avail- set up the fern compost heap before the our remaining forests.
able in most agrovet shops throughout next planting season. In Rwanda, sawdust is now the
only authorised source of energy for
Donkey droppings are good for manure making bricks, a sector that consumes
huge amounts of energy. However,
this commodity is highly sensitive to
humidity, and its heating power is
weaker than that of wood or charcoal.
Strict regulations for tree felling intro-
duced in Rwanda in 2005 as part of a
campaign against deforestation have
fuelled a search for other less expen-
sive energy sources such as saw dust.
Grevillea tree for fodder
How do I prepare fodder from grevil-
lea tree? Paul Njuguna Kirere 0724
600 491
I am a farmer in Yatta and I keep three The best manure you can get is when Grevillea leaves can be used as fodder
donkeys on my farm. Can I use their you compost the droppings for some for livestock by cutting into small
droppings as organic manure on my months. I would just collect them con- pieces that animals can be able to
shamba? 0737 603618 tinuously under a shaded spot and add chew. But farmers should know that
You should! Like all animal waste, any vegetative matter and some house- the fodder from Grevillea leaves is
donkey droppings give excellent hold water from time to time to keep of low nutritional value compared
organic manure. Fresh droppings the heap moist. This manure can then to that from fodder trees such as cal-
should however be used with caution, be used for all crops and is especially liandra, Sesbania, Lucaena or gliri-
because delicate plants may be affected good for vegetables. Tomatoes in par- cidia which have a higher protein and
by their high content of ammonia. ticular will do well with this fertilizer. mineral content.

Nr. 53 October 2009
Saw dust can
prolong potato storage
Potato storage is one of the most chal-
lenging undertaking for farmers. Just
like vegetables and fruits, potatoes are
one of the most perishable farm prod-
ucts and farmers have to sell or eat
them after a short time after harvest,
if exposed to light potatoes turn green
and acquire a bad taste. Nyakairu
Farmers Group members in Kinungi,
Naivasha, had faced this problem for
many years. They would try to pre-
serve the potatoes in his store by cover-
Harvest early to avoid losses

ing them by use of dry grass to prolong
their shelf life, but the potatoes would
not last the desired period. However
A lot of maize in the country will rot that farmers cannot harvest early. Dr three years ago one of them Githenya
in the fields or be destroyed by pests if Ombakho gives the example of con- Kariuki decided to try saw dust. He
farmers do not harvest early. tracted seed growers who harvest their applied it on the floor of his store
maize as early as August when most to ensure the potatoes did not come
The Organic Farmer of the maize is too wet with a mois- into contact with the floor. After this,
ture content of 37 per cent and still he sorted out the potatoes to remove
With the threat of El nino rains hanging manage to dry it to a moisture level all the bruised, the rotting ones and
over us like a cloud, many maize of 12.5 per cent. Although most of the those that had already been infested
farmers across the country must be seed growers use machinery to dry by tuber moths. He later covered his
facing a real danger of losing their the maize to the required level for potatoes fully with saw dust to stop
precious crop. As we have said many storage, small-scale farmers can still be light or moisture from getting into the
times before, a sizable portion of the able to do sun-drying and save maize potatoes.
maize crop is lost every year when from decaying in the fields due to the Githenya observed that the potatoes
farmers make the wrong timing for wet conditions. Farmers can also take stayed longer than they had lasted
harvesting their crops. When you delay the following measures to ensure they using other preservation methods. For
to harvest your crop, there are two reduce post-harvest losses during the the last three years now, all the group
things involved: You either lose your harvest season: members have adopted the saw dust
crop due to rotting or early pest infes- Drying Maize: Maize should be prop- method. The use of saw dust is so
tation. erly dried after harvest to ensure that efficient that nowadays we can store
Research shows that farmers in it does not develop mould that is our potatoes for as long as three or
Kenya and most countries in Sub- responsible for the growth of aflatox- four months, sometimes until the next
Saharan Africa lose between 15 and ins, a dangerous fungi that can kill harvest, says Githenya. He says this
50 percent of their maize crop due to both people and animals. To test if your method of potato storage has enabled
these two problems. And this is one of maize is dry, put a handful of grain and them store and sell to local market long
the questions that many farmers ask a handful of salt in a dry bottle. Shake after the other growers have exhausted
themselves: When is the right time to for 2 or 3 minutes and allow it to settle. theirs. The can now store potatoes until
start harvesting the maize? When there market prices are favourable.
If the salt sticks to the side of the bottle,
is little threat of the rains, most farmers this shows your maize is not dry. You
cut their maize immediately the stalks should put it in the sun again to dry.
turn brown and the maize cobs face Repeat the same process until there
downwards; this is especially so when is no salt sticking on the walls of the
there is little or no rains. After staking bottle. Store the maize if it is dry.
the maize, it will take three weeks or Sorting: Remove all cobs that are
even a whole month before they start already damaged by pests and the
harvesting. When farmers do this, they rotten ones before storage. Always shell
tend to expose their crop to early pest your maize before storage. Unshelled
infestation. Maize should be harvested maize is easily attacked by pests.
as early as possible to avoid the losses. Apply diatomite: Since weevils includ-
Dr. George Ombakho, the chief ing the Larger Grain Borer have devel-
maize breeder at the Kenya Agricul- oped resistance to all pesticides in the
tural Research Institute (KARI) Kitale, market, using of kg of diatomite for
advises farmers to start harvesting their every bag of maize can preserve it for
crop as soon as the grain hardens. as long as the farmer desires.Mix thor-
Another important sign that maize can oughly. The diatomite kills all insects by
be harvested is when the silky flower- piercing their bodies and dehydrating
ing at the top of the maize cob turns them. Diatomite is harmless to humans
black. One other important advice he and animals.
gives farmers is that different varieties Storage: Maize stores should properly
of maize reach maturity (dry down cleaned before storage to remove crop
stages) at different times. The farmer residue that can habour pests. It should
should check for these signs and start also be well ventilated to allow air cir- Nyakairu farmers group members show
harvesting. But this does not mean culation. how they store potatoes using saw dust

i-TOFs
at work Our article on livestock breeding in the
October issue of The Organic Farmer
Dozens of farmers
groups have already generated a good response from farmers
benefitted from the who have requested for advice and guide-
i-TOF training pro- lines on how to keep records. Indeed,
gramme offered by animal breeding goes hand-in-hand with
the information and record-keeping. These documents help
input centres of The to reduce the risk of inbreeding and
Organic Farmer maga- also increase animal productivity. There
zine. The picture shows can be no sustainable livestock breeding
members of the Mukui without maintaining proper records.
Farmers Group during Even though we have written about
a training session in this in the previous TOF-issues, we
Sagana, preparing plant cannot ignore these requests from fellow
extracts. See page 6 farmers. In The Organic Farmer will
from December we feature the basic
principles of record keeping including
Fertilizer not effective in poor soils guidelines on how farmers can keep
records for animals as well as for crops.
Soil organic matter increases soil fer- with better soils. Three things can be Record keeping requires discipline and
tility, improves soil structure, retains seen from these studies. time to put down the figures regularly.
and stores nutrients and water and Firstly, the governments well- Proper records are a useful instrument
makes them available to plants over intended efforts to make fertilizers of planning and a good management
a long period. Two new studies con- available and affordable dont help tool, not only on livestock breeding,
ducted in Western Kenya add a new the poorest farmers much, but may but also for small-scale farmers. Careful
dimension to this common knowl- actually reinforce income inequalities. planning does not require money, it
edge. They show that mineral fertiliz- Secondly, farmers should be aware needs creativity, initiative, the courage
ers are less effective and may even be that fertilizer application is not eco- to tackle problems instead of lamenting,
unprofitable on soils which are very nomical on very poor soils. Thirdly, and a will to succeed.
low in organic matter. In such soils, the results emphasize the central role The recent drought with its devasta-
fertilizer nutrients are not retained of soil organic matter. ting consequences should be a lesson to
in the soil, but are washed out before Organic matter is central farmers on the need to plan ahead. Let
they can be taken up by the crops. Organic methods are the best way to us give you two examples. Most farmers
These soils had been planted for improve poor soils. Compost, animal did not have adequate forage compared
decades without a break. In addition, manures, green manures, mulches to the number of their cows. There are
the most degraded soils were often and cover crops all contribute to the various methods farmers can use to
cultivated by the poorest farmers, and building up of soil organic matter - prepare fodder for the dry season; we
they were using less than half the fer- which is what poor soils need most have featured them in our magazine. If
tilizer amounts compared to farmers to improve. you need some of this information, send
us an SMS with your address and key
Rift Valley Fever: Outbreak likely word like hay or silage, and we
will send you the material. A longterm
Livestock keepers should be aware that toms. The solution for producing fodder during the
with the current rains, an outbreak Rift Valley dry seasons is to plant fodder trees such
of the Rift Valley Fever is looming. Fever virus is as Leucaenea or Calliandra.
Farmers across the country are advised spread primar- Another example for the need to plan
to take preventive measures to contain ily by the bite ahead is the availability of water. When
the disease when they notice symp- of infected mos- the rains come, farmers forget all about
quitoes, mainly drought; but within a short time, they
the Aedes will be facing the same problem. There
A new farmers association? 3 species, which are many cheap methods of harves-
Su Kahumbu encourages can acquire the ting water (see pages 5 and 6). All you
organic farmers to come together. virus from feeding on infected animals. need is labour and the determination to
The female mosquito is also capable of
Progressive neighbours 4 transmitting the virus directly to her
harvest as much water as you can to use
The Tanzanian government for food and fodder production.
offspring via eggs. Small-scale farmers need to take their
promotes organic farming.
These eggs can survive for several fate in their own hands. Do not wait for
Water series 5 years in dry conditions. Periods of other people to assist you, take the first
Showing farmers rainfall enable the eggs to hatch and step to address your problems. Experi-
how to harvest the mosquito population to rapidly ence shows that proper planning is the
and store water increase, spreading the virus to the first step to success.
animals on which they feed. See page 3
io
ad
FR
TO
It is time for organic farmers to pull together

Su Kahumbu, well known to our thousand organic farmers in Kenya,
farmers as the person who answers and the countrys farming popula- It is now time to act
their questions, plans to bring Kenyan tion is approximately 60% of the total I feel it is time
organic farmers together. We give her national population, according to the the world real-
the opportunity to explain her vision. 1999 census. ized the most
(TOF) Integrity and transparency important folk on
The organisation will charge a small planet Earth are
As a key stakeholder in the organic the primary food
industry, I am always looking for yearly membership fee which may be
payable in monthly instalments. My producers, small-
innovative methods of solving the scale farmers,
myriad problems small-scale organic target would be to achieve a million
members over a five year period. With upon whom the
farmers face: An aging farming popu- entire planet Su Kahumbu
lation, unemployed youth, a less than these economies of scale, membership
could be as low as 10-20 Ksh monthly. population depends for their very
enabling farming environment due to existence.
global climate change, lack of genuine Office bearers of the organisation
will have to undergo a due diligence It is time, as food prices soar
transparent representation in the sector and supplies dwindle, that farmers
as well as in the larger agricultural examination. Information on potential
office bearers will be made available should take the opportunity to rise up
sector, lack of organic markets, lack as one voice and demand the respect
of national representation etc. These to members using new technologies,
where members will be enabled to they deserve from both consumers
issues cannot be addressed by one and country leaders.
person alone. elect office bearers using their mobile
phones. Accounts of the organisation It is time that if farmers are
Upto now Kenya lacks strong farmers expected to continue with the respon-
organizations, that can represent will be posted quarterly in The Organic
Farmer magazine. sibility of feeding the world, they
farmers interests both at the district or must be recognized and supported in
national level. Farmers have become Our targets this endeavour.
victims of exploitation at every level. As this is the birth of an idea, I have It is time that we use new tech-
The few organizations that claim to developed a draft mandate for the nologies and platforms to make the
fight for farmers rights are individual organisation together with a few other farmers voices heard.
outfits that have very little following interested organic stakeholders, and I It is time the farmers join together,
among the small-scale farming com- imagine that this draft will be adapted take and state their stand. There is no
munity. There needs to be an organiza- in due course according to the require- better time than now!
tion that can lobby to bring the desired ments and input of the organisation
changes in the agricultural sector. members. tions of the organisation.
I believe in the power of numbers. The aim of the organisation shall be: 6. To avail quarterly financial reports
Statistics show there are a few hundred 1. To create a national unified body of to all members via TOF ensuring abso-
organic farmers across Kenya. lute integrity and transparency of the
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[
2. To provide a national communica- organisation.
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tion network for farmers to enable 7. To develop new innovative models
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them voice their views, concerns, of agri-enterprises aimed at bringing
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requirements, at a national as well as the youth members into organic agri-
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international level. culture.
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network that will address issues of its national level for members.
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members at a national level 9. To eventually develop a national
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lobby for issues and concerns related monthly contributions will be used to
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^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN markets and to get competitive prices for their produce. (Photo TOF)
Farmers, beware of the Rift Valley Fever

Farmers can avoid economic losses
if they vaccinate their animals
against Rift Valley Fever, a highly
infectious disease.
William Ayako
With the onset of the rainy season,
livestock keepers, especially cattle, goat
and sheep keepers, are advised to vac-
cinate their animals against Rift valley
fever. Due to the expected heavy El
Nino rains, the disease is expected to
become severe this year.
The disease, also known as enzootic
hepatitis, is an acute infection of cattle,
sheep, goats and humans and is caused
by a phlebovirus. It recurs mainly in
Africa. The epidemic occurs in cycles
of between five and twenty years in
association with heavy build up of
mosquitoes after abnormally heavy
rains. Transmission between animals is
mainly by mosquitoes, while transmis-
sion from animals to people is by direct Courtesy of Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
contact. print mass media. The public is encour- insect repellents, and avoidance of
Clinical signs aged to cooperate during the campaign outdoor activities during times of peak

- to enable us to save the remaining vector activity.
terized by abortion in pregnant cows livestock. Warning
and hepatitis in calves. Preventive measures There is no known medical treatment

- $

- of Rift Valley Fever and the public
nant females is outstanding. There is pected animals across national borders should be aware that the disease can
high fever and mortality may reach in Africa and from Africa to other also infect humans. Vaccination should
10 %. Erosion of the oral mucus mem- countries would prevent transfer and be done by qualified personnel to avoid
branes may be observed. new outbreaks. human infection through handling of

- &' * the vaccine and infected animals.
perature, excessive salivation, lack infested areas should be avoided.
rt any diseases and deaths of
of appetite, weakness, dullness, and
cattle to the nearest veterinary office
reduction in milk production. with suitable vaccines should be prac-
t all cases of abortion in sheep,

incubation in calves may take ticed. Pregnant cows should be vac-
cattle, goats and camels to veterinary
12-36 hours cinated with special vaccines to avoid authorities

"

the risk of abortion. = "
>

high fever, and may vomit. Some nasal +
<
* Veterinary Services quarantine restric-
discharge may also be seen, followed vectors can be prevented through use tions barring movement of livestock
by prostration; mortality may reach of protective clothing, application of out of or into infected areas.
up to 70%. In very severe infection in >

calves, death may occur in two days East Coast Fever without wearing adequate protection.
after the incubation without showing vaccine available >t assist animals with difficult
any clinical signs. Millions of cattle in 11 African coun- calving but consult the nearest veteri-

#

tries could be saved following the
nary office or clinic instead.
nausea, severe headache, joint pains, mass production of a vaccine that ? "
dizziness and nose bleeding. There controls East Coast Fever (ECF). water or disinfectant after handling
are rare deaths among humans who The vaccine that works by infection animals or animal products.
usually recover and develop immunity. and treatment of healthy animals to @

National campaign develop their immunity to the disease in authorized slaughter houses and
Like many other viral infections, RVF has not been available to most live- be inspected by an authorized meat
has no cure; it can only be prevented stock keepers in these countries due inspector.
through vaccination. In Kenya, the to lack of adequate funding for its @

ministry of Livestock development in production. permitted meat carrier and each con-
collaboration with other stake holders The International livestock Research signment accompanied by a certificate
has conducted a national vaccination Institute (ILRI), at the request of of transport indicating the origin and
campaign to control the infection of Africa Union/Inter-Africa Bureau for destination of the meat.
cattle and other animals. The cam- Animal Resources has produced one > # " #

paign involves provision of free vac- million vaccines that will be used boiling or pasteurization.
cines and personnel and the public to vaccinate livestock in the affected @
"

have been sensitized through the local areas. (TOF) cooked or processed before eating.
Tanzania supports organic farming

With official assistance,
Tanzanian farmers have increased
crop yields using organic methods.
Peter Kamau, Pare (Tanzania)
+ssein Mavoa, a 52-year old farmer
in Ntenga village in Pare mountains in
Tanzania had for a long time practised

"H+"

like many other small-scale farmers in
rural Tanzania, his crop yields were not
very good. The average maize yield
was three to four bags per acre which
could not meet the food requirements
for his family of five. For maize seed,
he would select his seeds from the Farmers in Pare mountains (Tanzania) working in their shamba. (Photos P. Kamau)
previous years harvest. But all startedNtenga village from Same district in ence in crop production, soil conserva-
changing for the better two years ago Tanzania, he enrolled for the train- tion, dairy farming, poultry keeping,
when the Tanzanian government with ing programme in 2007 when it was irrigation and water development.
assistance from donors introduced the launched. They were divided into 4 and financial support
Participatory Agricultural Develop- groups with each group of 10 farmers The government extension staff do not
ment Programme (PADEP) to train being given a choice of the area they stop there; they have to visit each group
farmers on sustainable agriculture. wanted to be trained in. The 4 groups and do an evaluation to test if the
chose crop production, soil conserva-
In the last three years, I have seen a farmers have learnt all the skills. The
steady increase in my maize and bean tion, dairy farming, poultry keeping, evaluation is done in a selected demon-
yields. Now I can harvest between 12 irrigation and water development. stration plot specific to each of the areas
and 13 bags of maize per acre which Mavoas group went for crop produc- the farmers have been trained on. Satis-
was something I could not imagine just tion with maize and beans being their fied that they can put into practice all
a few year ago, Mavoa says. main crops. The programme started they have learnt, the farmers are given
Farmers learn organic methods training the farmers on the importance certificates and allowed to go back to
Mavoa is a beneficiary of PADEP. of restoring soil fertility, composting their farms where they are expected to
Together with 40 other farmers in and use of organic fertilizers. For pest start various farming activities.
and disease control they introduced us To facilitate the farmers and enable
to various plants that can control pests, them implement the various projects,
Changing fungal and bacterial diseases. We were the programme granted them Tsh 35
farming systems also shown how to prepare foliar fertil- million. From this amount, the farmers
Most farmers in the Pare mountains izers. We never knew that many plants were given grants, each according to
still practise traditional farming that we often take for granted are very their requirements such as money
systems with little use of fertilizers useful to the farmer, says Mavoa. A for purchase of seeds, ox ploughs,
and chemicals. Intensive farming over little more labour is needed in organic improved dairy cows or goats or irri-
the years on the slopy mountains had production; however, the benefits out- gation pipes. This money has made
to led soil erosion and reduced soil weigh the cost of buying what he calls a considerable improvement in our
fertility. The introduction of organic Mbolea ya viwandani (chemical fertiliz-
J+
QHXYZ
farming including provision of certi- ers) including chemicals pesticides and out of the original 40 members have
fied maize seed varieties is changing
H+
ys the use of organic managed to start various income gen-
the way farmers practise agriculture methods has opened the eyes of many erating activities that are now support-
in this region and other parts of Tan- poor farmers who have now found ing them.
zania. cheaper methods of crop production
The most interesting approach that have considerably cut down on
being used in this program is that it their production costs.
is farmer-driven. The farmers identify Exchange of skills
priority projects within their com- To ensure the new technologies intro-
munity, then the government comes duced to them are adopted by all
in to provide technical and financial members, each of the groups has to
support to help them realise their train others what they have learnt. For
goals. Other projects that the gov- example, Mavoas group has to train
ernment has initiated on the same the other groups that specialised on
model have had a big impact on soil conservation, poultry keeping, irri-
the overall agricultural production gation and water development, what
in the country. Increased productiv- they learnt on crop production. Each
ity has enabled Tanzanian farmers to of the other groups have also to train
export fruits, vegetables and cereals Mavoas groups the skills they have
to Kenya which has been made easier
acquired in their areas of specialisation.
following the cross-border trade pact
At the end of the training and exchange
signed under the East African Com-
of skills learnt, all the members in the
munity trade agreement. (pk)
four groups will have gained experi-
Collect water while it is raining

A lot of run-off water can be we just cannot afford to lose such large Water
harvested and put to good use instead amounts of water any more. Instead, Our series
of going to waste. farmers should collect as much water on water The
as possible now, to have it ready for use Organic Farmer
The Organic Farmer during the next dry season! underscores
Farmers can choose between various the value of
The rains have already started. Most methods to harvest water for domestic
farmers are taking advantage of them this neglected
as well as for agricultural use. They resource. In
to replant after the crop failures of the should take into account all available
recent drought. As the rains continue, the December
water resources and all ways in which issue, we will feature indigenous tech-
billions of cubic meters of water that water can be collected, stored, and
could be harvested and stored across nology in water conservation.
treated. In the same way as your crop
the country will go to waste. With the harvest provides enough food for your carry your family, your livestock and
diminishing water resources as a result family all year round, an adequate your shamba safely through the dry
of deforestation and climate change, amount of water should be available to season.
+
"

Farmers need water for two main be collected in smaller tanks or drums.
uses: Clean water for the household In a household with 6 persons consum-
and animals, and less clean water for ing 100 liters of water per day, 36 cubic
crops. The best source of clean water is meters of water are required through-
rainwater. Iron sheet roofs can supply out the year. In a semi-arid climate (600
free and clean water throughout the mm of rain per year), this amount of
year it only needs to be caught by water is provided from a roof area of
gutters and drained into a storage 60 square meters. This corresponds to
tank. a house of 6 meters x 10 meters.
Use all roofs on your farms to harvest All gutters need to be checked and
rainwater! Also water flowing from maintained permanently to make sure Do not waste rain water! (Source of all
smaller roofs of sheds and stables can that no water is wasted and the inflow photos: www.infonet-biovision.org)
to the tank is not blocked. rainwater should always be directed
Storage tanks away from the storage, since it con-
Tanks, reservoirs and cisterns tains the dirt from the roof.
for clean water storage can A storage tank should be placed near
be constructed above ground the place of usage, e.g. the kitchen, or
or below ground. No matter the cattle unit. An overflow should
whether they are made of redirect excess water to a smaller
plastic, bricks, masonry, steel water container or tank.
sheets, or concrete, they must Protect your family from malaria
be tightly covered to prevent All open water areas are breeding
evaporation and pollution, and places for mosquitoes, also in the dry
mosquitoes breeding inside. season, when malaria transmission is
They also need regular inspec- normally decreased. Cover tanks and
A roof, well maintained gutters and a clean and tion and cleaning. Before the all other inlets where mosquitoes may
covered tank are vital in dry regions. (Source: Sus- rains start, the tank must be invade (taps, ventilation pipes) with
tainable Agriculture Manual, IIRR 1998) cleaned. The first direct flush of screens and mosquito-proof mesh!
You can get enough water for your livestock and crops
Water for farm animals and for irriga- to reduce leakage. Trees and scrubs are Collecting runoff surface water
tion of crops can be collected from grown on the windy site of the dam to Surface water runoff, e.g. from roads,
surface runoff which is directed into function as windbreaks and to reduce should always be directed into ponds
ponds or reservoirs. Such structures evaporation. This requires some effort, or reservoirs. Trenches channeling
can hold large amounts of water. but there are many examples of initia- water directly into the fields should be
Usually, soil is excavated and the mate- tives where farmers alone or together avoided, because uncontrolled water
rial is used to form a dam. The ground by forming water user associations suc- flow during heavy rainfalls leads to
of the pond or pit has to be compacted cessfully constructed dams and ponds. soil erosion and development of deep
gullies in agricultural land. Water from
ponds can be used for livestock as well
as for irrigation of fields and crops.
From the pond, small channels can
then direct the water to the fields.
Pits, dams and ponds
Natural depressions or pits which were
left by road constructors can be used for
water storage, especially if you observe
Run-off water from roads can be harvested from cut-off trenches or road ditches that water tends to drain slowly from
Continued on page 6
from page 5
Water
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
them. A trench can be dug to divert water from
the road into the pit. To construct a dam and a
pond, use a natural depression where rainwater
flows or accumulates naturally. Also gullies can
More farmers benefit from i-TOFs
Peter Kamau, Gatuto in the right way and various methods
easily be diverted into a pond. The soil should It is a hot Tuesday morning, and they can use to improve soil fertil-
be clayey. Avoid building dams near livestock members of Mukui Farmers Common ity and crop yields. Previously we
enclosures to avoid pollution! Interest Group near Sagana town are have had to depend on a few experts
Dams should always be circular or oval in order seated in a semi- circle under a tree in who came to train us at an exorbitant
to have an evenly distributed water pressure a group members farm. Before them cost, says group chairman George
preventing cave-in of the walls. They can be are a variety of plants in a heap for Maina. We are not paying anything
lined with clayey soil to make the bed more preparation of plant extracts, there for this valuable training and infor-
impermeable. On slopes, a dam of half-circular are also ingredients for preparation of mation material. We hope the project
shape may be sufficient to hold the water in the natural milking salve. The members will continue so that more farmers can
pond. A spillway lined with stones is built at are involved in a lively discussion on acquire knowledge on sustainable agri-
each upper end of the dam wall to discharge the steps they have to follow in the culture, Maina says. The farmers want
surplus water safely. preparation of the two products. more training in agroforestry, water
Excavation dams are circular or oval excava- Peter Murage, an extension worker harvesting and dairy farming.
tions where the excavated soil is used for build- who is in charge of i-TOF training
ing the dam walls. Their sides should slope at Using Infonet
programme in the area is supervising Like the other extension workers in the
least 45 degrees to be stable. the farmers to make sure they prepare programme, Murages diary is always
Enlarge your pond gradually the ingredients according to the way he full. When he is in the office, farmers
A farmer can start with digging a small pond has trained them. Finally the farmers thirsty for information come to consult
during dry season and enlarge it every year, get down to work. him. Others bring diseased plants and
until he is satisfied with the capacity of his dam. The Gatuto training centre is one of even pests for him to identify and rec-
Channels to the shamba the four information and organic input ommend a solution. Murage opens his
Diversion channels direct the water from the centres (i-TOF), which
pond into the shamba, where it can be collected have been set up by The
in small pits. These are dug along the contours. Organic Farmer magazine
Pits allow the water to sip into the soil, thereby in Gatuto (Central), Kan-
increasing its moisture content. Use of pits is gundo (Eastern), Majengo/
also a soil conservation measure as it prevents Buyangu (Western) and
the run-off water from carrying the soil away. Baraka Agricultural
college in Rift Valley prov-
ince.
Exchanging informa-
tion
The 24-member group is
a beneficiary of the i-TOF
training programme,
which was launched two
months ago. Already
many farmers groups Mukui farmers group members in a group discussion
near the i-TOF centres are with i--TOF extensionist Peter Murage, (left in cap)
reaping the benefits of
Round dams are organic farming and sustainable agri- small laptop computer. It contains the
built on flat land culture through direct training by our infonet-biovision information package
(above), semi- extension workers. which provides answers to most of the
circular dams After the practical session is over, diseases and pests that affect farmers
hold water on the farmers review areas they had not in East Africa. After going through
understood in their previous training. the pictures showing various diseases
hillsides (left), and
They seek clarifications from Murage on the computer, the farmers are able
excavation dams to identify the particular disease and
can also be built who answers all the questions with
in succession ease. The farmers then share their own how to control it. They leave the office
(below).
experiences on the different aspects of satisfied.
farming. Organic inputs
Anne Wairimu says termites used to In addition to the training, one area
be a big problem to her, but since she that farmers have a problem with is
attended a training session last month, access to organic inputs. The i-TOF
a termite control plant extract solution programme has made arrangements
they were introduced to had managed in the four i-TOF areas where farmers
to wipe out termite colonies in her can buy some basic organic inputs such
farm. Other members who have used as diatomite powder that can protect
the extract agree with her. cereals such as maize, beans, rice or any
Apart from the use of plant extracts other cereal crops from pest damage
and the milking salve, the farmers have for long periods of time, for instance
also learnt how to prepare compost against the Larger Grain Borer.
Why some eggs fail to hatch ...answers in brief
Why do some eggs Cowpeas
remain unhatched What is cow peas in Kikuyu lan-
after the hatching guage?
period is over?
Chickens are Cowpea is known as thoroko in
Kikuyu language.
naturally rather
poor brooders. What type of cassava
Very often, only Thanks for your radio programme
a part of the eggs
^_`{|`{|H +"

will hatch. Even cassava MM96/5280 take to mature?
Bankiva-chickens, L.A Omuka. 0724 417 182.
the wild ancestors MM96/5280 is an early maturing
of our domesticated variety developed by KARI scientists.
chicken, are often It is tolerant
not very successful to Cassava
and have to start a M o s a i c
second and third Disease, has
clutch. There can sweet taste
be many reasons and is high
for unhatched eggs. yielding. The
If the egg was not variety takes
fertilized by a cock, 6 months to
no chicken will mature. For
develop. Eggs may also have remained cold for too long. In case the egg had a more infor-
crack or the shell was of poor quality, the egg might have dried out. Also the age mation get in
of the hen can matter: the proportion of unhatched and infertile eggs is larger touch with KARI Kakamega. P.O. Box
from the third laying period of a hen onwards. 169, 50100 Kakamega, Tel 056-30031.
Control ticks
Phosphorus is essential for plants Why are ticks common on some par-
Is organic phosphate better than DAP? ticular breed of cows than others?
Ruth Ruto, Bomet It is true that ticks may attack a par-
Phosphates are a naturally occurring ticular cow in the herd more than
form of phosphorus. Phosphorus is others but the reason for this has not
absolutely essential for both plants and been researched on. It may be similar
animals as an energy carrier and for as with mosquitoes some people get
growth and reproduction. bitten all the time while others remain
Rock phosphate in its natural form untouched. Some veterinarians say
is used in organic farming to provide animals with tender skin may be more
phosphorus to the soil for plant uptake. prone to attack but no scientific evi-
Rock phosphates release phosphorus dence exists to back this explanation.
and other minerals gradually and We would advise to ensure all your
Enriching compost with rock phosphate
slowly, and the effect may not be seen cows are dipped often to reduce tick
immediately. When using rock phosphate, you infestation which can cause several
DAP on the other hand is synthesized have to know: livestock diseases if they are not con-
in a factory by combining ammonia - Legumes and millets respond best and trolled.
with phosphoric acid. It contains both directly to rock phosphate, whereas on Super-gro
Nitrogen and Phosphorus which are maize the effect is only long term. I would like to know more about
transferred to the plant directly, as - In acidic soils, rock phosphate is more a product called super-gro.Which I
DAP is a water soluble fertilizer. soluble and more available to plants have been told is an organic fertilizer.
+"

"
>@$
- Rock phosphate shows best effects Do you really approve it. Walter from
plant food frequently, it increases soil when it is composted together with Rachuonyo district? Tel 0724 112 142.
acidity. In soils where DAP has been organic materials like manure or vege- Super-gro is a wetting agent that
used for long time it is difficult to tative matter. This natural acidification enables plants to utilize water more
reduce acidity. This reduces crop yields process makes it available to plants in efficiently. It is non-toxic, non-caus-
and income for the farmer. most soils. tic and environmentally friendly.
It is often mixed with pesticides to
make them work better when applied
Ratio of cocks to hens H +"

@

+"
#

] cock per 20 laying hens. If the cocks company who introduced it into the
Chicken naturally live in groups of start to fight seriously, weaker cocks country, registered it as a cosmetic
one cock and two to five hens. But if have to be removed. product running into problems with
the poultry they are kept in confine- If you want eggs for brooding, you the Kenya Plant Inspectorate Service
ment, there should not be too many will of course want that the entire }~$+ "
H
cocks, as they will start fighting and clutch is fertilized. In this case, one not available in most agrovet shops
may even kill each other. In such a rooster should probably serve not

H+"

-
system, provide not more than one more than six hens. lutely safe to use in organic farming.
Starting a proper organic kitchen garden
The Organic Farmer magazine your crops without damaging them.
often gets questions like this: I have Paths should be wide enough to take
recently moved to a new home and small wheel barrows, thus compost
would like to grow a kitchen garden can be distributed efficiently and har-
and flowers organically. Please advise, vesting can be done without damaging
thanks. I think it is important to the soil. Number the planting beds as
show how to set up a kitchen garden. this will help you with referencing and
record keeping.
Su Kahumbu Now that you have a map you need
to figure out what you are going to
Im happy to hear you intend to also grow and in what quantities. Once you
grow your flowers organically! have made a decision, start a planting
When locating a place for a kitchen calendar as shown below. This will
garden, a few considerations must be ensure you keep track of your planting
taken into account. Firstly choose a regimes as well as ensure you have a
spot with good, fertile soil. Secondly, continuous harvest.
there should be adequate water nearby Your planting calendar will follow the
as this will save you the trouble of planting patterns of the rains if you rely
trekking back and forth. If you have
H+"

any buildings close by, water could are using irrigation to water your crops
be harvested from the roofs. Thirdly, do proper planning so that harvest-
you should not have too many big ing time does not coincide with rainy a lot of compost fertilizer. Ensure you
trees in the area as crops have diffi- season to avoid losing your harvest keep all your biodegradable wastes
culty growing under big trees. Finally, especially for cereal crops. from your house and garden as well
ensure the area is safe from animals Some tips as from your flower garden, grass cut-
and even unwelcome humans who 1. Use your planting calendar to plan tings etc for this purpose.
may be tempted to taste your crops! your farm activities and follow good
Once you have the ideal location, crop rotation in each planting bed. This Compost Making
draw it out and take some measure- will reduce the incidence of pest and Again, choose the compost making
ments so that you have a kitchen disease on the crops. area close to a water source. Make
garden map. compost heaps ideally 2m long by 1m
2. Planting in beds with this plan will wide by 1 meter high, using layers of
allow you to adapt the system into materials you find on your farm such
Planting Bed 1 using drip irrigation very easily. One as crop wastes, kitchen wastes, green
Shed of the future TOF-editions will dem- materials e.g. tithonia and comfrey
Planting Bed 2 onstrate how this is done on the same leaves, weeds, dry leaves, manure,
Planting Bed 3 plan. wood ashes, and if available minjingu
Water Point Seed Beds rock phosphate. For a compost pile
Planting Bed 4 Before you begin to plant, start prepar- this size approximately 5 kg ashes and
Seed Beds
Planting Bed 5 ing your seed beds. This area must be 10 kg minjingu can be used. Make sure
Compost
area
near a water source and may require that as you make the layers, you keep
Planting Bed 6 a little shading if it is too hot. Prepare wetting them down just to a damp
your soil for your seed beds and dig stage, with water, or water with E.M.
up beds approximately 2m x 1 m. The When the compost is piled up,
From this map, draw out your plant-
number of seed beds will depend on cover it with plastic sheeting or banana
ing beds. I recommend beds that are a
the size of your kitchen garden. An leaves and wait for 3 weeks making
meter wide and can run for up to 50
eighth of one acre plot may require sure to check it does not dry out. After
meters. Between each bed leave 1.5 feet
2 seed beds this size. Incorporate a 3 weeks turn it and again make sure it
of space as a path. Once you have pre-
large amount of very well decomposed is damp; then cover it again. It will be
pared the beds it is imperative that you
compost into the seed bed soil. It is ready when it resembles dark brown
do not trample on the soil again. Many
important that this soil drains well but rich soil and has a great earthy smell.
farmers do not leave paths and thus
does not dry too quickly. This may take a few months. If it has
damage the soil structure as they weed
Follow the direction on your seed a bad smell do not use it, but turn and
and tend to their crops. If you have a
packets with your planting calendar stop it from getting too wet which is
path running down the side of the bed
so that you do not under or over plant. probably why it was smelling.
you can easily do all maintenance on
An organic kitchen garden requires Make a new compost pile as often
Planting calendar as possible so that compost is always
available for application in your
Bed Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec kitchen garden. Transplant seedlings
1 kale tp w h h h c/p when they are approximately 1 month,
1 carrot d/s w w t h h c/p and water them well, especially after
planting. For your flowers, use the
2 corn c/p d/s w t/d h same compost. Put mulching material
2 beans c/p d/s w w h c/p around the bases of the plants to keep
2 potato d/s w t/d h h soil moist and avoid having to water
frequently. You can do the same with
tp = plant w = weed t/d = top dress c/p = clear and other crops.
d/s = direct seeding h = harvest t = thin prepare bed Voila, keep the cycle going! Good Luck!
The year has now come to an end.

When we look back at the many arti-
cles we have done in the past twelve
months, we have seen some very posi-
tive response from the farmers, who
not only took our advice, but have gone
ahead to practise what we have reported
in the various articles in the magazine.
A good example is the biogas article
we carried in February. It provoked
an overwhelming feedback from the
farmers. The same response has come
from farmers who read our article on
greenhouse farming recently.
This shows that small-scale farmers
Tomatoes can now be grown organically in a greenhouse (Photo TOF)
are ready to adopt new technologies and
ideas that help them improve produc-
Huge interest in greenhouses tion and income. It is encouraging to
note that farmers and farmers groups
(TOF) There is a growing interest in crops. But a new range of organic are able to take initiatives without assis-
greenhouse farming. Our rather scep- biopesticides, fungicides and organic tance from the government and even
tical article in the October issue pro- fertilizers are already in the market. NGOs.
voked a huge feedback. Now there is a real danger. It seems We shall continue to support our
The biggest hurdle is that green- that all greeenhouse farmers are fellow farmers in this initiative, with our
houses require a heavy capital invest- rushing to grow the same crop as magazine, with the TOFRadio (every
ment which is far beyond the ability their fellow neighbour: Tomatoes. Thursday evening at 8.15 pm, and
of most small-scale farmers. On the When they flood the market, the prices with the input and information centres
other side, the greenhouse technology go down and farmers earnings are of The Organic Farmer, i-TOFs. This
has attracted the interests of banks. blown in the wind. Diversification in new service is a big success, as you
Another tricky point for organic the range of crops in greenhouse pro- can read on page 6. In getting closer
farmers who do not use chemicals is duction very important because of the to the farmers, the i-TOF programme
the danger of diseases in greenhouse huge investment involved. Pages 2 & 3. has made it possible to offer solutions
to some of the problems that face small-
Addresses please! scale farmers through intensive train-
ing by our extension workers.
We receive requests through SMS It has not been a particularly success-
and e-mail from farmers who want to ful year for farmers due to the prolonged
get copies of The Organic Farmer mag- drought that led to crop failure and live-
azine. We can only consider them stock deaths. We hope that farmers will
under the following conditions: take advantage of the current rains to
Farmers have to prove that they are plant early maturing crops in order to
genuine farmers groups; they should improve their food stocks in the coming
No fodder, no milk therefore send us a copy of their reg- year.
Most cows owned by small-scale istration certificate together with such Finally, our heart goes out to the
farmers are underfed. The result is details as number of members, their Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
a low milk production. How much full address complete with telephone who are still suffering in transit camps
fodder does a dairy cow need in a day? numbers of the contact persons. two years after they were thrown out
And what type of fodder? Page 8 For farmers who want to get copies of their farms during the post-election
of various articles, do not send SMS violence at the beginning of last year.
containing only the keyword, silage Although these people had been prom-
Water series 5 for instance; we may not have the ised resettlement and some money to
Traditional time to call you back to request for sustain them, to date, many of them
methods that details of your full address. With have not received a cent. It is really
reduce water loss. regard to our free service, it is a shameful that a country like Kenya
minimal sign of courtesy that farmers cannot find a solution to such a small
i-TOF Programme 6 indicate their full name and address. issue as the resettling of the IDPs. We
)DUPHUVRXWVLGHWKHSURMHFW NOTE: Farmers often complain that hope that something can be done to
DUHDVUHTXHVWIRUWUDLQLQJ e-mails sent to us are not answered. ensure that these people are resettled so
Animal health 7 Some months ago we informed you that they can resume a normal life.
Eye worm disease in livestock about our new e-mail address; here it We wish all farmers a merry Christ-
can be treated. is again: info@organickenya.org mas and happy new year.
dio
Ra
F
TO
Farmers can now buy greenhouse starter kits

Farmers have discovered use of local material reduces
the benefits of greenhouses. To build the costs; the proceeds from
one needs capital and ambition. savings can be used to buy
other important inputs such
The Organic Farmer as the plastic sheeting or
seeds.
Greenhouse farming is becoming one A number of companies are
of the most popular agricultural enter- already selling entire kits for
prises among farmers in the country at greenhouses, including the
the moment. As we mentioned in our
irrigation system. It is easier
September 2009 issue of The Organic
for farmers who can raise
Farmer, farmers now want to grow
high value crops that give them quick enough capital to buy these
returns for their investment. Under kits because they come as a
A greenhouse made using local materials complete package.
optimal conditions, growing vegetables
and fruits in a greenhouse can give the the Agricultural Finance Corporation One rather good value kit is produced
farmer up to ten times what they would (AFC) which lends only to farmers by Amiran Kenya Ltd, a company
get if they did the same in an open with five or more acres of land. based in Nairobi. This kit can cover
rain-fed field. The changing climatic Getting loans is not a big problem for an 1/8 of an acre (500 square metres)
conditions have brought very unpre- farmers with title deeds or any other and goes for Ksh 139,600. The cost of
dictable rainfall patterns and frustrated security such as household goods, the farmers kit does not include techni-
many farmers. This explains why they a car or even a permanent residen- cal assistance, labour, seeds, organic
opt for alternative methods of generat- tial house. Equity bank has a special inputs and other incidental costs (see
ing income; for them, the greenhouses credit facility for those who want to table below).
seem to be a way out of the dilemma. set up greenhouses. The farmers have The Amiran Farmers Kit (AFK) is
to present their bank statements for designed in a simple way. It comes with
No loans without security the last two seasons. A detailed busi- steel structures for the framework of
The biggest problem for farmers is lack ness plan showing the inputs required the greenhouse, the cover and a high
of start-up capital. To put up a green- for the entire investment, including roof that provides adequate space for
house requires a lot of capital. Most the expected crop yield and earnings, crops to grow as required. The kit has
farmers cannot overcome this hurdle should be provided. The bank assesses a drip irrigation system, a collapsible
unless they get support in form of credit the business plan and inspects the water tank, a knapsack sprayer includ-
from a bank or their local Savings and security and immediately disburses the ing seeds of various crops such as toma-
Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs). The loan, as long as the farmer meets all the toes, specially suited to a greenhouse
only other institution offering credit is conditions. environment. Farmers who purchase
The cost of a greenhouse the kit are trained on every aspect of
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[
Farmers can put up a greenhouse greenhouse management, pest control,
THNHaPUL MVY [OL 2LU`HU MHYTPUN JVT
using locally available materials for environmental health and safety.
T\UP[` 0[ WYVTV[LZ VYNHUPJ
the framework. But the construction Agro-Tunnel International, another
MHYTPUN HUK Z\WWVY[Z KPZ
needs a person with some technical company based in Kitale has a similar
J\ZZPVUZ VU HSS HZWLJ[Z VM
knowledge on this specific task. The kit at the same cost.
The Organic Farmer PZ W\I Budget for a Amiran greenhouse (1/8 acre) used under ideal conditions
SPZOLK TVU[OS` I` PJPWL HUK
KPZ[YPI\[LK MYLL VM JOHYNL [V MHYTLYZ ;OL Item Costs Ksh
YLWVY[Z PU [OL The Organic Farmer KV UV[ Farmers kit 139, 600
ULJLZZHYPS`YLMSLJ[[OL]PL^ZVMPJPWL
The Organic FarmerPZZWVUZVYLKI`)PV=P Labour (technical and support staff 24,000
ZPVU H :^PZZIHZLK MV\UKH[PVU Seeds 10,000
KL]LSVWTLU[^^ÎPV]PZPVUJO Biopesticides, organic fungicides and foliar feeds 20,000
7\ISPZOLY (MYPJHU 0UZLJ[ :JPLUJL Miscellaneous costs 5,000
5HPYVIP 2,5@( ;LS! Total costs for the greenhouse 198, 000
Income from 1,000 plants * 400,000
Gross profit margin 202,000
:LJYL[HYPH[3\J`>4HJOHYPH * Estimates: 1000 tomato seedlings planted, each plant produces 10 kg during
3H`V\[0U(=PZPVU:`Z[LTZ its lifespan, 1 kg is sold @ 40 Ksh
*OHYSLZ 2PTHUP MHYTLY >HUNPNL 1VZLWO NOTE: Organic inputs are available at Lachlan (k) Ltd (See page 3).
)VYNLTLPZ[LYPJPWL:\UKH`,RLZPPJPWL Farmers interested in the construction of a greenhouse can get more information from the
(KKYLZZThe Organic Farmer following companies:
76)V_5HPYVIP2,5@( - Amiran (K) Ltd P.O. Box 30327, 00100 Nairobi, Tel. 020 824 840 -9 or 0725 647 924,
;LS! e-mail: eva@amirankenya.com.
PUMV'VYNHUPJRLU`HVYN - Agro Tunnel International Tel. 0720 560 727, 0722 360 311 Kitale, Kenya e-mail:
^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN agrotunnel@gmail.com.
TOF gave Zipporah the greenhouse idea
Innovative farmer, Zipporah Itinga, to balance the soil pH and reduce
manages organic tomato production acidity, is also added during early soil
in a greenhouse. preparation. After planting, TwinN
for nitrogen fixation and Aton A to
Peter Kamau, Kamulu Z, an organic foliar feed with amino
acids and trace elements are added.
Zipporah Itinga always wanted to To ensure sustainable quality yields,
grow her crops the organic way. But Biocure, a crop protection product, is
she lacked information on how to do applied at intervals of two to three
it. But luck came her way two years weeks for the entire growth cycle to
ago when she came across The Organic control pests and nematodes.
Farmer magazine and visited our All these products are certified by
offices. From the various articles in the the British Soil Association, an interna-
magazine, she has acquired a wealth tionally recognized certification body,
of knowledge on organic production. and Ecocert of South Africa. Another
Last year she read an article that fea- Mrs Zipporah Itinga tending her crops advantage is that these products are
tured a company that was selling a cheaper when compared to chemical
range of organic inputs suitable for pesticides and herbicides.
organic farmers and immediately con- Greenhouse sanitation
tacted them. Mrs. Itinga also uses plant extracts
Organic production programme and ash to repel pests and to increase
The company, Lachlan Kenya Ltd intro- potassium levels in the soil. No plants
duced to her a range of products that in the tomato family such as potatoes,
can be used in place of chemicals and capsicums or eggplant are planted near
which produce better results. At the the greenhouse to avoid disease trans-
same time, her husband, Francis Itinga fer. Anybody entering the greenhouse
had learnt about a tomato variety that has to dip their shoes in a disinfectant
could be grown in a greenhouse and solution to prevent any contamination
Drip irrigation saves water (picture above), that can introduce diseases to the crop.
which matures in six months. The the ropes support the plants during fruit- When The Organic Farmer visited the
couple had already lost their six dairy
ing (picture below). Photo TOF farm, Itinga and her daughter, who also
cows to diseases and also abandoned
French beans production in their has been trained in organic farming
were busy tending the healthy and
10-acre farm in Kamulu in the out-
succulent tomatoes that she expects to
skirts of Nairobi. After reviewing their
start harvesting in a weeks time.
options, they decided that growing
I have always wanted to avoid
tomatoes in a greenhouse was the best
the use of chemicals when growing
way to go. crops. Mrs. Itinga says. This is after
Technical back up learning that most of the chemicals are
Zipporah Itinga once more approached responsible for most of the diseases
the company for advice on how she that affect our people. I knew it is only
could do it organically. Lachlan Ltd. the farmers who can change the quality
was interested and promised her that of the food in the market. I am happy
in some kind of a trial, they would to grow food that is healthy, she adds.
provide the necessary technical back Any farmer interested in greenhouse
up through every stage of tomato organic production can get more infor-
production using their organic fertil- mation from Zipporah Itinga Tel.0722
izers, fungicides and pesticides. The 739 025 or Lachlan (K) Ltd P. 0. Box 494,
company offers free technical service Nairobi, 00100, Tel. 020 207 39 12/3/4 or
to all farmers who buy their products. 0722 209 474.
Organic inputs
Itinga put up a 16 by 60 metre green-
house with 3500 plants last August.
She later spread tonnes of compost in
the greenhouse. Afterwards, technical
personnel from the company helped
her to sterilize the soil in the green-
house and the nursery, using Bioxx
5000. This is a broad spectrum soil
drench. It kills all pathogens that attack
crops in the soil while sparing benefi-
cial organisms.
Later the soils were inoculated with
the product Eco-T. It contains benefi-
cial fungi that control fungal diseases,
and fortified with bio-stimulants. Black
majick, a soil conditioner that helps Proper air circulation in a greenhouse is very important. (Photo TOF)
Record keeping is a must for breeders

Lack of records contribute to the right semen to avoid inbreeding.
declining quality of the Kenyan Farmers interested in keeping dairy records for
dairy animals. purposes of upgrading their animals should get
into contact with The Kenya Livestock Breeders
The Organic Farmer Organisation (KLBO) P.O. Box 478 Nakuru, 20100
Farm records are part and parcel Tel.: 051 2 216 996, Cell: 0723 379 048.
of the management system in Animal records are more difficult to make com-
any farm. They help the farmer pared to other farm records. Below we provide
to know how the various activi- you with an example of a dairy cow record sheet
ties on the farm are perform- and the details that must be included it for per-
ing. For those who keep dairy sonal information and the KSB recording service.
cattle, farm records are an impor-
tant guide for any farmer who
wants to keep essential details
of their dairy animals. They can
help farmers track the history of know figures and facts that can
their dairy cows right from birth help you know about a particular
to calving, lactation for breeding animals and its young ones two
and general livestock manage- or three generations down the
ment purposes. Records of indi- line; written records can help you
vidual animals, their milk pro- remember these.
duction, health, feed usage and Simple records can go a long
other essential details can be kept way in assisting farmers to know
for future reference and use. the fertility and qualities of their
The records are useful and can be animals. For those who want to
used to improve the production upgrade their herds and produce
of the animals. The records must high yielding dairy cows, record
therefore be kept in a way that keeping where all details on the
they can be retrieved and used to animals are provided, is a must.
help make important decisions
Breeding societies require that
regarding each of the animals.
Farm records must be done in a farmers maintain proper records
simple way that anybody includ- of each of their dairy cows. The
ing the farm workers can under- animals are registered with Dairy cow breeding records are only issued to
stand. Farmers can use dairy Kenya Stud Book (KSB), this is farmers who have registered their dairy cows with
farm records to improve and a secretariat that maintains all KSB. The picture left shows a breeder with his dairy
compare the performance of dif- records of graded animals in the cow breeding records.
ferent animals on the farm. They country. Farmers are required
can then decide if they want to to keep records of daily milk
keep the animals or even dispose production of each registered
them of. cow and the records sent to the
A farmer who has maintained Dairy Milk Recording Services of
records of each cow will know Kenya (DRSK).
when it was born, its daughters, Very few animals registered
the bulls whose semen was used Research shows that out of 3.3
to serve it, how much milk the million dairy cows in the country,
animal produced in a day, how only 5 percent are registered with
many times the animal fell sick, the Kenya Stud book. This means
the type of disease and treatment that there is a lot of inbreeding
that was given. From this history,
going on without the knowledge
a lot of information about an
of the farmers, which is to blame
animal and its progeny (future
for the declining quality of dairy
calves) can be obtained. These
cows in the country. Farmers
can help the farmer to recall the
should also ensure that all their
quality of a particular cow or
graded animals are registered
bloodline. The information can
with the Kenya Stud Book. An
also be used by other farmers
animal whose records are reg-
who buy the breed or even breed-
istered fetches a higher price in
ing societies.
the market because its quality
Record details of each dairy is already known and can be
cow proved through its records.
Most farmers have very limited Semen straws contain very vital
knowledge on the importance information such as the name and
of maintaining records. Do not code of the bull whose semen
trust your memory. A lot of facts was used; the farmer only needs
will be forgotten within a short to show the straw to the AI pro-
duration, making it difficult to vider, who will then choose the
Use proven methods to conserve water

A lot of water can be conserved
in the soil for crop prodution
and to avoid loss through runoff.
Anja Bengelstorff
Crops need moisture to grow well. A
lot of moisture can be retained in the
soil if the farmer employs appropriate
methods of water conservation on the
farm. These methods ensure that as
much water as possible is arrested and
allowed to seep into the soil where it
can be taken up by crops during the
growth phase; otherwise that water
would be wasted as run-off. In sloppy
land for example, a lot of water is lost
because it flows away by gravity. In flat
land, water logging can be a problem,
if drainage channels are not made and
water flow regulated and used by
crops. Farmers should ensure that the
available water is conserved and used
for crop production. There are various
methods that farmers can use to con- Terraces expand usable land and help collect water for your
serve water for these purposes. crops. The picture shows terraces in Rwanda.
Planting on terraces areas of land that can be planted with it will be on drier ground but the leaves
Terraces are usually put in place as crops. Grasses, trees and shrubs can be will spread around more evenly and
soil and water conservation measures planted on the ridges to stabilise the provide more nutrients for crops. Trees
on slopes and hills. They provide flat ground. They also provide leaf mulch can be planted in both locations if the
and protection from wind for crops; terrace is wide enough. The type of tree
Water trees and shrubs are useful products or hedge used will vary according to
In our series for firewood, fuel, building poles or the site it is planted on and what prod-
on water, The fodder. ucts or services you wish it to provide.
Organic Farmer Trees can be planted on the ridge or If the aim of the terrace is to stabilize
underscores at the back of the terrace. If the tree is the soil, trees and shrubs with strong
the value of planted at the back of the terrace, it will root systems should be planted. These
this neglected get all of its water requirements. If a will be able to withstand the move-
resource. In the tree is planted on the ridge of a terrace, ments of soil and water.
January 2010
issue, we will feature drip irrigation
systems.
Contour vegetation strips hold water
In traditional systems,
Water remains in pits lines of grasses, stones,
crop residues and
Tumbukiza (throw all in) pits have other organic debris
revolutionized fodder production are placed along hill-
and improved soil fertility. Huge pits, sides to control water
60 90 cm in diameter and 60 90 and soil erosion.
cm in depth are filled with trash, Contour vegetation
vegetative matter, farmyard manure strips are living barri-
and topsoil, then fodder crops, prefers of trees and shrubs
erably Napier grass, are usually which are planted along
grown. Some farmers apply 20 litres the contour lines of a
of water per hole per day during the slope, bands 0.5-2m
dry season. The organic material in wide, or strips simply
the pits retains the water, enabling left unploughed to be
the Napier grass to grow rapidly and colonized by grasses or
yield one cut per hole per month. weedy shrubs This method requires depends on the type of tree planted,
Thus, if a farmer owns one cow, he little labour. These lines of vegetation the spacing of the trees and the width
needs 30 pits; these, when watered at can serve the same purpose and can of the strip, the steepness of the slope,
a rate of 20 litres per day, will provide also provide useful products such as the amount of rainfall and the type of
enough fodder for the cow for the food, fuel, building poles or fodder. soil.
month. At the end of one cutting There are many factors to consider The advantages are that the strips
cycle (30 days), the fodder has grown when building contour strips as bad can provide additional nutrients and
enough to allow for the next round design can lead to even more severe organic matter into the soil. This can
of cutting. erosion. The effectiveness of the strip be increased by using nitrogen-fix-
Continued on page 6
from page 5
Water
020 445 03 98 0717 551 129 0738 390 715
ing plants. In addition, excess vegetation
can provide food for animals. These can be
allowed to browse through the strip to feed
i-TOFs become more popular
on crop remains after harvesting. However, Increased demand for training courses costs for the extensionists. Since the
contour strips can take up land, which could offered by the i-TOF extensionists. training is free of charge, these farmers
are only expected to facilitate our exten-
be used for crops. Instead of trees and shrubs, sion worker to reach them and offer the
The Organic Farmer
grass strips can provide an alternative and training. A final decision will be made
are effective in reducing runoff and erosion. Three months ago, we started the i-TOF by the end of January 2010.
programme, the four input and infor-
Windbreaks or shelterbelts mation centres of The Organic Farmer Extension workers fully equipped
A shelterbelt, or windbreak, is a barrier magazine. The i-TOFs in Kangundo, Our extension workers are fully
formed by trees and shrubs strategically Gatuto, Majengo/Buyangu and Baraka/ equipped with information mate-
Molo have served farmers very well in rial on every aspect of agriculture.
planted to reduce the speed of wind in order offering training and access to some They have also been given a small
to protect agricultural lands, people, animals of the organic inputs that may not be laptop computer through which they
and buildings. They can also be used to easily available. Our extension workers can access the offline version of the
support sand dune stabilisation. Shelterbelts are overwhelmed by the demand for infonet-Biovision website. If a farmer
are most successfully introduced in areas training services from farmers in areas has a disease or pest problem, all
surrounding the four centres. they need to do is to take a sample
where there are high wind speeds or prevail- This huge interest has brought another of the affected plant to the extension
ing winds for long periods, or where the soil problem: Farmers from as far as two or worker. He will then use the computer
three hundred kilometers away from to identify the problem and also give a
the i-TOF centres have also been calling solution. In addition, the centres have
the extension workers. They are request- all issues of The Organic Farmer maga-
ing to be trained on various topics on zine from when we started publica-
A well maintained windbreak is made-up of small, middle and high tree; the wind sustainable agriculture. tion of the magazine in April 2005 to
can pass through. Unfortunately, this is not possible. At the present issue, including books on
the moment our financial resources various topics that cover every aspect
are limited; we cannot be able to serve of farming. Through the centres, we
farmers beyond the project areas as try to offer farmers a forum where
shown by the maps below. Just now, we they can come together and share their
are discussing the possibility of farmers experiences and ideas on how they can
groups from far off places meeting the improve their farming practices, yields
A poorly managed windbreak: The trees block the wind totally. The wind whirls
behind the windbreak, it spoils the soil surface and vegataion behind the windbreak.
transport, food and accommodation and even income.
Nairobi
Kakamega
is dry for a large part of the year to protect
loose soil. Shelterbelts are made up of strips Tala
Mukumu
of trees, shrubs and grasses planted in single Khayega
or multiple rows. Ideal species are those that Kangundo Shinyalu
are bushy and withstand harsh environmen-
Chavakali
tal conditions such as hot or cold winds, salt- Athi River Mitaboni
Mudete
laden winds, wind-borne sand or drought. Kivaani Kilingiri
Evergreen species are recommended unless Kathiani Siathan

trees and shrubs are in full foliage during the
Ebunangwe
period of winds. Grasses and herbaceous Makuta
plants can be planted at the base of the shel- Machakos Kaimosi
terbelt to protect the wind from eroding the Kipagara

surrounding soil. The shelterbelts are sited on Vihiga
the upwind side of the land to be protected Majengo
To Mombasa
and are most effective when planted vertical To Kisumu
Buyangu
to the prevailing wind direction. Sometimes
large areas are protected by several parallel i-TOF centre, Kangundo, Eastern i-TOF centre, Buyangu, Western
shelterbelts. Research shows that wind speed Eldoret
is reduced on both sides of the barrier.
Kagumo
Winbreaks need maintenance Karatina
The advantages are that physical damage to
soils, crops, pasture and animals is reduced, Kamara
Kerugoya
the temperature of soil and air behind shel- Makangu

Embu
terbelts is modified, moisture loss is reduced, Mururiin
Gatuto
the leaves from the shelterbelt can help fer- Mau Summit
Kutus
tilize the fields and soil erosion can be pre- Kericho
Kagio
vented. Among the disadvantages, again, is Baraka
Rongai Sagana
Nyakinyua
that the space the shelterbelt takes up reduces College
the overall land available to the farmer. Also, Molo
the trees that make up the shelterbelt may Turi
Muranga
compete with crops for water and nutrients, Elburgon
Njoro Nakuru
leading to decreased production. Shelter-
belts need continual maintenance to ensure Nairobi
maximum efficiency. Nairobi
i-TOF centre Baraka College, Molo i-TOF centre Gatuto, Kerugoya
Managing the eye worm disease ...answers in brief
Compost is always good for the soil
My cows are suffering from eye worm How many planting seasons can the
disease. What can I do? compost last in the soil once applied?
The eye worm disease is an infection (Joselyn Karimi)
of the eyes of livestock with Thelezia As part of good organic farming prac-
species of worms. Thelezia are thin tise, compost should be applied every
white worms up to 2 cm long. It is planting season. This helps to replen-
known to affect cattle, sheep, dogs, ish nutrients in the soil which are
horses and donkeys, camels and buffa- taken away by the previous crop.
loes. It is distributed all over the world Ensure the compost is well-decom-
but mainly occurs in tropical countries. posed to make it release all the nutri-
The disease may affect one or both eyes ents to the soil and for the crop to be
of the animal. planted.
Picture showing eye worm in the eye of
The infection is spread from host to
an infected animal Various plants for plant extracts
host by the house fly and other similar
flies when feeding on the infected eyes. ment with ivermectin is also effective. Can the FPE (Fermented Plant
The larvae of the eyeworm develops Put 1% solution of levamisole or Extract) be sprayed on coffee plan-
inside the housefly to a stage where ivermectin directly into the eye. tation and Napier Grass? (Joselyn
it again comes out as a by product of - It is also advisable to apply anti- Karimi)
waste. When the housefly lands on biotic eye ointment if the discharge is Plant extracts can be used for any
the eye of an uninfected animal, the cloudy, white or yellow. crop or even fodder crop. The farmers
eyeworm is again transmitted to the should ensure that the FPE is well
animal and the process continues. The
worms can be seen with naked eye but
a veterinarian should be consulted to
confirm the presence of Thelezia.
Clinical symptoms
The worm infection has no clinical
signs but:
There are excessive tears and a clear
liquid comes out of the worm, which
may sometimes become grey, white or Tithonia
How to apply eye ointment into the eye
yellow; in severe cases, there may be
an animal balanced in terms of plants used in
inflammation, and pus can be seen on
surface of the eye. Prevention and control measures its preparation to ensure it contains
The animal will try to avoid bright The condition is not life threatening those plant that have both nutrients
light. and there is little we can do to control and pesticidal properties. Try to make
The eyelids often stick together. houseflies which transmit the infection. it complete by adding EM and molas-
When you observe these symptoms in ses to activate microorganisms in the
Treatment an animal, it is always advisable to solution; it becomes more effective.
Treatment is possible with topical consult a veterinarian for treament.
application of levamisole which can as William Ayako Correct use of diatomite
well be administered by mouth. Treat- At what intervals do I apply diato-
mite in my Livestock?
Bananas need good management Diatomite is of great benefit to
year, the stem of the younger plant animals when it is mixed with animal
Which chemical can you advice me to (daughter) should be larger in diam- feed. When given feed containing
use to stop my bananas from aborting? eter than the main stem (mother) plant. diatomite your animals will benefit
(Kinyua Maringa, Farmer in Gichugu). If the stems of both stems are similar from about 14 trace minerals that
Failure of bananas to produce fruits in size, this is an indication that soil make up diatomaceous earth. The fol-
may be due to by a number of factors. fertility is declining. The farmer should lowing are the recommended amount
Lack of crucial nutrients during growth ensure more compost is applied to that you can use.
may be a major cause. Like any other increase fertility levels. The best time Cows/donkeys: 30- 60 g per day
plant, bananas require good man- to apply compost is when the two Sheep/goats/pigs: 15 g per day
agement. The farmer should always stems are equal in size. Make sure that
ensure adequate compost is applied there are only Chickens or other poultry: You need
on the areas surrounding the base of two or three to weigh the feed and add only 2%
the plants (mat). Apart from compost plants in every of that weight with diatomaceous
application, bananas require mulching mat by continu- earth. Wet the feed slightly to ensure
to conserve moisture and maintain soil ous removal of animals do not inhale the dust
fertility. Mulch can be obtained from new suckers. because it can irritate the lungs and
the chopped banana leaves and spread This helps the cause harm to the animal.
around the base but not too near the growth of new Can diatomite be given to a pregnant
base as this may increase the growth plants that may heifer? (Graziella Maria, Farmer in
of unwanted roots. You can be able lead to compe- Gichugu)
to monitor the fertility levels of your tition for the
banana plant by simple observation available nutri- Yes, you can mix it with the feed in
of the stems of the plants; after one ents. the same ration as given above.
How many animals can I feed from my shamba?

Animal husbandry Low cost protein sources
needs careful planning; a badly fed cow Fodder trees
has a low milk production. Tree crops provide dairy farmers with
high quality low-cost
Theresa Szkely fodder, mostly during the
The main limitation for a cattle holder dry season. As most of them
is usually the amount of fodder he can are leguminous plants, their
provide on a regular basis. The most leaves are high in protein.
important question for a farmer keeping They are therefore an
animals is: Do I have enough fodder ideal feed supplement for
and water available throughout the year, Napier grass and cop resi-
including the dry season? dues. They should not be
Cattle need a lot of feed. One good dairy fed in higher shares than 30
cow (pure Guernsey or Jersey) needs at percent of the diet though,
More milk with quality fodder (Photo PD) as they contain substances
least 5 tons of dry matter from fresh or
dried grass per year (see box below). grass for cut-and-carry is Napier grass, which can interfere with animal health.
This is 25000 kg of fresh Napier grass, but Naivasha star grass, Bermuda grass The most common fodder trees are
or about the amount you can grow on or Elephant (guinea) grass are also good. leucaena and calliandra. It is estimated
around one acre of land. Provided you When Napier grass is well managed that three kg of fresh calliandra has the
practise a very good fodder grass man- and cut frequently, it is of high nutri- same effect on milk production as one
agement or interplant the grass with tional value. To farmers with dairy cows, kg of dairy meal. Other good fodder
legume fodder plants like desmodium, using the tumbukiza method is rec- trees include gliricidia, tree lucerne, and
you will still need 0.75 acres to feed this ommended as it gives the highest grass mulberry.
cow well. On two thirds of one acre, yields, especially during the dry season Legume fodder crops
you will be able to grow enough fodder (see page 4). It requires some work, but Legume fodder crops enrich the diet
to feed an improved local cow which because Napier grass can stand in the of cattle with protein needed for milk
yields around half the amount of milk field for 3 to 5 years, the effort for the and meat production. They are rich in
(3000 litres per year) of a Friesian cow. digging is well invested labour! calcium; they also grow on during the
Basic cattle diet: grasses Important: enough water dry season when good feeds become
Grasses are the basic diet of all cattle. Water is required for all body functions scarce. Legumes should be allowed to
Their quality of feeds depends mainly and must be provided at all times. All wilt before feeding, and must be mixed
on the stage at which they are harvested. creatures will die from lack of water with non-leguminous fodder to prevent
They give the highest yield when they quicker than from lack of any other bloat. Green manure crops such as purple
are cut at a medium stage, but the best nutrient. A cow needs: vetch, mucuna, clitoria, or canavalia can
fodder quality is achieved when they
also be used as fodder.
are cut at an earlier stage of maturity. own body Lucerne (Medicago Sativa)
Fertilizing (with manure for instance)

Lucerne is considered the King of
also contributes to quality. The best milk produced Fodders because it pro-
vides ruminant fodder of
Only well-fed animals can earn you a profit the highest quality. Protein
A small animal will obviously require more than three times the amount of and calcium levels are high
less feed than a large animal. But the fodder which is necessary during the including milk and meat
amount an animal feeds depends also on time she is dry! production when lucerne is
the quality of the feed: From good feeds, There is one important reason why a added to the fodder.
an animal consumes higher amounts. farmer should never keep more animals However, lucerne does
A cow requires a certain feed quantity than they can feed well and keep not grow well in acidic soils,
just to keep her body weight. For milk healthy: An animal which is not fed and and where sub-soils are
production, she needs additional forage: kept properly has also very low milk too acidic (pH below 5.5),
About 3 kg of fresh grass for each litre of and meat production if any at all. In lucerne cannot be grown at
milk. As her milk production increases, other words, an underfed and suffering all. In areas where lucerne has never
so does her forage intake. animal will cost you more than you can been grown before, a rhizobium inocu-
A lactating dairy cow may therefore eat earn from it. lant needs to be added to the seeds.
Breed Live weight Milk Average Forage Land for Lablab purpureus
(kg) production forage intake intake forage for Lablab can be intercropped with maize,
per year per day (kg (ton/year one cow sorghums and millets. It should be sown
(kg) fresh matter) dry matter) (acres) about 28 days after the main crop to
avoid cereal yield depression from com-
Pure Friesian 650 7500 100 6-7 1 - 1.5 petition. When fed together with maize
Pure stalks or other residues, lablab improves
Guernsey 400-450 kg 5000 - 6000 65 - 75 5 - 5.5 1 the dry-season diet of cattle.
Pure Jersey Desmodium
Crossbreed, Desmodium has a long growing season
350 - 500 and grows well together with grasses,
Improved 2000 - 4000 40 - 60 3-5 0.5 - 1
kg in a pure stand or as a cover crop under
local breed
fruit trees, bananas or coffee. Like for
Beef breed lucerne, addition of rhizobium inoculant
350- 400 kg up to 2000 35 - 40 3 0.5
Boran,Sahiwal may be necessary.
Choose the right

seed variety Farming is a challenging business.
Poor seed selection can lead Apart from the fragile economic situ-
to a poor harvest or total crop failure. ation that Kenya is now facing, there
are no other professionals in such a dif-
With the planting season just about ficult situation as farmers: They are the
to start next month, one problem that only ones who rely on rainfall whose
farmers are likely to face is the selection occurrence they cannot influence. We
of seed. The majority are still unaware do not know what the future holds
of the importance of selecting seeds in terms of climate; but it is evident
that can do well. So many farmers have that the weather patterns are becoming
fallen prey to fake seed merchants and more and more unpredictable.
companies selling seeds of unknown However, there are challenges which
quality. can easily be tackled by the farmers
This is not the only problem. Each themselves. In this issue, we highlight
seed variety has been developed for two very important problems which we
a particular climatic region in the have featured many times before: The
country. If you buy seeds without veri- choice of the maize seed varieties and
fying if it is suitable to your area, you In April 2005, we started The Organic improvement of crop yields by practic-
risk the failure of your crop. Farmers Farmer magazine (TOF). We use this 5 ing crop rotation.
nowadays have the opportunity to find year anniversary as an opportunity to Each year, farmers blame seed quality
out about suitable seed varieties via launch a competition within the TOF for their poor harvest. However, to
SMS. Page 8 TOF readers community. Page 6 some extent, they are to blame. Before
committing their money, they have to
More maize in rotation with soya inspect the item carefully. Why are
farmers so careless when buying maize
Maize planted in rotation with soya Where maize was planted for two con- seed, on which they rely for their own
beans produces markedly higher secutive seasons after soya beans, 8t/ha food security and income?
yields, compared to a maize-on-maize were harvested in the second season. Farmers have many options now
system. This is the result of research Soya has extremely high nitrogen- on how they can verify the quality
done by the South African University fixing benefits. of seed varieties in the market; they
of KwaZulu Natal; the results have An intelligent crop rotation practice can simply use their mobile phones to
been published by the South African does not only improve soil quality ; it is send a simple SMS to a seed company
magazine Farmers Weekly. Even at a the strongest weapon against diseases (as shown on page 8) to confirm the
nitrogen application of as much as and pests. We highlight crop rotation right seed variety for their area. It is
180 kg/ha, maize-on-maize yields were systems and give you a list of beneficial common knowledge that many shop-
lower than the second maize crop cropping sequences. Page 3 & 4 keepers selling seeds are just ordinary
which followed the soya beans. business people out to make money.
The university relies on figures col- They can sell anything as long as it
lected by Dries Cronje, a soya bean posts a profit.
producer from Kriel in Mpumalanga. The deteriorating soil fertility on the
He studied 16 minimum or no-till farms, including pests and diseases, is
farmers who practice a maize-soya another example. Farmers know that
bean rotation. Cronje found that on growing the same crop on the same
lands planted with soya bean the pre- piece of land every year is bad for the
vious season, dryland-maize yields of soil. A change of crops through crop
11t/ha were harvested. Maize on-maize rotation replenishes soil fertility as well
lands only yielded 5,5t/ha, with more as reduces disease and pest pressure. In
root and stem rot and other diseases. the same way, pests and diseases only
attack particular crops while avoiding
others. Rotating crops therefore reduces
Pig management 2 pests and diseases.
Pigs require proper feeding and Farming is a business. Businessmen
housing to do well. look for proper information, calcu-
late and weigh up their options before
Water series 5 they act. So many small-scale farmers
Agroforestry would be better off if they acted like
is part of water businessmen. This does not require a
conservation. lot of money but rather an open mind,
Tithonia 7 persistence, courage and a strong will
This wonderful plant has many uses to make the best out of their limited
on the farm. resources to succeed.
Crop rotation has many benefits
dio
FRa
TO
Healthy pigs need good feeding and housing

Pigs not only need good shelter; separately (fatteners, boars, dry sows
they are better off if they and lactating sows with piglets). In
have an open-air ground for exercise. pig farming, housing should be much
more than a simple shelter. There is no
William Ayako simple clear design of such a housing
unit. However, the design should
Without doubt, the returns from incorporate some technical hints as
rearing pigs are far much higher than indicated in figures 1-4. The unit can be
those from most livestock. However, modified to fit the flock number which
such
s attractive income each individual farmer would wish to
comes with a price.
price keep.
Swines have to be Pigs need an outdoor run
taken good care In organic farming, intensive pig
of and mademad keeping is not allowed. According to
comfortable at all
a the set standards, all animals shall
times.
have access to pasture or an open-air
The maj
major
exercise area or run, whenever the
practice
in an physiological condition of the animal,
the weather and the state of the ground
permit. Animals which have space for A well constructed pig pen should
free movement are healthier. It is also include the following features:

recommended that all livestock has
wind to flow in).
access to drinking water at all times.

Figure 2: Design and dimensions for should not be able to penetrate.
inten- feeding and water troughs

sive pig Whenever possible, feeding should be variations inside the pen.
k e e p i n g done outdoors. The feed trough may

system is that be made of cemented concrete, iron, or

pigs are kept
ke in hardwood. It should be long enough to later use.
a complete confine-
co cater for all the animals in the pen.
ment in a building/
bui
housing provided
provid to Use a variety of feed ingredients
keep all categories of pigs Many farmers seek to know the right ers. However, the principle of formu-
formula of pig finisher, weaner and lation using special programs is stan-
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[ pig starter. There is no single pig feed dard depending on the feed type to be
THNHaPUL MVY [OL 2LU`HU MHYTPUN JVT formulation which could be applied mixed and the production objective of
T\UP[` 0[ WYVTV[LZ VYNHUPJ universally by all farmers or produc- different farmers. Other factors deter-
MHYTPUN HUK Z\WWVY[Z KPZ mining feed formulation
J\ZZPVUZ VU HSS HZWLJ[Z VM include the available feed
Z\Z[HPUHISL KL]LSVWTLU[ Ingredient as (%) of dry Pig Sow & Fini-
matter starter weaner sher resources and the produc-
The Organic Farmer PZ W\I tion system employed on
SPZOLK TVU[OS` I` PJPWL HUK Peas - 10 - different farms. A variety of
KPZ[YPI\[LK MYLL VM JOHYNL [V MHYTLYZ ;OL feed ingredients can be used
YLWVY[Z PU [OL The Organic Farmer KV UV[ Barley - 57.05 -
but correct formulation is
ULJLZZHYPS`YLMSLJ[[OL]PL^ZVMPJPWL Maize grain (%) 54 - 75 the key to satisfying nutri-
The Organic FarmerPZZWVUZVYLKI`)PV=P tional requirements.
ZPVU H :^PZZIHZLK MV\UKH[PVU Maize and cob meal (%) - - -
It is also important to
MVY [OL WYVTV[PVU VM Z\Z[HPUHISL Soya bean (full fat) (%) 42.4 29 25 note that feed ingredients
KL]LSVWTLU[^^ÎPV]PZPVUJO may vary somehow in nutri-
7\ISPZOLY (MYPJHU 0UZLJ[ :JPLUJL Dicalcium phosphate (%) 1.4 2.05 0.75
ent levels and therefore it
MVY-VVKHUK/LHS[OPJPWL76)V_ Limestone (%) 0.8 0.9 0.95 is important to sample and
5HPYVIP 2,5@( ;LS! analyse the available ingre-
Salt (%) 0.5 0.5 0.5
dients prior to formulation
PJPWL'PJPWLVYN^^^PJPWLVYN Vitamin/mineral from a reputable animal
,KP[VYZ7L[LY2HTH\7L[LY)H\TNHY[ULY 0.5 0.5 0.5
premix (%) nutrition laboratory like
:LJYL[HYPH[3\J`>4HJOHYPH the one at KARI, Naivasha.
3H`V\[0U(=PZPVU:`Z[LTZ Nutritive value
Nutritional requirements of
(K]PZVY` )VHYK 5N\`H 4HUPHUPH PJPWL Metabolisable pigs will vary according to
*OHYSLZ 2PTHUP MHYTLY >HUNPNL 1VZLWO 3417 3045 3388
energy(kcal/kg) genetic make up, environ-
4\YLP[OP2(90/LUY`2PHYH0390*OYPZ[PHU ment and phase of growth
Crude protein (%) 19.4 18.5 14.8
)VYNLTLPZ[LYPJPWL:\UKH`,RLZPPJPWL and age.
(KKYLZZThe Organic Farmer Lysine (%) 1.08 1.0 0.74 Note: Organic diets may
76)V_5HPYVIP2,5@( reduce performance com-
Calcium (%) 0.73 0.9 0.61
;LS! pared to traditional diets
PUMV'VYNHUPJRLU`HVYN Phosphorous (%) 0.66 0.79 0.49 due to difficulties in meeting
^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN Organic feed formulation for different pig categories all nutrient needs of pigs.
The most powerful weapon against diseases
Rotating crops is good agricultural practice
all over the world. Crop health and yields suffer if crops
are not rotated.
Theresa Szkely
There is a way of controlling diseases and pests that is more
powerful than the strongest pesticide. You cannot buy it.

Growing the same crop on the same field again and again
leads to increased disease and pest levels, reduced yields
and crop failure. Especially vegetables are heavily attacked
by diseases and pests if they are not rotated systematically.
All seasonal crops need rotation!
There are two main reasons why crop rotation is so essen-
tial:
1. Many diseases and pests, including weeds, are specifi-
cally associated with certain crops or plant families and can Rotating your crops neither requires more work nor any
develop only together with their host. They survive the dry investments. The only thing you need is a minimum docu-
or the cold season in the soil or in crop residues left on the mentation, because nobody can remember which crops
field. If the same crop is planted again in the next season, were planted on which plots during the last four years.

First, buy a small booklet and draw a sketch of all your
another crop is planted, they will just starve and die after plots. Give them a number or a name. Just write down on
some time. which plot you have planted which crop in the current
2. Each crop requires a specific set of nutrients from the soil. season. Keep the booklet in a safe place to have it at hand
If you plant the same crop on the same piece of land season at the beginning of the next planting season.
after season, this leads to nutrient depletion, poor growth,
and weak plants which are easily attacked by pests and smaller impact than if only a few crops are grown.
diseases. What are the minimum rotational intervals?
Rotated crops are healthier crops How long do you have to wait before you can plant the
Different root systems of different crops improve soil same crop on the same field again? This depends mainly on
health and enhance aeration and soil structure. Soil fertility the plant family of a crop and its susceptibility to associated
is maintained or increased. The more different crops you soil-borne diseases. In Table 1 on page 4 you find a guide-
grow, the better! In addition, soil borne diseases and crop line for the different plant families and the most common
specific pests and weeds are reduced by rotation, and crops crops grown in Kenya.
will show a healthier growth. How do you go about it?
Crop rotation increases food security: If a wider variety The easiest way to establish a good rotation is to divide
of crops is grown, the failure of one crop will have a much land for seasonal crops into eight plots of more or less equal
size. These plots should be permanent in subsequent years.
Higher yields with crop rotation Eight plots are ideal for a
Healthier crops produce higher yields. In the diagram four-year-rotation and two Crop rotation cycle Page 4
below you can see what happened to a cabbage farmer growing seasons per year.
who planted cabbage in the same field for 8 consecutive Most vegetables should be grown only once in four years. In
seasons. In the first season, he harvested 7 kg cabbage per a climate with only one growing season, you need at least 4
square meter. Then the yields dropped, and in 4 out of 8 plots. You can start on only a part of your land, preferably
seasons, he had not a single cabbage to sell. The problem where you grow vegetables. Plot size does not matter.
in this case was root rot. Of course he could have sprayed Reserve up to two thirds of the area for maize, and on

the remaining plots you can plant vegetables and fodder
shifted his cabbage to another plot to harvest 7 kg again grasses. Then for each plot, follow a cropping sequence
without any spraying. which meets your needs and keeps the necessary plant-
ing intervals. In Table 2 you find the most favourable crop
sequences to choose from.
Can all diseases be prevented?
Crop rotation protects your crops from the most common
diseases and pests which survive in the field. This is espe-
cially important for susceptible crops like the cabbage
and the nightshade family. In cabbage, anthracnose and
fusarium wilt is controlled. In potatoes and tomatoes,
early blight, late blight, wilts and bacterial diseases can be
prevented or reduced. Various fungal, viral and bacterial
diseases, root rots, weevils and nematodes are controlled
in other crops. Unfortunately, on some fungi which persist
very long time in the soil like Fusarium wilt, or on rusts or
smuts, rotation has only a limited effect. Crop rotation is
therefore not a complete protection - but it will reduce ocur-
rence of diseases to a manageable level.
Crop rotation cycles

Table 1: Plant families and planting frequencies
Family Crop Plant on one plot
Grasses Napier, Boma, Kikuyu, Sudan, Rhodes, etc. for 3 or more years
Grains Maize, sorghum, millet 2 out of 3 years
rice continuously, but rotation is better
wheat, barley once in 2 years
oats once in 4 years
Legumes Dry beans, French beans, soybeans, groundnuts,
once in 4 years
cowpeas, pigeon peas, grams
Garden peas, snow peas, sugar snaps, chickpeas once in 6 years
Nightshades Irish potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, chillies, eggplants,
once in 4 years
African nightshade
Cabbage family kales, cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, radish, rape, turnips,
once in 4 years
collards
Apiaceae carrots, celeries, fennels once in 4 years
Roots sweet potatoes once in 4 years
different families cassava once in 2 years
Beet family spinach, beetroots once in 4 years
Onion family onions, garlic / leeks once in 5 years / once in 4 years
Asteraceae Sunflowers / lettuces once in 5 / once in 4 years
Cucumber family pumpkins, squashes, gourds once in 4 years
cucumbers, zucchini, melons once in 5 years
Mallow family okra, cotton once in 3 years
Table 2: A guide to a good crop rotation sequence for some common cropss
Good in the preceding season Planted crop Good to plant afterwards
All crops are good maize, sorghum, millet all crops except carrots
All crops except wheat, barley, oats wheat, barley, oats all crops except wheat, barley, oats
Legumes, maize and other grains, cotton, sweet
rice cowpeas
potatoes
Maize, grains, rice, irish and sweet potatoes, sun- Irish potatoes, tomatoes, cabbages,
legumes
flowers, spinach squashes, maize, grains, cotton
Irish potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, onions,
Maize, grains, spinach, carrots, onions beans
maize, grains
Spinach, maize, grains, fodder grass groundnuts grasses, cotton
cabbages, spinach, onions, pumpkins and
Maize, grains, grasses, legumes, spinach, onions,
Irish potatoes squashes, sunflowers, soybeans, maize,
sunflowers
grains, lettuce
Legumes (and all families except nightshades and
tomatoes cabbages, maize, grains, grasses
the cucumber family)
Maize, grains, grasses, legumes, tomatoes, irish
cabbage family only maize, grains, grasses, leeks
potatoes, onions
Irish potatoes, onion family, spinach, legumes, root crops (but not Irish potatoes):
pumpkin, squashes
maize, grains, grasses carrots, sweet potatoes, yam, cassava
Cucumber family, onion family, beet family, grains,
carrots maize, grains, grasses, beans
grasses
Grains, french beans, irish potatoes, spinach onions all crops except onion family
Cucurbits, spinach, lettuce, sunflowers sweet potatoes legumes, maize, rice, grains, grasses
Onion family, irish potatoes, carrots, peas, grains, groundnuts, soybeans, all crops except the
spinach
grasses beet family and lettuce
Maize, grains, spinach sunflowers Irish potatoes, maize, grains, legumes
Integrating trees and shrubs into cropland

Agroforestry aims at reducing the
destructive impact of deforestation
and overuse of land resources.
The Organic Farmer
Natural vegetation, if not interfered
with by human activities, is a mirror
of the regional water balance. Trees
and shrubs are good indicators of
local rainfall patterns. In humid tropi-
cal regions with high rainfall, rainfor-
ests with high biomass production are
predominant. In regions with seasonal
rains, trees shed their leaves during
the dry season, and plant productivity
declines. With diminishing rainfall,
trees become scarcer while savannahs
and rangelands become dominant.
Trees are an important part of the
water balance: they store water in their Planting selected trees in your farm is a good farming practice. (Photo AO)
root zone, protect the soil from drying ture as well as water holding capac- Agro-forestry research and devel-
out by shading and improve soil struc- ity. A tree canopy catches and stores opment of methods for re-integration
rain drops temporarily, preventing soil of trees and shrubs into the farmland
erosion and releasing water slowly to have thus become important tools to
Water infiltrate into the ground. stop the ongoing land degradation.
With this article Trees release water back into the Some elements have already been
we come to atmosphere through evaporation and described in TOF No. 55 (Dec. 2009):
the end of our transpiration, contributing to the for- Windbreaks, planting on terraces, and
water series. mation of rain clouds. If forests are contour vegetation strips.
Interested removed, most rainwater will run off
farmers can on the surface and disappear from the all farmers are welcome to try them
order them as a regional water cycle, carrying the often out and to make use of their numerous
module. thin soil layer and nutrients with it. benefits!
Well spaced trees on your shamba
Trees in cropland improve the micro- planted at 8 to 10 or more meters apart
climate, reduce run-off, conserve soil to reduce competition. Deep rooting,
and water, and provide organic matter nitrogen-fixing trees are preferred.
and protective shade for crops. They Leucaena leucocephala which
also provide food, fodder, fuelwood, does not do very well in drier areas,
and poles. Depending on the type of Sesbania sesban, Crotalaria grahamiana,
tree and crop grown, they are usually Tephrosia vogelii, and Gliricidia sepium
are recommended, but also fruit or
nut trees are beneficial. Good examples
are: Alley cropping of Leucaena and maize
"

#
-
Alley cropping
tations are especially advantageous. In alley farming or hedgerow inter-
They prevent alternate bearing only cropping, rows of woody species are
every second year by reducing flow- grown with annual crops. This system
ering and die-back from overbearing. works best in humid climates with
This can double the productive lifes- soil fertility problems. In Kakamega,
pan of coffee trees! On sloping land, Sesbania sesban trees grown in corn
soil erosion is also controlled. fields improved maize yields. The
Grevillea robusta is a very good shade trees must be managed well and need
tree in tea. to be pruned regularly. The prunings
are used as fodder for livestock, as
Dispersed trees in rangelands mulch in crops to improve soil fertility
In this traditional agroforestry system, and to suppress weeds, and for fuel-
trees are preserved for livestock brows- wood or poles. Unfortunately, there
ing, shade and sometimes for other is too much competition between
products. The high protein content of woody species and crops in dry areas.
leguminous species enables animals to
benefit more from low quality forage Living fence
during the dry season and supports Lines of trees or shrubs are planted
milk production. along farm and field boundaries. This
Grevillea robusta in a tea plantation is actually an old tradition, and a wide
Continued on page 6
from page 5
Agroforestry
020 445 03 98 0717 551 129 0738 390 715
variety of plants may be used. If they
are planted densely enough, they can
serve to keep animals away from Win a watertank worth Ksh 18,000
crops. Sticks or dead branches can be To mark 5 years of TOF, from KARI, worth KShs 9,000
twisted between them, or wire can be we invite our readers to take part in a 3rd Prize: 50-litres milk can, worth
attached using them as living fence- farmers competition. KShs 7,500
posts. They provide fuelwood, fodder, 4th Prize: Knapsack sprayer, worth
shade for crops and livestock, act as The Organic Farmer KShs 6,000
windbreaks, and cuttings can be used In April this year, The Organic Farmer 5th Prize: Money Maker irrigation
to replenish the fence. Good examples: (TOF) will be 5 years old. The magazine pump, worth KShs 4000.
Gliricidia sepium is often used for live for sustainable agriculture and Kenyas In addition to the above prizes, we
fence posts. A few large (1.5 - 2 m) most resourceful agricultural paper, shall publish the ideas from the five
stakes can be planted into existing has grown from top winners in the
wire fences. They normally take root strength to strength April, May and June
quickly and can be cut back after 6 to since the first 2010 editions of
10 months. edition was pub- the TOF Magazine
lished in April 2005. and also air them in
TOF has managed our TOFRadio pro-
to give farmers in grammes.
Kenya, Uganda and Terms and condi-
Tanzania practical tions
information on crop
-
and animal produc- mented by farmers
tion using sustain- must originate from
able and ecologi- an article read in
cally sound methods any issue of TOF
that have helped magazine
them improve their

number of ideas
yields and income.
Living fence with Gliricidia sepium you may have
TOFs circulation
Subsequent pruning and staking can tried and which
has moved from the
be carried out every 6 to 8 months. have changed your
initial 10,000 copies
Gliricidia can be used as forage, as farming experience or income.
to 20,000 reaching approximately
green manure and as a rat poison.

160,000 farmers.
Tithonia diversifolia is another very 31st February 2010
To celebrate 5 years of enriching
useful species. Tithonia hedges should TOF will not accept liability for late or
farmer information and communica-
be cut back often. Young shoots used lost entries
tion, TOF is pleased to invite you to a
as mulch increase crop yields effec-

!
farmers competition. We are looking for
tively (see page 7). As a protein rich farmers who have found an innovative Our questions
fodder supplement and for browsing it idea in The Organic Farmer magazine, In this letter you should answer the fol-
is especially liked by goats. and which has made a big difference to lowing five questions:
their lives. That means: The competi-
"
$ tion is meant for TOF readers who have a) Which idea did you get from TOF?
Tree foliage helps overcome the short- adopted technologies that contribute b) When and how did you put it into
age of high quality feed during the to improving food security, increasing practice?
dry season. Feed supplements of Cal- incomes and which include good envi- c) Any problems at the beginning?
liandra calothyrsus, Leucaena diversifolia, ronmentally friendly farming. d) What benefits has this new farming
Gliricidia sepium, mulberry and others Who can participate?
increase both the quantity and quality method given you?
The competition is open to individ-
of milk produced by dairy animals and e) Did other farmers imitate you?
ual small-scale farmers and farmers
reduces dairy meal costs. Feed leaves What makes it more successful than
groups that have been in existence
from fodder trees at only 30% of the other methods you were using before?
before 1st January 2009. These two
ration. categories can make entries in any one Submissions must include:
of the following areas: Agro-forestry, " # ##$"
soil fertility management, plant variet- mail, postal address, village, district.
ies, food production and processing, - A brief letter of not more than two
water conservation, energy conserva- pages (you can use your own hand-
tion, animal production and breed- writing).
ing, storage and post-harvest handling
Judging
(including livestock and fisheries), mar-
%

% &
keting and small-scale technology etc.
experts in the field of agriculture.
Categories and Awards
Five entries that demonstrate creativity Send your entries to:
will be picked and awarded. The Organic Farmer
1st Prize: 3000 litres plastic water '!* +/ ;<&=># @@B@@ # C
tank, worth Kshs 18,000 %E G !!
2nd Prize: Family drip Irrigation Kit should reach us by 31st February 2010.
Use good fodder Preparing plant extract from Tithonia
to make silage I would like to make plant extract from
I would like to know the right fodder Tithonia in large quantity, but my main
materials for ensiling. Can I cut concern is its shelf life. Please advise
any grass along the road? Caroline (Johnson Waweru, Farmer in Kianjai)
Waithera, Farmer in Thumaita Tithonia certainly deserves to be used
To prepare silage, the most essential by as many farmers as possible. It
thing is good fodder quality. Actually has wonderful properties and can
most grasses are suitable if they are cut serve as green manure, as mulch, as
at a young and nutritious stage, before liquid manure, as fodder (especially
flowering. If you want to use grass for goats), and it has some fungicidal
along the road, it should be clean, and effects as well. If you are thinking of
the risk that it contains parasites from manufacturing a marketable product,
roadside grazing is high. it would have to be bottled and steril-
&

ized to prolong shelf life. The other
grasses for silage. Cut them when they concern is concentration: A product
are about three feet high. Spread them should have a certain concentration;
in the sun to wilt for one day, this otherwise efficiency and transport are
will also reduce parasite infestation. a problem.
Chop all bulky fodders into pieces How to make the extract
of about one inch before you ensile We suggest you try and experiment
them. Adding up to 30% of legumi- yourself to solve these problems. Nutri-
nous fodder like desmodium, cowpea ent content of tithonia leaves is highest
or lablab vines, chopped calliandra when the shoots are cut before flower-
or leucaena shoots to the mixture will ing. It can be slashed near the ground you on the shelf life of the extract.
increase protein content and silage level, and several harvests are possible It is usually used immediately. The
quality, and dairy animals will give per year. Usually, the plant material is liquid may be boiled and the bottles
more milk! If possible, sprinkle some chopped, put into a container, covered sterilized; but you would have to test
molasses mixed with water over the with water, sealed, and then left to yourself whether and within which
chopped fodder (up to 10% of the stand for two to three weeks. Sealing period the product deteriorates. We
fodder weight) to ensure a good fer- the container is necessary to prevent also suggest to have the product tested
mentation process. nitrogen from escaping. for its nutrient content by a laboratory
Information modules In your case, to obtain a relatively in order to be able to make recom-
The Organic Farmer magazine has pre- concentrated extract, you might mix 1 mendations about application dosages.
pared about 20 information modules litre of molasses with 1 litre EM1 (both They will most probably be quite high
on organic farming. One of them is Nr. can be found in Agrovet shops) and (around 1l litre of the undiluted solu-
12 which features dry season fodder. pour it on 10 -20 kg of chopped and tion for 1 to 2 square meters) to have
It contains advice on how to prepare compacted Tithonia. This will improve the desired fertilizing effect.
fodder for the dry season including fermentation. Add just enough water Note: Tithonia extract should not
silage. to allow the material to soak. be used as a medicine (e.g. against
Interested farmers should send us Shelf life and nutrient content malaria), as it seems to have a toxic
an SMS with their request and their Unfortunately, we are not able to advise effect on kidneys and liver! THS
address to the following Mobile
number 0715 916 136
Can I use flat ground Napier does very well in pits
to make silage? I want to plant Napier grass. Please of the pits. Plant 4 - 10 cane cuttings or
I want to ensile my maize on flat advise me on the right system and single root splits into each pit.
ground, please advise. (David Chege the right spacing. (Margaret Wambui, If you interplant leguminous forage
Ndungu, Farmer in Elburgon) Farmer in Kihuti) like desmodium, leucaena or even
A good method of planting Napier sweet potatoes (which is highly rec-
Maize or sorghum (cereal forages) are
grass is planting in pits, as this con- ommended), leave enough space
actually excellent plants to ensile, as
they contain high amounts of sugar. serves water. Pit size and spacing between the Napier rows and dig
You can ensile your maize on flat depend on the climate, your soil type, pits for the intercrop. It will suppress
ground without any problem, pro- and on the scale of labour you are weeds and improve forage quality if
vided you make sure that rainwater can able to invest. Good soil and enough mixed with the Napier grass.
drain from the rain will support denser planting. A Napier grass should also be planted
place. You may common recommendation is to dig along the contours or in any unused
prepare the pits one to two feet deep, or just spaces to prevent soil erosion!
silage in the enough to break a hard pan. The pits Add manure or slurry
usual way. The can be one foot wide and up to two Napier grass needs good fertilization,
most impor- feet long. The distance between the and some farmyard manure or slurry
tant thing is to pits may be one to two metres, and the (manure with high urine and water
compact and rows can be one to two metres apart. content) should be applied preferably
wrap the fodder Mix 1 debe of top soil with 1 to 2 after every harvest. The best time for
well to ensure debes of farm yard manure and refill harvesting Napier is when it is about
no air and water this mixture into each pit. Leave about three feet high, as it is most nutritious
can get inside. 10 to 15 cm of unfilled space at the top for dairy animals at this stage.
'

Farmers should select seed varieties carefully in order to improved the quantity and quality of the yield
The Organic Farmer

Seed selection remains a big chal-
lenge for local farmers. Every year,
The Organic Farmer takes the trouble to
remind farmers about the importance
of proper seed selection. The reason for
our emphasis is simple: The choice of
seed can determine if the farmer will
get a good harvest or a poor one. Seeds
are developed according to climatic
regions, soils and other factors; if a
farmer plants the wrong type of seeds
in a given climatic region, they cannot
do well. The overall crop yield there-
fore will be less than expected. Good and certified quality seeds bring a good yield (Photos AO)
It is a pity that even wise farmers
do not select their seeds carefully. Last fore rely on advice given by agrovet in medium altitude areas managed
year, wrong seeds combined with pro- shops, where they buy their inputs. to get some harvest. All other variet-
longed drought led to total crop failure What farmers do not realise is that the ies recorded poor yields or total crop
in most parts of the country. traders are driven by profit maximisa- failure. H614 can withstand sudden
Lack of proper information tion, not by the interest to help farmers. climatic changes and does well, even
The last few years have witnessed an New seed varieties are also to blame with poor management.
increase in the number of companies for the increase in diseases that farmers Some tips
producing and importing seed into find difficult to control.
the country. Many farmers are going Beware of fake seed for seed buyers
for these varieties hoping to increase Sale of fake seeds, also called Dubai The following tips will assist farmers

seeds is very common during the plant- to get quality seed that can help
suitable for the areas in which they are ing season. Aware that most Kenyan improve their crop yields:
being marketed. farmers cannot afford genuine seed, "

These new seed varieties pose serious unscrupulous farmers contracted by tested varieties suitable for their areas
problems to farmers: There is very seed companies sell condemned seed (see box Call first, buy later). In
little research done to determine their as genuine seed, often at a lower price. case a farmer wants to try another
quality. Due to lack of agricultural Farmers will buy it believing it is of variety, it is advisable to plant it in a
extension services, most farmers there- good quality only to end up with a small portion of land. They can then
poor yield. Others acquire seed pack- observe all the characteristics of the
Confirm first, buy later ages from genuine companies, then variety during every stage of growth
To help farmers, some seed companies treat ordinary commercial maize with and finally the quality of its grain and
such as the Kenya Seed Company and the chemicals used for seed prepara- yield before going into large-scale
the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate tion and offer it for sale to farmers. To production.
Service (KEPHIS) have launched an avoid this cheating, farmers should be
$-
information service. Farmers can use extra cautious when buying seed. ists licensed by seed companies and
their mobile phones to get informa- A reliable maize variety the Kenya Plant Health Inspector-
tion on which seed varieties can do During the prolonged drought last year, ate Service (KEPHIS). When buying
well in various agro-ecological zones one variety that withstood the harsh the seed from an unknown stockists,
in the country. Farmers can access dry spell is H614. Although the variety insist to be shown the licence before
this information using the following is recommended for high altitude areas buying.
steps: with annual rainfall of above 1000mm, #

Kenya Seed Company varieties most farmers who planted this variety tags and labels of KEPHIS tucked
Go to messages A Write the word inside the package. Farmers should
MAIZE YOUR DIVISIONA Send verify that the tags and labels are
to 3000. You will get a reply on vari- present when they open the seed
eties suitable to your division, their bags.
qualities and how long they take to
mature. Farmers can also call the planting season starts to avoid last
company on Telephone numbers 0716 minute rush. Popular maize varieties
647 693 or 0733 854 713 are in short supply during the plant-
ing season. This is the time when fake
KEPHIS Information Service seed peddlers go into business to cash
Write the message: maize/name of in on the shortage.
your division, SMS to 2964 using your #

Safaricom, Zain or Telkom lines. If dry place.
you cannot get the information you *+
-
need, you can call KEPHIS personnel ous chemicals to kill pests and control
on Tel. 0722 516 221 or 0733 874 274. diseases. It should thus not be eaten.
Poor quality seeds give a poor yield
Nr. 56 January 2010
Something is seriously wrong with the

local seed industry. Although research
institutions often come up with new
high quality varieties that can boost
production and farmers income, the
seeds are not available in the market.
One good example is the climbing
beans developed by KARI, which we
highlighted in the July 2009 issue (Nr.
50). Immediately farmers read the
article, we were swamped with enqui-
ries on where they could buy the seeds.
It is then that reality struck us: There
are no seeds in the market! This is
because KARIs mandate is to produce
basic seed. We were told that seed
There is a high demand for good quality dairy cows. (Photo PD) companies are supposed to do the mul-
tiplication of seeds for sale to farmers.
A big step for small-scale farmers The main problem, as we have so far
discovered, is that the local seed indus-
More than 7,000 small-scale farmers waiting list for a high yielding dairy try is monopolised by a few compa-
benefit from a new lending system, cow. The only problem is the lack of nies. Such firms are, in most cases,
80,00 more are on the waiting list. such cows, since no farmer with a good unwilling to multiply seed developed
cow wants to sell it. by research institutions such as KARI;
The Organic Farmer The micro-leasing system consid- instead, they prefer to develop their
ers the farmer as a reliable partner own varieties. A visit to most of their
John Maina Nguru aquired a Frie- and farming as a business: All the stores reveals that all these companies
sian cow through his membership leased assets are not given for free. do not stock popular bean seed varieties
in a micro-leasing system, which we The small-scale farmers on the other preferred by farmers.
explain on pages 2 & 3. The initia- side, majority of them being women, But research institutions such as
tive to support small-scale farmers was confess that this system has improved KARI cannot escape the blame. Nowa-
lauched in 2006 by Swisscontact, the their livelihood. The lease repayment days, everyone is talking about farming
Swiss Foundation for Technical Coop- performance rate is 98 percent. as a business. If this claim is to be
eration, as a pilot project in Makueni. Vronique Su, the East African repre- taken seriously, a premier institution
Within no time, the idea has spread sentative of Swisscontact and founder such as KARI should explore ways of
to Muranga, Kirinyaga, Meru, Bomet, of the micro-leasing system, is proud commercialising some of its operations,
Kisii, Kitale and Wundanyi in Taita that her initiative has spread so fast. for instance seed multiplication. This
Taveta. Future plans are set to focus on pas- move would ensure that farmers benefit
80,000 applications toralists and camel holders. I am from new seed inventions as soon as
Up to now, assets worth Ksh 146 million happy to see how well this project they are developed. With the govern-
have been handed over to small-scale works, declares Vronique Su. For ments assistance, the institution can
farmers, in form of cows, dairy goats, me it is a clear sign that we need to set up a commercial entity whose main
chickens, beehives and motorpumps use modern methods to support small- function would be seed multiplication
for drip irrigation. More than 80,000 scale farmers, since they are willing to and sale to farmers. Alternatively, there
small-scale farmers have applied for improve, she adds. Pages 2 & 3 are many farmers willing to produce
consideration in this micro-leasing seeds. Such farmers should be provided
system; the majority of them are on the
Composting with basic training on seed production.
becomes popular Seed production is a sensitive activ-
Our TOF-office gets an average of 10 ity that could have serious implica-
questions per week about compost, tions on the countrys food security. It
Why not grow garlic? 4 either through mail, SMS should not be left to a few monopolies,
A high value crop that local farmers or telephone. This is a whose interests may not be in line
are unable to grow. good sign. It seems that with the governments objective of
more and more farmers boosting food production. To meet the
Water series 5 needs of the swelling population, it
With drip are changing to organic
or at least to more natural is important to ensure that farmers
irrigation you use have access to all seed varieties and in
every drop. farming practices, and
prefer to feed the soil with compost adequate quantities. Otherwise pro-
Diesel spoils your soil 7 instead of chemical fertilizers. Due to mises to increase food production are
Never use diesel to speed up this interest, we answer to some of the all but empty words aimed at pleasing
the decay of tree stumps most common questions. Page 8 donors.
dio
Ra
F
TO
Nr. 56 January 2010
How can a farmer get a high yielding cow?

The micro-leasing scheme for purchase of motor vehicles or big
allows small-scale farmers to acquire machines. Supported by a donation ation
high yielding dairy cows. from a big Swiss bank, Swiss- s-
contact started the micro-leasing ng
The Organic Farmer system in 2006 as a pilot project in
Makueni, in cooperation with the
Did you know that one can lease a K-Rep Development Agency as thee
cow? And what does leasing actually implementing partner.
mean? Before we answer these ques- Easy to handle
tions, we need to explain the origins How does this micro-leasing work??
and the idea behind the cow-leasing And, what is the difference between een n
project. it and a normal SACCO or bank nkk
The idea of a Swiss banker loan? Let us explain it with the he
When a Swiss banker Vronique Su example of a small-scale farmer, er,
in 2005 took over as the East African

Regional Director of Swisscontact, a and enough fodder for feeding g two
Swiss Foundation for Technical Coop- more cows in his zero-grazing unit. nit. Let
eration, she assessed the situation of us call the farmer Isaac.
Kenyan agriculture to find the best way 1. Isaac applied for a leasing contract.
farmers could be assisted. She imme- The K-Rep Development Agency rate of 16 percent, 2 percent below the
diately realised two problems: 1. Most visited Isaacs farm and agreed to lease current bank rates. The farmers can
of the small-scale farmers could hardly him a cow after an assessment. He also choose, if they want to repay in 9,
afford to buy a high yielding dairy fulfilled two conditions: He is already 12 or 18 months. Isaac chose 12 months
cow. 2. For the majority of small-scale a responsible cattle holder, and he is and the possibility of a grace period
farmers it is difficult to get credit from member of a registered farmers group. of one month. So he began to refund
banks, since most of them either lack in the second month. He could afford
security in form of title deeds, or they 2. A few weeks after an intensive train- to do it, since the cow gave 18 litres of
fail to meet additional conditions set by ing, Isaac signed a contract. He got a milk daily (earning him around Ksh
credit institutions. cow, a pregnant one, valued at of Ksh 450 a day).
Vronique Su came up with the idea 42,000, and with the balance of Ksh
of a micro-leasing-system for small- 8,000 he bought a second hand chaff His repayment plan looks as follows:
scale farmers, some kind of renting- cutter. After a few weeks, the cow gave Price of the cow & Ksh 50,000
system. In western countries leasing birth, and he started selling 18 litres of the chaff cutter
is quite common and mostly used milk to his neighbhours every day. Interest rate for 1 8,000
In simple terms, it means that under the
year 16 %
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[ micro-leasing system, the farmer normally
THNHaPUL MVY [OL 2LU`HU MHYTPUN JVT does not get money, he gets an asset, in Insurance (to pay only 2,500
T\UP[` 0[ WYVTV[LZ VYNHUPJ Isaacs case it is a cheque for buying the once) 5 %
MHYTPUN HUK Z\WWVY[Z KPZ dairy cow, and Ksh 8,000 in cash for the Total amount 60500
J\ZZPVUZ VU HSS HZWLJ[Z VM chaff cutter. The cow starts giving an
Z\Z[HPUHISL KL]LSVWTLU[ income within a short time. This shows Isaac has to pay per 5000
The Organic Farmer PZ W\I the difference between micro-leasing and a month
SPZOLK TVU[OS` I` PJPWL HUK SACCO or bank loan:
KPZ[YPI\[LK MYLL VM JOHYNL [V MHYTLYZ ;OL

That means: after 12 months he will have
YLWVY[Z PU [OL The Organic Farmer KV UV[ for the loan; he does not have a title deed repaid the cow and the chaff cutter and
ULJLZZHYPS`YLMSLJ[[OL]PL^ZVMPJPWL since the land belongs to his father. will therefore own the cow:
The Organic FarmerPZZWVUZVYLKI`)PV=P

$

%'*

ZPVU H :^PZZIHZLK MV\UKH[PVU lender, in this case the K-Rep Develop- Development Agency will formally hand
MVY [OL WYVTV[PVU VM Z\Z[HPUHISL ment Agency, which bought the cow. If over the cow to Isaac.
KL]LSVWTLU[^^ÎPV]PZPVUJO Isaac cannot repay the cow and the inter-
"

#

7\ISPZOLY (MYPJHU 0UZLJ[ :JPLUJL est as agreed in the contract, the lender is already pregnant, Isaac will have a
MVY-VVKHUK/LHS[OPJPWL76)V_ will just come and take away the cow. double benefit: the cow and its calf.
5HPYVIP 2,5@( ;LS! Concerning the Ksh 8,000 for the chaff Covered risks .
cutter: The colleagues in the farmers 4. As we have seen in the table above,
PJPWL'PJPWLVYN^^^PJPWLVYN group guarantee this for Isaac. Isaac has to take an insurance cover for

the cow and also for himself, according
:LJYL[HYPH[3\J`>4HJOHYPH would require a lengthy legal and admin- to the contract.
3H`V\[0U(=PZPVU:`Z[LTZ istrative process to recover the loan if the This means that all the risks to both the
(K]PZVY` )VHYK 5N\`H 4HUPHUPH PJPWL farmer fails to repay it. micro-leasing company and the family of
*OHYSLZ 2PTHUP MHYTLY >HUNPNL 1VZLWO "
# #
the farmer, are covered:

4\YLP[OP2(90/LUY`2PHYH0390*OYPZ[PHU and advisor. #

)VYNLTLPZ[LYPJPWL:\UKH`,RLZPPJPWL The financial issues company gets paid the outstanding
(KKYLZZThe Organic Farmer 3. Under the micro-leasing contract, amount of money; Isaacs family can
76)V_5HPYVIP2,5@( the farmer has the benefit of a grace retain the cow and the calf.
;LS! period of up to three months. After this
#

# -
PUMV'VYNHUPJRLU`HVYN period, the farmer has to begin repay- tered or dies, the insurance pays the
^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN ing the cost of the cow at an interest damage. Continued on page 3
Nr. 56 January 2010
Now I can send my children to good schools
Like for John Maina Nguru, leasing a
cow has increased the earnings of
many small-scale farmers.
Peter Kamau, Makuyu
John Maina Nguru, a member of
Gakungu Arimi Self Help Group,
had two Friesian dairy cows. He had
always wanted to have at least 4 dairy
cows that could help him increase his
income. He lives on a 3-acre rented
land, he therefore could not qualify for
a loan from any bank or any financial
institution.
But luck came his way when he met
the conditions for the micro-leasing
system of the Juhudi Kilimo Company
(see article on page 2). From the Ksh 50
000 he was given, he bought a Friesian
John Nguru has completed his repayments and now owns this dairy cow (Photo TOF)
dairy cow worth Ksh 39,000. From the
three Friesian cows, he gets 42 litres of to private schools where they can get take another lease cow, to buy a chaff-
milk during their peak periods which better education. If it was not for the cutter and expand his zero grazing unit
he sells to milk vendors, restaurants leased cow, I would not have managed and rent more land for growing fodder.
and civil servants. to do all this, he says. The demand for milk is so high in this
More earnings In December, Nguru finished repay- region, and I want to take advantage of
Nguru says the additional cow has ments for the leased cow, which has this to increase my earnings further,
brought a big difference to his earn- also produced a calf. He now plans to he says.
ings. Every day I make an average of
Ksh 1,000. I have managed to take my Leasing system a benefit for women
wife back to college. I have also trans- For many years, women have been a therefore came as a blessing to many
ferred my children from public schools neglected a lot when it comes to devel- women. Nelly Njoki, the Juhudi Kilimo
opment issues. But the situation seems manager in Mt. Kenya region explains
from page 2 to be changing rapidly. In most rural why this system is so popular with
. and good training areas, women are increasingly becom- women. Many of them do not own the
5. When applying for a lease, Isaac ing involved in many projects aimed land on which they live. Unlike men,
was a little bit unsure how he would at raising their income to support their women do not have title deeds, she
manage such a high yielding dairy families. It all started with merry- says. Getting credit from commercial
cow and the financial burden. But the go rounds, where they would come banks for them is out of question. The
company took him through an inten- together, raise a lump sum of money number of female headed households
sive training that equipped him with which would be given to each of the is also increasing due to problems such
all the knowledge he needed. members on a rotational basis. Later as HIV and increasing divorce cases,
That means: Swisscontact and the K-Rep on, micro-credit institutions and even Nelly Njoki adds. It is therefore not
Development Agency built up a network NGOs and churches came in with the surprising that in the micro-leasing
of collaborators including extensionists same goal of assisting women in rural system, women outnumber men by a
from the Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock and urban areas. ratio of almost 1:2, when it comes to the
Dev., who are dealing with the farmers: The micro-leasing system, now run number of those who have benefited

" "#

by Juhudi Kilimo (see article on page 2) from asset financing.
finances

"

Strict rules in organic farming
holding (feeding, housing & veterinary Dairy cow management is quite a chal- This forces them to lie on their own
care). lenge to many farmers. A dairy cow droppings.
A success story requires utmost care and attention
Space for movement
With this micro-leasing system, small- with respect to housing, feeding and Landless zero grazing is not allowed
scale farmers can not only lease cows, management. In the region I visited, in organic farming. In organic farming,
they can also get dairy goats, chickens, when doing this article, it was evident animals should always have adequate
beehives and water pumps for irri- that many farmers are yet to observe space for movement and rest. Lack
gation. In the meantime, the K-Rep basic hygiene and housing require- of adequate space causes stress to
Development Agency has founded ments in zero grazing.
Although most of the units have animals, and their milk production is
a private company, Juhudi Kilimo,
also affected. Adequate space allows
which has taken over the micro-leasing a concrete floor, the sheds are con-
project under the same conditions as structed in a way that does not allow the animals to express their normal
the founder organization. proper drainage of urine, water and behaviour. The farmer should ensure
Juhudi Kilimo Company Ltd, Head Office washing of animal sheds to ensure they animals have fresh air, water, feeds and
K-Rep Centre, 7th Floor Wood Avenue, off are clean and comfortable. Some of the natural daylight. Natural bedding such
Argwings Kodhek Rd, PO Box 10528 - 00100 units are so small that the animals have as hay or dry grass should be provided
Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 020 396 000 very little space for movement and rest. in the rest area. Peter Kamau
Nr. 56 January 2010
Garlic production can earn you more

Most of the garlic found in Kenyas
markets is imported. Local farmers
lack information on how to grow it.
By Kennedy Masibo
Garlic is a high value horticultural
crop in the onion family. Farmers in
most parts of the country can be able
to grow it and considerably increase
their income because garlic has a good
local market. It is mainly used as a
food flavouring and for medicinal pur-
poses. Garlic has anti-feedant (insect
stop feeding), bacterial, fungicidal,
insecticidal, nematicidal and repellent
properties.
Garlic is effective against a wide range
of disease-causing pathogens and
insects at different stages in their life
cycle (egg, larvae, adult). This includes
ants, aphids, armyworms, diamond-
back moth and other caterpillars such Well cured garlic bulbs ready for market (Photo TOF)
as the false codling moth, pulse beetle, Soils: Garlic requires a fertile, well- also high when garlic is planted too
whitefly, wireworm, beetle, mice, mites, drained, light soil. Clay soils should closely; bulb formation is also affected
moles, and termites as well as fungi be avoided since they lead to poor when the cloves are near each other.
bacteria and nematodes. Garlic can kill bulb development. Soil pH should be The cloves should be planted at 2.5
beneficial insects as well. Therefore it between 5.5 to 6.8. Deep soil cultivation cm deep in well-firmed, but not com-
should be used with caution. is important to ensure rooting depth. pacted soils.
When growing garlic for pest control, Farmers should seek for advice on the Kenyan farmers have devised their
it has been recommended avoiding garlic varieties suited to local condi- own method of determining whether
use of large amounts of fertilisers. This tions to ensure they get good yields their clove seeds are ready for plant-
is because heavy doses of fertiliser that meet market requirements. ing: They cut a cross-section of a clove
reduce the concentration of the effec- Planting: Garlic is vegetatively propa- to see if the inner leaf is developing.
tive substances in the garlic. gated. That means that the farmer has Its colour and appearance help them
Not common crop to plant individual cloves separated determine if the cloves are ready for
Very few farmers grow garlic mainly from the main bulb. Very small cloves planting.
due to lack of know how and experi- should not be used. The larger the Manure application: Garlic does well
ence on its production. This is one cloves, the more the space required for if well-composted manure is ploughed
of the reasons for the poor quality of planting. The cloves should be planted in before planting. Top dressing with
locally produced garlic; another reason in upright position. The bulbs intended liquid manure should be done regu-
is the stiff competition from China (see for use as seed should be stored at 10 larly at the beginning of 6 - 8 weeks
box below). Very often, farmers sell the C and a relative humidity of 50 -56 per and increased during bulb formation.
garlic even before it has matured and cent. Stored bulbs should be fumigated The field should be weed free to ensure
cured properly (hanging and drying and continously inspected to ensure garlic does not compete for nutrients
in controlled light). Exploitation by they do not rot. with weeds.
middlemen is another big problem; Spacing: The crop is grown on raised Disease control: The most common
farmers who grow garlic rarely sell it beds or on ridges at a spacing of 30 cm diseases are purple blotch, downey
directly in the market; they have to rely between rows and 15 cm between the mildew, rust and bulb rot (white rot).
on brokers. plants, giving a plant population of They can be controlled through long
Climatic requirements 15,000 to 20,000 per hectare. The normal crop rotation, improved drainage and
Garlic can grow well at an altitude seed clove requirement is 500-700 kg use of copper based fungicides such as
of between 500-2000 metres above per hectare. Closer spacing within the copper oxydchloride, which is accepted
sea level. The right temperatures for rows is possible; but disease risks are in organic farming.
garlic are between 12-24 C. Extremely
high temperatures are not suitable for
garlic production. Excess humidity and
Competition from China
rainfall interferes with proper garlic The tendency to produce the same reap great benefits from this produce.
development, including bulb forma- crop is so common that Kenyan The retail price of one kilogramme
tion. The crop is grown in low rainfall farmers rarely want to grow crops that of locally produced garlic is Ksh 250
areas where irrigation can be practised, fellow farmers are not planting. Apart in supermarkets, but imported garlic
especially in early stages when the from the obvious benefits of control- from China sometimes floods the
plant requires enough water to growth. ling diseases and pests in choosing market bringing down prices to Ksh
Adequate sunlight is important for various crops, farmers can earn extra 200. Due to lack of supply and lack of
bulb development. Garlic develops its income from crop diversification. quality garlic from local farmers, local
flavour depending on sunlight condi- Farmers in areas with suitable condi- supermarkets and retail outlets prefer
tions during growth. tions for the production of garlic can to buy imported garlic from China.
Nr. 56 January 2010
With drip irrigation, every drop counts

Drip irrigation is the best
option for farmers Water
In our series
to become independent from rain. on water, The
Anja Bengelstorff Organic Farmer
underscores
Drip irrigation is a very efficient method the value of
of watering plants. Drop by drop, the this neglected
water flows through a special pipe to resource. In the
very small outlets called emitters, in February 2010
this way watering the soil around the issue, we will feature agro-forestry.
plant roots hence the name drip
irrigation. Water is applied close to soils, as well as the amount of money
the plant so that only the soil immedi- a farmer can invest. As one can see
ately surrounding the plant receives a on this page, there are drip irrigation
very limited volume of it. That means: systems for nearly all budgets.
No water is wasted as runoff or lost Many advantages...
by moving down through the soil too -
quickly for the roots to absorb it. Com- able
pared to the water sprinkler systems
or to furrow-irrigation methods, drip one can maintain the soil moisture at
irrigation can achieve 90 95 percent an optimum level
water efficiency. !
Drip irrigation is becoming popular has only to fill the bucket or the water
with farmers in drier zones because it tank
is efficient in use of water. The technol- and some hurdles
ogy has been further simplified and "
requires low water pressure to operate. costs money.
The drip pipes are very flexible and can # eed clean water since the
be modified to suit different lengths of outlet units use a special mechanism
rows or plot sizes. to control the pressure that forces the
Use the right system water to come out in drip form after
The choice of irrigation method one planting season it is good to rinse
depends on geographical characteris- the drip lines (the water pipe with the
tics of the site, the amount of water outlets).
available, the quality of the water and $
plants are affected because the low
Grow vegetables with the bucket drip kit water volume does not allow water
The simplest drip system in use by litres of water daily during the crop storage in the soil for the plants.
many small-scale farmers for produc- growing season. Drip systems for cash crop
tion of vegetables is the bucket kit. A bucket kit system comprising of Larger systems exist, and farmers can
The standard bucket kit system con- two 15-metres long drip lines can be choose depending on their scale of pro-
sists of two drip lines placed 0.5 metres used to grow 50 plants such as tomato, duction and availability of cash. The
apart on a bed with a width of one egg plant and similar crops requiring a
following drip irrigation systems are
metre (see sketch). A bucket is placed spacing of 60 cm along the plant rows;
on the stand at one end of the bed and 100 plants of spinach, cabbage, kale, developed as kits by KARI (See address
connected to the drip lines. pepper and similar plants requiring on page 6).
This bucket kit systems can irri- space of 30 cm along the plant rows; or Drum kit
gate 10-20 square metres, depending 300 plants of onion, carrot and similar The drum system is a combination of
on the length of the plants requiring a several bucket systems but modified
drip tube and plant spacing of 10 cm. to use a water supply from a 200-litre
spacing. The bucket should drum instead of a 20-litre bucket. The
The tapes are con- be filled in the early drum kit is a gravity flow kit that
nected to a 20-litre morning and in the comes complete with a filter, sub main,
bucket mounted on late afternoon to drip lines, connectors and a 200 litre
a stand, one metre supply 30-60 litres plastic drum. The system irrigates a
above the vegetable of water to the crop 9m x 15m plot. Designed to irrigate
bed, so that gravity every day. The actual 500 plants (60cm x 30cm spacing). The
provides sufficient amount of water drum should be elevated 1m above
water pressure to depends on crop the planting surface by constructing a
ensure even water- water requirement stand made from local material. Such a
ing for the entire and rainfall. In very system requires about 100-200 litres of
plot size. The bucket dry areas and during water a day, depending on the environ-
system enables a the dry season 60 ment and crop.
farmer to grow veg- Bucket irrigation system with two litres of water will be Costs (including a drum): Ksh 9,000
etables using 30-60 drip lines.(RELMA Technical Handbook No. 24) required per day. (KARI product code: 1002)
Continued on page 6
Nr. 56 January 2010
from page 5
Drip irrigation
020 445 03 98 0717 551 129 0738 390 715
The 1/8 acre kit
This system, also called a family drip
irrigation kit, comes with a filter, sub
Support for organic farmers organisation
main, drip lines (12mm) connectors, In the November issue, Su Kahumbu low membership fee of Ksh 10 Ksh 20
end lines. The system irrigates a 15m proposed the launch of an organisa- as you proposed in the November 2009
x 30m plot. It can irrigate 2,500 plants tion for organic farmers. About two TOF magazine.
(60cm x30cm spacing). The system dozen farmers called us to support Su Secondly, we also congratulate you for
works with 1m tank pressure head. A Kahumbu, others wrote to us. Here i-TOF centres that have been opened in
920 to 1000 litres tank is sufficient if are some of their responses: some parts of the country. We request
direct piped water connection is not if you could consider opening up one
available. Farmers in Kimilili, for local farmers, as that
Costs: Complete with 920 -1000 litre need to work together nearest centre is in Kakamega District.
tank: Ksh 9,000 (Product code: 1004) I have been reading TOF publications We are regular readers of your maga-
The acre kit from a friend, for slightly over six zine therefore we need more informa-
This drip irrigation kit is delivered months now. I have been moved by tion through the extension workers
complete with filter, sub main, drip Su Kahumbus article in the recent from the i-TOF centres.
lines (12mm), con- issue (No. 54), on the need for organic #$%'%*+<%=>@= Q
nectors etc. The farmers to work together. I stand to be 202, Secretary
counted with Sus vision and mission
system irrigates a
for the organic farmers. I have been
I support a
30m x 30m plot
and can irrigate practicing organic farming on my farmers organization
2-acre plot for well over ten years that First thank you for November 2009
5,000 plants (60cm
is without using conventional fertil- issue of The Organic Farmer maga-
x 30cm spacing).
izers and pesticides. I therefore, have zine, which I have received. The fol-
The system
first hand experience and witness that lowing are my reactions on the same:
works with 1m
it works. Su Kahumbus plan to bring organic
tank pressure
I would, consequently, request Su to farmers together is a well thought out
head. Preferable
arrange and inform me how stakehold- idea and should be supported at all
tank size is 920-
ers shall go about forming the organi- costs. Please, I need some information
2300litres.
sation that will advance and protect on methods of preparing silage for the
Costs: acre drip
the interests of the organic farmers dry seasons. Can you please send me
irrigation kit com-
in our beloved country. John Githinji the material on the same? Otherwise I
plete with 1000-
A home made water tank Ngondu, Box 280 Othaya, Tel. 0722 thank you very much for your positive
litre tank: Ksh
635751 / 0733 299945 response. Keep it up.
47,500 (KARI product code 1006), with
Samson O. Akungu, Waringa estate
a 2300-litre tank: Ksh 50000 (code 1007) We also need training farm, Box 360 Bondo, Tel.0734 563 629
For More information contact: KARI Irri- Greetings from Maeni Co-operative
gation and Drainage Research Programme, Society. We thank you for The Organic Useful addresses
(KARI NARL) Waiyaki Way, P.O.Box Farmer magazine we have been receiv- We have been receiving questions from
14733 Nairobi Tel/fax: (020) 4 444 250; ing up to now. We also appreciate the farmers on where they can buy various
Cell- 0722 764 751, 0722 397 750, ask for suggestion of Mrs. Su Kahumbu of organic inputs and tree seedlings.
Isaya Sijaji or Esther Muriuki. setting up an organization to cater for Although some of the organic inputs
Email: irrigation@iconnect.co.ke the interest of small-scale farmers with such as diatomite are already avail-
able in agrovet shops near our 4 i-TOF
Regulations on use of water from public sources centres, only farmers near the centres
According to the Water Act 2002 of the quantity. Even though the extrac- have access to the inputs. Below we
the Republic of Kenya, any individual tion of up to 50 cubic metres of water provide you some of the inputs and
who wants to use water from a natural a day are free of charge so far, a permit where you can buy them.
water body like a river or a lake needs must be obtained. Diatomite
to apply for a license to do so. Those In response to the growing scarcity African Diatomite Industries P.O. Box
licenses can be obtained from WRMA, of water in Kenya, local bodies like 32 Gilgil, 20116, Kenya Tel. 0722 277
either in Nairobi (see contact details the Lake Naivasha Water Resource 120
below) or its sub-regional offices. The Users Association, a development of Mijingu rock phosphate
issuing of a permit is supposed to take WRMA, encourage water users to MIPCO East Africa P.O. Box 53822,
21 days. acknowledge the serious situation and 00200 Nairobi-Kenya Tel.0720 817 072
The permits are classified into classes pay Ksh 2,000 per month for a class Tree seedlings
A, B, C and D, according to the amount A permit, particularly in areas where KEFRI P.O. Box 20 412, 00100 Nairobi
of water to be used. Small-scale farmers water scarcity has reached an alarm- Tel. 0722 801 539, 0722 157 414, 0734
who, for example, farm on a 0.5 acre ing level. The money, collected by 251 188
plot, might need, depending on the WRMA, is used by the associations
crop and the season, 20 cubic metres Fruit tree seedlings
to manage the countrys scarce water Benjamin Lugano Tel. 0733 990 374
per day. In class A which provides for resources. AB
up to 50 cubic metres per day, no fees NOTE: Most certified tree seeds and
WRMA (Water Resources Management seedlings can also be obtained from
are charged. However, a water metre Authority) in Nairobi, NHIF Building, nurseries run by the Kenya Forest
must be installed before using water Upper Hill, Tel. 020 272 99 46, Service and KEFRI stations in almost
from a river or lake in order to control www.wrma.or.ke every district.
Nr. 56 January 2010
Please, do not use diesel on soil Charcoal earths
contain good soils
Why is it that soils that have been used
to burn charcoal provide a perfect envi-
ronment for raising seedlings or good
for nursery establishment?
Where charcoal is being produced, the
heat of the process actually disinfects
the soil, destroys all diseases and pests,
and creates a weed free environment.
In addition, usually a layer of wood
ash is left behind. It contains all the
minerals which were accumulated by
the trees to build their trunks and
branches.
Also organic matter which is not com-
I uprooted a portion of Tea Plantation beneficial. This is what you should do: pletely burnt during charcoal produc-
to start Horticultural farming as a way ' tion falls on the ground and is left on
of enterprise diversification, but I later basis, and add livestock manure to the the place, enriching the soil and binding
realised that the soil is so poor and soil or to the compost if you can. nutrients. All this together is just ideal
cannot support any crop due to over Y for raising healthy seedlings. What
use of agrochemicals for many years. organic matter is green manuring, you observed is absolutely accu Char-
Another problem I am facing is the preferably with leguminous plants coal production is becoming one of the
slow rate at which tea stumps/roots are like desmodium, crotalaria, mucuna, most destructive human activities that
taking to decay. I was advised to apply purple vetch, or whatever is available contributes destruction of our remain-
used lubrication oil mixed with diesel and doing well in your region. Green ing forests. Kenyas forest cover has
to accelerate the process. Please advice manure crops are not harvested but are been reduced from 10 per cent to less
on these two issues (Ruth Munene, slashed and incorporated into the soil than 2 per cent. The increasing urban
Farmer in Gitugi) while they are still green. If your soil is population has led to a big demand for
very poor, the effect will be worth the charcoal which is the cheapest source
We just hope you did not follow the of energy for the rural and urban popu-
advice of applying diesel on your tea labour!
Y lation. Apart from depleting our scarce
plot! All petroleum-based products are forest resources, charcoal burning is
highly toxic to the soil and are con- of thick layers of chopped Tithonia
prunings or chopped prunings from wasteful since the charcoal kilns are not
sidered to be the soil pollution of the properly made. TOF
worst kind. Even small amounts of trees and shrubs like Leucaena, Cal-
Diesel make the soil loose its natural liandra, Sesbania etc. If you plant them When cows
fertility, and its biological activity may along the field borders, you will always eat clothes, soap
not recover for many years. As soil have them ready at hand in the future. My cow eats plastic wastes, clothes.
microorganisms are killed, decomposi- " ! - What can I do to arrest this problem?
tion processes will be extremely slow ing Napier grass, preferably with the (Jecinta Mutugi, Farmer in Gichugu).
instead of being accelerated. In con- Tumbukiza-method, as it disturbs When animals lack essential minerals
taminated soils, seeds may not ger- the soil only moderately. If you sell such as calcium and phosphorus in
minate, and seedlings may die. Plant the harvest, this could provide at least their diets, they develop strange habits
growth and yields can be drastically some income. such as feeding on clothes, rags, bones,
reduced. Our advice is to remove pol- $ soap etc. This is a sign that the body is
luted soil spots quickly, if this is still establish a pasture for some years. If lacking particular nutrients. The habit
possible, and to avoid growing crops not overgrazed, pastures have a benefi- stops immediately you provide the
for human consumption for several cial effect on soil fertility. nutrients through licks or feed that
seasons. Note that it will take time to recover contains the minerals. Ensure your
Improve the soil quality soil fertility, just as it takes time to animals are provided with salt licks
Concerning the generally poor soil, reduce it and to deplete the soil. We at all times. Be careful when buying
the situation is difficult to judge. A soil suggest th at you give the soil some mineral licks because there are many
test could help you to analyze what is rest of at least one year before you start types of licks in the market but only
wrong with your tea plot. If you just cropping and harvesting again. In the a few are of good quality. There are a
used mineral fertilizers up to now, the meantime, a combination of the sug- number of plants that contain a good
soil might be poor in organic matter. gested measures will build up soil life source of minerals; these include Ama-
In this case, all measures which can and promote decay of the tea roots too. ranthus, spider weed, pumpkins, sting-
increase soil organic matter will be THS ing nettle (Thabai in kikuyu) Oxigy-
num sinnathium (conge in Kikuyu)
Climbing beans Embu were bought last year. (See the and black night shade are very rich in
I would like to grow climbing beans. editorial on p. 1) both calcium and phosphorus. These
Where can I get seeds? Avocado leaves plants can be chopped mixed with
KARI developed this variety of bean Are avocado leaves good for dairy animal feeds or dried and made into
but they can only produce basic seed. cows? John Ndegwa, Kitale powder and applied on animal feed to
Seed companies, who multiply seeds # balance the mineral content in the feed.
for sale to farmers are not willing to do cows. But they will only accept them, (Many farmers may not have read the
so. Due to the increased demand for when there is no or only few other answer we gave before. I think it is ok
this variety all seeds in stock in KARI fodder. to give an answer).
Nr. 56 January 2010
What kind of nutrients are found in compost?

Farmers are really getting interested in compost. In this article, we answer the most common questions we receive.
fore all composts which are prepared
Teresa Szkely with them are rich in K. K easily washes
Synthetic fertilisers contain specific out with rain.
quantities of elements e.g. DAP may Keep sun and rain away
have 20: 0: 38. How do we know the Usually, nitrogen is the problem, and
quantity of elements that are con- we would like to explain this a little
tained in compost manure? further. In a natural environment,
nitrogen is only stable as N2. This is a
This is indeed a good question, and gas, and the air you breathe consists of
there is no straight forward answer. 80% nitrogen gas. Unfortunately, this
The nutrient content of composts can gas cannot be used by plants. All forms
vary extremely, because it depends of nitrogen which can be taken up by
on many factors like the material plants and can be found in the soil,
used, composting duration, compost- in manures, or in the compost tend to
ing method etc. Compost consists transform and to disappear. They are
mainly of plant material and animal either washed out with water in the
manure (which is usually nothing but form of nitrate, or they go back into the
digested plant matter). The compost- air as ammonia and N2. This is why
ing process breaks this material down compost and manures should not be
and stabilizes it in the form of humus. ]%#
Compost therefore naturally contains now also see why leguminous species
all nutrients required for plant growth are so important: With the help of spe-
including Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus cific bacteria, they can take nitrogen
(P), and Potassium (K) but also many from the air and convert it into a form
other important elements like calcium, which can be used to build up plant
sulphur, magnesium, iron etc. All these material.
nutrients are bound to the humified Composting recycles and stabilizes
organic matter and are released to at least a part of the nitrogen which
plants only gradually. There are some is present in all plant material and
rules of thumb for the content of N, P, gen it contains as some of it is lost over animal manures. Compost does not
and K in composts: time. have the high concentration of nitro-
Z Z - gen synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has.
from all creatures are rich in nitrogen. rus. Adding poultry manure and rock But it is most essential in another way:
Adding these materials to the compost phosphate to the compost enriches the Compost enriches the soil with organic
heap enriches the compost with N. It compost with P. P does not get lost as matter. Organic matter retains and
is not a stupid idea to urinate on the easily as N. stores nutrients including nitrogen,
compost heap! [ supplying them to plants over many
" - poultry and cattle manure and there- seasons.
...and some more questions on compost!

Turning: Why do we turn compost during preparation? pletely, turn the heap frequently, and keep it wetter than
Turning compost manure ensures that the material is evenly usual. Some aggressive ant species also feed on worms, and
mixed and can decay evenly, resulting in a uniform and if you have worms in the compost, it may be good to get rid
easily applicable product. If you dont turn the compost, of the ants.
some parts of it may be too dry or too woody, and these
parts will not be ready for use together with the rest of
Fertilizer: Can we use both inorganic fertilizer and compost
manure on our farms?
the heap. When you turn the heap you will also easily see
Inorganic fertilizers like urea, NPK, DAP are produced
whether the material is too wet or too dry, giving you a
synthetically and are not used in organic agriculture. There
chance to correct this.
are several reasons for this: Their production requires large
A heap: Can we prepare compost in a hole deeper than 2 feet? amounts of energy. They are highly concentrated and have
There is actually no problem with holes of any depth, adverse effects on soil fertility and the environment, if over-
except that it may be difficult first of all to dig the hole and used. In organic farming, we do not rely on single nutrients,
secondly to turn a heap at the bottom of a deep cavity and but soil organic matter is regarded as central for plant nutri-
thirdly to get the material up when it is ready. But it should tion, as it improves soil structure, promotes soil fertility,
also be said that in a dry hot region, using a deeper hole and stores nutrients. In poor soils it is important to increase
would actually be the ideal place for compost, as it would organic matter content by using compost and manures,
be protected from the sun and thus from drying out! because using inorganic fertilizers alone will decrease soil
Ants: Can ants consume/destroy our materials in the compost? fertility. For phosphorus, there is a very good organic alter-
They certainly may consume some of the good things you native: Rock phosphate. K can be provided with wood ash.
are putting there, and they will digest it too, which is actu- Both can be added to the compost. Nitrogen is more of a
ally what you want: The breaking down of any organic problem. In Integrated Resource Management farming
material is a process very similar to digestion. Ants some- system, a combination of organic and conventional tech-
times like compost heaps, especially if they are not too niques are used and some nitrogen fertilizer like urea is
moist. They do not do any harm and will usually disappear added to the compost at planting or to plants with high
when you turn the heap. If you want to get rid of them com- nitrogen requirements.
Nr. 44 January 2009
Something is seriously wrong with

Kenyas dairy sector. Although the sector
has witnessed tremendous growth in the
last six years, employing over 2 million
Kenyans directly or indirectly, quality
standards have considerably declined to
the point of endangering the lives of
consumers. As the samples we analysed
from milk bars and processed milk show,
milk sold in both the informal and formal
market contains a high bacterial load and
is therefore unfit for human consump-
tion. Adulteration of milk is also common
with some of the processors even adding
water and hydrogen peroxide to increase
Milk from a cow in this dirty condition will always be contaminated. Unfortunately, the milk quality and lengthen its shelf-
the bare eye cannot detect unhealthy milk. (Photos TOF) life. Since the milk industry was libera-
Quality of milk worrying

lised, and more milk processors allowed to
operate, quality standards are no longer
observed.
Milk produced under unhygienic the interest of farmers and protect the Although the Kenya Dairy Board is
conditions is being sold consumers unless it is overhauled. trying to enforce quality controls among
Lack of hygiene farmers and processors through spot
to unsuspecting consumers. checks and even training programmes
The biggest problem is the lack of
in a few regions, our investigations show
The Organic Farmer hygiene, not only on the side of the
that they lack the capacity to streamline
farmers, but also on the hawkers and
In a bid to get information about milk, even processors. If they would observe and improve the quality of milk in a way
The Organic Farmer collected, in mid- the basic requirements of hygiene, that can protect consumers from unscru-
November 2008, nine samples of milk; at least the quality of milk reaching pulous players in the industry. Illegal
four from milk processing companies the market would be slightly better taxation of milk traders by police, munici-
and five from farmers and milk bars than the samples show. In some of the pal authorities and criminal gangs has
around Nairobi. The results of the samples, the amount of bacteria was also compromised quality as it forces them
analysed milk samples will shock 281 times higher than the minimum to adulterate milk to maintain their profit
many milk consumers. None of the allowed! Adding of water, flour, Blue margins. What is even more confusing
samples passed the standards as speci- Band margarine and other additives is that the figures we received from KDB
fied by the Kenya Bureau of Standards is a common practice as boiling the show that milk exports from Kenya have
(KEBS) and were therefore unfit for milk (see page 4). Some milk proces- increased from 2.5 million to 22 million
human consumption. One problem sors, however use Hydrogen perox- in the last five years. How come that
facing the dairy industry is the lack ide and even formalin to prolong the the same processors selling poor quality
of a regulatory framework that can milks shelf-life. Formalin is especially locally are able to meet the stringent
enforce quality controls to ensure that harmful to both people and animals. quality standards in the export market?
farmers, milk traders and processors One possible explanation for this is that
Hydrogen peroxide the processors are able to produce two sets
maintained the set standards of quality. In most countries, hydrogen peroxide
The Dairy Act as it is now cannot serve of milk consignments; the adulterated
is allowed for use as a preservative milk is sold in the local market while the
in raw milk, according to a decision unadulterated one is exported.
in this issue made by the UN Food and Agriculture One solution to this problem is to amend
Organisation and the World Health the Dairy Act. The 1958 act was meant
A valuable tree Page 2 Organisation in 1991. The argument to protect the colonial dairy farmers. Since
Do you know of a tree behind this decision was that hydro- independence in 1963, successive Kenyan
which can feed both gen peroxide would assist small scale Governments have done little to change
humans and animals, farmers in developing countries, who the act, which has allowed a few players
and protect them do not have refrigeration facilities. to control the sector at the expense of the
against diseases? However it is banned in Kenya. One majority of dairy farmers. The govern-
Plant a Moringa tree! reason for the ban is that farmers, milk ment should enforce quality standards
traders and processors are supposed to across the board and ensure consumers
Expensive fertilizers Page 3 ensure milk is delivered to consumers get value for their money. In this case
while still fresh. Strange enough, only we really have to ask ourselves: how can
Feed the soil to feed the plants: Use
the tested milk samples of the process- big milk processors sell their milk even
compost to boost your crop yield.
ing companies contained the banned without fulfilling the requirements of the
Growing pawpaws Page 7 hydrogen peroxide, the five raw milk
ce
Kenya Bureau of Standards?

8. ay r vi
samples did not. See pages 4 & 5

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Nr. 44 January 2009
Moringa can feed both people and animals
Each part of a Moringa tree,
from top to the roots,
is useful to the farmers.
The Organic Farmer
Even though it is an exceptionally
resourceful plant, the Moringa tree has,
to date, received little attention in our
country. You might know it as mrongo
or mzunze or under the English names
Horseradish tree or Drumstick tree.
Other times it is even called mothers
best friend. Names aside, it may well
have the potential to become your best
friend in future!
Rich in all types of vitamins The moringa tree is identifiable by its long pods. Photos: www.treesforlife.org
Almost every part of the Moringa tree The flowers, rich in calcium and potas- planting. The seeds should germi-
is edible. The leaves are the most essen- sium, are not only a good source of nate within 15 days. The best time for
tial product of the tree. You can eat nectar for bees but can also be boiled sowing is at the beginning of the wet
them fresh or cooked like spinach, and eaten as a vegetable. Further, season.
or you can store the leaves as dried dried flowers provide you with a nice Cuttings of healthy branches with
powder for many months to supple- tea. Finally, the pods can be cooked hard wood ( 1 m to 1,5 m long) should
ment soups and sauces. And, of course, like green beans; the seeds from more be taken in the rainy season. Let the
the leaves provide great forage for mature pods can be eaten like peas or cuttings ends dry in a shady place for
your livestock. roasted like nuts. 3 days, then place one third of each
Scientific research confirms that the An organic fertilizer cutting length in the soil. If you keep
leaves are of high nutritional value. Moringa trees are very useful especially the soil moist but not over watered, the
They contain seven times the vitamin for organic farmers. Apart from provid- branches will take root readily in just
C in oranges; four times the calcium ing a live fence around homesteads or a few months. Within three years of
and two times the protein in milk, four serving as a windbreak, they produce planting, a single tree may produce 300-
times the vitamin A in carrots and three a lot of biomass, since they grow very 1000 pods annually. Frequent pruning
times the potassium in bananas (see fast and can be planted close to each following harvesting is recommended
the graphic below). other. The high protein content in the as it promotes branching and increases
foliage serves as an organic fertilizer leaf growth. And your animals will
The Organic Farmer is an independent for the surrounding food crops. The benefit from this healthy fodder!
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- deep roots without extended shallow, Increasing demand
munity. It promotes organic lateral branching do not compete with Earthoil Kenya is at the moment the
farming and supports dis- nearby crops, and its loose canopy pre- biggest buyer of moringa seeds in the
cussions on all aspects of vents excessive crop shading. country (Earthoil Kenya PTY EPZ Ltd,
sustainable development. The The Moringa tree is well known in the Langata South Road, Nairobi, Tel: 020
Organic Farmer is published traditional medical practice, especially 891 13 46, 0728 023 240). The farm gate
monthly by icipe and distrib- in India. The leaves, flowers and pods price for Moringa seeds shot up to
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports have been claimed to function as a Kshs 40/kg in early 2008. By now, the
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- natural medicine with anti-bacterial and farming of Moringa for commercial
ily reflect the views of icipe. anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, you purposes has taken root in Nyanza
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- can purify water by adding pounded province, where 71 farmers groups
sion, a Swiss-based foun- Moringa seeds to dirty or even muddy deliver Moringa seeds and leaves twice
dation for the promotion of water. The solid matter will then sink a year and generate additional income
sustainable development. to the bottom and the surface water can from the recently rediscovered multi-
www.biovision.ch be used after boiling. purpose tree.
Publisher African Insect Science for Food How to grow Moringa You can buy Moringa seeds from: Kenya
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Although the Moringa is originally con- Forestry Research Institute. Call John
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, sidered a tree of hot semi-arid regions, Obango, 0722 763 016
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org it has also proven to be well adapted to
Editor Peter Kamau wet conditions. Water logging should Plus: 4 times
the calcium in Plus: 4 times
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia be avoided as it can cause root rot, the milk the vitamin A
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 only common disease that threatens in carrots
7 times the
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, Moringa. The tree does best in well vitamin C in
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph drained and sandy or loamy soils. Nev- oranges
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian ertheless, the tree also tolerates heavy
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe clay soils.
Address The Organic Farmer Moringa trees can be grown from
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA seeds, stem cuttings and even from
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 Plus: 3 times Plus: 2 times
roots. Soak the mature seeds in water the potassium in the protein in
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, for one day and then plant them one bananas milk
www.organicfarmermagazine.org inch deep. Keep the soil moist after
Nr. 44 January 2009
Mature compost boosts your crops

Compost can be used effectively
in many ways. Nevertheless
is has to be mature compost.
The Organic Farmer
Many farmers still doubt the effective-
ness of compost as a source of plant
food and a soil conditioner. In fact,
compost is not high in the essential
nutrients (N-P-K and Ca). But the most
beneficial aspect in the use of compost
is its capability to develop the soil
and to improve, in the long term, the
quality of the soil; humus acids pass
through the soil and free the nutrients
naturally present in it. Of course, con-
sidering the local soil conditions, there
may still be need for a supplementary
soil boost. (see box). A farmer adds rock phosphate to improve the quality of his compost (Photo TOF)
How much compost? isms present in the soil are greatly begins to be a net gain in the levels of
It depends on the quality of the garden. influenced by factors such as tempera- humus as well as beneficial organisms
If the garden has been treated organi- ture, PH, soil texture, and moisture. including worms and insects. It is at
cally for years, then the soils microbial On the other hand, starting a virgin this time that addition of new compost
life will be existing in large quantities; garden in a soil which has not had may be reduced to a certain extent.
the levels of humus in the soil from applications of soil destructive chemi- The high levels of soil quality will at
previous applications of compost will cals, one will notice a very quick that time be easily maintained by addi-
be high. On the other hand, if the soil assimilation of the compost into the tion of compost or other bulk organic
has not been organically maintained soil. It may be noticed that such a matter at regular intervals.
and has a low level of humus and soil is darker, evidence of high carbon The more the better
organic material in it, then the levels content. Further, the workability of the The principles of organic agriculture
of compost must be greatly increased soil may be easy, an indication that the are based on a simple premise: Feed
for several years. This is because the humus has worked its way into the soil the soil, not the plants. The addition
soils microbial life will be so depleted structure; opening up the clay soil, or of compost will not only help the plant
that the organisms that decompose binding the sandy soil. roots to absorb the natural elements
and release the nutrients and elements There is a cumulative benefit of using available in the soil; it converts these
cannot adequately perform their work compost from season to season and elements into a form that is easily
fast or immediately. Besides, the organ- year to year. After several years there taken up by the roots. The humus that
the compost will decay into will serve
Use compost to cut down fertilizer costs as a buffer against PH, temperature,
Farmers will continue to pay more problem. Fertilizer, when applied, goes moisture and airflow changes. To a
for farm inputs this year. With the directly into the plants while compost certain degree we can say: the more the
present tendency for speculation on all builds up soil fertility over time. Trials better. A six inch layer of compost, well
essential commodities that are in short done by scientists showed crops yields turned into the soil, will do no harm to
supply in the country, fertilizer prices almost doubled when a little fertilizer any soil; so one can easily add plenty
may not come down even though oil (about 10 percent) was mixed with the and improve the soil faster.
prices have reduced. This means that compost at the time of planting. For How to add compost
most of the farmers may not be able to financial reasons, farmers can even It is important to let the compost to
afford fertilizer especially at this time share one bag of fertilizer. mature fully before use, then work it
of the year when many rural house- Of course, farmers should know that into the soil to a depth of 12 cm to 20
holds have just spent a sizable portion this production system is not organic cm. Using compost which has fully
of their earnings to pay for school fees but it can at least boost their yield in matured will reduce any problems
and other financial commitments that the short term and also reduce their from weed seeds, pathogens and also
come with the new year. input costs. Continued use of compost nitrogen stealing from the coming
Several times, we have shown farmers however will have the same effect on crops roots by the decomposing mate-
how to prepare compost for use during crops. (TOF) rial.
the planting season. Well-prepared We have received complaints from In fact, to till any half finished
compost will build fertility in the soils several farmers that most of the organic compost or crop residues directly into
in the long term and can help cut the inputs we often recommend to them the soil causes nitrogen-draft. What
cost of using fertilizer for crop produc- are not available in any agro-veteri- does this mean? The micro-organisms
tion. But one point farmers should not nary shops near them. We understand which accelerate decomposition may
forget is that compost releases nutri- the problem. Farmers interested in steal some nitrogen from the sur-
ents slowly, so plants may not benefit buying these products can order them rounding soil, because they need suf-
immediately compost is applied. from Lachlan Kenya ltd P.O.Box 49470 ficient food energy to generate the
Studies conducted in various parts of Nairobi, 00100 Tel 020 207391.2/3/4 or decomposition process. This leads to
the world show that a little fertilizer Hygrotech East Africa Ltd P.O.Box a temporary deficit of nitrogen at the
mixed with compost can solve this 41446 Nairobi, 00100 Tel.066 73567/8/9 cost of the plants which will be put
Continued on page 6
Nr. 44 January 2009
Milk contamination begins on the farm

Poor hygiene, dirty milking
equipment, added water and
fats reduce milk quality.
The Organic Farmer
Milk is an important item in human
nutrition. To make it safe for consump-
tion, it has to be handled carefully
from the time of milking, transport and
processing to ensure it is not contami-
nated in a way that poses a risk to the
consumers health. This is by far not the
case, as the analysis of the nine milks
samples shows, which TOF collected Many cow sheds especially in zero
from 4 milk processors and 5 farmers grazing units are terribly dirty, and the
and milk bars. None of the samples animals live in bad conditions.
passed the quality control standards as No wonder the milk from these cows is
specified by the Kenya Bureau of Stan- contaminated with millions of harmful
dards (Kebs). The samples show that bacteria.
most of the milk not only has a high
bacterial load; it contains additives because those without milk trading the milk, storage for instance and at the
such as hydrogen peroxide which are licenses have to bribe the police, munic- point of trade.
prohibited by the Kenya Dairy Board. ipal authorities and criminal gangs to Only a minority of small scale
Big processing companies as well be allowed to transport and sell their farmers do have any proper cooling
as farmers and hawkers add water to milk in towns. So they then add water storage facilities. If milk stays for more
increase the quantity of milk. A sample to maintain their profit margins. This than 4 hours, the bacterial load multi-
from one company added 8.3 percent adulteration is bad, one milk specialist plies very fast and the milk goes bad.
water to the milk. Hawkers are espe- told TOF. What makes the issue even This is especially the case, when the
cially in a very unfortunate situation worse, they do not adulterate it in a containers used in milking are not
hygienic way. They just add any water washed with hot and clean water. Since
Feed can spoil milk they find along the road or add flour or detergents are rarely applied, the con-
The most common practice among Blue band margarine to make it appear tainers are therefore a major cause of
farmers is to sort maize after har- creamy, he says. milk contamination at the farm level.
vesting. The good maize is stored Milking in dirty sheds Moreover, since it takes a lot of time for
for consumption and sale, while the In some places the milk is so much con- milk traders to deliver the commodity
rotten maize is preserved as animal taminated with antibiotics and hydro- to the market from the rural areas to
feed (maozo). When maize is exposed gen peroxide that it can not even be the nearest town, milk traders often
to wet conditions, mould grows on used for yoghourt production; antibiot- improvise preservation methods such
it. If mould development continues, ics and hydrogen peroxide kill the bac- as the use of hydrogen peroxide.
it produces toxins (also known as terial culture which is needed for fer- The problem with the use of plastic
mycotoxins). Aflatoxins is one type mented products manufacture. Hardly jerry cans is that it has a small opening,
of toxins that occurs in rotten maize any farmer is willing to pour away which makes it very difficult to clean.
which is dangerous to animals and the milk from an animal on treatment Continued use of the same jerry can
even human beings. When animals are with antibiotics, which remain in the for milk storage and transport leads to
fed on rotten maize that has already milk. Instead, they sell it to consumers accumulation of dirt which the farmer
developed mycotoxins, the mycotox- exposing them to the risk of develop- cannot be able to wash away; fat sticks
ins are stored in the cows liver. But ing resistance against antibiotic drugs. more in plastic. So the jerry cans are a
small amounts of the mycotoxins are About 80 percent of the milk in major cause of milk contamination but
transferred to the milk, contained in the country comes from small-scale farmers find them most ideal because
fat cells. When people consume the farmers. But the conditions under they are cheap to buy and maintain.
milk, these mycotoxins are retained in which the milk is produced are
the liver, where continuous accumula- very unhygienic. The typical
tion can lead to serious diseases such milking shed is a structure full
as liver and pancreatic cancers. of mud, cow dung and urine.
The type of feed given to a cow In the last years we have seen
before milking is another factor that so many zero grazing units that
contributes to milk spoilage. Many look like a manure pit rather
farmers feed silage mixed with molas- than like a proper and safe cow
ses to the cows just before milking. shed! When milking, dairy cows
This transfers the taste of the feed to splash this dirt on the milk, con-
the milk. In the same way, if a cow taminating it. Farmers should
is allowed to graze on such crops as know that any milk from the
onions, Mexican marigold or is fed cows udder is usually clean and
with dairy meal containing omena, sterile and has no bacteria. Con-
the taste of these feeds goes into the tamination only occurs during
milk and spoils its quality. (TOF) milking and later handling of An ideal cowshed with clean beddings
Nr. 44 January 2009
Millions of bacteria All you need is hygiene

Quick multiplication of bacteria If a cow is contented, well-fed, cared-for in a clean environment,
spoils the milk within hours. she will produce quality milk. Clean bedding is also important.
The Organic Farmer The Organic Farmer
Milk is very rich in nutrients. A dairy farmer should be a professional and an expert in the care
This is the best breeding ground of cows. He must know that milk is a natural product and hygiene
for bacteria. They can develop is therefore extremely important. Good hygiene begins long before
very fast in milk, multiplying into milking starts. The predominant sources of coliforms and environ-
millions within one hour. This mental streptococci are manure and bedding materials. The cleaner
process is even faster when the we can keep the cows, the fewer problems we will have in the milk
milk is not stored cold. The milk industry uses the term (and the less money you spend for the veterinary!)
Total Viable Count, (TVC) to determine the bacterial Hygiene is important
load in milk. According to Duncan Ndegwa, a scientist Whether the cows are kept outdoors or in stalls, there may be dirt
at Analabs in Nairobi, that analysed our samples, the on the udders that should be cleaned before milking.
Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) allows 1 million After washing your hands with soap, clean the udder and teats.
bacteria per millilitre (Colony forming Units, CfU/ml) Wash them with a clean cloth and warm water, dry the udder with
for best quality raw milk, and less than 30,000 for pro- a clean dry cloth.
cessed milk. The teats should be thoroughly dried; water on teats helps in
In the four tested samples of processed milk (which transporting bacteria and concentrating them at the opening of the
you buy in tetra packs or plastic bags) the bacteria con- teat canal.
tained an average of between 250 up to around 30,000 Cloth towels are more effective than paper at removing patho-
TVC, which is more or less within the KEBS standards;
gens. Cloth towels should
through pasteurization most of the bacteria are killed.
be disinfected by washing
All the processed samples failed the test because the
with bleach or very hot
processors added Hydrogen peroxide which prolongs
water.
the milks shelf-life. This is not permitted by the law.
Now wash you hands
The samples of farmers and milk bars did not contain
again properly with soap.
Hydrogen peroxide; the reason may be the short dis-
After cleaning the udder,
tance they have to cover to reach the market in Nairobi.
the teats are fore stripped.
A grim picture Make the first draw into a
However, in terms of bacteria, the five samples of raw strip cup to check for masti-
milk from farmers and milk bars paint a grim picture. tis and other abnormalities
The sum of all bacteria per millilitre ranged between 3.5 and throw it away from
million and 281 million! KEBS allows 1 million. That is the milking area even if the
the reason why all raw milk samples failed to pass the milk appears clean.
KEBS-standards. This huge amount is a clear indication After milking, sieve the
of the unhygienic handling of milk (dirty milking sheds, milk through a strainer or Farmers should clean the udder before
unclean storage and careless distribution of the milk), muslin cloth to remove solid milking. To transport milk, one should use
see page 4. The only good thing is that most of these particles that may have aluminium cans and not any metal or plastic
bacteria disappear when the milk is boiled to least at fallen in during milking. containers, to avoid contamination.
70 Celsius. Cover the milk to avoid
If this is not done, the dangerous Coliform bacteria contamination.
remain in the milk. Coliforms are bacteria resulting Move the milk to a clean
from dirty hands and unclean cans, buckets and jerry and cool area.
cans. The KEBS-standards allow less that 500,000 cfu/ml Always handle milk in
(Coliform units per millilitre). Only two of the five raw clean metal containers.
milk samples passed the tests; the others had between When transferring milk
3.5 and 26.5 million. Serious enough, one sample of pro- between containers, pour
cessed milk contained more coliforms than the KEBS- the milk instead of scoop-
standards allows for pasteurized milk. ing. Scooping may intro-
Tuberculosis and mastitis duce spoilage bacteria.
Similarly, a cow with tuberculosis can pass the TB- Storage
causing bacillus into the milk. If the milk is not properly Store milk at a cool
boiled, anyone taking it has a high chance of contracting place. Cooling milk will
TB. The same happens when an animal has brucella slow down the growth of
infection. These bacteria are transferred to the milk. harmful bacteria and prolong the milks shelf life.
People drinking the milk face the risk of contracting Keep the milk in easy to clean and sterilize aluminium containers,
brucellosis which causes bad fever and takes a long time NOT in plastic jerry cans; plastic containers can not be cleaned in the
to cure. A farmer should not sell or drink this milk until same way and are breeding grounds for bacteria.
seven days after the withdrawal of the antibiotics. At any rate, do not store milk in plastic jerry cans that previously
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary glands contained paint, herbicides and other chemicals because traces of
in the udder caused by infection with disease-causing these substances can taint your milk.
bacteria. These bacteria can also end up in the milk and Use cleaning and sanitation detergents specially designed to clean
results in illness and fever in milk drinkers. For this and disinfect milk-handling equipment carefully.
reason, milk from cows suffering from mastitis should Always rinse your equipment with clean (boiled) water properly
not be sold or drunk. after cleaning to prevent detergent residues from contaminating the
milk.
Good milk quality means more profit for your farm.
Nr. 44 January 2009
from page 3: Compost
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
Low cost maize flour Order your CD

not a solution
As a small-scale farmer who is a low
income earner, I seize the opportunity
to applaud the Kenyan government for
its positive intervention in the price of
into the soil. It can be argued that the maize flour that in the past few months
nitrogen uptake by the organisms will had skyrocketed. Now, at least a major-
be released upon the finishing of the ity of Kenyans can afford a smile as
compost, when the organisms die; but their staple food item is now retailing
still, the temporary problem can be a at an average of Ksh 72. In addition,
big one to growing plants that require there is a cheaper brand of flour that is
sufficient supply of nutrients. So it retailing at Ksh. 130 per 5kg bag. This
is advisable to spread some mature translates into Ksh.26 a kilo, a great The Infonet-Biovision CD contains
compost around such plants. reprieve to the low income earners like all the information that a farmer may
Raw manure and half finished compost me! need. Farmers interested in buying
also have a reputation for burning In the midst of this celebration the CD only need to send us airtime
plant roots. This is as a result of the however, one cannot stop to think worth Ksh 200 through either our Zain
heat generated during the decomposi- whether the reduction in the cost of line (former CELTEL) 0738 390 715, or
tion process. This heat can also affect maize flour is a long term solution to through our SAFARICOM line, 0721
many of the soil organisms that cannot this particular problem in general, and 541 590. After sending this airtime,
endure hot conditions. Therefore one in particular, the high cost of living please send us an SMS detailing your
should not spread raw manures or half that is experienced in this country. To full name and correct address. We shall
finished compost directly on or into me, the low cost maize flour is not a send you the CD by registered mail.
the soil. solution to the looming food shortage
as the distribution of this commod- nobody really knows the side effect
Compost as a mulch ity is very poor. It does not reach the these GMOs are going to have on our
When compost is used as a mulch, it target group that is the low income health or the environment. What about
has all of the good attributes normally earners. Additionally, this cheap com- our local maize varieties for example?
ascribed to other mulches. It also has modity might be abused by unscrupu- Are they going to disappear because
a higher nutrient content than most lous businessmen who might repack- of cross-pollination with GMO seeds?
mulch material. But again: It is strongly age it and make high profits. Another Nobody is answering these questions
recommended to use finished, mature question arising from this maize flour to enlighten farmers.
compost. saga is; does the reduction in the price The common practice among our
Compost is generally kept damp to of maize flour mean reduction in the farmers is to use farm stored maize
increase the chance of survival of the cost of living? Of course not. If we as seed when they are unable to buy
life it maintains. In Africa, the strong address the issue of maize flour today, certified seed. Now we are told that the
sunrays may damage and dry good what other commodity or service do GMO seeds cannot be replanted again
quality compost, rendering it less effec- we address tomorrow? Is it the cost of and if this is done, it might produce
tive if used as a mulch. It may be used sugar that now is on the rise, or cooking varieties of maize that may have dan-
more effectively in damp conditions fat, which is following the same trend, gerous traits that can have negative
like around fruit trees, vanilla, etc., or is it electricity? Clearly there are effects on consumers, the environment
where there is a shaded canopy of imminent economic hardships coming and even other crops. I would like to
foliage above the compost. and the government should not wait warn other farmers to be wary of using
In areas where rainfall and humid- for pressure from the public to act. If any of the so called GMO seeds until
ity are high, mulching with compost one does not repair a crack on the wall, we are sure that they cannot bring any
also reduces the work of digging the then eventually he shall build it whole; harm to us.
compost into the soil. It will simply so goes a Kiswahili saying. George Makau, Kangundo.
wash down to the plant roots with
Jeremiah Kimemia, Thika Can farmers afford GMOs?
each rain shower. (Much like the fallen
leaves and other material, on a forest Now the government has allowed the
floor.) With this in mind, a good time to Beware of GMOs use of GMO. Fine, apart from the prob-
apply compost as mulch around your The Biosafety Bill 2008 has now been lems with GMO, let me ask you: How
vegetable crops would be when the passed and is now awaiting presiden- will small-scale farmers pay for these
crop foliage is large enough to create tial assent. As with any other laws and expensive seeds? So many farmer do
cover, and when overhead watering is policy documents that affect agriculture not even have the money to buy hybrid
available, rain or sprinkler. in this country, we the farmers know maize or the drought resistant Katu-
Another easy application where very little about the consequences of mani maize. This is strange. We run
compost can be used without too much this new law that allows the introduc- behind the Americans to get the GMO
labour is as a layer upon the soil around tion of Genetically Modified Organisms and feed to provide their companies
the crop bases that is then mulched (GMOs) into the country. According to with a market for their seeds; at the
with grass, banana leaves etc. to protect what we hear, the bill makes it pos- same time we neglect seed varieties
the compost from drying. sible for companies that manufacture made by our own scientists which are
Source: Rivenrock Gardens Organic genetically modified seedlings to sell well-adapted to our climate.
Philosophy them in the country. But our fear is that Mary Awuor, Siaya
Nr. 44 January 2009
Papayas need male and female Manure from bats
is good fertilizer
What can I do to a papaya when it
produces flowers and they drop off? I am Edwin from Kagio, Kirinyaga.
Which chemical can I apply? Gitau, The bat dung I found when cleaning
0723 729 495 my ceiling is more efficient than any
Papaya plants are quite funny. They fertilizer, as I have evidence in my
can be male, female or both (hermaph- farm. Can they be raised? 0727 066 250
roditic). A female plant will need a It might not be so easy to keep bats
male plant in close vicinity in order as domestic animals, Edwin, even if
for pollination to take place. If a male they are very helpful in eating a lot of
plant is not available, female plants insects and pests. But you are right,
will produce flowers that will eventu- the droppings of bats, called guano, is
ally shrivel up and drop off. a very good fertilizer. Today guano is
This could be your problem, Gitau. You harvested from many caves in South
can recognise the difference between East Asia, the USA, Cuba and South
male and female papaya plants by the America. Large populations of bats live
flowers. Male plants have clusters of since thousands of years in these big
small white flowers on branched ten- caves, the guano piles (manure piles)
tacles, sometimes as much as 18 inches When planting papaya it is advisable can be many metres deep. In Niah
long. Female plants have a larger single to plant several seedlings and then to Caves, Sarawak, it is estimated that
white flower sitting on the head of a thin them out transplanting approxi-
tiny fruit close to the stem in a leaf axil. mately seven females to one male. This
The flower petals are normally straight. should ensure adequate pollination for
As the female plant bears the fruit. good fruiting. Su Kahumbu
... answers in brief Fed-up with black ants?

Marigold: Can marigold extract also be Remove the aphids!
used to protect tree seedlings? Charles,
0738 711 117 How can I control black ants in yams?
0722 499 813
Marigold extract can protect tree seed- My name is Dan Ngure, a coffee farmer. birds and bats have been producing
lings from some insects. I would like to get advice on how to guano for at least 100,000 years, and
Lachlan: Are those products from control ants that infest the trees (muthi- that 7-9m depth of guano has accumu-
Lachlan, for instance TwinN organic? giriri) without spraying. 0723 746 103 lated over that time.
To ensure products are organic, look Black ants usually farm aphids form Cave guano is rich in nutrients as
for organic certification symbols on the the sweet honey dew the aphids extract inside the cave there is no sunlight,
packaging. If they are absent, request from plants. They are therefore not wind or rain, and so the components
the dealer to get you written approval interested in yams and coffee. Getting dont break down as quickly as they
for the product from a recognised rid of the aphids is your solution to would outside (that means Edwin, the
organic certification body. Lachlans getting rid of the ants. You can do this guano on your ceilings has the same
TwinN- nitrogen fertilizer is declared by spraying the aphids with biope- quality as the cave guano!). As Guano
organic by the British certification sticides such as the juice extracted is rich in nitrogen and phosphates, it is
company Soil Association. from pyrethrum, neem, Sodom apple, good for crops. When manmade chem-
African marigold etc. You can also ical fertilizers became readily avail-
Tithonia: Hi! Is it advisable to apply
sprinkle either diatomite or ashes on able, guano was used less. However, it
tithonia on sukuma wiki and managu?
the aphids. SK has now regained its popularity as an
0724 757 780
organic fertilizer.
We are assuming the tithonia is being
Today scientists are turning their
applied as a liquid feed. In this case,
attention to guano for other reasons.
yes, it can be applied on both those
This guano is now being studied to
crops.
determine climatic changes over the
Contact: Hi, thanks for the organic past 10,000, even maybe 30,000 years.
farmer magazine. It has helped me Felix Mbitu Murimi
a lot. How can I contact Madam Su
Kahumbu?
Mburu Gabriel. 0722 128 398 SUBSCRIPTION FORM
Su can be contacted on the following Return this completed form to TOF, PO Box 14352 00800 Nairobi or info@organickenya.com
email: info@organic.co.ke Registration type:
Bean waste: Can I use bean waste as Name: Individual farmer
mulching cum compost? 0722 580 626
Postal Address: Code: Farmer Group
Yes, it is ok as long as the bean waste Women Group
was not infected with any diseases Town: District
Youth Group
or carrying pests that might damage Province:
the crop that it is mulching. A good College
Registration No.: School
rule of thumb is like that of planting,
mulch with waste from different family Number of active Members: Church Group
groups. That way you reduce the risk Chairpersons Name: Extension Officer
of spreading pests and diseases. NGO
Chairpersons Tel.:
CBO
Nr. 44 January 2009
Farmers adopt push-pull method Cost of water to go up

Charges for water meant for domestic,
More farmers in parts of central irrigation and industrial use is likely
province are taking up the push- to go up in this year. This follows
pull technology which is aimed at new rates set to be announced by the
controlling the stemborer through Water Regulatory Board this month.
planting desmodium between the The newly proposed rates which
maize; the smell of this plant expels sources at the board indicate will be
the stemborer. Looking around much higher than what consumers
for a place to drop the eggs, the are paying at the moment, have met
stemborer flies to the Napier grass with stiff opposition from water users
which is planted around the maize who argue Kenyans cannot afford I
field. The project is being imple- think the move to increase the rates
mented by KARI and funded by at this point in time is ill-advised.
the Swiss foundation BioVision, says a water expert at the ministry of
that also sponsors The Organic Agriculture.
Farmer magazine. The new rates are expected to face
During a farmers field day at Maragwa division crops officer, the a stiff opposition from farmers and
Kandani sub-location Maragwa, divi- Ministry of Agriculture had already other water users. Large water users
sion, Muranga South district most started seed nurseries all over the including manufacturing companies
farmers were full of praise for the new project area to supply the desmodium may find the cost of production going
method of stemborer control. I have seedling to interested farmers. For up which may force them to increase
already seen a significant reduction of Samuel Njihia, the push-pull project the price of various goods and ser-
stemborer damage on my maize, said coordinator, the growing demand for vices. Similarly companies that use
James Kinuthia. Although the rains desmodium a clear indication that large amounts of water such as flower
are not very good this year, the maize the project would achieve the desired companies may be forced to incur
yield will no doubt be higher because objective of controlling stemborer and increased costs which may force some
of this new method. producing additional fodder for live- of them to relocate to other countries
According to Florence Gichuru, the stock. that give better incentives.
Issue 7, January 2009
To advertise contact: James Wathuge 020 356 4106, 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300, email: thefarmersclassied@mailnew.com
BURNS:
Milk it. Milk is an excellent compress for minor burns, says Stephen M.
Purcell, D.O., chairman of the Department of Dermatology at Philadel-
phia College of Osteopathic Medicine and assistant clinical professor at
Hahnemann University School of Medicine in Philadelphia. Simply
soak the burned area in milk for 15 minutes or so, or apply a milk-
soaked washcloth to the area. Whole milk is effective: Its fat content
soothes burns and promotes healing. But make sure to rinse your skin and the
washcloth in cool water afterward, because the milk will smell.
Source: www.mothernature.com
Nr. 45 March 2009
The current maize scandal involving the

National Cereals and Produce Board is
just a pointer of how deep corruption
has entrenched itself in the govern-
ment. For the last six years, we have
been treated to high sounding policy
initiatives that the government intends
to take to revive the agricultural sector
and improve the food security situation
in the country. How then could the
same people we have entrusted with the
custody of the national strategic food
reserves sell maize that is meant for
starving people?
Every farmer desires a good maize yield. Correct seeds play a major role (Photo TOF) A serious government would channel
a sizeable portion of its budgetary allo-
Plant the right seed variety cation to foot in order to ensure that the
country not only has enough food both
Many farmers often use wrong this is deliberate we can hardly tell. But for local consumption but also for sale.
seed varieties for their areas and end the result is that farmers are lured into Kenya, where more than 80 percent of
up with poor yields buying varieties that are not suitable the countrys population relies on agri-
for their areas. Every year The Organic culture as its major economic activity,
The Organic Farmer Farmer educates farmers on maize vari- has great potential to feed itself. The
eties and agro-ecological areas where government had enough time to put in
Most farmers are now preparing to these varieties can do well (see TOF place measures to address the looming
plant this years maize crop. Although Nr 33 February 2007). However, most food shortage. But since nothing was
a section of them know which varieties farmers do not take this advice seri- done, the poor are going to bed hungry
are good for their areas, there is a lot ously and only end up with low yields forcing the government to make yet
confusion in the market with regard or total crop failure. another appeal for food aid from donors.
to choice of the right varieties for the It is a shame!
Lack of knowledge
various agro-ecological zones. One Although the high fertilizer prices
Most of the maize varieties, especially
reason for this is that there are many are partly to blame for depressed yields
those from South Africa, are meant for
seed companies competing to sell their last year, lack of other inputs or reliable
medium potential areas, but those
seeds to farmers. credit schemes for small-scale farmers
selling the seeds do not inform the
These companies have launched big contributed greatly to low production;
farmers appropriately. Dr. John
marketing campaigns to sell their seeds in the past, seasonal credit schemes
Ombakho, the Chief maize breeder at
throughout the country. The problem have enabled farmers to produce surplus
KARI- Kitale advices farmers in high
is that in their advertisements, they do food. Nowadays small-scale farmers
potential areas such as Trans-Nzoia
not tell farmers which of their varieties cannot meet the high interest rates on
and Uasin Gishu, not to go for these
are suitable for which regions. Whether loans charged by local banks.
varieties because they cannot do well
in those areas. Following the current This does not mean that small-scale
in this issue maize shortage and the unpredictable farmers cannot do anything. If they
weather, it is important that farmers have to overcome problems that now
choose the right variety they want to threaten production, they have to rely
grow carefully. more and more on themselves. They
can buy some of the inputs as a group
and share among themselves. Some
Information service organic inputs are cheaper than con-
The Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate ventional ones. Farmers can also exploit
Service (KEPHIS) has launched an all available resources within their own
SMS information service for farmers shambas. As we have done before, we
who want to know which varieties shall continue to provide farmers with
4 years with TOF Page 2 they can grow in their areas: Just all the relevant information that they
TOF influences farmers in Subukia to write: maize/ name of your division, need to increase production. We believe
form groups SMS to 2964 using your safaricom, that this information, if well utilised,
Organic wheat production 3 Zain or Telkom lines. If your division enables you to make the right decisions
Wheat is a difficult crop to grow is not in the mailing list, you can talk that will help increase crop yields and
organically to KEPHIS personnel who will assist fight poverty. In this issue, we guide
you. you on the choice of seed varieties which
Mineral licks 5 Just call them on Tel. 0722 516 221 or
Mineral salts are important in is very important during this planting
0733 874 274.
ce
animal health season.

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Nr. 45 March 2009
Inspired by TOF, Subukia farmers form groups
TOF has always advised farmers to
form groups. Farmers in Subukia
complied and benefitted.
Katharina Kijani.
Paul Njenga leans against one of his
forty large avocado trees and proudly
explains, I started growing avocados
in 1984. At that time, I was the only
farmer with avocado trees in Subukia
valley. Since then, I have continued
selling seedlings from my tree nursery
to surrounding farmers, and I am still
teaching others how to graft avocado
trees. Paul Njengas passion for avo-
cados has led to the foundation of a TOF Radio producer John Cheburet interviews Subukia farmers. (Photo TOF)
farmers group -Miroreni Horticulture to start meetings in order to share and
Every farmer with at least four
Growers with 40 members. It was reg- discuss ideas from the articles and sec-
Avocado trees can join the group after
istered by the Department of Social ondly to dispel doubts about the ben-
paying a registration fee of Kshs. 300.
Services in 2006. All the farmers who efits of organic farming. In each of their
The farmers group is well organised.
now grow organic avocados come from monthly meetings, they read articles of
Each member pays a monthly contri-
Munanda location in Subukia valley in interest from the magazine and discuss
bution of at least Kshs. 200. They hold
Nakuru North district. possible ways of implementing new
a general meeting on the first Wednes-
An active group day of every month. methods of farming.
The groups chairperson Paul Njenga The disciplinary board of the group Young poultry farmers
recounts that, from the beginning, his can penalise members if they do not Adjacent to the avocado group, a
avocados have been organically grown attend meetings, fail to hand in money second farmers group specialising in
as chemical fertilizers would, in his in time or sell against the groups regu- poultry keeping has been established.
own words, completely spoil the taste lations to individual buyers. After the The Good Shepherd Youth Group is
of my avocados. He has not had any second warning or a fine, an errant mainly composed of young farmers
serious problems with pests or diseases member has to leave the group. The between 18 and 25 years old. John
that would have forced him to spray chairperson, secretary and treasurer Njuguna Muchina, the chairperson,
pesticides. are elected once a year by all members sees his main objective as proving to
through a secret ballot voting system. the youth, that poultry keeping can
The Organic Farmer is an independent There is also a regular assessment to be a profitable business and farming
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- ensure all members observe organic a highly reputable profession. At
munity. It promotes organic standards. Njenga says that there is the moment, the group has 15 active
farming and supports dis- a high level of integrity and commit-
ment amongst his farmers who have Continued on page 6
sustainable development. The to maintain high standards of organic
Organic Farmer is published farming.
monthly by icipe and distrib- Organic pays
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports The farmers group received a real boost
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- in early 2008, when they established
ily reflect the views of icipe. contact with the US-based company,
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- Olivado, which after a rigorous assess-
sion, a Swiss-based foun- ment started buying avocados from
dation for the promotion of them. Olivado buys organic avocados
sustainable development. from farmers groups to process them TOF celebrates
www.biovision.ch into certified organic and fair trade fourth birthday
Publisher African Insect Science for Food avocado oil at their production facility In April 2004, we launched your mag-
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 in Nairobi. The deal assures all partici- azine, The Organic Farmer. In view
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, pating farmers of a regular buyer, per- of the commemoration of this event
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org manent access to a market and above in April, we shall publish a short
Editor Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner all, a much higher price. Instead of series on farmers groups in Subukia
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia selling avocadoes to the local market at valley as an example of all the farmers
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 between Kshs 400 -500 a bag, they now groups we are dealing with. How has
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, sell at Kshs 1,500 a bag. The farmers TOF influenced their farming methods
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph save on transport costs and time; they and their social life? And what is the
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian gather the harvest at their chairmans experience of Charles Munyari, a TOF
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe place from where the buyer comes to distributor since the inception of the
Address The Organic Farmer collects them. magazine?
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA Paul Njenga points out that The Organic In this second article on this page, we
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0721 541 590 Farmer magazine played a central role in feature farmers in Subukia who have
e-mail: info@organickenya.com, starting off the farmers group. Primar- formed groups after gaining experi-
www.organicfarmermagazine.org ily, the magazine prompted the farmers ence from the magazine.
Nr. 45 March 2009
Growing wheat organically is not easy

Crop rotation and an integrated mustard crop. The land can be har-
pest and disease control mechanism rowed 14 days after the mustard has
can reduce the use of chemicals. been chopped into the soil. Wheat can
be planted without second harrowing
The Organic Farmer depending on the condition of the soil
(there are minimum tillage seed drills
A number of farmers have requested in the market that can plant directly
us to provide them with information without the need for ploughing and
on how they can grow wheat organi- harrowing). Seed rates will depend on
cally. In a hot climate such as the one the wheat variety and are set using the
we have in Kenya and other tropical seed planter.
countries, it is very challenging to grow Early tillering: Early tillering is the
wheat without use of chemicals. One period between 3 to 4 weeks when
of the major reasons for this is that the wheat crop has produced three
wheat is prone to many diseases and leaves. At this stage the crop will need
pests that are difficult to control using extra feeding, disease and pest control.
organic methods. Under warm tropi- There is a range of organic foliar feeds
cal conditions, disease-causing fungi such Phosgard, Synergizer, TwinN and
and pests multiply very fast and thus Vitazyme. Pesticides such as Nimbeci-
organic control methods may not work dine or Thuricide or Neemroc, a bio-
very well. This subjects the crop to a logical insecticide that contains Neem
variety of fungal diseases and pests. can be applied to protect the crop from
In Europe and Australia organic diseases and pests.
production of wheat is now on the Mid-tillering to ear emergence: This
rise among farmers due to the high is another critical stage in the growth
prices offered for the product; but the of a wheat plant. Apart from addi-
acreage is still low compared to that of tional feeding, the crop is susceptible
conventional wheat. As with any other to many diseases mainly fungal in
cereal crop, soil fertility is the most cosinolates and myrosinase. Both of nature from the sixth to ninth week.
important factor in wheat production. them are toxic to soil fungi, nematodes These include leaf rust, stem rust,
The soil has to have adequate supply of and even weed seeds. stripe rust, loose smut etc. The most
organic matter. A farmer can attain this Seed preparation: Before planting, dangerous of these diseases is a strain
through the addition of compost, green dressing of seeds is important to protect of stem and leave rust known as UG
manuring and practising crop rotation. the germinating seed from fungal and 99, which originated from Uganda
Organic matter in the soil can encour- pest attacks before and after germina- (see box).
age growth of micro-organisms which tion. A range of organic fungicides and This fungal disease has now spread
help to recycle nutrients essential for even pesticides in the market can be to almost all wheat growing areas in
wheat development. Wheat requires used for this purpose. One of these is the country. Organic methods cannot
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Eco-T which helps speed up germi- help. Farmers therefore need to apply
in sizeable quantities. Good quantities nation, increase root growth, water chemical fungicides at the first sign
of organic matter in the soil can allevi- uptake and also control root-borne of the disease, and the most effec-
ate deficiencies of these nutrients. fungal infections. The seed can also tive fungicides that can control UG
Useful guidelines be coated with organic fertilizers and 99 include Artea, Amistar Extra or
An integrated system of both disease soil conditioners such as fulvic and Folicur. Application should be done
and pest control can be the best way humic acids or vitazyme (See TOF Nr. up to the time of the ripening ear (ear
to produce wheat under these condi- 45 February 2009). washing) to ensure the spores from
tions. The system may not be fully Planting: Wheat should be planted infected plants in nearby farms do not
organic but the farmer can reduce the on land that has just been under a affect your crop.
incidence of diseases and pests consid-
erably while at the same time reducing A devastating virus
the use of chemicals. The following
guidelines are important. The virus UG 99 is a strain
Land preparation: Proper land prepa- of black stem rust (Puccinia
ration can considerably cut your cost graminis tritici). It is virulent
of chemical application especially in to the great majority of wheat
weed control. To reduce the problem of varieties. Unlike other rusts,
weeds, wheat should be grown in rota- which only partially affect
tion with legume crops such as beans crop yields, UG99 can bring
or mustard (See TOF Nr.41 October 100% crop loss. The blight
2008). Mustard is especially useful was first noted in Uganda in
because it can help suppress most grass 1999 (hence the name UG 99)
and broadleaf weeds. Mustard should and has spread throughout
be planted at the rate of 10-15 kg per the highlands of East Africa.
hectare at a depth of 10-15 mm in moist In January of 2007, spores
soil. The mustard crop is chopped and blew across to Yemen, and
worked into the soil. As it decomposes, North into Sudan.
the plant releases two compounds: glu-
Nr. 45 March 2009
Try drought resistant maize varieties

Due to unpredictable rainfall patterns without affecting the
and amounts, farmers need to grow yield. It can yield 12
varieties that require less rain. bags per acre.
H511 and H12
The Organic Farmer These two variet-
ies can do well in
If the current drought in most parts of dry land high alti-
the country is anything to go by, the tude in West Pokot,
rains this year shall be so unpredict- Keiyo Marak-
able that farmers have to think of ways wet and Nakuru
of coping with the prevailing weather which have moder-
conditions. One of the strategies that ate rainfall. They
farmers can employ is to choose care- mature between 4
fully what they intend to grow. Maize is to 5 months and can
the major crop grown by farmers across produce between 16
the country; the amount of maize har- and 18 bags an acre.
vests every year determines the house-
holds as well as the countrys food DH01
security. It is therefore important that This an early matur-
farmers choose the right varieties for ing drought toler-
their areas and also look for varieties ant variety released
that can withstand depressed rains to in 1995 to help
ensure the chances of crop failure are improve maize pro-
reduced to a minimum. duction in dry areas
Varieties that do not require much where Katumani is
rainfall will tend to do well not only in grown. It is recom-
marginal areas but also in high poten- mended for arid and
tial areas if the rains are not in suf- semi-arid areas. It
ficient amounts. One of the mistakes perfoms well even
that farmers make is to go for varieties in areas with cotton
that are high yielding even when they soils where varieties Maize seeds are normally treated
come from areas with less rainfall. This such as H511 cannot with coloured chemicals for easy
will always results in low yields or total do well due to lack identification and to protect them
crop failure because such varieties will of rain. To produce against pests and diseases (inset).
only do well when there are adequate a good yield DH01
rains. should be planted just before the rains than DH02 and DH03 though it takes
The advantage with drought resistant start.. Farmers should use a seed rate longer to mature.
varieties is that they can be grown in of 20- 25 kg per hectare and a spacing DH09
both high potential and marginal areas of 90- 30 cm. It takes 100-120 days The hybrid does well in lower coffee
and still do well. This is one reason why to mature. It can withstand diseases growing areas mainly in central prov-
farmers in high potential areas should such as leaf blight, common rust and ince Eastern and western provinces
always go for these varieties. However ear-rot. Bungoma, Busia and Teso districts
they should know that most of these DH02 between dry land and medium altitude
varieties do mature early. They can Dry land hybrid 2 was released in 1995. areas (1000- 1150 m.a.s.l). It does well if
therefore be used for consumption as It is a drought resistant variety that planted before the rains start. It matures
green maize and meet immediate food performs best in areas where Katumani between 3 and 4 months. Compared
needs of their families while waiting for composite is grown (between 1000 to H511, it produces 30 percent more
the late maturing ones to be ready. For 1500 metres above sea level). Places yields.
example planting the early maturing where it has been grown successfully DH10
varieties in early March means that the include Mwea, Kitui, parts of Makueni This is a high yielding variety which
family will have something ready for and Baringo.The variety is resistant to performs well in areas with an altitude
consumptions in July when there is a maize streak virus. of 800-1400 masl. The variety does well
severe food shortage in most parts of DH03 in Kangudo, Thigio, Thika and Bumula.
the country. This is early maturing hybrid maize It does produce 62.5 percent more than
Drought resistant varieties that was released in 1999. It is rec- H511 and is more resistant to lodging,
The following are some of the drought ommended for drier, low to medium blight Grey Leaf Spot disease and ear
resistant varieties that farmers can buy altitude areas between 800-1200 m.a.s.l rot.
to reduce chances of crop failure: where it performs better than H511. PH4
Katumani composite It has better husk cover, resists blight, This is a new variety suitable for
This was the first dry land maize Maize Streak Virus and drought. lowland coastal areas. It is adapted
variety to be developed in the country DH04 to hot humid lowland areas between
in 1967. It does well in areas with an The variety is early maturing. It is rec- altitudes of 0- 1200 masl. These areas
altitude of between 1000- 1800 metres ommended for production in dry low include Mombasa, Kilifi, Tana River
above sea level. The variety does well to medium altitude 800- 1200 m.a.s.l. Lamu and Kwale. It matures between
even in high potential areas. It matures It performs better than H511 (by 15 %) 3 to 4 months after planting and is
between 3 and four months. It can be in the drier zones and along the Lake capable of producing 16 bags of grain
reused as seed for up to three years Victoria region. The variety does better continued on page 6
Nr. 45 March 2009
Choose the right salt for your livestock

Salts are vital for livestock. In the last few weeks, we phone or with SMS. Some of the questions however are more
have received a number of questions on salts for live- important for all farmers to know. William Ayako, a Livestock
stock. Most of them have been answered directly, on specialist at KARI Naivasha answers them here.
Cows need a variety of minerals

Is it okay to use minerals only for my high interfere with absorption. Animals lose
yielding milk cows? Tel.0735 123 188 minerals from their bodies through
It is important to understand that a urine, faeces, calving and milking.
productive dairy cow requires mineral They also use minerals to maintain
supplements rich in both macro ele- their bodies.
ments and trace elements in the right There is also mineral throughput
balance. The macro elements include: (stored minerals) in the animal body
calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, reserves that are used to compensate
sodium and sulphur. Trace elements between the inputs and output imbal-
include among others: copper, sele- ances. In this regard, it is important to
nium, cobalt, zinc, iodine and iron. feed the right minerals that take care of
Any deficiency in the two catego- the above explanation. The practice of
ries of elements is the cause of major mineral feeding should embrace offer-
metabolic disorders which affect pro- ing the animal the required mineral as
ductive dairy cattle. The disorders are added and mixed in the concentrate at
associated with the short or long term the rate of 150 grams per cow per day
imbalances between mineral inputs on top of the offered lick. Therefore it
the animal gets in the feed and water. is not advisable to offer only block licks
These may vary in quantity and quality
and may contain other minerals that
to high yielding milk cows since this
may cause a major disorder.
What causes
vomiting in calves?
Do not blame your cow! My calf vomits when chewing cud. The Veterinar-
ian advised me to give it more salt but this did
What is the problem with my cows delayed als and vitamins. An additional mineral not work. What could be the solution? Maurice
oestrous. Twelve months have past since she lick is advisable on top of the normal Abuoro, Rongo. Tel 0712 789 219
gave birth. I give her salts and molasses. ratio especially for high milk yielders.
Camlous E. Jagona, Lugari. 0722 582 329 That heat detection is proper The digestive system of an adult ruminant
There are several causes of delayed That heat records are properly kept (animal that chews cud) is developed to
oestrous (coming on heat). These Prevention of inflamed uterus by enable it break down cellulose and cell wall
include: providing a clean environment during components. Ruminants do not have the
Poor management: This includes lack and after calving ability to break down cellulose by them-
of proper fertility records and lack of Good feeding by providing good selves; their digestive system is adapted to
proper heat detection. rations, mineral and vitamin supple- supply an ideal environment to a range of
Diseases: Reproductive diseases such ments. micro organisms (microbes) that break down
as brucellosis, vibbriosis cellulose and produce required energy units
and trichomonasis are called volatile fatty acids and synthesize
other causes of delayed proteins.
oestrous. The rumen of an adult animal acts as a large
Hormonal disturbances: anaerobic (without oxygen) fermentation
This leads to inactive fol- chamber that can store chewed fodder for
licles or cystic follicles up to 10 days to enable small micro organ-
which do not rupture. isms in the stomach to cause fermentation
So before you blame and breakdown of feed in the stomach. So
your cow, please observe after initial chewing, food is swallowed and
the following: enters the rumen. Large particles of food are
Good nutrition that returned to the mouth after every minute and
contains sufficient re-chewed (chewing of cud or rumination) to
energy, proteins, miner- reduce particle size and re-swallowed. This
process is enhanced through a reflex action
Which is the right mineral salt for cows? which could be lacking if their rumen has not
I am a small-scale farmer with 3 milk cows and would like to know the right salt to give been fully developed.
them. 0728 014 551 The vomiting will stop
There are several types of mineral supplements recom- Since rumination is an action that the calf
mended for supporting dairy cows, such as Unga High learns with time, the process often results
Phosphorous, Super Maclick, Bay Mix Maziwa, Super in vomiting in young calves. Calves would
Vitafos and many others. It is advisable to seek advice from develop the art after a short while and vom-
the local livestock extension office for the recommended iting would cease to happen. If vomiting is
mineral in your region to make the right choice. We should caused by the foregoing, the problem would
not forget that soils from different regions have differ- last just for a short time.
ent mineral composition and hence the forages which the However, the other cause of vomiting could
animals graze on. be due to an injury in the mouth. In this case,
the process of regurgitation could be normal
but due to the injury, the calf would not be
able to re-chew the food. This would last for
as long as the injured tissue has not healed.
Nr. 45 March 2009
from page 2: 4 years TOF
020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
TOF for our Library Order your CD
My husband and I together with our
gardener are residents in Malindi. We
have a productive kitchen garden, in
raised beds, and many fruit trees. We
members; all of them rearing indigenous shred all our biodegradable waste and
chicken breeds. Apart from holding regular make our own compost. Our gardener,
meetings and making financial contributions Mr. Kaingu Gona, has recently set up a
to the group, it also engages in shared activi- worm farm. We are all members of the
ties. If, for instance, a new member gets reg- Kenya Horticultural Society Malindi/
istered and has not yet gotten a good chicken Kilifi branch. I am also the Hon. Sec-
house, the group comes together and helps to retary of the Malindi Museum Society
put up the structure. and we contribute reference material
John Njuguna Muchina files all the TOF to the Webb memorial library, a free
reference library set up in the Malindi
magazines in a folder at his house. Whenever
museum by MMS and NMK that is New CD is ready
they hold meetings, the farmers will read and Farmers, would you like to share the
discuss a particular issue. On many occasions used by many young readers. We
would like to receive two copies of The experience of more than 200 agrono-
for instance, TOF has given them knowl- mists and 480 books on agriculture?
edge on how to combat livestock diseases Organic Farmer; we can place one copy
in the library. Any back issues would This is what you will get if you buy the
and how to improve on feeds. The group new Infonet-Biovision CD that has just
is preparing to get certification for organic also be very useful to library users. We
can assure you that each copy will be been released. The updated version
poultry keeping in 2009. Instead of selling now has all information on animal and
the chickens individually at the local market, read by several people, keen to learn
more about organic and environmen- plant health, disease and pest control
the group has found a buyer from outside, as well as human and environmental
who comes to buy from their homes. He pays tally friendly farming.
Mrs S. A. Robertson, P.O Box 162, health. It is easy to open and read
Kshs. 250 per chicken which is higher than from any computer with a CD-ROM
the Ksh180 that they get for the same at the Malindi
drive (NOT with a VCD or ordinary
local market.
Social advantages
Please consider us video CD player). Interested farmers
can send airtime worth Ksh. 200, either
We have once written to you request-
Besides an increased and regular income, the ing to be placed on your mailing list as through our Safaricom line - 0721 541
chairperson sees the members of the group recipients of your magazine but all in 590 or Zain 0738 390 715 and SMS
benefiting from an improved social interac- vain. We are writing again hoping this us your full postal address. We will
tion and cooperation between farmers and time round you will consider sending send the CD by registered post. All
the community. The group serves as insur- us your monthly magazine. We are the farmers who bought the earlier
ance for members in urgent need. Moreover, a group of farmers in Webuye. Our version will receive the new CD free
receiving lump sum cash gives farmers the activities are bee-keeping, amaranth of charge.
opportunity to diversify and share expensive production and tissue culture banana
farming tools. farming. farmers groups on our mailing list and
It is clear that farming in Subukia valley We are twenty members and we send them TOF, but sadly enough it never
has been transformed through the extensive would be grateful if you could be reaches them. We do update our mailing
collaboration between local farmers. Both sending us at least four copies of the list regularly. At times, the magazine dis-
farmers groups have survived obstacles to magazine monthly to be shared by appears during postage and sometimes the
benefit their members enormously. Above all, our members. Joseph E. Lyomu, Afya owner of the rental box, which is shared by
the integration of young people has resulted Njema Group, P.O Box 908, Webuye many people keeps all the TOFs to himself.
in high innovative potential. After reading Payment for the rental box is not renewed
one issue of TOF magazine that featured Dear Joseph, we are sorry that you do not on time. This is the reason why farmers
rabbits, some of the farmers are already pre- get the magazine. We have noticed several should send us an SMS in case they do not
paring to start rabbit keeping. reasons for this: Actually we include receive their copies of the magazine.
from page 4: Seed varieties
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
per acre. The variety is tolerant to most leaf Return this completed form to TOF, PO Box 14352 00800 Nairobi or info@organickenya.com
and ear diseases. Registration type:
PH1 Name:
The variety is suitable for hot humid coastal Individual farmer
lowlands (0-1200). It requires a growing Postal Address: Code: Farmer Group
season of 75-120 days and a minimum of Town: District Women Group
400mm of rainfall. It has been found to do Youth Group
well in Kilifi, Kwale, and Mombasa districts. Province:
College
It is also suitable for the irrigated lowlands of Registration No.: School
Tana River district. It requires a spacing of 75
Number of active Members: Church Group
by 30 cm and can be intercropped.
Farmers can also plant early maturing Chairpersons Name: Extension Officer
and drought resistant varieties from other NGO
Chairpersons Tel.:
companies, these include WS103, WS909 CBO
and WS202 from (Western Seed Company), Areas of interest: Other
Duma41 and Duma43 (Seedco Company).
Nr. 45 March 2009
Ovarian cysts can be treated
What is the remedy for
ovarian cysts in dairy goats?
Local veterinary personnel
in my area have no solution.
David in Kitale. Tel. 0722
944750
Cystic ovarian disease in
goats is an important cause
of reproductive failure.
The disease shows itself by
The right size for brooders short cycles with continu-
What is the length, height or width of a ous oestrus (going on heat)
brooder for 200 chicks? And how long without conception. When
should chicks stay in a brooder? Tel. the goat is in season it will
0724 104326 bleat (make noise) a lot and
Broiler chicks stay in a brooder for show nymphomaniac behav-
approximately 3 weeks. Layers for iour (wanting to mate all the
longer as they develop slower, up to time). Cystic ovarian disease
5 weeks. A good size brooder for 200 has been proved to be linked
broilers starts at 1 m x 2 m in size, to animals that graze clover
gradually increasing to double this size and legumes in large quantities. The not released which means that concep-
at 3 weeks. treatment is 1500 - 2500 iu humancho- tion is impossible. The heifer will show
When to sell broilers rionic gonadoprophin (a drug which is nymphomaniac symptoms. The treat-
How long do broilers take to mature? not readily available in this country). ment is gonadoprophin.
Tel. 0726 549 931 An alternative treatment is prostoglan- 2) The egg is released but becomes
din F2alpha which is available in most glutinised and the heifer will begin to
Conventional broilers can take as little agrovet shops.
as 33 days. Organic regulations say manifest male characteristics and will
The same disease in cattle manifests be unable to conceive. The treatment is
organic chickens may not be slaugh- itself in two ways:
tered before 81 days. administering prostoglandin F2alpha.
1) By the heifer not cycling, so an egg is Valerie Corr
Can I keep broilers Why is it wrong to use maozo?
and cockerels together?
Can one mix broilers and cockerels Many farmers in my home area mostly maozo to their animals. This practice
in one brood? Please give me enough use maozo (rotten maize) in feeding should be discouraged in all catego-
details and methods. Ememwa 0733 animals. Why do you disagree with ries of domestic animals (pigs, poultry,
527 771 this and yet we have not seen any side cattle etc.). William Ayako
effects so far? 0726 348 767
I think the question means broilers and
layers. During brooding yes they can It is true that most farmers use rotten
mix. However eventually the broilers maize to feed their animals without
will be removed as they will be twice knowing that it is harmful to the
the size of the layers after 3 weeks, and animals and even themselves. The
ready to go onto a different diet. If they effect of feeding maozo is mainly attrib-
stay in the same place they will have uted to mycotoxin poison in them.. The
space and feed complications. What range of effects of mycotoxins includes
you should know is that broilers are reduced efficiency in the digestive
actually males (cockerels), not hens. system, reduced intake, reduced pro-
duction and slowing of life (hypobio- Is this plant harmful?
The right size sis). Some of these effects can be trans-
Is it dangerous to feed Wandering Jew
mitted through the products and by
of chicken house consumption of the products; human to my rabbit? Carol Bhachu, Ngong
How many chickens are supposed to beings can also be infected. Depending 0722 798 820
be raised in that house on the model on the load of poisoning, the effects Wandering Jew (Tradescantia flumin-
poultry house shown in TOF Nr. 31? can be acute or slow and therefore seen ensis) is a very common garden plant,
Tel.0736 110 262 after a long time of incubation on the as well as a wild plant. It comes in
The model house had a floor space of body systems and resistance level of many colours and can cause irritation
5 x 10 meters and can house 300 birds the host animals. to the skin of humans and domestic
comfortably. If the birds are allowed The international trade policy of pets. I cannot find any information
outside into a run during the day time good agricultural practice does not as to whether this plant would be poi-
and the house is just for sleeping, then allow trade on livestock products from sonous to rabbits if ingested, and have
the density of birds can increase to 500. animals fed on such products. In this noted that our goats will eat the wild
Ten chickens can be raised in a 2m x respect the use of maozo can have variety if they find it. If your rabbits
2m house if they are kept indoors. If negative economic consequences to the are eating it with no ill effect, all is
they are outside during the day and producer. Unaware of such policies well and good. If you are thinking
only sleeping, laying and feeding in the and of the negative consequences on of introducing it as a feed, include it
house it can be smaller, 2m x 1m. human life, most farmers in the devel- with caution and increase the quantity
Su Kahumbu oping countries do feed products like slowly. Valerie Corr
Nr. 45 March 2009
A feed rack can reduce wastage of fodder

As we mentioned in our last tinue feeding from. When they
issue, farmers lose a consid- have had enough, all the left
erable portion of hay and over hay is again collected from
other crop residue because the lower trough and returned
of the way they store and to the upper trough. In this
feed their animals. In most way the animals will continue
dairy farms, the hay is often feeding until all the hay is com-
thrown to the ground for pletely finished.
the animals to eat. The Another advantage is that the
animals only eat a small feed requires very little labour,
portion of the hay while one farm worker can put in
they step and trample on the fodder in the morning
the rest. This is great waste and come back occasionally to
especially considering that return the unfinished fodder
the farmer work for many to the upper trough. The rack
hours to collect the feed;hay therefore saves a lot of fodder
is not easy to get during the which would otherwise have
dry season. A good cattle been wasted if it was thrown to
feed structure can help save the ground.
a lot of fodder. One of these structures trough is made of vertical grid of timber Farmers who have made the feed save
that can save the fodder is a cattle rack or just ordinary wood. There is enough a lot of time and money. The full utili-
which is very simple for any farmer to space between the timber for the cows sation of hay means that they can get
construct. A cattle rack is a simple struc- to put in their muzzles (mouth) and more milk and income. The feed rack is
ture made of two X frames that support pull the hay. One advantage with this also more hygienic because the animals
two troughs, one in the upper section type of rack is that when the animals cannot be able to trample and urinate
and the other in the lower section. The pull the hay to chew, some of it falls on it, which increases chances of infec-
hay is placed on the V- shaped upper into the lower trough where they con- tions. TOF
Issue 7, January 2009

Cabesi Project
Cabesi project
in Kapengu-
ria has 10
tonnes of high
quality honey
for sale.
Other prod-
ucts include
beewax,
candles,
propolis.
Contact:
Cabesi project Tel. 0720 215 546 or
0733 847883 email: rgloor@ icipe.org
Nr. 50 July 2009
Climbing beans, double yields To be a successful farmer, one needs to

A lot of beans on a small place: have knowledge and the appropriate
This is the benefit of climbing beans. skills. Additionally, in order to increase
And they are easy to harvest! their yields and income, farmers require
access to the right inputs. They should
The Organic Farmer also be hard working and have a strong
A large section of the Kenyan popula- will to succeed. In the last few years
tion is unable to afford high protein The Organic Farmer has provided you
food with adequate proteins, such as with a lot of information and practical
meat and eggs. This is where beans play tips on how to improve both crop and
a very important part; they are a cheap animal production. Every week, we
source of proteins. Unfortunately, the receive 15 to 20 questions from farmers
production of beans in most parts of on various issues, most of which have
the country is declining. The problem to do with the issues we cover in our
is the lack of good seeds . A survey by articles.
The Organic Farmer at the beginning of This is indeed encouraging for it
March this year indicated that most of shows that farmers want to know more
the seed companies did not have any and even apply some of the technologies
of the popular bean seeds. One reason we introduce to them in their farming.
for this could be that many farmers But some of the questions relate to how
rely on their farm-stored beans for seed farmers can buy the various organic
and hardly buy certified ones. What inputs that we often recommend. We
most of the farmers forget is that such fully understand the problem; almost
beans pick up disease-causing bacteria, feed the rapildy growing population. all agro-veterinary shops do not stock
viruses and pests while in the shamba. Researchers are therefore developing organic inputs. The truth is, if farmers
These diseases are consequently spread high-yielding varieties of beans that have to realise the full benefits of organic
in new fields when the same beans are only need a small area to grow. In farming, then they should be able to buy
replanted. this issue we look at climbing beans the necessary inputs at a shop near
Due to the shrinking land sizes due a variety that climbs and spreads on them.
to subdivision, farmers can no longer sticks and produce double the yield of Although farmers have at their
be able to produce enough beans to local varieties. See Page 5 disposal organic inputs such as plant
extracts which they can prepare and
apply on their crops when the need
Farmers, use these telephone numbers arises, others like diatomite, rock phos-
Many farmers are calling and sending Calls phate and other remedies for control
SMS through our Tel. 0721 541 590; All calls should be directed to Tel. of diseases and pests are altogether
this is to inform you that this number 0717 551 129 or 0738 390 715. unavailable. Aware of this problem,
is now out of service. Farmers should Our landline Tel 020 445 03 98 remains The Organic Farmer has taken an
use the following numbers if they unchanged. initiative to help farmers get access to
want to reach us: Email these inputs. In the next few weeks, we
SMS: All SMS should be sent to Tel. E-mails are welcome, please address will open four centres in various parts
0715 916 136 them to: info@ organickenya.org. of the country where farmers can, not
only get information through our TOF
-TOF
in this issue issues and the Infonet-biovision infor-
mation platform, but can also purchase
Animal health 3 organic inputs.
Small problems such as bloat and These centres will be stocked with
foot rot need attention.
Parasites 4 Our new centres some of the essential organic inputs
that farmers need but have been unable
An animals health deteriorates The Organic Farmer, with support from
its sponsor, BioVision, will open 4 to obtain from their local agrovet shops.
unless they are regulary dewormed. This initiative, which is supported by
information centres in the country
Beekeeping 8 in August this year. The centres will BioVision Foundation, will be under-
Learn how to attract bees to your provide farmers with information and taken on a pilot basis (See our article on
new hive. also organic inputs. The pilot project this page and also on page 6). Should
to be called i-TOF has selected the 4 the project succeed, more centres will
centres in Kangundo in Eastern prov- be opened in other parts of the country.
ince, Gatuto in Central province, Molo It is up to the farmers to make use of
in Rift valley and Buyangu in Western these centres to keep them going. We
Province. An extension officer will hope that you will utilise the facilities
be deployed in each centre to train to improve production and gain the full
ce
farmers on organic farming. Page 6 benefits of organic farming.

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TOF P.O. Box 14352, Nairobi 00800, Tel: 020 44 50 398, 0717 551 129, 0738 390 715, Email: info@organickenya.org
30
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15
Nr. 50 July 2009
Bloat can cause death if not treated on time
Bloat can be a problem For more severe cases where the
when animals are introduced animal cannot swallow, you can tie a
to lush green pastures. rope across the mouth of the animal
to make it chew the rope to stimulate
William Ayako belching.
For very severe cases of frothy and
Barely a month ago, most livestock gassy bloat when the animal is dis-
keepers were so worried about the tressed and cannot breathe, it is advis-
effects of prolonged drought on their able to puncture the skin carefully and
animals. As a result of this, most the rumen of the animal on the left
livestock keepers incurred very high flunk to let the gas out. Use a knife or
losses. Some pastoralists lost up to 50 any sharp thing, but the best instru-
% of their animals. ment to use is the trochar and cannula.
However, with the onset of the long The hole should be made at a hands
rains, livestock keepers especially goat, width behind the last rib and a hand
sheep and cattle keepers are faced away from the edge of the backbone.
with yet another problem: Bloat. Bloat Push hard because the skin is very
occurs when there is an abrupt nutri- tough. Gas and froth will come out
tional change in the diet and especially The swollen abdomen is a typical sign of when you make the hole. It helps to
when cattle feed on the lush green gassy bloat. Photo PD put a tube or cannula through the
pastures causing the swelling of the average cow can produce over a thou- hole to keep the hole open. Pour some
rumen with gas. sand litres of gas in a day. Some of the vegetable oil into the rumen through
Clinical signs of bloat gas is removed by absorption into the the hole to help stop further gas or
The left side of the abdomen behind the blood stream, but most of it is removed froth formation. Do not carry out this
ribs becomes very swollen causing dis- by belching during cudding. If for procedure on your own. Contact a vet-
tressed breathing, and the animal alto- whatever reason the gas cannot escape, erinary doctor.
gether stops eating. Sometimes green the rumen is literally overblown and Prevention of bloat
froth comes out of the mouth and nose. the animal gets bloat. Feed the animals with dry grass to fill
Some animals may have diarrhoea. Types of bloat them up before you put them on new
The rumen of cattle, sheep and goats There are two types of bloat namely, wet lush pasture.
is like a large vat in which a mixture frothy bloat and gassy bloat. Do not water the animals just before
of partly digested feed and liquid is Animals get frothy bloat when the you put them on wet pasture.
continuously fermenting producing rumen becomes full of froth (foam) Do not graze the animals on wet
large quantities of gas. For example, an because the digestion is upset. Several green pasture early in the morning.
animals in the herd get this type of Wait until when the pasture has been
The Organic Farmer is an independent bloat at the same time when they graze dried up by the heat of the morning
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- on a lot of wet, green pasture mixed sun.
munity. It promotes organic with legumes in the field. Animals can You should increase grazing hours
farming and supports dis- also get it when they feed on ripe fruits of the animals on wet green pasture
cussions on all aspects of or other feeds that ferment easily. Some gradually for about a week.
sustainable development. The poisonous plants can cause sudden Avoid abrupt changes in the diet of
Organic Farmer is published and severe bloat. A sudden change in animals and always give newly intro-
monthly by icipe and distrib- the type of food can also cause frothy duced feeds in small quantities.
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports bloat. Frothy bloat normally happens
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- at the start of wet season when the diets
ily reflect the views of icipe. of grazing animals abruptly change
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- from dry feeds to wet lush pastures.
sion, a Swiss-based foun- Animals get gassy bloat when the
dation for the promotion of rumen fills with gas because the oesoph-
sustainable development. agus is blocked. This type of bloat nor-
www.biovision.ch mally affects one or two animals in the
Publisher African Insect Science for Food herd at the same time. They get it when
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 they choke on something or eat plastics
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, or when they get a disease like tetanus
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org that paralyses and hinders them from
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner ruminating.
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia Treatment of bloat
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 Depending on the type of bloat, several
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, methods of treatment can be applied:
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph Do not feed the animal for several
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian hours. Make them move around to
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe exercise and improve on digestion.
Address The Organic Farmer For less severe cases of frothy bloat,
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA give 500 mls and 100 mls of any edible
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0738 390 715, vegetable oil, solid cooking oil, butter
0717 551 129, info@organickenya.org oil, ghee or milk orally to large and
www.organicfarmermagazine.org small animals respectively.
Nr. 50 July 2009
Foot rot is a problem in wet season

Due to reduced weight gain,
foot rot can have negative
economic consequences to farmers.
William Ayako
Foot rot is an infectious disease of
cattle causing swelling and lameness
in one or more feet. It can turn chronic
if treatment is delayed. Weight gain
is significantly reduced when grazing
cattle contract the disease.
With the onset of long rains, foot rot
becomes quite common among cattle,
sheep and goats kept under extensive
production systems. This is mainly
because of the prevailing humid and
warm weather conditions that are con-
ducive to bacteria that cause foot rot
infection. However, foot rot is also a
problem under intensive dairy pro-
duction systems where dairy cattle A hoof of a cow infected with foot rot, bet-
are kept for milk production e.g. zero- ween the hooves and at the back of the hoof.
grazing. Other factors such as breed feed.
and housing are known to influence The animals become lame on one or
the occurrence and severity of the more legs.
disease. There is swelling between the two
Under intensive systems where claws and sometimes further up the
exotic breeds are kept for instance leg. The flesh between the two hooves
under zero grazing, the disease occur- becomes damaged and crusty.
rence is more severe than in the exten- Although the disease is not always
sive system where indigenous breeds severe, signs of fever and loss of weight
are kept. It is caused by a strain of are noted.
bacteria called Fusiformis necrophorus Treatment tips
and others which are always present Isolate animals with severe infection such as euphorbia kibwezi to cauterize
in the environment where animals are to stop further spread of the disease to some kinds of abscesses and second-
kept. The animals get the disease from the other animals. ary infections. The juice also stops the
the soil on which infected animals Wash the foot especially the skin wound from bleeding.
have stepped. between the claws with hot water- as Move the animals across hot sand or
Clinical signs hot as you can put your hand in. drier places to control foot rot.
The disease has negative economic Cut away or trim any decayed part of Treat infected animals as above
consequences to the farmer because the hoof to remove the infection that is as soon as possible to avoid further
it hinders the animal from feeding, at underneath it. spread of the disease to the rest of the
a time when there is plenty of good Apply juice from euphorbia trees cattle herd.
Dirty animal sheds harbour diseases

If you visit any homestead with causing organisms. One of the most sleep on floors littered with animal
dairy cattle in the country you will common diseases that affect cattle kept waste.
be appalled by the poor conditions in unclean sheds is mastitis. Mastitis is Another common problem that comes
under which the animals are kept. very common in farms where animals with poor sanitation in animal sheds is
Most farmers are good at feeding their foot rot as we have explained elsewhere
animals. But when it comes to main- on this page. Any dairy farmer should
taining hygiene in the cattle housing know that an animal kept in such
shed, they do very little to clean the unhygienic conditions such as the one
sheds to make sure they are free of shown in the picture above cannot be
animal droppings and urine. productive. Animals should not only
What happens in many households be kept in a clean environment, they
is that the animal waste is left to accu- also require some free space for move-
mulate to a stage where the animal ment in order to express their normal
have to sleep and wade through their behaviour. Farmers often confine their
own muck. This is very unhygienic animals in small enclosures due to
and has very devastating effect on lack of space and also for security
the animals health. Farmers should reasons. However they should ensure
understand that animals are affected if that sheds are cleaned all the time to
left to stay in an unclean environment. give the animals a clean and comfort-
Their health deteriorates including able place to stay.
milk production. Dirty sheds are also
breeding grounds for many disease- Animals need clean shelter Photo TOF
Nr. 50 July 2009
Deworming improves animal health

Animals infested with worms lose
weight and face the risk of increased
infections and even death.
The Organic Farmer
Grazing animals are always exposed
to parasites and are thus constantly
being reinfected. The levels of infec-
tion range from a few parasites to
large numbers that can cause severe
weakness (lost weight gains, poor
feed conversion or increased infection)
and even death. A serious pest control
program in organic farming begins
with a good understanding of parasites
and the implementation of preventive
measures. The ultimate objective of
this is to develop an animal production
system where parasites may be present Adult roundworms deposit their eggs in the animals intestine. These eggs pass into
in small numbers but do not affect the environment through cattle manure. After the eggs hatch and larvae moult, the
the health or performance of herds. infective roundworm larvae migrate up the forage and are ingested by grazing cattle.
An animal that has not had worm After ingestion, the roundworm matures in about 3 weeks. Adult roundworms do not
infestation cannot develop resistance multiply in the host animal; the eggs must pass into the environment to continue the
and is thus extremely vulnerable when parasites life cycle. Adult life span is only a few months. Animals will rid themselves
exposed to parasites. of the adult parasites.
Adult animals are much less suscep-
tible to most parasites. Young animals The animals should be kept in pad- exempted from the fast. In the case of
should preferably be put in new pas- docks and not taken back into the milking dairy cows, it may be simpler
tures where parasite levels are low sosame field until the risk of infection has to lighten their diet by not using silage
that they can slowly be immunized. diminished. Deworming treatments or concentrates rather than to have
Well-fed animals, living in good condi-
have little effect if the animals are them fast.
tions, are better able to resist or tolerate
returned to the same larvae-infested Liquid deworming treatments that
internal parasites. field. animals do not willingly ingest can
Preventive measures Overpopulation in paddocks be administered using a funnel and
Animals should not be allowed to increases the concentration of para- a flexible tube put down the animals
graze on wet pastures. The conditions sites. throat.
that favour grass growth also favour Harrowing pastures disperses and Botanical dewormers
parasite larvae growth. exposes the parasite eggs and larvae; Several plants have antihelminthic
it should be done at the beginning of properties, and were in fact a part
Roundworms a dry season in a field that the animals of the traditional animal husbandry
will not be returning to for quite some before synthetic dewormers were com-
time. monly adopted.
In barns, animals should be fed from Garlic: Garlic is a common plant
feeders rather than directly from the dewormer that is easy to find. It must
ground to avoid contamination as a be used, however, as prophylaxis.
result of their mouths coming into Garlic does not prevent the production
contact with manure or bedding. of eggs but prevents the eggs of certain
Manure to be used for spreading parasites from developing into larvae.
may be filled with parasite eggs and It can be administered in several ways:
larvae. Composting is a good way to Fresh minced garlic has proved to
clean manure because the larvae and be clearly more efficient than garlic
eggs are destroyed. extracts for controlling internal para-
Series Parasite control methods sites. The leaves and bulbs may also be
on parasites The first step in a pest control program used. If the animals do not want to eat
External and internal para- is to assess the situation with randomly the leaves whole, they may be cut into
selected faeces. This regular control small pieces, mixed with molasses and
site infestation are a serious is important, since certain parasites shaped into small balls.
problem among livestock have developed resistance to chemi- Powder: The most practical way to
keepers. However there are various cal deworming products. When using administer garlic is to add powdered
methods farmers can use to protect a dewormer, a farmer should treat all garlic to animal feed.
their animals against them. In the past the animals in the herd or group. For Wild ginger: Wild ginger or snakeroot
issues we gave you tips on external deworming treatments with natural (Asarum canadense) grows in wooded
parasites such as fleas and lice and products, animals should not be fed areas. The dosage per animal is 20 to 30
featured the control of ticks in live- for a period of 12 to 48 hours before the g of the aerial parts of snakeroot mixed
stock. In this issue we give you tips on treatment and another 6-hour period with wet bran. Wild ginger also has
internal parasites. afterwards. Young animals should be antibacterial properties.
continued on page 8
Nr. 50 July 2009
Climbing beans provide more food

Due to land subdivision and used, other than when one stick is used
declining soil fertility, farmers need to support only one seedling.
high yielding bean varieties. Fertilizer application: Climbing beans
are heavy feeders and require ade-
The Organic Farmer quate amounts of nutrients. A balanced
supply of organic fertilizers or well-de-
Climbing beans is a variety of beans that composed manure should be applied
requires support with stakes (sticks) at planting time. These can be supple-
to climb on when they are growing. mented with organic foliar feeds.
The beans can grow up to a height of Pest Control: Pest control should
3.5 metres. They require such support start early, just after germination. Use
due to their imposing length and thin organic pesticides (Refer to our Plant
stems. The long stems of this variety of extracts Special for the various plants
beans enable it to produce more pods that can be used to control pests). The
as compared to normal bean varieties most common pests are the bean-fly,
(bush beans). With good management, ants, spider mites and aphids. Young
climbing beans can produce up to 4 bean tendrils, leaves flowers and young
tonnes per hectare (22 bags per acre). pods are vulnerable to bird damage.
Conventional beans produce between Scare birds away as you do with the
8 and 12 bags per acre. Due to their other crops.
high yielding quality, climbing beans Disease control: Organic fungicides
can be grown in densely populated such as copper oxychloride can be used
areas where farmers possess small to control fungal diseases. A number
parcels of land. Farming areas around of plant extracts such as those made
major towns are also appropriate pro- from a mixture of African marigold,
duction areas. The farmers should also Climbing beans require support stinging nettle, garlic, rhubarb etc can
have access to staking material; this is effectively control fungal diseases.
possible especially in areas where agro- Weeding: Like other beans, climbing
forestry is practised. The beans can do beans should be weeded at least twice
well in all areas that have an adequate during the growth cycle.
rainfall of above 1000 mm. But they can Irrigation: Climbing beans do very
also do very well in dry areas where well in dry areas if there is sufficient
irrigation is practised. water for irrigation. They can also be
Varieties: There are four varieties of grown under irrigation during the dry
climbing beans; three of these variet- season in high potential areas.
ies have been developed by the Kenya Climbing beans need support
Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). The beans must be supported while
These are the Medium Altitude Climber growing as they are very strong climb-
13 (MAC 13) Medium Altitude Climber farmers groups with good disease-free ers. If left unsupported, they will crawl
34 (MAC 34) and the Medium Altitude seed, non-governmental organisations on the ground and will thus not produce
Climber 64 (MAC 64). The advantages and any certified seed producer. The good yields. They must be supported
of these varieties is that they produce only problem farmers may face is that in order to grow upright and produce
more grains and crop residue which currently, climbing beans can only be more grains. Support sticks of up to
can be incorporated back into the soil obtained from informal seed produc- 3.5 metres high are economical for a
thus improving fertility and organic ers. The quality of these seeds is ques- fair and competitive yield. Support
matter content.The residue can also be tionable. To overcome this problem, must be provided within 1 to 2 weeks
used as livestock fodder. The higher farmers groups in various parts of after emergence from the ground to
grain yield also means more food and the country are being trained on the enable the young beans to climb and
income for the farmer. production of clean seed that can be start producing branches early enough.
How to grow climbing beans used by those interested in growing In areas where maize is grown and
Seed: Farmers are advised to use clean the beans. support stakes may not be available,
seed; preferably those produced by Land preparation: It is important to farmers are advised to grow the beans
seed companies, research institutions, prepare the land during the dry season in the maize fields when the maize is
to reduce weeds and ensure the soil is about to mature, mainly around the
fine. All perennial weeds such as grassesmonth of August or September. The
Request for climbing beans should be uprooted and exposed to leaves of the maize can be plucked off
I am a regular reader of The Organic sunlight to kill them. It is advisable to and any weeds removed before plant-
Farmer magazine (TOF). Please send incorporate any crop residue back into ing. The climbing beans can then be
me more information about climbing the soil to build fertility. planted at the base of each maize stalk
beans. Kindly also direct me to where Planting: Planting should be done at which provides support to the climb-
I can get the seeds? Tel. 0711 754 542 the onset of the rains. ers. When the maize is harvested, the
This is one of the many questions we Spacing: The beans should be planted stalks should be left standing in order
have received in the past few weeks at the rate of 2 seeds per hole, 75 cm to support the beans until they are
on climbing beans. It seems that many between the rows and 25- 30 cm from ready for harvesting.
farmers want to improve their yields one hole to the next. One support stick Farmers interested in buying climbing beans
by growing high yielding varieties. is adequate for 2 bean seedlings which can contact KARI Embu, Call Alfred Micheni
helps to reduce the number of sticks Tel.0720 705 625.
-TOF centres?
Nr. 50 July 2009
Where are the

In the last issue of The Organic Farmer version of the infonet-biovision informa- in their respective region. Farmers groups
magazine, we wrote about our intention to tion package can book him/her for a one day training
open centres for information and organic - An entire archive of TOF magazines on specific areas. This service is free of
inputs in various parts of the country, since its launch in April 2005 charge.
called i-TOFs. The idea came from the - A variety of publications and books on Baraka/Molo: The Baraka agricultural
many questions we have been receiv- organic farming college runs three outposts in Mau
ing from farmers regarding lack of train- - Other information material deemed nec- Summit, Kamara and Nyakinyua will be
ing and inputs. Research done by TOF essary for training farmers on sustainable staffed with an extension worker. The
has confirmed that few agrovet shops are agriculture. three outposts will work as i-TOF centres.
selling organic inputs. SOF-DI, Kangundo and Gatuto: These They are equipped with all the informa-
After some research, we have decided centres host the i-TOF extension worker, tion material as mentioned above.
to set up four i-TOF centres. Since this a trained agronomist with experience in Organic inputs
project is on a trial basis, we have iden- organic farming, value addition and mar- These inputs will include commercially
tified two agricultural institutions and keting. This i-TOF extension officer will be available organic pesticides and fungicides
two active farmers groups : Baraka Agri- responsible for training all farmers groups and soil conditioner, and may include
cultural College, Molo ; Sustainable Neem products, Diatomite, E.M , Rock
Organic Farming Development Initiative The telephone numbers of the i-TOF Phosphate (Minjingu), Flower DS etcc.
(SOF-DI), based in Buyangu, Ebunangwe extension workers indicated below will Since we are looking for the best ways to
and Mukumu; Kangundo Dairy Farmers be working from 20th of July. From supply small-scale farmers with organic
CBO, Kangundo, and Amuka Farmers that day, you can start making bookings inputs, we chose different possibilities:
Self-Help Group, Gatuto. directly with the i-TOF team members in Baraka will sell the inputs in the already
i-TOF : The information centres your area. If you have questions about existing shop at the Baraka Agricultural
Each of the centres will be equipped with: i-TOF before that or would like to reserve College.
- The farmers toolkit, which consists a date for a course at your place, please SOF-DI will have a small shop at the
of a laptop computer running the offline- contact TOF at the usual phone number. main centre in Buyangu.
i-TOF centre, Kangundo, Eastern i-TOF centre Gatuto, Kerugoya

Host: CBO Kangundo Nairobi Host: Amuka Farmers Self- Nyeri
Dairy Farmers (KDF), Help Group, Gatuto

running a milk bar Tala Location: Meeting and
Kagumo
Location: KDF-milk bar education hall of Amuka Karatina
in Kangundo Town Kangundo Farmers Self Help Group,
Kerugoya
i-TOF information: Gatuto
Within the premises of Athi River Mitaboni Location I-TOF information: Makangu
Embu
Kivaani
KDF, equipped with Within this meeting hall; Mururiin
Kathiani Gatuto
the whole information Siathani equipped with the whole Kutus
package, run by the information package, run Kagio

TOF-extension worker Machakos
Makutano by the TOF-extension Sagana
Contact: 0724 331 405 worker
i-TOF organic inputs Contact: 0724 331 375
Shop: Situated within i-TOF organic inputs Shop: Muranga
the premises of KDF in To Mombasa An agrovet shop in Kagio;
Kangundo town. to be named in the TOF
August-issue and by direct
i-TOF centre, Buyangu, Western mail to farmers groups. Nairobi
Host: Main office of the

Sustainable Organic Kakamega
i-TOF centre Baraka College, Molo
Farming Development Host: Baraka Agricultural Eldoret
Initiative (SOF-DI), Mukumu College, Molo
Buyangu Location: In the three
Location: (SOF-DI) Khayega
Shinyalu Baraka outreach centres
Buyangu, in the com- in Mau Summit, Kamara Kamara
pound of the Catholic Chavakali and Nyakinyua
parish Mudete i-TOF info centre: Within
Kilingiri
i-TOF info centre: Within these three outreach Mau Summit
the premises of SOF-DI, centres in Mau Summit, Kericho
equipped with the whole Kamara and Nyakinyua; Rongai
information package, run Ebunangwe Baraka
these three centres are College
Nyakinyua
by the TOF-extension Kaimosi equipped with the whole Molo
worker information package as Turi
Kipagara
Contact: 0724 331 456 mentioned above. Elburgon
Njoro Nakuru
i-TOF organic inputs Vihiga
Majengo
i-TOF organic inputs shop:
Shop: Situated within the Situated within the prem-
premises of SOF-DI in Buyangu ises of Baraka Agricultural Nairobi
To Kisumu
the SOF-DI main office in Centre, Molo.
Nr. 50 July 2009
from page 6: -TOF
Amuka Farmers Self Help Group
will co-operate with an agrovet shop
in Kagio.
Kangundo Dairy farmers will store
and sell the organic inputs in their
premises in Kangundo, next door to
the i-TOF information office.
In the beginning, The Organic Farmer
will assist the groups to source organic Vaccination of chickens important
inputs. After that, it will be the respon- I want to know the most effective med- such as neem powder. The following
sibility of each centre to buy and icine that can protect my young chicks are important vaccinations that can
market the inputs to farmers in their from diseases. Can the same be used prevent diseases on chickens:
respective regions. for turkeys? Tel.0721 422 978 Marek: This is an injection adminis-
All farmers groups in the respec- tered at the hatchery on young chicks.
tive regions of the 4 centres will be You have asked this question at the right Newcastle: These are inter-nasal drops
informed of the existence of these time when the rains have just started. applied to the eyes at 2 to 3 weeks and
centres and are encouraged to make The wet season is a delicate time for repeated at 18 weeks and after every 6
use of the facilities provided. TOF will poultry farmers due to the proliferation months.
make a regular assessment of these of diseases that can wipe out a whole Fowl Typhoid: This is applied as an
centres which will form the basis of flock of birds if preventive measures intra muscular injection at 8 weeks in
any future expansion to other parts of are not put in place. Young chicks are high risk areas and 18 weeks in low
the country. especially vulnerable to diseases. Dis- risk areas.
Gumboro: It is applied in drinking
-TOF eases such as fowl typhoid are a serious
problem that is very difficult to eradi- water from four to fourteen days.
Available training modules cate once they have attacked chickens. Organic chickens are often reared vac-
1. Soil fertility and conservation Sometimes they require the culling of cine-free because they are reared in a
i) Composting the entire flock. Regular vaccination clean environment and are allowed to
ii) Vermiculture can protect your chickens against cocci- graze on free range. Organic farmers
iii) Soil conservation diosis because the bacteria responsible can make their own natural antibiot-
iv) Liquid composts are always present in the soil. The best ics that can protect chickens against
v) Green Manures way to keep these diseases at bay is to disease. Extracts from plants such as
2. Crop Nutrition ensure the poultry sheds are kept as aloe vera can control a number of infec-
3. Pest Management clean as possible at all times. Wash the tions in chickens if added to drinking
4. Disease Management floors regularly with organic acaricides water.
i) Identification of diseases
ii) Disease management and Maize varieties good for short rains
crop hygiene Which hybrid maize seeds can do well issue (Nr.45) we warned farmers that
5. Water conservation and manage- during the September January period? there was a possibility of depressed
ment rains. Although you do not explain to
i) Harvesting The weather has been rather unpre- us in which agro-ecological zone your
ii) New technologies, drip dictable this year. Although the March farm is situated, we would recommend
irrigation etc. May long rains delayed somewhat, that you go for early maturing varieties.
6. Animal production and health. most parts of the country received ade- These include Katumani Composite,
i) Feeding and housing in organic quate rains in May but dry conditions DHO1, DHO2, DHO4, DH09 or DH10.
systems. persisted in much of June, which has You can get these varieties from your
ii) Pasture management and led to crop failure in most medium and nearest agrovet shop or any Kenya
storage. low potential areas. In our March 2009 Seed Company agent near you.
-TOF My cow is eating clothes
Conditions My cow is eating clothes, soap, bones
The following conditions apply to all etc. I have tried to give a variety of
groups that will undergo under the mineral licks but the problem still per-
i-TOF training programmes: sists. Please assist me get a solution to
The training will be conducted free this problem. Tel 0726 071 136
of charge to all farmers groups.
The farmers have to identify a Your cow could be suffering from a
training venue and organise a deficiency of some sort. Most of the salt
demonstration plot where the licks available in local agrovet shops
training will take place. do not have sufficient composition of
Training will be offered to farmers minerals salts that animals require. Try
groups with at least 15 members and buy imported ones. Some areas
and above. in the country lack particular miner-
Each training session will take 4 als in the soil which can also affect the ticular mineral in your region. They
to 5 hours. animals. You can also consult your can provide useful advice that may
Farmers must observe punctual- local livestock extension staff to tell be of help to you. If this habit persists,
ity. you if there is a deficiency of a par- consult a veterinarian
Nr. 50 July 2009
How can I attract bees to colonize my hive?

Peter Chikombe Saboti, (0728 209 456)
is not the only farmer who has problems
with attracting honey bees.
Jairus Lihanda
There are several reasons that prevent
bees from colonizing a hive. One of
them is pest infestation. Such pests
may include ants, wasp, and rats. If
the hive has rats nesting in it, it will
definitely never be colonized. Rats also
leave a bad smell even after they have
been removed from the hive. So first,
ensure the hives are free from any
pests. If there are pests clean the hive.
Secondly, have the hives waxed. In case
you are using the Kenya Top Bar hives,
wax the bars. For Langstroth hives,
wax the frames well.
The second major reason is the apiary
siting. If the apiary is sited in a dampy
area, it is not a conducive site for bees. original site, repeat the procedure once to the bees to encourage them to stay
Bees need a site where they can main- more. on.
tain right moisture content in their Once you have the bees, leave the box You can also colonize your hives
honey. in a shady place until evening. Make by making colony divisions. Transfer
A third reason would be the condition sure it does not become hot in the comb with the queen cell, one other
of the hive. If the temperatures are too container by covering it with a damp comb of brood, and two combs of food
high in the hive, bees may dislike such cloth. (honey and pollen) into a catcher box/
a hive. Hives should be sited under a In the evening, take the bees home new hive. Include bees on all combs.
shade. and shake them into your empty hive. Shake in bees from other combs as
Lastly, the positioning of the hives can If you have other hives, take out a well. Remember to put brood combs in
keep the bees away because they do comb with some uncapped honey and the middle and honeycombs on either
enter hives mostly during swarming a brood comb with eggs and give them side to insulate the brood nest.
seasons. However, bees have swarm-
ing routes. These routes are high up
above buildings. Try placing your hives
Stingless bees
in catcher positions (on top of trees or Is it true we have a new variety of bees that in Kenya. We advise interested bee
buildings) or use a catcher box to catch do not sting? If yes, how can a farmer get keepers to concentrate on the honey
bees and transfer them into the hives. them and for how much? I am a farmer, Bee (Apis Mellifera). One of he major
now keeping rabbits. 0721 611 080. reasons that keep off interested bee-
Pack the bees in the hives keepers is fear, but just like you are
If you try all these and bees still do not
Yes, it is true; there is a species of used to your rabbits, you can get used
enter your hives, you can put them into
bees that do not sting because they to your bees.
the hives. There are different ways of
are stingless. These bees colonize dark First be careful, taking every precau-
doing this, but for this operation, it is
best to seek help from an experienced areas and are hard to try and domes- tion against the stings. Invite an expe-
friend. The swarm has a better chance ticate. They produce less quantity of rienced beekeeper to start you off. But
of staying in its new hive during a honey as compared to the stinging the more you visit the hives, the more
nectar flow. Do not waste time with bees. However their honey is highly you get used to the bees. In fact, for an
swarms smaller than a persons head medicinal. experienced beekeeper, the bee sting is
as they cause more trouble than they Keeping of stingless bees (meli- healthy!
are worth. poniculture) is not yet commercialized Jairus Lihanda
First, prepare your hive by smearing
it with some melted beeswax, so that from page 4: Worms ries, and nettle are also other plant
smells nice for bees. species with
Look for a swarm of bees clustering Cucurbits: Pumpkin seeds contain a deworming
on a branch from where you can catch deworming compound called cucur- properties
them. Wear your bee suit and smoke bitacin. The seeds may be fed directly that should
them very gently so as not to disturb to animals. be accessible
them. (Do not smoke if you can avoid Lupin: A diet made up entirely of in pastures.
it!) Shake the bees into a catcher box or freshly cut, lightly salted lupin is a F e n n e l
similar container, e.g., cardboard box. good dewormer. It is important not to leaves and
If the queen falls into the box, the rest allow free access to lupin; otherwise seeds are
of the swarm will follow. Wait for 20 symptoms of poisoning may occur. also used as
minutes or so. If they return to their Other plants: Blackberries, raspber- dewormers.
Nr. 51 August 2009
The country is still in a precarious posi-

tion with regard to food security. The
long rains have once more failed. As
the weather forecasts rightly predicted
at the beginning of the year, the long
rains have been inadequate in most of
the food producing areas. The farmers
calendar started badly with very little
rain reported in March, a time when
most farmers often plant their maize.
There were rains in late April in most
areas, but they remained erratic in
May, while June was the driest month,
which led to crop failure. The country
will experience a food deficit which
may force the government to import
food to bridge the production gap. This
does not mean that farmers should give
io
ad
FR
up; there are indications that the short
TO
rains may be much better in quantity

Farmer wins prize from TOFRadio and duration. Indeed, weather experts
Mrs. Grace Onyango, a small farmer from Malik Vilage, Kibabii receives a wheel- predict that the rains may extend into
barrow she won in the TOFRadio competition from the TOFRadio producer John January next year. Therefore the gov-
Cheburet. Listeners have a chance to win by answering a simple question. The ernment should chip in by giving free
competition comes after every two weeks. (Photo TOFRadio) seeds and offering affordable fertilizers
as they did at the beginning of the year.
Hard times for potato farmers This will help resource-poor farmers
to replant and perhaps recover some of
their losses. Farmers should, on other
Potatoes are the second important hand, take advantage of the short rains
staple food ill Kenya. to replant, not only to meet their food
But potato farmers are neglected. requirements, but also to have some
food for sale. Although most farmers
The Organic Farmer have abandoned planting traditional
The crisis facing the potato industry drought resistant crops such as millet
in Kenya is getting worse by the day: and sorghum, this is the time to rethink
There is a serious shortage of certified and try out these crops. The climate
seed in the country which has forced change is affecting farmers worldwide.
The country has not been able to It is only those farmers that are able
farmers to go for uncertified potato meet its potato seed requirements for
varieties from neighbouring countries, to cope with the weather changes by
the last 18 years because land meant use of emerging technologies, includ-
which they are now using as seed. for production of basic seed, including
The new varieties which have spread ing growing crops that can withstand
multiplication, was grabbed by indi- drought, that will survive these hard
to almost all potato growing areas of viduals in the government. Attempts to
the country pose a serious problem of times. And African governments
reclaim the 240 acres of KARl in Tigoni should empower the people to produce
diseases. The use of uncertified potato and another 12,000 acres in Molo have
seeds mainly sourced from Tanzania food instead of leasing prime land to
so far failed resulting in a critical short- foreign companies to do so.
and Uganda has raised concern among age of potato seeds. But the question
-TOF
governments regulatory agencies who anyone would ask themselves is: How
fear that such seeds could threaten the can a government that pledges to meet
entire industry if they are infected. the countrys food requirements fail Finally we are happy to inform you
to resolve such a small issue as recov- that the information and organic input
ering land meant for seed produc- (i- TOF) centres we promised you have
Alternative fodder 4 tion for almost two decades? And if started in four areas in the country. We
Beetroot can provide fodder for the recovery of the land is difficult, encourage farmers near these centres
your animals during dry season. are there no other ways that can be to make use of them to get information,
Internal parasits 5 devised to ensure the countrys capac- training and even buy organic inputs.
Liver flukes reduce milk production, ity to produce potato seed is not com- (See page 6). The future of agriculture in
fertility and cause death in livestock. promised? The potato seed shortage Africa depends on well-informed farmers
Poultry production 8 is a clear indication that we can no ready to adopt sustainable methods that
Take care of your eggs to reduce longer rely on the government to solve improve food production and income.
losses. farmers problems. See page 2 & 3
io
ad
FR
TO
Nr. 51 August 2009
New potato variety becomes popular

Potato varieties enables you to buy a suit). The origin
from unknown sources can spread of this varieties is not very well known,
bacterial and viral diseases. some farmers claim it originated from
Mau Narok while others claim it was
The Organic Farmer brought from Uganda or Tanzania.
Like a bush fire, the new potato variet-
On one of his frequent trips to Waku- ies have spread to all potato growing
lima Market where he occasionally areas.
delivers his potatoes for sale, Peter The National Value Chain Develop-
Njoroge Gitau saw a new variety of ment Committee chairman George Bett,
potatoes that had been brought from a member of the National Potato Task
Tanzania. The sheer size of the potatoes Force which was formed two years ago
made him curious and enquired from to look into problems facing the potato
the owner what variety it was, but the industry, has already raised the matter
traders did not have any idea. They with the Ministry of Agriculture. In
told him that the potatoes were bought a letter addressed to the Agricultural
from Tanzania. They were not ready to Secretary Dr Wilson Song a, Bett says
sell him any as the entire consignment unscreened potatoes from neighbour-
had already been bought by a trader. ing countries are being brought into
Desperate to get a few tubers, Gitau the country and turned into seed by
waited until the lorry was offloaded. farmers, which raises the danger of
As the lorrys conductor swept the trash Peter Gitau introduced sangi potato introducing more diseases that could
after offloading, some tubers remained variety in Kenya from Tanzania. (TOF) pose a serious threat to potato pro-
in the trash. Gitau managed to pick all duction in the country. Farmers like
of them, which he carefully wrapped in the six bags for seed and planted them the new varieties Farmers give various
a polythene bag and took them home in one acre. This time I got 90 bags. reasons why they prefer the new vari-
to his Kahuho village, in Karati, South Impressed by these potatoes, everyone eties in place of certified seed. I have
Kinangop. in my village wanted to buy them,
tried Tigoni and Tana Kimande potato
but I was reluctant because I wanted
Variety has spread to many areas to multiply them again. However I varieties but they take longer to mature.
When he got home he cut them into tiny decided to sell some to a few farmers, For Tigoni variety, it has to be delivered
pieces and planted them the following he says. Within a year the new variety to the market immediately because it
day. After tending the potatoes for which he had now nicknamed Sangi starts greening within a short period,
seventy-five days, I managed to harvest had spread throughout the village and says Njoroge Nganga. This compli-
six bags of potatoes. I again prepared beyond. The variety is now the potato cates its marketability because farmers
of choice in the potato growing areas have to have a ready market for it. For
The Organic Farmer is an independent Mugaruro the other common variety
of Nyandarua, Olkalou, Molo, Mau
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- Narok, Timboroa, Kiambu, Muranga in this region, the farmers say it is also
munity. It promotes organic and many other parts of the country. productive but not as good as sangi and
farming and supports dis- One important reason why farmers thima thuti, he adds. The potato farmer
cussions on all aspects of like the variety is that it can produce further explains that the main problem
sustainable development. up to 100 bags an acre if it is well taken with mugaruro is that it produces
The Organic Farmer is pub- care of. The variety sets tubers when many stolons (underground stems)
lished monthly by icipe and flowering and only needs seventy-five during dry period but with tiny potato
distributed free of charge to farmers. The days to mature, with adequate rains, tubers that buyers do not like. As for
reports in the The Organic Farmer do not which is an advantage to commercial thima thuti many say it was previously
necessarily reflect the views of icipe. growers. It is however prone to frost, high yielding but now, with too much
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- although it can still grow well with recycling of the seed, its yield has been
sion, a Swiss-based foun- little rain. declining due to the spread of bacte-
Unscreened varieties are dangerous rial wilt and viral diseases, which has
The popularity of sangi potato variety forced many of them to abandon it and
www.biovision.ch
is not a new phenomenon among go for new varieties such as sangi.
farmers in potato growing areas of
the country. Having used the recom-
mended certified seed varieties for
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org
many years; many farmers are now
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner having a problem with these varieties
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia because of declining yields brought
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720 419 584 about by viral diseases, including bac-
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, terial wilt. They are now going back
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph to new varieties from neighbouring
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian countries that are high yielding and
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe which they claim are not prone to
Address The Organic Farmer diseases.
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA Potato growers in Mau Narok and
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, 0738 390 715, Nyandarua had earlier discovered
0717 551 129, info@organickenya.org two other varieties; one known as
www.organicfarmermagazine.org Mugaruro and Thima Thuti (the one that Sangi potato tubers (Photo TOF)
Nr. 51 August 2009
The govemmets capacity to produce of extension officers across the country.

potato seed is overstreched. The result was that more than 120
Corrupt individuals have stolell land extension officers from potato growing
meant for seed multiplication. areas who underwent training were
moved to non-potato producing areas
The Organic Farmer paralysing the whole programme.
Post-election violence: The violent
Many farmers are quite happy with the displacement of many thousands of
new potato varieties. However in the potato farmers from the main growing
eyes of experts, this happiness may be areas in Rift valley province in January
short lived. According to the director 2008 made the problem worse: Potato
of the National Potato Station KARl, seeds were destroyed in stores while
Tigoni Dr. John Kabira, the spread of those that had not been harvested were
diseases is to blame for declining pro- abandoned in farms. Dr. Kabira says
duction of all potato varieties. Very few the shortage of potato seeds coupled
farmers practise crop rotation, which with the displacement of farmers led to
is responsible for the increase in dis- poor production early this year when
eases and potato yield in almost all the price shot up to Kshs. 6,000 a bag.
potato growing areas of the country. Because of the favourable prices, some
This means that, whichever variety of the farmers who had seed potatoes
farmers may have at the moment, it decided to sell them as commercial
cannot remain disease-free for long potatoes to traders who came from as
due to recycling of diseased seed. far away as Mombasa.
Three reasons for the disaster Efforts for revival.
Land-grabbing: Even if farmers could The stakeholders in the potato sub-sec-
afford to go for certified seeds every tor are now trying to revive the indus-
time they need to plant, the seed pro- try through the following measures:
ducers are overstretched. The govern- The Ministry of Agriculture will
ment had more than 12,000 acres of involve the private sector in the produc-
land for seed multiplication in various tion of quality seed for sale to farmers.
parts of the country of which only less A quality assurance system would
Lack of certified seed and exploitation by
than 500 are remaining, says Kabira. also be put in place to ensure con-
traders has reduced farmers earnings.
Most of this land has been grabbed, tracted farmers produce quality seed.
he mourns. selected farmers on seed production. The immediate priority is to ensure
Disruption of training of farmers: It was hoped that after the training, the that institutions such as KARl are
Three years ago, the government, with extension officers would recruit more equipped with adequate resources to
the support of Germany Technical farmers to go into seed production. But produce quality basic seed from their
Cooperation Agency (GTZ), started a this did not happen. A few months after stations in Tigoni, Molo, Njabini and
programme to train agricultural exten- the farmers were trained; the Ministry KARl Ol Joro orok and Meru.
sion officers who would then train of Agriculture effected mass transfers The seed would then be given to com-
panies and organised groups including
Why farmers need certified potato seed individual farmers who will multiply it
under the supervision of Kenya Plant
Potatoes need very good management viral diseases can only be identified Health Inspection Service (KEPHIS).
if farmers expect to get good yields and by experts. This is one reason why KARl has taken most of the new vari-
control diseases. But the main problem farmers are always advised to use eties including sangi and is already
that is causing rapid spread of diseases certified seeds, which are screened Continued on page 4
is the tendency by farmers to ignore against all these diseases.
advice given to them on field sanita- Peter Kinyae, a social economist from
tion and choice of the right planting KARl, Tigoni says the main problem is
material. that most farmers do not want to buy
Only clean certified seed should be certified seeds. We have had training
used as seed. If a farmer has bought programmes in places such as Meru
certified seed, the same can be planted where we showed them how to grow
up to three times if there are no signs potatoes to control diseases, but after
of bacterial wilt or any other disease the training, the farmers went back
in the soil. Farmers should know that to their old practices of recycling seed
apart from bacterial wilt, early and some of which was diseased, he says.
late blight, potatoes are prone to a host Whatever the experts say, the major
of six viral diseases. These are Potato problems facing the potato industry
Virus X (PVX), Potato Virus Y (PVY), are poverty and ignorance among
Potato Virus A, Potato Virus S (PVS), farmers which is made worse by cor-
Potato Virus M (PVM) and Potato Leaf ruption and poor planning on the part
Roll Virus (PLRV). PVY and PLRV are of the government.
spread from one plant to the other by
aphids. Although it is easy to identify Additional information: Miriam Mbiyu,
bacterial wilt symptoms, most of the Biotechnologist KARl, Tigoni.
A flowering sangi potato prop.
Nr. 51 August 2009
Food for people, fodder for livestock

t5eetroot are not very common, firm and kept
but it is a healthy plant with moist. Avoid
many uses for humans and animals. planting in the
soil which has
The Organic Farmer been freshly
manured.
Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) is a highly nutri- Germination
tious vegetable grown for its roots that takes abou t
are good for people and even animal 1 to 2 weeks.
fodder. It is a good source of calcium, The seedlings
iron potassium and vitamin A and C. should be
Beetroot can be stored for long if kept thinned ou t as
in a cool dry place. The common variet- soon as they
ies cultivated are the garden beet, used canbehandled;
as a vegetable, sugar beet which is a planting them
major source of sugar and the mangold about 5-10 em
which is used as fodder for livestock or apart in the
the Swiss chard which is grown for its rows. Stagger
edible leaves. the crop by
In Kenya the most common types planting a row Beetroot vegetable and tuber of the mangold variety (Photo TOF)
grown for the market are the Detroit, a every month so that the crop is spread Weeding: Keep the field weed-free and
small-sized sweet, round shaped root throughout the year. Planting during well watered. Mulching can help to
that is dark-red in colour, the Crimsom the rainy season exposes the seedlings preserve soil moisture during the dry
Globe and the flat Egyptian types. to diseases. period. Beetroot is ready for harvest in
Mangold is also available for farmers 9 to 10 weeks. Yields range between 2.5
who want to grow it as fodder. Fertilizer application
Rock phosphate or any other organic to 4.5 tonnes per acre. When harvest-
Climatic requirements fertilizer can be applied along the rows ing, the plant should be lifted carefully
Beetroot is a cool season crop although before planting but farmers should to stop damage to the tap root or the
it may also be grown in warm climate. avoid using farm yard manure on beet- beet. Twist off the leaves to stop them
It prefers light freeable, rich soils with root. from bleeding.
a pH of 6 to 6.8. It is slow to germinate,
hence soaking the seed in water for 24
hours before planting helps to speed
It saves my animal during the dry season
up germination. Samuel Mungara, a farmer in Pas- every January while leaving the rest
senga village in Rurii location of Ol on the farm for use as vegetables. The
Land preparation Kalou District, discovered the advan- beetroot tubers are then stored and fed
The soil should be made fine and to the milking herd every morning and
tage of beetroot two years ago when
the seeds planted in rows. The row evening when the animals are milking.
he ventured into dairy farming. His
spacing should be 25-30 cm apart. Each cow is fed about 4 kg of beetroot
father used to grow beetroot for the
Planting familys dairy cows in the 1970s, but fodder daily which is combined with
Seeds are planted at a depth of 1.5-2.0 it was abandoned because they had feed concentrates.
cm. The seed-bed should be made plenty of fodder from oat grass and Long-term feed
other natural pastures on their farm. One big advantage of beetroot is that
from page 3 However, pasture on the farm has they can be stored for up to 4 months
become scarce because of prolonged without rotting or losing essential nutri-
cleaning them of viruses dry conditions that have affected
to ensure farmers have ents which is very important during
most parts of the country. Two years the dry spell when there is limited
clean seed from all the ago, Mungara decided to try beetroot
potato varieties. fodder on the farm, Samuel Mugara
which most farmers in the region had adds. Beetroot is drought resistant;
There before, the gov- neglected. He put a quarter of an
ernment has had very good blueprints come the dry season and it becomes
acre under beetroot production for the only vegetable that survives the
to improve various sectors but they his 4 head of cattle. Today, he is full
have not been implemented. Whether dry spell, when other vegetables such
of praise for beetroot for saving his as cabbages or sukumawiki wither and
these measures will work remains to animals. He has increased the area
be seen. dry up. This is one reason why many
under beetroot cultivation to half an farmers are now turning to beetroot
Meanwhile to speed up the produc- acre. Beetroot is wonderful fodder as
tion of potato seed, the United States growing, having realised its advan-
well as a vegetable crop. Unlike most tages over other vegetables.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) of the other crops it is not affected by
together with USAID is funding the The farmers in 01 Kalou are not the
frost that is common during the dry only ones who have changed to beet-
establishment of an aeroponics potato season. It retains a lot of water which is
breeding system. The potatoes do not root. In many parts of the country such
very important during the dry season as Nyandarua, Western Kenya and the
come into contact with the soil, con- when animals need water most. My
taminated air or water. This prevents Rift valley farmers are now growing
animals maintained the same level of beetroots for use as a vegetable and
fungal and bacterial infections. Under milk production during the last two
this system, one tuber can produce up animal fodder. Beetroot seeds, espe-
dry seasons thanks to beetroot, he cially the mangold variety, are now
to 50 potato seeds, compared to the says.
conventional system where one tuber available in many agro-veterinary
Mungara uproots some of the tubers shops due to increased demand.
produces 10 seeds.
Nr. 51 August 2009
In most regions in Kenya, liver flukes

are dangerous parasites, often ignored
by farmers.
The Organic Farmer
Liver flukes are strange parasites. The
life-cycle of these microscopic creatures
starts on a blade of grass and ends up
in the liver of your cattle as large
parasites known as flatworms. The
flukes, can lay an astonishing 20,000 to
50,000 eggs a day, over a long period of
time! The common liver flukes, Fasciola
hepatica, have a bizarre life-cycle: The
cattle ingest grass with an encysted
stage of the fluke. After the cattle eat
this contaminated grass, the micro-
scopic juvenile flukes burrow through The lifecycle of liver flukes, left; the photo on the right shows the liver fluke
the lining of the intestine, escape into dangerous for they can indirectly cause Remove liver flukes: There are drugs
the abdomen and migrate into the liver. the deadly Red water sickness. Red that extract flukes from animals, but
In the liver, they feed on blood, and water is caused by a bacterium called farmers should choose a drug which
over the next 6 weeks or even more, Clostridium hemolyticum, vhich colo- kills both immature and adult flukes.
they find their way to the interior of nizes the liver of susceptible cattle and Liver flukes may develop resistance.
the liver lodging themselves into the produces protein toxins. They destroy It is important that you follow the
bile ducts from where they begin to the bodys red blood cells, damage other prescriptions of the label (see article
lay their eggs. The flukes eggs are below).
organ systems md rapidly cause death.
thereafter shed through the manure of Reducing the number of snails: Snails
the cattle. These eggs then hatch and The migratng liver flukes damage
local areas in he liver, causing low prefer low-lying, wet, marshy areas.
make their way to fresh water snails, Draining these areas reduces snail hab-
which they infect and undergo further oxygen tension. !hese are good condi-
tions for the Red ,vater bacteria; they itats and snail numbers.
development. They at last emerge from Area management: Fluke-prone areas
the snail as young flukes and form a grow rapidly in hese damaged areas.
are low-lying, swampy areas and areas
resistant coating on blades of grass. The vast majorty of affected cattle are of slow flowing water. You can identify
When cattle ingest them, the life cycle usually found lead and bloated. fluke-prone paddocks with the help of
is completed. Another problem liver flukes seem your local animal health advisor. Fence
Flatworms cause serious damage to be associated with is decreased feril- off these areas. One major problem
Liver flukes mainly infect cattle and ity. Studies published in USA have however is that the grass is too short,
sheep but can nevertheless develop in shown decreased pregnancy rates in the cattle eat too deep down, as sheep
many other animals including horses, replacement heifers and increased age normally do, reaching the lower
pigs, goats and rabbits. Humans can to puberty in heifers infected with liver blades where the flukes are normally
also be infected with liver fluke when flukes. anchored.
they eat watercress collected from con-
taminated streams, or use contami- Garlic and pumpkins ...
nated water on fruit and vegetable The following recipe works against poor nutrition of the livestock. Scien-
gardens. stomach and intestinal worms as well tists in UK and Nepal have found that
The flukes feeding behaviour as against liver flukes. But it has to diets with different protein and nitro-
causes serious damage to the liver and be carried out over a long period of gen contents have different effects
anaemia due to blood loss. This liver time. on an animals ability to withstand
damage and anaemia lead to diar- Garlic: Chop 250gm of garlic and and to recover from infection with
rhoea, loss of body weight and reduced pound them fine. Mix it with 4 litres Fasciolasis.
milk production. Liver flukes are also of water and drench a half litre twice They recommended that farmers
Series a day. This treats both worms and live should aim at feeding a diet contain-
flukes. ing up to 14% protein. Additional
on parasites Pumpkin: chop whole pumpkins, feeding of high quality protein feeds
With this article on liver flukes inclusive of their seeds, into sttlall such as from tree leaves or from
we close our series on parasites and pieces then boil it until all water cheaply purchased urea/molasses
how to protect livestock against them. evaporates. Add a pinch of salt to feed blocks is one possible way to
TOF Nr 48 May 09: Parasites in livestock encourage intake and feed adult cows boost the protein level. Harvesting
small but dangerous (treatment of lice, flea with 1 kg. Goats and sheep should be tree fodder has obvious cost advan-
and mange) fed on half a kilo. tages to a farmer, as it is often free to
TOF Nr 49 June 09: Ticks pose a great
... and fodder trees conect, as long as it does not promote
danger to livestock
Fascioliasis, caused by liver fluke par- environmental degradation through
TOF Nr 50 July 09: Internal parasites:
asites, is a major threat to livestock trees being cut down or killed. The
Deworming improves animal health
Tof Nr 51 August 09: Internal parasites: kept by resource poor farmers, since best fodder trees are Leucaena, Ses-
The liver fluke causes serious damage. the disease effects are magnified by bania, Callianda and Grevillea.
-TOF
Nr. 51 August 2009
As you read this copy of The Organic i-TOF Central: Gatuto/Kagio, Kirinyaga The following conditions apply to all
Farmer, the four information and organic district, in cooperation with the Amuka groups that will undergo the i-TOF train-
input centres (i- TOFs) which we had Farmers Self Help Group Gatuto; ing programmes:
promised you in the past two months i-TOF Eastern: Kangundo, in coopera- The training will be conducted free of
have been opened and are now operation with the Kangundo Dairy Farmers charge to all farmers groups.
tional. Farmers living near these centres CBO, Kangundo. The farmers have to identify a training
can now be able to access information i-TOFs for farmers venue and organise a demonstration plot
and also buy organic inputs that are With the opening of the four centres, where the training will take place.
environmentally safe and which will help The Organic Farmer is moving closer Training will be offered to farmers
reduce reliance on chemicals. The use of to the farmers. The reason for this is groups with at least 15 members and
chemical products has been found to have that farmers have often made called us above.
damaging effect on soils, beneficial organ- requesting to know if we can be able to Each training session will take 4 to 5
isms and even human and animal health. visit them and offer training courses on hours, farmers must observe punctuality.
Since this project is on a trial basis, we are organic farming. They have also made Close monitoring
working together with two agricultural numerous enquiries to us asking to show The i-TOFs are offering around 25 train-
institutions and with two active farmers them where they can buy organic inputs. ing modules in all areas of a sustainable
groups: For farmers groups, eager to get more agriculture to improve farming practices
i-TOF Baraka: Based in the Baraka Agri- knowledge in their profession, it is easy: for increased yield and income. We shall
cultural College, Molo, respectively in They can call the i-TOF extension workers monitor them closely. If we find that the
their outreach centres in Mau Summit, in their respective region (the cell phone farmers are gaining benefits from the
Kamara and Nyakinyua. numbers given below) and book them for information package including training
i-TOF Western: MajengolBuyangu, in a one day training on specific agricultural by our extension officers, then the project
co-operation with the Sustainable Organic areas. The extension workers are trained will be extended to other farming areas
Farming Development Initiative (SOF-DI) agronomists, equipped with a full infor- of the country in order to benefit more
in Buyangu, Ebunangwe, and Mukumu; mation package. farmers.


Kagumo
Kerugoya
i- TO F information: Gatuto
Within the premises of Athi River Mitaboni Location i-TOF information: Makangu Embu
Kivaani
Kathiani Gatuto

i- TOF organic inputs Contact: 0724331 375

i-TOF centre, Baraka College, Molo
Buyangu i-TOF info centres: In the
Khayega
Location: (SOF-DI) Shinyalu three Baraka outreach
Buyangu, in the com- centres each staffed with Kamara
pound of the Catholic Chavakali an extension worker
parish Mudete Contact Kamara: 0725 507
Kilingiri
i- TOF info centre: Within 038, 0720 041 556, 0725 665 Mau Summit
the premises of SOF-DI, 781 Kericho
equipped with the whole Contact Mau Summit: 0723 Rongai
Ebunangwe Baraka
information package, run 778 688, 0725 854 197, 0726 College
Nyakinyua
by the TOF-extension Kaimosi 714 708 Molo
worker Contact Nyakinyua/ Sirikwa: Turi
Kipagara
Contact: 0724 331 456 0721107 981,0723 792 099, Elburgon
Njoro Nakuru
i- TOF organic inputs Vihiga
Majengo
0724 704 586.
Shop: Situated within the i-TOF organic input shop:
premises of SOF-DI main Buyangu Located within Baraka Nairobi
To Kisumu
office in Buyangu Agricultural college.
Nr. 51 August 2009
I am a small-scale farmer in Bikeke How can I buy this product?

Trans-Nzoia. My crop is badly affected Please advise me on where I can buy
by chaffer grubs. Please advice. Samuel TwinN in Nyeri, Karatina or Nanyuki,
Adema 0733 471 229 Simon Tel. 0720 824 888.
You can contact Lachlan Kenya Ltd.
Chaffer grubs are creamy-coloured On Tel. 020 207 3912/3/4 or Te1.0721
pests, about 1.5 em (0.6 inch) in length. 409 201. They can advise you on a
They are normally found in the root dealer near you from where you can
systems of most plants and can be mis- buy their products.
taken for other pests. Chaffer beetles
The value of tree tomato
lay their eggs on the grounds which
I want to know more about tree toma-
hatch into chaffer grubs within two
toes.
weeks. The chaffer grubs feed on plant
Tree tomato is a highly valuable com-
roots. They later on dig themselves
mercial crop that has a ready market
into the soil, only to appear as beetles
all year round,
again. It is very difficult to kill chaffer which likewise go for the chatter grubs.
for farmers who
grubs with pesticides. But they can be Most farmers do not take any mea-
like to diver-
controlled naturally by nematodes (het- sures to control chaffer grubs because
sify. We will
erohnbitis lIlegidis). The nematodes look this natural control method seems to
send you copy
for chaffer grubs and attack them by work perfectly. You will notice that the
of TOF Nr. 33
entering natural body openings. Once chaffer grubs do not stay for long on
where we give
inside, they release a bacteria that stops the affected area and will often disap-
farmers all they
them from feeding, thereby killing pear after a short period, causing less
need to know
them. They then reproduce inside the damage to crops, so it is wise to ignore
about the fruit
dead pest and release more nematodes them for the time being. TOF
crop and even how to grow it. We
hope this information will be useful
to you.
I want to know more about comfrey Using water from a cow shed
and its uses? Njogu, Karatina Can I use water collected after
Comfrey is a fantastic plant. It has been washing my cow shed and use it
in use since the 6th century mainly in for top-dressing my crops? Tel.0735
wound healing, sweIlings, gout, ulcers 644 969 Yes you can, when you are
and even gangrenes. Comfrey roots not using chemicals while cleaning
have been used to treat lung breeding, the cow shed. Cows have very good
diarrhoea, dysentery, coughs, bronchi- manure for crop production but the
tis, varicose veins, bum sores, sprains farmer has to make sure that once col-
and many other conditions. In some lected the manure is not exposed to
parts of Kenya it is used in the making the sun and rain because these lead to
traditional dishes such as irio (Kikuyu have discovered that the plant has loss of nutrients.
traditional dish). It is said to be a compounds such as pyrrolizidine and Artificially bred birds vulnerable
great blood purifier and is also used alkaloids which are known to cause Birds raised in a brood are of great
to control rheumatic pain and arthritis. cancer and even liver damage. In view loss to farmers because they easily fall
The plant is also used in teas, cooked of these findings, comfrey should not prey to thieves and prey birds. Tel.
as a vegetable, added to other foods be eaten but it should only be applied 0720 063 460
and even as a compress on wounds. externally. Application of comfrey on This may be true in some cases because
As a compress, the root is usually broken skin should also be avoided. chicks raised by a mother bird learn a
grated (about one cup full) and then The US Food and Drug Administra- lot of survival tricks from her. This
tied over a wound and held in place tion (FDA) has banned the use of
for a few days at a time. It is used in comfrey in USA. All comfrey root con-
the same way over closed wounds and taining compounds are also banned in
bone fractures where it is believed to Canada. On the other hand comfrey is
speed up the bone knitting process. quite safe when used as a growth acti-
In medieval times comfrey was called vator in crop production. Internal use
bone knit. of comfrey is therefore dangerous.
However, recent scientific findings Su Kahumbu/TOF
Some legumes are dangerous for cattle
Which plants cause frothy bloat? 0722 one of the primary causes of frothy
989 681 bloat; however, not all legumes cause
Bloat is defined as a severe enlarge- frothybloat.
ment of the abdomen due to an over- Bloat-causing legumes include
accumulation of gasses trapped within Lucerne, sweet clover, red clover, training by the mother is very useful
the animals stomach (see TOF Nr. ladino clover, white clover, and alsike to them when they grow up. Chicks
50, July 2009). Bloat can be classified clover. A preventive strategy against reared in artificial brooders are slow
as either frothy bloat, or the less fre- bloat is feeding a course hay prior in responding to danger. Such birds
quent free-gas bloat. Consumption of to grazing bloat-prone legumes, and need protection from harm including
legume forages in large quantities is avoiding continuous grazing. TOF predators.
Nr. 51 August 2009
Proper handling and storage keeps eggs fresh

Farmers invest heavily in poultry but
incur losses when they do not take
care of eggs.
The Organic Farmer
An egg is an extremely fragile and a
perishable product. It should therefore
be handled with care after laying to
ensure it does not get spoilt or broken.
Most people buying eggs from the
shops will admit that this commodity
is either broken or rotten. The problem
has to do with handling and storage
while in the farm. Great losses can
occur if eggs are not handled properly.
To minimise loss, poultry farmers need
to be cautious to ensure eggs reach the
market while still fresh. Proper han- Eggs are perishable. They get spoilt easily if poorly stored. (Photo TOF)
dling and storage protects eggs from should ensure the eggs are stored in a However, for maximum hatchability,
harmful micro organisms such as bac- cool place that is not too dry because the farmer has to ensure that the hen is
teria, natural predators, loss of mois- they may lose moisture very fast if kept given only eggs with a higher probabil-
ture, tainting and temperatures that in a dry place. The storage condition ity for hatching.
cause deterioration and possible crush- will depend on the number of days One method farmers can use to
ing during storage and even trans- the farmer wishes to store the eggs. determine the right eggs for incubation
port. Eggs, like other living organisms, Experienced farmers have been able to is the candling method. This is a selec-
need to breathe. The packaging crates store eggs for up to 6 or 7 months using tion method whereby the egg from a
should be kept in a room where there is refrigeration. Small-scale farmers on brood is held against bright light and
free air circulation to provide oxygen. the other hand may need to store eggs observed to see the inside of the egg.
All the storage crates should be kept for a shorter period until they get the Hold the egg vertically between the
odourless and as clean as possible so desired number for incubation (never index finger and your thumb, then
as to prevent possible contamination store eggs meant for incubation in a shine a bright light, preferably from a
and tainting. Eggs should also be pro- fridge). LED torch from the opposite direction.
tected from extreme temperatures and Egg storage for incubation If the process is carried out correctly,
humidity. Almost all local farmers use natural the farmer can see the veins, including
Keep in a cool place incubation method where the mother the developing chick, and decide if the
In the tropics, eggs can deteriorate very hen or a surrogate hen (hen that is given egg should be discarded or retained
fast because of the high temperatures. eggs from other birds such as guinea for brooding purposes. This form of
Unless stored at low temperatures, the fowl to sit on) is used to incubate the examination ensures that only fertile
farmer may lose a large number of eggs eggs until they hatch. Indigenous hens eggs with a high chance of hatching are
before they reach the market. They are very good when used for brooding. selected for brooding.
Issue 11, August 2009
To advertise contact: James
Mwangi 020 356 4106, email: the-

To book your quality bunnies please order in advance for planned breeding. Buy
bunnies from our farm and you get your Rabbit Management Handbook FREE.
Tel: 0733 893 300, Email: jwathuge@yahoo.com (Call only during the day 8am - 5pm)
The government is once again crying

for assistance from Western countries,
and it has once again announced a
countrywide relief operation to save
more than 10 million Kenyans who
face starvation in various parts of the
country. To put it mildly, nothing has
really changed in our country. The food
crisis is yet another indicator that the
country has been unable or lacks the
political will to put into action concrete
measures that can provide adequate
food to its people.
Understandably, the erratic weather
and the after effects of last years post-
election violence had an influence on
food shortage. But the real problem
Farmers should always ensure there is adequate fodder for the dry season. is purely lack of planning a result
of corruption and inefficiency. Good
Fodder shortage hits dairy farmers examples of this failure are the many
policy papers prepared for donors to
The price of milk has already gone up buy hay and any type of fodder avail- raise funds for revival of agriculture,
due to low production caused by short- able. Milk prices have gone up due which are never implemented. The
age of fodder. to low production caused by fodder money raised through these blueprints
shortage. often disappears.
The Organic Farmer But the current dry spell should All of us remember what happened
be a lesson to most farmers that they at the beginning of the year when food
With the failure of the long rains in need to plan for their fodder needs on
most parts of the country, one cat-
meant for the countrys strategic food
time. In previous issues of The Organic reserve at the NCPB was sold to indi-
egory of farmers who are hard hit Farmer we have showed how farmers viduals who later sold it at exorbitant
by the prevailing dry conditions are can prepare hay and even silage for prices to millers and even managed to
livestock keepers. Dairy farmers have use during the lean times. Despite the export it to Southern Sudan, where a
experienced a sharp decline in milk advice, we would like to ask one ques- bag of maize was selling at Ksh 6000.
production due to lack of pasture while tion: How many farmers prepare hay Subsidised fertilizer meant for poor
pastoralists in Northern parts of the or silage for their livestock? farmers was bought from the board and
country have already lost thousands sold to traders at high profits by corrupt
of livestock due to lack of pasture and More milk with officials. Consequently, our farmers are
water. green manure legumes a neglected lot; up to now many who
With modern weather forecasts, dry Green manure legu- delivered their produce to NCPB last
conditions are predictable and farmers mes improve not only year are yet to be paid.
should devise ways of coping with the quality of soils, Ironically, whenever we have a bumper
such conditions. Although most of but are also valu- harvest, the government has let down
the weather forecasts by experts do able protein supple- farmers by not buying the surplus
not come to pass, drought cycles have ments for animal feed produce forcing them to sell it to mid-
become so common that farmers need rations. According to dlemen at throw away prices, only to
to plan ahead to ensure they have ade- studies carried out import the same commodity the follow-
quate fodder at all times. Most dairy by KARI, lactation performance with ing year when the rains fail.
farmers are spending a lot of money to Jersey and Friesian cows in coastal part Our farmers have the capacity and
of Kenya (Mucuna, Clitora, and lablab) the will to produce enough food for
and North-Western Kenya (mucuna the country if they had access to cheap
and lablab) was improved greatly on credit and a reliable marketing system.
Animal production 2 supplementation with green manure Better infrastructure would make it
Knowing how much your animal legumes. In coastal Kenya, the green easier to transport food from one part of
weighs can help you in many ways. manure legume effects on milk pro- the country to the other. Strategic insti-
duction were equivalent to those real- tutions such as the NCPB should be
Greenhouse farming 4
ized with gliricidia, the recommended restructured to ensure they are properly
Is greenhouse farming the best an managed. There should be resources to
legume supplement in dairy rations.
alternative for local farmers? buy enough food to last the country for
In semi-arid Eastern Kenya, siratro,
Rabies is a fatal disease 5 glycine, lablab and mucuna were two or three years. Any government
Rabies is a killer disease that can shown to be as effective in inducing can achieve these goals if it is really
affect people and animals. Vaccina- weight gain in goats as Leucaena leaf concerned with the welfare and the
tion can prevent it. meal. See page 3 plight of its people.
io
ad
FR
TO
It is good to know your animals weight

Weight data of animals can help
the farmer to plan for feeding,
drug dosage and marketing.
The Organic Farmer
Many farmers will admit that they have
never bothered to know the weight of
each of their animals. Establishing the
weight of your dairy cows, bulls, sheep
and goats, rabbits or even chickens is
very important.
A farmer can use the information
on animal weight to make a number
of vital decisions that affect the health Large animals Small animals
of their livestock and the projected Live weight of large ruminants can be Measure the heart girth of small rumi-
income! estimated by measuring the chest with nants (goats or sheep) using a tape
Useful information a tape measure or a calibrated string. measure or string. Pull the tape tight.
Feed weight: Feeding a cow without Approximate weight can be calculated Use the table below to estimate the
knowing its weight will result in either using the table below; cm (Centimetre) weight; cm (Centimetre) stands for
underfeeding or even overfeeding; an stands for heart girth and kg (kilo- heart girth and kg (kilogramme) for
animal can only be properly fed if gramme) for the weight. the weight.
the feed corresponds to its weight; so cm kg cm kg cm kg cm kg cm kg cm kg
farmers especially the ones who rear 65 35 115 134 165 360 27.3 2.3 52.7 15 78 40.8
beef cattle should know how much 70 40 120 150 170 392 28.6 2.5 53.9 15.9 79.4 42.2
their animals weigh. 75 45 125 170 175 429 29.9 2.7 55.3 16.8 80.7 44
This helps to ensure that the animals 80 50 130 190 180 467 31.1 3 56.5 17.7 81.9 45.8
85 59 135 210 185 508 32.4 3.2 57.8 19.1 83.2 47.6
are disposed off immediately they 90 69 140 230 190 552 33.7 3.6 59.1 20.4 84.5 49.9
attain the desired weight; it is uneco- 598 75 145 252 195 598 34.9 4.1 60.3 21.8 85.7 52.2
nomical to continue feeding animals 100 89 150 272 200 648 36.2 4.5 61.6 23.1 87 54.4
when they have already attained the 105 103 155 295 205 698 37.5 5 62.9 24.5 88.3 56.7
110 118 160 325 120 748 38.7 5.4 64.1 25.8 89.5 59
marketable weight. 40 5.9 65.4 27.2 90.8 61.2
Drug dosage: Treatment is another any dosage administered to an animal
41.3 6.8 66.7 28.6 92.1 63.5
area that needs weight monitoring; should take into account its weight. 42.7 7.7 67.9 29.9 93.4 65.8
Marketing: If a farmer is willing to sell 43.8 8.6 69.2 31.3 95.9 70.3
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[ an animal it is wise to know the animals 45.1 9.5 70.5 32.7 97.2 72.6
THNHaPUL MVY [OL 2LU`HU MHYTPUN JVT weight; otherwise, there is always the 46.4 10.4 71.7 34 98.4 74.8
47.6 11.3 73 35.4 101 79.4
T\UP[` 0[ WYVTV[LZ VYNHUPJ danger of being exploited by crafty 48.9 12.2 74.3 36.7 102.2 81.6
MHYTPUN HUK Z\WWVY[Z KPZ buyers. This happens every day at the 50.2 13.2 75.6 38.1 103.5 83.9
J\ZZPVUZ VU HSS HZWLJ[Z VM market place. Middlemen will always 51.4 14.1 76.8 39.5 104.8 86.2
Z\Z[HPUHISL KL]LSVWTLU[ take advantage of the farmers igno- Source: Veterinary Research Institute, Sri Lanka
The Organic Farmer PZ W\I rance. They pay less for the animal and printed on this page. Measure the cir-
SPZOLK TVU[OS` I` PJPWL HUK rake in hefty profits selling the animals cumference of the chest also known
KPZ[YPI\[LK MYLL VM JOHYNL [V MHYTLYZ ;OL to the butchers and slaughter houses. as heart girth. Measure from the point
YLWVY[Z PU [OL The Organic Farmer KV UV[ Determining an animals weight does slightly below the shoulder blade,
ULJLZZHYPS`YLMSLJ[[OL]PL^ZVMPJPWL not cost much. All a farmer needs is down over the front ribs and under
The Organic FarmerPZZWVUZVYLKI`)PV=P a tape measure and the weight chart body behind the elbow.
ZPVU H :^PZZIHZLK MV\U
KH[PVU MVY [OL WYVTV[PVU VM
Use the right dosage of drugs!
^^ÎPV]PZPVUJO Treating sick animals is a challenging usually given in milligrams per millil-
7\ISPZOLY (MYPJHU 0UZLJ[ :JPLUJL MVY -VVK task. Farmers need not only to buy the itre of the medicine (mg/ml). For tablets
HUK/LHS[OPJPWL76)V_ right drug; it is important to choose and capsules, the concentration is nor-
5HPYVIP2,5@(;LS! the correct dosage depends on the mally given in milligrams per tablet or
PJPWL'PJPWLVYN^^^PJPWLVYN weight of the animal and the severity capsule. Antibiotics and vitamins are
,KP[VYZ7L[LY2HTH\7L[LY)H\TNHY[ULY of a disease. sometimes given in special units called
:LJYL[HYPH[3\J`>4HJOHYPH Larger and heavier animals usually International Units (IU) instead of mil-
3H`V\[0U(=PZPVU:`Z[LTZ require a higher dosage than younger ligrams. Because of these variations, it
(K]PZVY` )VHYK 5N\`H 4HUPHUPH PJPWL and lighter animals. In most cases, is not possible to direct a general rule
*OHYSLZ 2PTHUP MHYTLY >HUNPNL 1VZLWO what matters is the amount of the on what dosage to use.
4\YLP[OP2(90/LUY`2PHYH0390*OYPZ[PHU active ingredient in the drug. The However it is important that farmers
)VYNLTLPZ[LYPJPWL:\UKH`,RLZPPJPWL active ingredient is the substance that stick to the following guidelines:
(KKYLZZThe Organic Farmer actually does the work of curing or 1. Read the label carefully. Follow the
76)V_5HPYVIP2,5@( preventing the disease. Some drugs directions on dosage, how to apply it
;LS! have more than one active ingredient and how often to repeat the treatment.
PUMV'VYNHUPJRLU`HVYN e.g. penicillin and streptomycin. For 2. The medicines label might direct you
^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN liquid medicines, the concentration is on how to apply a certain amount of
Continued on page 8
Rabies: a highly fatal disease we ignore

People in rural areas are often not
well informed about rabies. The law
demands vaccinations for dogs.
William Ayako
Rabies, also known as Hydrophobia
(fear of water), is a highly serious viral
infection. There are an estimated 55,000
human deaths annually from rabies
worldwide, with almost half of them
(24,000) occurring in Africa. Two cases
of rabies related deaths have been con-
firmed recently in Nyanza province.
The deaths were reported in Kombura folk is not aware of the dangers associ-
location of Kadibo division between ated with rabies which is often trans-
the months of May and July 2009. mitted by dogs. Dogs are regarded as a
The problem has been compounded source of security in the rural areas and
by the increase in number of stray rabid are present in almost every homestead.
dogs as well as by peoples ignorance Its occurrence is also attributed to the
about appropriate control measures of social attachment to the local dogs kept
rabies. Once infected, the public often and regarded as pets by the youth.
resorts to traditional healers who are Vaccination against rabies is possible
equally ignorant about the dangers of but expensive, and therefore hardly
the disease. Some people think that practised.
religion or magic can protect them How rabies is spread Dog owners queuing to have their dogs
and their animals from rabies. This The virus affects humans, all warm vaccinated against rabies in the Mara.
is indeed a dangerous belief, which blooded wild and domestic animals
ignores well-known medical facts and with the exception of birds. Dogs are This stage lasts for about four days. It is
may lead to loss of life caused by the regarded as the main transmitters of the the most dangerous stage of transmis-
disease. disease but other domestic animals such sion from dogs to humans.
The disease is relatively common in as cats, cattle, sheep and goats can also

rural than in urban areas. Most rural transmit the disease among themselves paralysis from the rear limbs and
refuses to eat or drink while profusely
Efforts in Kadibo division as well as to humans.
Transmission happens when an salivating. This paralytical phase is
In Kadibo division, the department of often referred to as dumb rabies.
veterinary services, in collaboration infected animal bites another animal
"
with provincial administration and or a human being and the saliva con-
ministry of education, organized a taining the virus enters into the blood Prevention and control
mandatory vaccination campaign for stream through the fresh wound. The The Kenyan law requires that all dogs
all domestic dogs in the division as virus then spreads from the location be vaccinated against rabies. It is a
a control measure against the spread of the bite along the nerves to the fatal disease for infected animals and
of rabies. The public was informed of brain, the spinal chord and the salivary humans and there is no cure once
this plan by the provincial administra- glands. The infection may take between the symptoms have started. Therefore,
tion through the local schools. two weeks and several months to show any suspected case of rabies must be
The first vaccination was done in symptoms. It is only after this period the reported immediately to the veterinary
Kombura location on 9th July 2009 at typical signs of rabies are recognized. department.
Kombura location chiefs camp. About The symptoms in animals There is only one way to survive
200 dogs were vaccinated at a cost of The inflammation of the brain caused an infection with rabies: Immediately
Kshs. 50/- per dog, and their owners by the disease results in unusual after a bite from a rabid animal, getting
were issued with a vaccination certifi- behaviour: Over excitement, mania immediate medical attention. Only
cate. Three more control campaigns are and an attack complex by the infected an anti-rabies vaccine can prevent the
planned to cover the remaining loca- animals. The disease can last for as few virus from progressing.
tions. After completing the campaign as two days to about a week, after the The cost of anti rabies vaccine for
in the division, all unvaccinated dogs onset of the first clinical signs. human immunization is expensive.
will be killed by the veterinary depart-

The cheapest of this costs about Kshs.
ment to eliminate further chances of which may take two to three days in 10,000/- in public hospitals, or more
transmission by dogs. dogs. in private hospitals. Therefore, it is
We appreciate the overwhelming

cheaper to vaccinate a dog at a cost of
publicity support by the chiefs of whereby the animal displays the typical Kshs. 50/- per year! This protects your
Kombura, Katho and Kochieng loca- signs of rabies: Restlessness, aggressive- dog from getting or transmitting rabies
tions. The clinical support by the vet- ness and voice changes. Depending on to you or to other animals.
erinary department of Kisumu east the species of the infected animal, the Warning!
district was great. Lastly the coopera- voice changes may include howling, Remember always that there is no cure
tion and response from members of roaring and bleating. for rabies and it is not advisable to try
the public in Kadibo was very posi-

to treat an animal infected with rabies
tive. W.A. rabies, dogs often make unprovoked due to the dangers posed by handling
attacks on other animals or objects. such an animal.
Identify a market before going organic

Many farmers are interested in organic
farming. The challenge however is
finding a market for their products.
Su Kahumbu
Many farmers are inquiring from TOF
about organic markets. Their questions
usually centre on the themes of prod-
ucts for organic markets, the require-
ments of the organic market and the
domestic organic markets.
A strawberry producer in Nyeri
wishes to convert to organic strawberry
production. He asked us to give him
advice on organic markets. Using him
as an example, I would suggest the fol-
lowing procedure.
1. Locate the market first.
Ask yourself: has controlled the producer and has certified organic production is a chal-
#
verified that the product has been pro- lenge. They have to fulfil a long list of
organic strawberries? duced within certain rules, an Organic requirements, including some which
$

- Standard. This standard describes in are quite different from traditional
modity? detail how a product must be pro- or conventional farming practices.
% & duced in order to be labelled and sold Knowing the requirements, as well as
can I supply? as organic. an understanding of the allowed sub-
#
'$ In other words, if you found a buyer stances for pest and disease control, is
farmers or farmers groups in the region who purchases certified organic prod- imperative.
who are already successfully produc- ucts, you will have to follow precise Some companies which export organic
ing organically? production rules, the storage of the products contract farmers groups for
2. Experimental production. commodity controlled and you will organic production, and they usually
When you are sure that you will be also have to pay certification costs. offer them training. Because of the
able to sell the organic strawberries, In Kenya, we have the National high costs for certification, which has
experiment with a small area under Organic Standards of Processing and to be repeated every year, small-scale
organic production at first. Produce Production recognised by the Kenya farmers have to be organized in con-
for both markets while you get used to Bureau of Standards, as well as the East tractable producer groups. In a group,
organic production. The diseases that African Organic Standards. Usually, the certification fee is divided between
afflict strawberries are quite difficult certified organic products can be sold the members.
to manage organically, and you risk at a higher price than the same con- 5. Domestic organic markets
loosing an entire yield. Alternatively, ventionally produced products. Certi- Many farmers would like to sell
look at simple value addition of the fication and labelling act as insurance organic products on the local market.
strawberries (like making strawberry against unscrupulous conventional Is there really no demand for them? In
jam?) producers who may claim their prod- the urban setting of Nairobi, organic
In short, when growing any products ucts are organic. A label gives a certain products can be marketed successfully.
for a market, the first step is always to guarantee that a product has really Green Dreams (GD), which started as
identify the markets and the buyers. It been produced organically. a little farm producing organic prod-
has to be clear where and to whom you Less formal markets, institutions ucts for mainstream markets, is a good
can sell your product before you start etc. may not be as strict. Home grown example of it. By using certification and
producing! domestic markets may not require certi- symbols, consumers can be convinced
Other factors you have to consider fication at all but rather a simpler more of the integrity of the organic products.
include: distance to the market, prices cost effective form of verification (see Last year, the Kibera Youth Reform
at the market, production costs of point 5: Domestic organic markets). Group (KYRG) started an organic farm
your product, and the shelf life of the 4. Change to organic in Kibera which today markets and sells
product (this is the period within which Any farmer wanting to convert from organic produce in Kibera. Each day
you have to sell the product, before it conventional to organic production the youth place their freshly harvested
deteriorates). In the case of strawber- should know what Organic Produc- products out on a table beside the farm
ries, shelf life is very short, and you tion means and entails. Many people and educate their consumers about the
have to identify the market long before believe it is simply the none-use of high value of their production.
the harvest. chemicals. But organic production goes What if we tried to imitate this
3. Organic market requirements beyond zero use of artificial fertilizers, countrywide? Rural organic produc-
Organic products can be produced herbicides, fungicides and pesticides. ers should make an effort to let their
either for export or for domestic It is a way of life, a style of producing buyers in local markets know of the
markets. healthy products by understanding, value of their produce. This can be
The export market and formal main- valuing and respecting the integrity done through word of mouth, with
stream markets usually require certi- of the people and the environment in fliers, etc. Be self-confident! Let your
fied and labelled products. Certified which we live. buyers know what you have, and why
means that an independent company For small-scale farmers, conversion to they should buy from you!
Legumes are a valuable source of protein

Livestock fed on green manure
legumes give more milk and produce
highly valuable manure.
The Organic Farmer
Green manure legumes such as
mucuna, clitoria, purple vetch, leu-
caena, lablab, Glycine and jackbean Jack beans
are not just used for improving soil
fertility. Studies done by KARI found
out that legumes are a valuable source
of protein for cattle fed on low quality
basic diets. The studies were carried out
in coastal, semi-arid and North-West-
ern Kenya to evaluate the potential of
green manure legumes for improving
the performance of livestock.
Increased feed intake Lablab Canavalia
Coastal Kenya: The studies evaluated
the lactation performance of Jersey was not affected by legume supple- goats fed on green manure, which was
cows fed on a basic diet of either mentation, supplementing the basic 51% higher than that of goats fed on
Napier grass or maize stalks. The diet with clitoria or mucuna increased the basic diet only.
legumes (mucuna, clitoria and lablab) the nitrogen concentration in the NOTE: Farmers who need to buy
were shown to significantly increase manure by over 70% and reduced its seeds or seedlings of green manures
dry matter digestibility by 13% and phosphorus and potassium concentra- mentioned above should seek assis-
feed intake by 24% in cows fed on tion. A similar trend was evident in the tance from KARI stations or extension
maize stalks as basic diet. For cows nitrogen concentration of manure from workers near them.
fed on Napier grass, which had higher
concentration of nitrogen than maize Other uses of green manure legumes
stalks, legume supplementation had
For farmers who grow green manure soil from a green manure crop is com-
no effect on digestibility and intake.
legumes, it is like killing two birds parable to the addition of 9 to 13 tonnes
North-Western Kenya: In cows fed
with one stone. Almost all farmers per acre (0.4 ha) of farmyard manure.
on a basic diet of Napier grass, the
who keep animals also grow crops. The soil cover they provide reduces
supplements with mucuna or lablab
One advantage of green manure, soil crusting, and surface water runoff
had no significant effect on the intake
legumes is their contribution to soil during raining seasons. However,
of the basal diet. However, total intake
increased by 23% while dry matter fertility. The use of green manures as the following tips are important for
digestibility went up by 9%. In each of we have mentioned before is one of the farmers who grow green manures:
the studies there were no significant methods used in sustainable agricul-

differences between the legumes. ture to maintain soil fertility. provide fodder and soil improvement
Since all green manures are legumi- need to balance their needs to ensure
and higher milk production nous plants, they help fix nitrogen into that they have enough to feed their
In coastal Kenya: Jersey cows supple- the soil. This nitrogen enriches the soil livestock and reserve part of the green
mented with clitoria or mucuna pro- and feeds all plants that may be planted manure residue for incorporation into
duced 30% more milk than those fed in the same soil. Research shows that the soil.
on Napier grass alone. At the same green manures can fix about 40 to 60
-
site, cows fed on a basic diet of maize per cent nitrogen which is ready for tion, the time of sowing must be chosen
stalks and supplemented with clitoria use by any plant that is planted on rota- such that the growing plants can be cut
or mucuna produced 15% more milk tion. For example, a purple vetch crop down and worked into the soil before
than those fed on maize stalks only. that accumulates 90 kg of nitrogen per the next crop is sown.
In North-Western Kenya: mean milk acre will leave 45 kg nitrogen per acre

yield of Friesian cows supplemented that can be used by any other cereal grown in a field for the first time, inn-
with mucuna or lablab was 15% more or vegetable crop planted later on the oculation of the crop with specific rhi-
than the milk yield of cows fed on
same land. This amounts to increased zhobia is necessary for one to benefit
Napier grass alone.
Goats in semi-arid Kenya fed on yields. Indeed green manures boost from nitrogen fixation. (Rhizobium is
a mixture of natural pastures and crop yields for the next two or three available for sale at the University
Napier grass lost 23.8 g daily while growing seasons. of Nairobi, Kabete campus or Kenya
those supplemented with siratro and Provide more manure Seed Company stores).
soya glycine gained 4 and 16.4 g daily, Apart from providing nitrogen, green +

respectively. manures also help to suppress weeds the soil easily, while still young, just
and protect the soil from erosion, before flowering.
High quality manure +

-
Green manure legume supplements wind, water and direct sunlight. Green
manures penetrate the soil with their porated near the surface of the soil,
improve animal performance as well between 5 to 15 cm deep in light soils,
as the quality of manure produced roots, bind nutrients and support the
infiltration of water into the soil. Their 10 cm to 20 cm in all other types of
by cattle and goats. Although manure soils. TOF
output of Jersey cows in coastal Kenya contribution of organic matter to the
-TOF
The four i-TOF centres that we opened <

& credit in their respective regions.
in various parts of the country are now forcing our extensionists to waste a Our training conditions
busy providing information and train- lot of time, which would have been Farmers interested in training have to
ing to farmers in the selected regions utilised in training. Are farmers not fulfill the following conditions:
(see maps below). Our extension really interested? Coming half an hour
workers are receiving requests for train- or even one hour too late is an indica- charge to all interested farmers groups.
ing, information and organic inputs tion that some farmers do not take

on a daily basis. Farmers are making the programme seriously. We urge the venue and organise a demonstration
calls, sending text messages and letters farmers group leaders to ensure that plot where the training will take place.
asking questions relating to sustain- they encourage members to keep time
able agriculture and organic farming. on training days. farmers with a least 15 members or
This is a clear indication that farmers = mers groups are bothering more.
want to learn more to improve on their our extension workers with requests >

@ Q
farming methods and practises. It is for financial assistance to be able to hours. Farmers are therefore requested
also meeting one of the main objectives implement various projects within their to be at the training venue on time.
of The Organic Farmer, which is to move groups. We understand their wishes. The i-TOF programme is offering train-
closer to the farmers and solve their But The Organic Farmer as well as our ing modules in all areas of sustain-
problems in a more practical way. The radio programme and the i-TOFs are able agriculture and organic farming
project will be reviewed periodically concentrating on the information and to help farmers improve their farming
and the findings will form the basis for sharing of knowledge and skills within practises which will help them increase
the continuation of the i-TOFs and for a the small-scale farming community. We yields and income. The farmers are
possible expansion to other areas. do not offer any form of credit. Farmers also expected to use ecologically sound
Observe punctuality groups in need of credit facilities can farming methods that utilise the avail-
The i-TOFs have started very well. There make their own arrangements for these able resources in a way that protects the
are only two problems: with the various institutions that offer environment.

Kagumo
Kerugoya
i- TO F information: Gatuto
Within the premises of Athi River Mitaboni Location i-TOF information: Makangu Embu
Kivaani
Kathiani Gatuto

i- TOF organic inputs Contact: 0724331 375

i-TOF centre, Baraka College, Molo
Buyangu i-TOF info centres: In the
Khayega
Location: (SOF-DI) Shinyalu three Baraka outreach
Buyangu, in the com- centres each staffed with Kamara
pound of the Catholic Chavakali an extension worker
parish Mudete Contact Kamara: 0725 507
Kilingiri
i- TOF info centre: Within 038, 0720 041 556, 0725 665 Mau Summit
the premises of SOF-DI, 781 Kericho
equipped with the whole Contact Mau Summit: 0723 Rongai
Ebunangwe Baraka
information package, run 778 688, 0725 854 197, 0726 College
Nyakinyua
by the TOF-extension Kaimosi 714 708 Molo
worker Contact Nyakinyua/ Sirikwa: Turi
Kipagara
Contact: 0724 331 456 0721107 981,0723 792 099, Elburgon
Njoro Nakuru
i- TOF organic inputs Vihiga
Majengo
0724 704 586.
Shop: Situated within the i-TOF organic input shop:
premises of SOF-DI main Buyangu Located within Baraka Nairobi
To Kisumu
office in Buyangu Agricultural college.
Green houses profitable but initial costs high

Many crops can do well in a green
house. But pests and diseases
can be a problem.
The Organic Farmer
Every month, TOF receives volumes
of questions from small-scale farmers
concerning greenhouse food produc-
tion. The farmers quest is to estab-
lish whether putting up a greenhouse
would be a better option for them or
not. Indeed, greenhouse food produc-
tion system can be profitable. It has
been encouraged in recent years by
the Horticultural Crops Development
Authority which offers free technical
training on the same. Additionally,
some banks offer credit facilities to
farmers willing to put up greenhouses.
Greenhouse food production has
been developed to prolong the growing
season in cooler regions of the world,
mainly for crops like tomatoes, peppers,
chillies or cucumbers, which require
high temperatures for growth. Green- 2. Labour requirements should not chemicals). In this case, greenhousing
houses also protect the crops from rain- be underestimated. You will have to is not exactly what you should try to
fall, especially tomatoes, which do not control irrigation continuously. Impor- do - unless you have the resources.
like rain at all. tant as well is to keep a keen eye on
Greenhouse production is usually the climate in the greenhouse perma- Greenhousing
combined with a drip irrigation system, nently, otherwise your crop will easily can be challenging
which allows for efficient use of water do poorly. Very high temperatures for
resources. If water management is well example reduce growth and fruit set. Required materials:
organized, it is possible to prolong the 3. Due to the higher temperature and #

growing season in dryer areas. Green- moisture in greenhouses, pests and the frame (depending on the size,
housing is also seen as a way of intensi- diseases develop very fast. Spidermites from Ksh 40,000 upwards)
fying production for farmers who own and fungal diseases (early and late Polyethylene sheets: new ones are
small pieces of land. blight for instance) and bacterial wilt expensive
In Kenya, greenhouse technology need greater attention and most prob-

X Z
[&\\\
is being mainly practised around ably treatment with chemicals. This for 300 plants upwards)
Naivasha in the flower industry, where is a contradiction to the claims that Crop care
higher temperatures and prolonged are made by some people promoting Temperature control: When the
daylight are required. Industrial green- greenhouses. sun is shining, temperatures in the
houses use complicated techniques for 4. The best greenhouse will not fulfil greenhouse will go up very fast.
temperature and moisture control and the high expectations raised by agri- Cooler air from outside must imme-
for fertilizer supply. Greenhouses of cultural advisors if the crop is not fer- diately be allowed to circulate in the
this type are not suitable for small-scale tilized adequately and managed with greenhouse. You have to think of an
farming: they are too expensive and attention. Tomatoes thrive in soils rich adequate ventilation system. During
difficult to maintain. in organic matter, therefore it is an colder periods (at night and in cloudy
Promises and problems advantage if you are able to supply or rainy weather), you need to close
Less complicated greenhouse systems manure or compost. the greenhouse.
are now being advocated for tomato 5. If you grow tomatoes in your green- Control of diseases: The warm,
production (see box). Farmers are house season after season, diseases will moist climate in the greenhouse pro-
attracted by the information that quickly accumulate in the soil. This motes not only the growth of the crop,
tomato yields in greenhouses could be will result in high disease levels within but also fast multiplication of pests
ten times higher compared to tomatoes a short time. The only way to avoid this and diseases. Most probably you will
grown in open fields. It is also claimed would be to move your greenhouse not be able to control them without
that labour input is low, and that less to another location as soon as you the use of chemicals.
water and chemicals are needed. discover that diseases are becoming
However, there are several pitfalls for serious.
this technique. It is not easy to handle, Greenhouses and organic farming
especially for small-scale farmers who We do not discourage you from build-
have littele experience. ing a greenhouse. But you should care-
1. High initial investments are required. fully consider the risks involved. This
If you fail, you will end up heavily is especially so if you do not want
indebted. Check seriously whether you to apply chemicals and cannot get a
are able to carry this risk before you set good premium for tomatoes which
up a greenhouse. have been grown naturally (without
Grow maize varieties compatible with the short rains

Failure to adapt to the inadequate or natural calamities. Its leaves can
rains by farmers has led to food short- also be eaten as a green vegetable. In
age. This harsh condition can however some African countries, cassava flour
be overcome. has replaced wheat in making bread.
Cassava Mosaic Disease outbreaks in
The Organic farmer 1994/95 threatened cassava produc-
tion in the country but new varieties
Most Kenyan farmers do not like resistant to the disease have now been
growing drought resistant crops. They developed. The migyera variety is the
prefer dealing with those that they most popular as it is CMD resistant.
have grown for decades. But with the Pigeon peas
problem of climate change, most of the Pigeon peas are a nutritious legumi-
crops may not do well at all. nous plant whose ripe seeds are made
Farmers have already witnessed what and wheat. The high concentration of into flour while the green seeds can
has happened this year; the rains which potassium and starch in sorghum, its be used as a vegetable. The plant is
were expected in mid-March delayed less acidifying effect and the fact that drought resistant and grows well in
until late April. it is easily absorbed and well-tolerated dry areas with as little as 650 mm of
The farming community needs to makes it ideal food for those who are rainfall. It can produce up to 8 bags
look for varieties that can do well in sick, diabetics, adults and children.
their regions. Most seed dealers do Bakers use it to add flavour and colour
not tell farmers the truth when they go to bread and other bakery products.
to buy seeds; they will often advise a Traditionally, sorghum is used to make
farmer to buy a particular variety that ugali or fermented porridge. In Kenya,
they want to sell, not the one that does sorghum is grown in areas with as
well in the particular region where the little as 250 mm of rainfall although it
farmer comes from. The other problem can do better in areas with an average
is that all farmers have abandoned tra- rainfall of about 600 mm. Local variet-
ditional crops that used to withstand ies of sorghum are less prone to bird
changes in weather, pests and even damage compared to hybrid ones. To
diseases. Most of these crop varieties get a good yield, farmers should buy

] seed varieties suitable to their climatic
hold the key to food security in Kenya zones. They can get advice from agri-
and many other African countries. It cultural research station or extension
is time that farmers started thinking personnel near them. per acre. New varieties which mature
about them in view of the changing in 4 months have been developed. In
climatic conditions. Below we give you Cassava Kenya, four of the new varieties have
some of the drought resistant crop Cassava is an important food crop been developed by the International
varieties that can do well in most areas especially in Western Kenya which Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics
without adequate rains. produces and consumes more than 60 (ICRISAT) which is giving free seeds to
per cent of the national cassava pro- farmers. Farmers in Eastern province
Sorghum duction. It produces tubers between 6 have abandoned maize production in
Sorghum is Africas oldest food crop. months and 3 years depending on the favour of pigeon peas.
Although it is often referred to as the variety. It has the ability to withstand
continents food for the poor, it holds poor environmental conditions such as Choose right maize
the answer to Kenya and Africas food low rainfall and infertile soils. Cassava variety for the short rains
security. Sorghum is not only drought- is a major source of carbohydrates for Below are some of the maize varieties
resistant; it is also adaptable to most poor families because of its high starch that can do well in the short rains:
of Kenyas climatic zones and soils. content. It can grow well with little Katumani composite: The variety does
It is full of energy-giving nutrients, management, a reason why it becomes well in both high potential and low
unlike other cereal crops such as maize the main source of food in times of war potential areas. It matures between 3
and 4 months. It can be re-used as seed
from page 2 for up to three seasons, without affect-
ing the yield. It can produce about 12
medicine for every kilogram of weight. bags an acre.
Use the weight chart to estimate this. H511 and H12: These two varieties do
If you are not sure, ask a veterinarian, well in high altitude areas with mod-
experienced livestock farmers or the erate rainfall. They mature between
owner of the agrovet where you bought 4 and 5 months. They can produce
the drug. Note that applying too much between 16 and 18 bags an acre. Other
or too little of a drug is dangerous as varieties that do well in depressed rains
it can kill the animal. It might also fail are DH01, DH02, DH03, DH04, DH09
to cure the disease. In addition, the DH10 and PH4 (suitable for coastal
disease organism might also become areas. Seeds for all these varieties are
resistant to the drug which makes the available in agro-veterinary shops and
disease more difficult to treat. TOF Kenya Seed Company stores.
Nr. 47 April 2009
When we started the publication of The

Organic Farmer magazine in April
2005, we were aware of the many chal-
lenges we would face, like producing
well-researched articles every month or
how to distribute TOF to the farmers.
One of our major worries was whether
the information we gave was relevant to
farmers. As we commemorate four years
of publication, we can say, the magazine
has become one of the major sources of
information for farmers in the country.
It is also a major reference material for
agricultural institutions, extension per-
sonnel and even schools.
Going by the hundreds of SMSs, calls
and even e-mails we receive every month,
it is easy to tell that farmers heavily rely
Turkeys need proper care on the magazine to improve their knowl-
edge on farming and especially organic
Turkeys are difficult to rear. Many require good management. They eat farming. The end result of this has been
farmers who have tried to bring up more than chicken, mainly to main- the transformation of the farming com-
young chicks have ended up being tain their big body size. Before rearing munity in the country into one that is
frustrated after the chicks died. This them, farmers should explore poten- familiar with ecologically sound crop
is one reason why it is rare to find a tial markets because maintaining them and livestock production methods, as
farmer who is rearing them. Turkeys after maturity is costly. Page 5 well as the environment. Farming as
it is being practised at the moment in
Africa and elsewhere in the world, has
How you can reach The Organic Farmer led to the depletion of our soils and even
In order to improve our services, we have introduced a few changes in the biodiversity; it is also partly to blame
way we receive feedback from farmers. From now on, farmers should use the for climate change. Farmers can reverse
following contacts when sending their messages: this by adopting sustainable farming
SMS methods that help us to eat healthy food
All SMS should be sent to Tel. 0716 618 189 and protect the environment.
Calls In the last 4 years, we have increased
All calls should be directed to Tel. 0721 541 590 or 0738 390 715 the number of TOF copies from 10,000
Our landline number Tel. 020 445 03 98 remains unchanged. to 18,000 that are now being distributed
E-mail in Kenya and even in the neighbouring
E-mails are welcome, they should be addressed to: info@organickenya.org countries. The TOF radio programme
has enabled us to reach the rural popula-
Top-dressing tion, many of whom cannot read and
in this issue write. Apart from KBC, we are now
works faster on plants using vernacular FM radio stations
After planting, in the country to ensure the message
the big challenge reaches as many farmers as possible.
that follows for Our new Internet Information platform
the farmer is how and the infonet-biovision CD, enable
to maintain their farmers across the world to access the
crop healthy and magazine.
growing nor- All these achievements would not
mally. For farmers have been possible without the input of
who did not use enough fertilizer at scientists and experts in various fields
4 years with TOF Page 2 planting time, it is always wise to add
in agriculture who have availed their
Since 2005 Charles Munyari has research findings and are ready to share
foliar feed after 3 to 4 weeks. Instead of
distributed TOF in Subukia valley their experience with farmers. Our
buying expensive foliar feeds, farmers special thanks go to the Swiss Founda-
Prevent fodder wastage 4 can prepare their own using various
Urea can be used to improve tion BioVision, which has continued
plants that contain essential nutrients. to fund the production of the magazine
fodder quality Liquid manures and other foliar feeds
So many want biogas 8 since its inception in April 2005. We
are absorbed by plants 20 times faster look forward to BioVisions continued
Dozens of farmers have called than granular fertilizers and even well
ce
us asking for more information support.

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TOF P.O. Box 14352, Nairobi 00800, Tel: 020 44 50 398, 0721 541 590, 0738 390 715, Email: info@organickenya.org
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15
Nr. 47 April 2009
Charles Munyari, a tireless TOF distributor
Even after four years of distributing
TOF on foot, Mzee Charles Munyari
still likes his job
Felix Mbitu Murimi
At the second week of every month,
streams of farmers knock at my door
seeking to get a copy of The Organic
Farmer (TOF) magazine, says Mr.
Charles Munyari. What might look
like a complain is quickly translated
into a note of achievement and pride
when Mr. Munyari talks about his
experiences as TOF-distributor with
a lot of satisfaction.
Pushing groups ahead
Since the inception of TOF in 2005,
Charles Munyari, an organic farmer Charles Munyari, TOF distributor in Subukia valley, works on his compost. (Photo TOF)
in Subukia Valley, has been a success- other and eventually adopting organic Munyari is convinced that the future
ful distributor of TOF in his area. His farming, boasts the distributor. is bright for organic farmers in his
mode of distribution for the magazine Despite ensuring that the maga- area. His wish is summarised in a
is his legs or route 11 as it is popularly zine reaches farmers, over the years, proposal for a meeting of all organic
known. The energetic and focused Charles Munyari has helped in the farmers in the country. This forum, he
man (66) has defied limitations of his formation of farmers groups in his argues, would offer farmers a chance of
age, rough terrain and severe weather area. Through these groups, members sharing ideas and expertise on organic
conditions that are characteristic of this have been able to educate themselves farming, ecological balance and envi-
part of the Great Rift Valley to distrib- on various aspects of organic farming,
ute TOF to so many farmers groups ronmental protection. More to that,
sustainable agriculture and environ- farmers would have a chance to inter-
and schools. I feel happy when the mental management. I have learnt to
magazines reach the targeted people, act with their counterparts in looking
make compost, shifted form conven- for solutions to some of the challenges
quips Mr. Munyari. Furthermore, it tional to organic farming, and I will
is quite gratifying to see farmers dis- they face in organic farming.
never go back! declares the organic The answer to our question, on
cussing TOF articles, supporting each farmer with a distant look at his farm whether he will continue with the
The Organic Farmer is an independent that is an exhibit of his success in distribution of TOF comes very fast:
magazine for the Kenyan farming com- organic farming. Taking a walk around Of course! He shouts amidst some
munity. It promotes organic the farms in this area, it is evident that laughter. For me it is a good way
farming and supports dis- Charles Munyari is not the only one of meeting farmers and sharing with
cussions on all aspects of practicing organic farming but quite a them, he explains. I hope I can do
sustainable development. The number of farmers are. this for many years to come.
Organic Farmer is published Some challenges
monthly by icipe and distrib- At times, the activities of the organic
uted free of charge to farmers. The reports farmers in Subukia Valley suffer from
in the The Organic Farmer do not necessar- some setbacks. Firstly, the Agricultural
ily reflect the views of icipe. Extension Officers in the area, who
The Organic Farmer is sponsored by BioVi- visit farmers on their farms, tend to
sion, a Swiss-based foun- emphasize on conventional methods
dation for the promotion of of farming as opposed to the organic
www.biovision.ch
ones. This trend, regrets Charles
Munyari, might water down the efforts
TOF celebrates
Publisher African Insect Science for Food of farmers groups because such gov- fourth birthday
and Health (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 ernment officers are always seen as In April 2004, we launched your mag-
Nairobi, KENYA, Tel: +254 20 863 2000, having much authority and knowl- azine, The Organic Farmer. In view of
icipe@icipe.org, www.icipe.org edge. The only contradiction in this the commemoration of this event in
Editors Peter Kamau, Peter Baumgartner situation is that the same Agricultural April, we published a short series on
Secretariat Lucy W. Macharia Officers often ask for copies of TOF farmers groups in Subukia valley as
Layout In-A-Vision Systems, 0720419 584 and use them as reference material on an example of all the farmers groups
Advisory Board Nguya Maniania, icipe, farming. we are dealing with. How has TOF
Charles Kimani, farmer, Wangige, Joseph Unavailability of most of the organic influenced their farming methods and
Mureithi, KARI, Henry Kiara, ILRI, Christian farm inputs usually proposed by TOF their social life? And what is the expe-
Borgemeister, icipe, Sunday Ekesi, icipe is yet another hurdle that farmers in rience of Charles Munyari, a TOF
Address The Organic Farmer this area have to overcome. Finally, distributor since the inception of the
P.O. Box 14352, 00800 Nairobi, KENYA just as in any other area, farmers in magazine?
Tel: +254 20 445 03 98, Subukia Valley would wish that they In this third and last article on this
0721 541 590, 0738 390 715 have enough copies for each one of page, we feature the work of Charles
e-mail: info@organickenya.org, them every month. Munyari, TOF distributor and organic
www.organicfarmermagazine.org All these hurdles aside, Charles farmer from Subukia valley.
Nr. 47 April 2009
Turkeys bring profit and challenges

Before rearing turkeys farmers should
do correct timing to ensure there is a
ready market when the birds mature.
The Organic Farmer
Several farmers have requested us to
show them how to rear turkeys. Most
of them who are beginners often fail
to bring up young turkeys to maturity
because of lack of proper management.
It is important to note that turkeys
are the most delicate birds one can
rear. Young chicks are especially sus-
ceptible to cold weather conditions.
They should therefore be kept in warm
housing and be properly fed. Most
farmers lose all chicks within a few
weeks after hatching. Feeding is espe-
cially a challenge to farmers. Because
of their body size, turkeys need more
feed than chickens; therefore the farmer
should be able to provide them with John Mbuthia feeding his turkeys. The birds require extra care. (Photo TOF)
adequate feed and water to maintain mating for the entire egg laying period. vided with adequate feed and water.
their health and normal growth. It is The eggs hatch within 25-28 days. Adult turkeys should be kept sepa-
important to ensure that young chicks rately from other birds since they tend
are kept separately from their mother; Housing
if kept together, the mother often tram- Immediately after hatching, young to bully them and keep them away
ples on the young chicks and kills them turkeys (also called poults) should be from the feeders. Separating them also
in the process. To bring up turkeys suc- separated from their mother and put in stops cross-infection by diseases. Adult
cessfully, it is important to observe the a brooder (house for chicks), preferably turkeys should be kept in a fenced off
following management practices. where the temperature is controlled. area but a portion of the housing should
Farmers who have access to electricity be thatched to protect them from rain.
Breeding can use an electric heater to keep the In a homestead without trees, perches
Turkeys breed when they are about brooder warm. In rural areas where should be provided to ensure the birds
1 year old and can lay about 20 eggs there is no electricity, farmers can line stay in their natural surrounding.
before going broody (wanting to sit on the walls of the brooder with blankets Hygiene and disease control
their eggs). A hen makes its own nest or even sisal gunny bags to keep the Turkeys require a very clean environ-
but a farmer can make a nest in a well- chicks warm. They should stay in the ment. Their house should be cleaned
protected area. Turkeys only need one brooder for up to two weeks and pro- daily and all droppings removed; the
birds can eat their own waste which
Turkey farmer tried it and succeeded exposes them to diseases. Feeders and
Although he had no previous experi- An adult turkey would go for upto water troughs should be constantly
ence, John Mbuthia, a turkey farmer Ksh 1,500, sometimes I could sell more cleaned to keep them free from dis-
near Njoro town, had a burning ambi- than 100 at a go, in a year I could make eases. Young chicks are especially
tion to rear turkeys. So in the year 1992, upto Ksh 500,000, he says. To meet prone to diseases such as pneumonia
he started with a male and female the increasing demand, I was forced to and stomach infections.
turkeys on a trial basis, I did not even contract other farmers to rear turkeys Turkey farmers are advised to use
know how to feed or even house them, and I would buy from them whenever only treated water. Vaccination against
but I would observe their behaviour I got an order. However, demand diseases is also important since turkeys
and soon discovered a lot about them, for turkeys declined in 1998 following are also affected by the same diseases
he says. His first observation was that the terrorist attack on the American that attack chickens such as New
the young chicks were very vulnerable embassy when the number of tourists Castle disease. Without adequate water
to changes in weather. I realised that coming to the country declined. He turkeys are prone to choking and also
to keep them alive, I had to isolate and now rears a few turkeys for sale to suffer from hard stools which make
put them in a brooder where it was some of his regular customers and also bowel movement difficult.
warmer, he adds. Mbuthias turkeys buys from fellow turkey breeders. Feeding
multiplied fast; he bought more hens, Mbuthia advises farmers who wish Turkeys take the same type of feed
and within the next two years the to go into turkey rearing to identify as chickens. Feed for young turkeys
number had increased to 120 turkeys. potential markets first. One reason for should contain more proteins, prefer-
In a short while, he was a major sup- this is that turkeys are heavy feeders ably a protein content of 27 percent
plier of turkeys to many parts of the and should be disposed off, when they from birth to six weeks, this can be
country. His buyers included farmers, have attained the age of 4 to 6 months. reduced to 18 per cent as they grow
local and tourist hotels, expatriate fam- If kept longer, feeding costs will be older. If farmers use chick mash for
ilies in Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi and very high which is a loss to the farmer. feed, they should add a high protein
even Mombasa. They made orders For more advice, contact Mbuthia, Tel. source such as fishmeal. Turkeys reared
for Christmas and Thanksgiving days. 0723 340 475. TOF in free range reduce feed cost.
Nr. 47 April 2009
Urea can be used to improve fodder

A lot of fodder goes to waste because
It is very hard for the animals to chew
Mix the urea Urea technology
with water at the
urea can soften it. ratio of 1kg to
in fodder works
Julius Kangee is a farmers in Sagana.
20litres of water Sometime ago he wrote us a letter giving
The Organic Farmer
his experience on the use of urea:
Crop residues on the farm that are You mentioned the use of Urea in
given as fodder for livestock especially your last issue of TOF. This can assist
during the dry season are often wasted. our farmers during times of drought.
One of the reasons for this wastage is Our cows will survive the drought,
that the animals find it unpalatable, continue producing milk and be of
because the fibre in the residue is hard good health. I have used it since 2000
to chew. Some farmers, in an attempt to date without any poisoning as
to make the fodder soft, often apply many farmers fear. I am in an area
or immerse it in water. But a better where the dry spells are longer than
solution is to apply urea (the one that the wet ones. Fodder does not grow
farmers use as fertilizer). Urea espe- well without irrigation. I have been
cially combined with mollasses helps forced to use maize stalks and rice
to soften fodder, making it easy for the straws to feed my Holstein Friesian
animals to chew and to digest. In this Pour 1 bag of cows and Kenyan Alpine dairy goats.
article we fetaure various methods chopped stalks Both species are doing quite well. I
farmers can use to improve the quality into a lined pit. have excellent literature on the use
of their fodder by adding urea. of Urea.
Softening stovers I recommend that farmers in similar
Chop up dry old maize stalks or other environments adopt the use of urea
low quality straw, for instance old grass. for their livestock. Urea not only
Dig a pit and line it with plastic or use breaks the lignin in the maize stalks
the silage bags, then fill in the chopped and straws but also adds protein to
material. The recommended ratio for the low quality dry agricultural by-
treating the residue is 60 grams of products. Breaking lignin eases diges-
urea for every 1 kg of dry fodder. The tion hence boosting production and
water should be in the same ratio as good health. Interested farmers may
the fodder being treated; for example Pour an equal urea contact me through the address given
if you have 400 kg of maize stalks, use mixture onto the below:
400 litres of water and add 24 kg of chopped stalks. Julius Kangee P.O. Box 209, Sagana,
Cell, 0722 893 428 or 0736 111 801
urea (see the illustration on this page). Repeat these steps
After 3 weeks the chopped and treated of urea. Instead, you have to count as
until the pit is full or follows: 2.81 kg divided by 87 is equal
material will be much more palatable
to cows, goats, and all other animals. all the stalks has to 31g urea per cow.
In milking cows, it has been proved been treated. You can see how easy it is to over-
to boost milk production. There is no dose with such a small amount of urea.
danger of poisoning in this method, as One tablespoon contains about 15g,
the urea will have been absorbed by
the maize stalks and the straw, which
are now more accessible to the animals
as well as giving them energy.
It can be used on feeds too
Urea can also be mixed with other
animal feeds. But this should be done
carefully so as not to overdose the
animal. The farmer has to make sure
that not too much urea is used. The rec- Cover the pit with
ommendation is that urea should not polythene sheet. You so we are speaking of 2 tablespoons
be given in excess of 30% of digestible can use the fodder for every cow mixed with grains and
crude protein. after 3 weeks. supplemented by molasses in order
Let us take as an example a cow of to keep the rumen pH below 6. Cows
500 kg bodyweight. The cow feeding can gradually get used to a slightly
recommendations list requires 290g higher proportion of protein being fed
of DCP (digestible crude protein) per in the form of urea, but if a farmer
day. Not more than 30 percent of this values their cows it should be done
amount can be fed in form of urea, very slowly. The antidote for urea poi-
in our example this 30 percent are 87 soning is vinegar.
grams. But urea contains high concen- NOTE: All farmers should know that
trated DCP: 1 kg urea equals 2.81 kg if wrongly used, urea can actually kill
crude protein. This means that in order Source: More forage, more milk. Techni- a cow, so it is essential that farmers be
to supply your cow with 87g/day in the cal Handbook No. 33, World Agroforestry very careful when adding urea to the
form of urea, you can not just use 87g Centre, Nairobi 2005 feeds.
Nr. 47 April 2009
Your crops do well with organic dressings

Liquid manure are cheap; their
nutrients can be absorbed faster Useful plants for plant extracts
than those of other fertilizers.
To make Fermented Plant Extracts (FPE)
The Organic Farmer requires some effort, but they are easy to
produce, are cheap, and have a big impact.
One of the problems farmers are going Ingredients: 1 litre of molasses, 1 litre of EM1
to face after planting are nutrient defi- Get 4 kg of different plants which contain
ciencies in the soils which is a problem various nutritional and insecticidal proper-
to the crops. Nutrient deficiency is the ties e.g. stinging nettles, neem, African mari-
lack of essential nutrients that plants gold, Adams apple, tithonia, comfrey, onions,
need for healthy growth. Soils may lack moringa, blackjack, chilli, pyrethrum, lantana,
important nutrients due to a number garlic, tomato leaves or any other plant in your
of factors. One of these factors is sus- Tomato leaves Neem
area which can improve plant health.
tained mono-cropping. This happens Preparation: Mix the mollases with EM1 (you
when the same crop is grown on the can buy mollasses and EM1 in any agrovet
same piece of land year after year as is shop) and add 5 litres of water. Chop up the
the case with maize, in this way deplet- plants into small pieces and add to the jerry
ing particular nutrients from the soil, can. Fill the jerry can to the brim with water
reducing its fertility. and close completely to stop air from escaping
Another reason may be the problem (airtight). Let it remain in this state for up to 14
of increased rains. They wash away days.
the fertilizer that is used at the time Filter the solution after 14 days. Dilute it at a
of planting. Leaching is another chal- ratio of 1 litre FPE to 100 litres of water (1:100)
lenge, which occurs when the fertilizer African marigold and use as a spray. When using a knapsack Lantana
is driven deeper into the soil following sprayer it is important to filter the solutions
increased rains. This makes it difficult through a piece of cloth to ensure tiny particles
for plant roots to reach it. Due to the from the plants do not block the nozzles of the
recent increase in fertilizer prices and sprayer.
the present economic hardships, most Attention! Fermented plant extracts do not
farmers are not able to buy enough work in the same way as chemicals. To get the
fertilizer. What most farmers do is to desired results, the farmer has to spray the
use very little fertilizer during plant- crop more frequently, say, 2 to 3 times a week
ing or none at all. The result is that depending on the state of the crop including
the farmers will end up with very pest pressure. This ensures that the crop has
poor yields unless they take measures adequate nutrients and is protected from pests
to correct nutrient deficiencies early Stinging nettle and diseases. Comfrey
enough.
Apart from the nutrient deficiencies, the ability to control pests. Mix them to be diluted before use.
another major problem are pests which well for spraying on the desired crop.
attack the crop at this stage in their Advantages of foliar feeds
This can be done by making Fermented Liquid manures are in a more con-
growth. The pest pressure increases
Plant Extracts (FPE) as outlined below. centrated form than compost, so less in
normally in warm and wet weather
conditions. Liquid fertilizers volume and high in nutrients.
Farmers can overcome these prob- Liquid manures are a good source of In liquid form, nutrients are less
lems. There are many plants available foliar feed for top-dressing. They are likely to burn roots or foliage (leafs).
on the farm which can be used to prepared by soaking various manures, Any manure (goat, cow or poultry)
prepare plant extracts that contain both suitable plants or a mixture of the can be used to prepare liquid manure.
nutrients and insecticidal properties. two in a drum of water for 10 to 15 If there is no manure, various plants
To get the desired results, they should days. The nutrients are dissolved in rich in nutrients can be used (see box
select particular plants, some contain- the water. How to prepare 20 litres of FPE).
ing essential nutrients, others having The fresh plants or manure should Nutrients in plants become available
How to make liquid be collected in a sack and tied securely. after the plant has decomposed; with
The sack is then suspended from a liquid manure you do not have to wait
fertilizer or compost tea stick into the water in the drum (see because the nutrients are readily avail-
Cover with
lid or fly sketch). The quantity should be 30 to able.
wiremesh 50 kg of manure to 200 litres of water.
Move the stick up and down every 5 Tithonia, full of nitrogen
Pole to days to stir the mixture and quicken Tithonia is a common shrub that grows
suspend the release of nutrients. The solution wildly in most parts of the country. But
teabag
has a strong smell because the excess very few people know that it is one of
nitrogen turns to ammonia; therefore the most valuable plants on the farm.
Compost in it is important to cover the drum. Once
permeable Farmers will always uproot it when
bag the smell is gone, the liquid is ready found growing on the farm. Tithonia is
for use. The water also turns brown to one of the most important shrubs that
show the mixture is ready for use. The could change farming in the country
mixture is in concentrated form, it has because it is rich in minerals that can
continued on page 6
Nr. 47 April 2009
from page 5: Top dressing
improve soil fertility and improve crop 020 445 03 98 0721 541 590 0738 390 715
yields drastically. Tithonia contains 80
percent more phosphorus than beans I have discovered TOF Order your CD
or any other legume. It also has enough Habari zenu, I have just discovered
nitrogen and potassium to provide through a friend about your magazine,
plants with adequate amounts of these The Organic Farmer. I have read it and it
nutrients. Tithonia can therefore be is is very impressive. I am wondering
used to replace chemical fertilizers and if i can get all the past issues and also
give the same crop yield. Five tonnes to be in your monthly mailing list. I do
small-scale free range dairy keeping
and wish to convert to zero-grazing in
the near future.I have been specifically
impressed by the topic Feeding and
housing a dairy cow.
John Kipkorir Koech, P.O.Box 806,
20406, Sotik, Tel. 0722897098
I want to go organic New CD is ready
We are a small growing group by Farmers, would you like to share the
name Mwimenyi Nutrition Self-Help experience of more than 200 agrono-
Group in Mutira location, Kirinyaga mists and 480 books on agriculture?
district doing nature agriculture on our This is what you will get if you buy the
coffee farms under Mt. Kenya Nature new Infonet-Biovision CD that has just
Agriculture. I came across one of your been released. The updated version
issues and it was very informative and now has all information on animal
of green tithonia foliage put into one I am interested in becoming an organic and plant health, disease and pest
hectare of land is equal to 159 kg of farmer, may you kindly send us The control as well as human and envi-
nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphorus, 161 kg Organic Farmer magazines. ronmental health. It is easy to open
of potassium, 18 kg of calcium and Daniel Munene Karubiu, P.O Box 81, and read from any computer with a
22 kg of magnesium. When making Kerugoya CD-ROM drive (NOT with a VCD or
compost, farmers can mix freshly cut ordinary video CD player). Interested
tithonia leafs with dry plant material We need full addresses farmers can send airtime worth Ksh.
to produce very high quality organic We receive many questions from 200, either through our Safaricom line
fertilizer. They can also cut and work it farmers every month. Many farmers - 0721 541 590 or Zain 0738 390 715 and
into the soil. may not be aware that we have fea- SMS us your full postal address. We
How to make tithonia foliar feed tured some of the issues they want us will send the CD by registered post.
Chop tithonia leafs and branches into to answer. To assist such farmers in All the farmers who bought the earlier
small pieces and soak in water at a ratio a better way, we would request them version will receive the new CD free
of 1 part in 4 parts water. Let it stand in to give us their full address including of charge.
a tightly covered container for 7 days.
Apply within 5 days, diluting it with
telephone numbers. If we have their TOF will improve
contact details, it is easier to send
equal amounts of water and spread at
you copies of the magazine which will
farming methods
the root base of the target crops. I am a student from Baraka college now
give the relevant information. For those out for my attachment, your monthly
Advantages of tithonia farmers with access to a computer,
Tithonia is rich in nutrients. magazine about organic farming has
It grows fast to supply quality mate- a good source of information is the really helped me as far as the course I
rial throughout the season. new infonet-biovision CD, it contains am taking is concerned. The few copies
It has ability to regrow after cutting comprehensive information on human, I got have been taken by the farmers
which ensures continuous supply of plant and animal health and even the in my area where by they are asking
vegetation. It grows wildly, so farmers environment. Most of the problems for more. The farmers told me that the
do not have to tend it like other trees that face farmers are addressed in the magazine had helped them a lot.
and shrubs. new CD. Patita M. Shunkur, Box 81, Ololulunga
It decomposes very fast because of
its succulent tissue.
It is easy to handle and cut.
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
Return this completed form to TOF, PO Box 14352 00800 Nairobi or info@organickenya.com
It grows vegetatively (through stem
cuttings) which makes its establish- Registration type:
ment easier. Name: Individual farmer
Goats like it as fodder. Postal Address: Code: Farmer Group
Tithonia attracts beneficial insects
Town: District Women Group
such as bees and wasps, which assist
in cross-pollination. Youth Group
Province:
When fully grown, it can form a College
thick hedge. Tithonia allows other Registration No.: School
plants near the hedge to grow without Number of active Members: Church Group
interference. Extension Officer
Chairpersons Name:
It contributes to beauty in your NGO
garden with its nice flowers. Chairpersons Tel.:
CBO
Nr. 47 April 2009
Pumpkins are an important crop ...answers in brief
I am a farmer in Lutacho. What can I Ornamental fish
do to get high pumpkin yields? I also I would like to get more information
want to know if there is any mush- on rearing ornamental fish.
room training centre in Western Kenya. William Kiama is an experienced
Benard Khaemba Kakai. ornamental fish farmer in Sagana who
can give you more information on this
Pumpkins belong to a family of plants area. Call him on Tel. 0722 899 904.
called cucurbits. They are one of the Cow for sale
most important crops in this family I have a dairy cow for quick sale. Inter-
because they can be stored for several ested farmers can call me on Tel.0724
months and can withstand transporta- 210 474
tion hustles without getting damaged.
To get good yields, the land on which Rabbits in Nyandarua
they are to be planted should be pre- I am a farmer in Southern Nyandarua.
pared early in the season preferably Where can I get hybrid rabbits for
around January and hills made. Plant breeding? Tel. 0724 210 474
2 seeds on the hill at a spacing of 2.4-3 To get hybrid rabbits please call
m between the rows and 1.2-18 cm Godfrey Gichuhi, Karatina (Tel.0720
between the plants. Add 1 debe of 406 195), he will assist you. You can
well-composted manure per planting A pumpkin can stay for up to 6 months also read our articles on rabbit keeping
hill together with any other organic fer- if stored in a cool dry place. (TOF Nr. 26 July 2007 and Nr. 42
tilizer such as rock phosphate during Mushroom production November 2008)
the planting time. Cover the seeds Regarding your second question,
with 3 cm of soil. Weeding should be training on mushroom production
done from the time the plants sprout is very technical and would require
until the vines spread and cover the people who have extensive experi-
soil. Organic plant teas such as titho- ence. Many farmers who have tried
nia together with other plant extracts to do mushroom production without
(see page 3) should be applied regu- proper training have ended up failing.
larly to the crop to maintain a healthy We would advise you to get proper
growth. The farmer should add more training from a competent institu-
soil to the hills as the plants grow to tion. The Jomo Kenyatta University of
ensure roots are well covered by the Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)
soil. Pumpkins are usually ready in has an outreach training programme
3 to 4 months after sowing. Harvest for farmers. The institution charges a
the fruits when they are fully mature minimal fee if farmers are trained as a and rabbits in Kitui
and have changed colour to orange or group. The trainers will visit and train I want to start rabbit keeping. Where
yellow and the skin has become hard. you in your village. can I get them in Kitui? I want the
At this stage the fruit sounds hollow Mobilise other interested farmers in New Zealand White. Gabriel, Tel. 0727
when slapped by hand. Leave about your area and contact the institution on 237 502
2.5 cm of leaf on the fruit for handling. Tel. 067 52420, 0721 167 244. Just talk to your Divisional Livestock
Extension Officer to identify any
How can I get good quality seeds? farmer near you, who could be rearing
rabbits. You can also call Godfrey
I do not know the right type of seeds has launched an information service Gichuhi on the contact given above.
small-scale farmers can buy as we for farmers who want to know the He may be of assistance to you.
await the onset of the rains. Fake right varieties for their regions. Just Writing for TOF
seeds have led to crop failure among write an SMS in the following format: How can I submit an article for publi-
many farmers because we rush to buy maize/ name of your division then cation in your magazine?
without seeking for advice. Tel 0722 send the SMS to 2964 through your Just write the article and send to: The
066 250. safaricom, Zain or Telkom lines. If the Editor, The Organic Farmer Magazine,
response shows that your division is P.O.Box 14352, 00800. You can also
Selection of the right seeds is a major not in their data base, you can call or e-mail the article to us at info@organ-
weakness among farmers. Every SMS KEPHIS personnel and give them ickenya.org.
hybrid seed devel- your details. You can
oped is suitable for contact them on the Seedlings for planting
a particular climatic following numbers- Where can I get seedlings and seeds
region in the country. Tel 0722 516 221 or for the following: Moringa, Tissue
Farmers are advised 0733 874 274. Also culture bamboo and muiri indigenous
to seek for advice read TOF Nrs.45 and trees?
from agricultural 33 of March 2009 and The Kenya Forestry Research Insti-
extension officers in February 2008 respec- tute ( KEFRI) Muguga and their out-
their regions before tively). The two issues stations produce various tree seed
buying maize seeds. have a lot of informa- varieties for sale to farmers and other
The Kenya Plant tion on maize varieties interested institutions. Call William
Health Inspectorate and areas where they Mucheke on Tel. 0722 801 539, he will
Service (KEPHIS) can do well. TOF assist you.
Nr. 47 April 2009
Good opportunities
Huge interest for biogas units for organic farming
Our article on biogas (TOF Nr.45 Febru-
Organic farming offers Africa the
ary 2009) has attracted a lot of interest
best chance of breaking the cycle
from farmers. We have received dozens of
of poverty and malnutrition it
calls, SMS and even e-mails from farmers
has been locked in for decades,
who want to put their own units in their
according to a major study from
farms. Erastus Kiruiro, the KARI scientist
the United Nations. The head
who is training farmers on the new biogas
of the UNs Environment Pro-
technology, was also overwhelmed by
gramme, Achim Steiner, said
calls from interested farmers across the
the report indicates that the
country (Erastus allowed us to give his
potential contribution of organic
phone contact to farmers in our article).
farming to feeding the world
The response shows that farmers are
maybe far higher than many
eager to embrace appropriate technology
had supposed.
especially if it addresses critical areas
The research conducted by the
that affect them such as energy, and if
own units can get in touch with Kiruiro UN Environment Programme
this technology is affordable. A group of
(Tel 0722 30 38 81). He is willing to offer suggests that organic, small-
farmers in Kakamega even went ahead
advice but the farmers should be able to scale farming can deliver the
and put up their own units following the
meet his transport costs and cost of mate- increased yields which were
instructions we gave them in the article.
thought to be the preserve of
Any farmer group willing to put up their rials to be used for the units.
industrial farming, without
the environmental and social
Trap the condensed water in the gas pipe damage which this form of agri-
culture brings with it.
According to the feedback from An analysis of 114 projects in
farmers, we have noted another
problem with farmers who are making
1 Digester on lower
24 African countries found that
yields had more than doubled
ground than the
their own biogas units. Biogas carries where organic, or near-organic
house.
wit it some vapour that condenses practices had been used. That
inside the gas pipe during cold times Inlet increase in yield jumped to 128
(especially at night or during cold per cent in East Africa.
weather). If this water is not trapped in The study found that organic
a container, it will block the gas from Water trap bottle at practices outperformed tradi-
flowing to the kitchen, hence the gas the lowest point of tional methods and chemical-in-
is blocked by the water from reaching the gas pipe. tensive conventional farming. It
the kitchen. To solve this problem, also found strong environmen-
farmers can fix a bottle at the lowest tal benefits such as improved
part of the pipe. All they need is a Outlet soil fertility, better retention of
T-junction for the pipe and a trans- water and resistance to drought.
parent water bottle, as the sketches And the research highlighted
shown In this page illustrate. Digester on higher the role that learning organic
The water trap should preferably 2 ground than the Inlet practices could have in improv-
be a transparent plastic bottle (3 or 5 house. ing local education. Promoters
litre jerry can) so that one can see the of GM foods insist that a tech-
level of the water. If the lowest point nological fix is needed to feed
of the gas pipe is near the kitchen the world. But this form of agri-
(sketch 1), this is the point to fix the culture requires cash to buy the
water bottle. On the other hand, if the patented seeds and herbicides
lowest point is near the digester, then both at record high prices cur-
the bottle should be installed about a Bottle at the lowest rently needed to grow GM
metre away from the digester (sketch point of the gas pipe. Outlet crops.
2). A T-junction should be fitted at Regional farming experts have
the point where you decide to install long called for good farming,
Water trap bottle
the bottle. At the same time, a 12 cm Gas pipe rather than exclusively GM
long pipe, fixed into the T- junction, T-junction or organic. Better seeds, crop
should lead into the bottle that is rotation, irrigation and access
half-filled with water (sketch 3). The to markets all help farmers.
end of this pipe has always to be in Water bottle Organic certification in devel-
the water. This stops the gas from oped countries still presents a
Pipe for condensed high barrier to most African
escaping. If the condensed water fills
the bottle, it will overflow and the water exporters, the report points
pipe will always allow the gas to flow Water out. It calls for greater access to
uninterrupted from the digester to 3 markets so farmers from devel-
the kitchen. oping countries can get the best
prices for their products. TOF
Nr. 58 March 2010
Armyworms The World Bank, as you may know, has

Armyworms in the past failed to reverse the poverty
invaded farms situation in African countries with its
in parts of the
strict lending conditions and policies.
On the other hand, the World Bank is a
country follow- keen observer of the economic situation
ing heavy rains in Africa and the rest of the world.
in December In a report released in December
and January. 2009, the World Bank looks at the food
Farmers can crisis in Kenya 2008 and 2009. As you
use organic know, in November 2008 the Govern-
methods to ment introduced a generalized maize
control them subsidy scheme to help millers and
instead of using traders sell maize at a subsidized price.
chemicals. It was a total failure. According to the
Page 8 World Bank, the Kenyan public lost an
estimated sum of Ksh 23.4 billion in
subsidies and taxes while corrupt gov-
Milk problems at a very wrong time ernment officials pocketed these funds.
According to the World Bank docu-
Milk processors claim their capacity increase their capacity in the last 4 ment approximately 60 percent of all
is already overstretched. years. farming households in Kenya are net
TOF The regeneration of pasture after Lack of forward planning seems to buyers of food, meaning that they buy
the good rains in December 2009 and be the main problem. The scenes we more maize than they sell. Therefore the
January this year has led to increased have witnessed of farmers disposing Bank is against the high pricing policy
milk production. But the local milk of milk is very sad. This is happening of the National Cereals and Produce
processing companies are unable to exactly at a time when the dairy indus- Board and concludes: The current
buy and process the excess milk; so try was just beginning to recover from maize production structure is in such
farmers cannot sell all their milk. As a the effects of post-election violence two a way that only 2 per cent of maize
result the retail prices have gone down years ago. Farmers should now look for farmers account for over 50 per cent
by between Ksh 35 a litre. Although ways to sell their milk in the informal of the sales. This supports the view
the consumers are happy about this sector or even do value addition as we that expenditures on the development
situation, farmers are counting losses. have explained elsewhere in this issue. and dissemination of improved agricul-
The cause of this situation is the fact The New KCC should work much tural technology, provision of credit for
that the New KCC, the largest and the more aggressively to expand its opera- small farms, and investments in rural
only milk processor with the capac- tional capacity and reclaim its former infrastructure would more directly
ity to make powdered milk and Ultra export markets that it lost due to lack of benefit small-holder farmers and con-
Heat Treated (UHT) milk is unable adequate supplies. It can also explore tribute more to rural poverty reduction
to process the surplus milk. They other markets within the region to save than the current maize producer price
have been talking about expansion to our dairy industry. Page 2 support.
We agree with this opinion. For
Tired soils cannot give good yields several years now, your magazine, The
Organic Farmer, has been looking for
In Latin America, the indigenous pop- and respect to the soil which produces ways to give access to credit for small-
ulation has an interesting habit when everything that humans need to live. scale farmers. We can only repeat what
they drink a cup of milk or a glass of Agriculture would be much better we have been saying so many times on
beer: Before they take the first sip they off if we would have more respect for this page: It is time that the small-scale
pour a little bit on the soil somehow as the soil and would take more care of farmers take their fate in their own
a sacrifice to pachamamma, the mother it. After relying on chemical fertilizers
for more than 40 years, the soil is tired,
hands.
earth. With this habit they pay tribute They have the opportunities in
the crop yields have started declining
despite the use of increased amounts
forming farmers groups, in working
of fertilizers.
together, in assisting each other, in
Goat marketing 2 Organic inputs available selling their products as a group instead
There is a good but unexploited of being misused by middlemen, in
market for goat meat. The only way out is to improve the soil crop diversification and in the care of
structure with organic matter such as the soil as we describe on page 3. This
Animal health 5 farmyard manure, green legumes and allows you to produce more. Together
Retained placenta can reduce milk crop residues. More over, there are new with the other above mentioned mea-
production. organic products in the market that sures, a higher crop production is the
farmers without adequate amounts of basic factor needed for your improve-
Apple production 7 organic matter can use to increase their
It is possible to grow apples in Kenya. soilss productivity. Page 5 ment.
dio
FRa
TO
Nr. 58 March 2010
Why not try homemade yoghurt?

Many farmers are asking us for starter of 150 g will be enough for up
a yoghurt recipe. With good reason: to 2 litres of milk.
it is good and easy to make some. 5. Pour the mixture into the clean con-
tainer you prepared for incubation.
The Organic Farmer Cover it and keep it warm to encour-
age bacteria growth (as close to 42C
Homemade natural yoghurt is deli- as possible).
cious at any time of the day, as a light If you do not have an easy-to-regulate
addition to breakfast, or as a healthy oven, do it this way: Put the container
dessert mixed with fruit and honey into a bigger cooking pan filled with
later in the day. When eating yoghurt, warm water. If the water temperature
you also benefit from the friendly bac- goes below body temperature, place
teria which help to boost your diges- the cooking pan with the water nearer
tion. to the fire. Again, make sure the water
Homemade yoghurt is more nutri- does not get too warm.
tious than ready-made yoghurt, yet it If you do not have time to look after
is easy and satisfying to make even in the yoghurt pot for hours, wrap the
small quantities at home and without a covered container tightly with thick
commercial yoghurt maker which has warm blankets from all sides, also on
an electrically heated base. top. Leave it undisturbed for several
What you need carefully and rinse it with boiling water hours.
Ingredients before use 6. Control it for 4 to 5 hours; if you wait

- too long, the yoghurt may get too sour

mometer and you might not like it. Leave it until
fruits or flavours) as starter, or special it has become thick.
How to make yoghurt 7. The yoghurt will last for up to one
yoghurt starter cultures 1. Heat the milk to 85C or near to week if you refrigerate it. If you can not
Equipment Required boiling. Be sure to monitor the milk cool it, you should consume it within

constantly, stirring all the while. If you one day.

do not have a thermometer, 85C is 8. Add fruits and sugar according to
the fermenting yoghurt warm for incu- the temperature at which milk starts availability and your taste.
bation. It should have a lid. Do not use to froth.
aluminium, but pottery, glass, stainless 2. Remove it from the heat and allow
steel, or plastic. Clean this container it to cool to approximately 45C. A cold Starter Culture
water bath will quickly and evenly Let us make a few comments about
lower the temperature and requires the starter. You may use some of your
The Organic Farmer PZ HU PUKLWLUKLU[ homemade yoghurt as a starter to
only occasional stirring. At 45C, the
THNHaPUL MVY [OL 2LU`HU MHYTPUN JVT make your next batch. But it is not pos-
pot will feel warm and slightly over
T\UP[` 0[ WYVTV[LZ VYNHUPJ sible to do this more than a few times
body temperature. Avoid temperatures
MHYTPUN HUK Z\WWVY[Z KPZ since the bacteria will deteriorate. It is
above 45C at all times, as this will kill
J\ZZPVUZ VU HSS HZWLJ[Z VM recommended to use fresh plain store
the yoghurt bacteria.
Z\Z[HPUHISL KL]LSVWTLU[ bought yoghurt to start each batch, or
3. While you are waiting for the milk to
The Organic Farmer PZ W\I to buy special yoghurt starter cultures
cool, let the starter yoghurt sit at room
SPZOLK TVU[OS` I` PJPWL HUK if you chose to make yoghurt regularly
temperature. This will prevent it from
KPZ[YPI\[LK MYLL VM JOHYNL [V MHYTLYZ ;OL and in larger quantities. Distributor
being too cold when you add it to the
YLWVY[Z PU [OL The Organic Farmer KV UV[ for yoghurt starter cultures: Promaco
milk.
ULJLZZHYPS`YLMSLJ[[OL]PL^ZVMPJPWL Ltd, Tel: 883586/884576; Location: No.
4. Add the starter yoghurt or the starter
The Organic FarmerPZZWVUZVYLKI`)PV=P 115 Windy Ridge, Karen; they also sell
cultures (see box) and stir well, if pos-
ZPVU H :^PZZIHZLK MV\UKH[PVU flavours and colours.
sible with a wire whisk. A yoghurt
KL]LSVWTLU[^^ÎPV]PZPVUJO
7\ISPZOLY (MYPJHU 0UZLJ[ :JPLUJL
Other delicious products made from milk
Apart from yoghurt there are many vanilla, strawberry or mangoes into
more products that can be made from milk and colour before whipping the
5HPYVIP 2,5@( ;LS!
milk and its by-products in this way mixture in a blender until it produces a

adding value to your milk. froth. It is then sweetened and stored in
Sour milk (mala) : Mala or Maziwa lala a refrigerator. No culture is added.
is sour milk made from milk by adding Home-made ice cream: Ice-cream is
:LJYL[HYPH[3\J`>4HJOHYPH
lactic bacteria, which is active at tem- another high value product that can
3H`V\[0U(=PZPVU:`Z[LTZ
peratures of between 25-35C (or room be made from milk. When the milk is
temperature for those who do not have boiling, fetch one cup and let it cool,
*OHYSLZ 2PTHUP MHYTLY >HUNPNL 1VZLWO
a thermometer). When making mala, then mix with custard while stirring
the choice of the right starter culture is until it forms a smooth paste. Mix the
)VYNLTLPZ[LYPJPWL:\UKH`,RLZPPJPWL
important because cultures affect the paste with the boiling milk and con-
(KKYLZZThe Organic Farmer
taste, texture and consistency of the tinue stirring until it thickens like por-
76)V_5HPYVIP2,5@(
product. ridge. Remove from the fire and add
;LS!
Milk-shake: This is a sweet-cold bev- sugar to sweeten it. Flavour it with the
PUMV'VYNHUPJRLU`HVYN
erage made from milk. Milk shake is desired flavour. Pack in ice-cream cups
^^^VYNHUPJMHYTLYTHNHaPULVYN
made by adding fruit flavours such as and refrigerate immediately.
Nr. 58 March 2010
Marketing goat meat: what you need to know
Prices of meat goats are
influenced by many factors, most of
which a farmer has control over.
By John Cheburet
Meat goat production is one of the
oldest farming practices in Kenya.
Communities in rural areas have kept
goats for subsistence and for slaughter
during traditional festivities. Goat milk
is highly nutritious and supplements
cow milk in most households, espe-
cially during the dry season. This has
given the goat an almost guaranteed
presence in every family farm. Never-
theless, the development of goat meat
production has largely remained infe-
rior compared to beef production.
The big question for many farmers is
how they can fetch better prices than
they are presently making. Mr Frank
Chesingei, a goat trader in Mogotio
says that a thorough understanding of
the economics around goat meat pro-
duction and awareness of the market Goats can bring good income if farmers understand their production and market.
dynamics is important for people who
raise meat goats and want to make meat and more meat means money. A is animals for breeding stock. More
more money from the enterprise. This random sampling of customer pref- farmers are becoming aware of the
includes knowing what characteristics erences in major towns reveals that need to improve the quality of their
buyers look for in live-goats and the consumers prefer meat that is tender animals. This is evidenced by the
qualities consumers look for in goat - easy to chew, with less fatty tissues. number of farmers making inquiries
meat. Tenderness is a very important factor about breeding practices at the animal
when it comes to meat quality. Factors sections of agriculture shows country-
Valuable tips that influence tenderness are: the ani- wide. Raising animals with superior
Market: Begin with the market in mals age at slaughter, the amount of characteristics will give you an edge
mind. This could be local butcheries, fat and connective tissue. Goats meat in this growing niche for improved
hotels, schools, restaurants in major is tender when the animals are slaugh- and better animals. However, breeders
towns or supermarkets. It is a wide tered between 5-8 months of age. should strive to ensure high standards
market but that depends on the quality Demand: There is high demand for and consistent quality.
and quantity of goat meat. With that meat during the Christian and Muslim Marketing: There is more clout in
information, you then devise a breed- festivities; Easter, Christmas, Rama- numbers. Farmers keen on far and
ing plan that will enable you to meet dhan, Eid-Ul-Fitr, Eid-Ul-Adha and bigger markets like Kenya Meat Com-
the demand of the market segment you New Year. These festivities are never mission (KMC) can organize in coop-
are targeting complete without goat meat to feed eratives or informal marketing groups.
Middlemen: Farmers fetch the best family and guests. Time the kidding of Such groups cut transport costs and
prices for their sheep and goats when your animals such that they are ready enable consistency in the number of
they sell directly from the farm to the for sale during these high seasons. animals supplied by pooling animals
consumers. If you cannot sell directly For instance, if you plan to sell kids attogether. With such a group marketing
to the consumer, then, sell to the butch- 4-5 months, then the does should be strategy, farmers can invite buyers to
ery. The bottom line is to try as much served 9-10 months before the time of the farm, in the process eliminating the
as possible to eliminate the middleman sale. risks and costs associated with trans-
because the more the middlemen in the Breeding: Animals for breeding pur- portation. Though it can be time con-
marketing chain, the less the money for poses are more expensive than animals suming, this approach could be highly
the farmer. for slaughter. One of the emerging beneficial to farmers.
Meat quality: More muscle means more market niches for meat goats in Kenya Contact the Kenya Stud Book
Nutrient composition of goat and other types of meat (per 100g of cooked meat) If you are interested in raising goats
for meat or for breeding or a combina-
Nutrient Goat Chicken Beef Pork Lamb tion of the two, meat goats and goat
Calories 122 162 179 180 175 meats are here to stay. The market is
Fat (g) 2.6 6.3 7.9 8.2 8.1 expanding. With a market in mind,
Saturated Fat (g) 0.79 1.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 good breeding practices are essen-
Protein (g) 23 25 25 25 24 tial; selection, cross-breeding, proper
Cholesterol (mg) 63.8 76.0 73.1 73.1 78.2 record keeping and interested farmers
can register their pure or cross breeds
Goat meat offers more nutritional value, greater health benefits, and is an ideal and also get breeding guidelines from
choice to be considered as the other red meat. As the health benefits of goat meat The Kenya Stud Book based at Nakuru
becomes more widely known, the demand will continue to increase. show grounds. Tel: 051 221 69 96. TOF
Nr. 58 March 2010
Causes of retained placenta in dairy cows

Retained placenta after giving birth,
if not treated properly,
can weaken or kill your cow
William Ayako
Retained placenta is one of the com-
plications associated with delivery in
dairy cows and other livestock species
such as pigs, goats, sheep, horses and
donkeys. Under normal circumstances,
the placenta should be expelled within
24 hours of giving birth, especially in
dairy cows. There is reduced uterine
contraction (the reduced force to push
it out) 24 hours after calving, which
results in retained placenta. It may
take several days before the placenta
attachment to the uterus decomposes
to allow it to drop.
In a herd of dairy cows, cases of
retained placenta should not exceed
10% of all calving cows; figures above
that indicate that there is a serious
problem within the herd. A farmer After delivery observe carefully to ensure that the cow drops the placenta (TOF)
with one cow may experience the #

! the cow.
problem of retained placenta after his the uterus becomes weak, causing

cow has calved up to ten times. The retained afterbirth. through the birth canal into the uterus
condition is easy to recognize since part
!
to stop infection.
of the placenta can be seen hanging muscle power can weaken the animal $
!

from the birth canal after a cow gives and reduce its ability to push out or and the presence of a large volume of
birth. In some cases, the whole pla- expel the placenta. stinking fluid, a veterinary surgeon
centa may remain inside the uterus $ !
may drain the uterus using a length of
thereby making it difficult to notice uterus after the calf has been delivered. tubing with warm saline water.
the problem. However, a keen farmer $
=
> -
who observes their cow well during infection of the placenta that may able antibiotic may help the animal to
calving would know that the cow has cause inflammation and hence delay recover quickly.
not dropped the placenta. or reduced chances of placental sepa- @
!
!

Danger posed by retained placenta ration and expulsion. It is important recording of all calvings would assist
In dairy cows, retained placenta may to note that it is unnecessary to assist a the farmers to establish the cause of
be the cause of serious economic loss calving cow before it is confirmed that high incidences of retained afterbirth in
to the farmers due to the following the cow cannot give birth on its own. their animal herds.
reasons: &
'*
-

ciency may lead to reduced muscle
develop bacterial infection and become power in the uterus during calving. Dairy cow
ill and thus reduce production. Some +

management after birth

may even die. feeding, liver flukes and copper defi- Apart from the problem of retained

- ciency may lead to general weakness placenta, dairy cows that have just
centa is unfit for human consumption and hence retained placenta. given birth could develop infections.
and therefore cannot be sold. Treatment requires a qualified vet About 90 per cent of the animals
The fertility of dairy cows is affected A farmer should always bear in mind have some form of bacterial infec-
when most cows in the herd suffer that the uterus should always be tions during the first week of delivery.
from retained placenta. This causes a hygienic since it is the house of a Some animals with a strong immune
direct loss to the farmer due to delayed future calf and determines the future system can resist bacterial infections
calving leading to a lengthy period milk yield. Therefore whenever there of the uterus after delivery. Others
between births (calving intervals) and is a problem of retained afterbirth, the require antibiotic treatment.
hence low milk production. It is unhy- affected cow should be attended to by Although the use of antibiotics can
gienic to milk a cow with a decompos- a qualified veterinary doctor. solve the problem in some animals,
ing afterbirth hanging on it. < !
! studies show that some animals can
Causes of retained placenta then administers the right treatment. still overcome the problem without
The problem is caused by the following When removing the placenta, care treatment through proper diets
factors: should be taken not to tear the placenta that restore their health. Milk from

!" or leave pieces in the uterus. Most vets animals under treatment should not
The birth may occur normal but the would leave the animal for three to be consumed for a period of upto 72
placenta may not detatch itself from four days without treatment to allow hours. Some antibiotics such as oxy-
the uterus lining thereby causing the the placenta to decompose. However, tetracycline can persist in the animals
problem of retained afterbirth. this would depend on the health of body for longer periods. TOF
Nr. 58 March 2010
Organic fertilizers maintain soils health

Organic farming opens many ways
to restore soil fertility and to improve
income for small-scale farmers.
The Organic Farmer
It is now a common experience by
almost all farmers that crop yields are
declining every year. This is so despite
the use of all the required inputs, such
as certified seed and chemical fertil-
izers in adequate and recommended
amounts. There are many reasons for
this development. Unfortunately, most
farmers do not even know how to
identify the problem: They lack facili-
ties (or cash) for soil tests and technical
advice.
The only solution for farmers is to
restore soil fertility according to the
organic farmers slogan: Feed the soil Fertile soils bring good crop yields and income for the farmer (Photo PR)
to feed the plants. There are various
organic methods which we have often '
before planting, they raise the humus
emphasized in past TOF-issues. plant extracts such as that made from levels of the soil rapidly. If you inter-
Tithonia provide nutrients that can plant a leguminous cover crop like
Manures be applied in diluted form to growing pigeon pea, lablab, or sun hemp (cro-
Farmyard and liquid manures are a plants. These can effectively meet the talaria) into the main crop of the previ-
good source of nutrients for all crops. nutrient requirements of any crop and ous season, the subsequent crop will
can be used to replace chemical fertiliz- profit from the nitrogen, phosphorus,
ers, in the long term. Farmers can also potassium, and other nutrients accu-
make Fermented Plant Extracts (FPE). mulated by the legume. Leave it to
Plants with various nutritional values grow in the field after harvesting time,
such as stinging nettles, neem, comfrey even during the dry season, and slash
etc, are mixed with EM1 and molasses it and incorporate the residues into the
to make a solution. It can be applied topsoil about one to two weeks before
on crops to feed and protect them from planting. This can have the same effect
diseases and pests (See TOF Nr. 24 May as the addition of 10 to 20 tonnes per
2007). acre of farmyard manure.
Cover crops and green manures Tithonia
Green manures are crops planted Tithonia is a very good source of nutri-
for the purpose of soil improvement. ents that does not cost the farmer any-
A soil test kit, unfortunately it is not avai- When they are slashed and incorpo- thing. Tithonia is a quick source of
lable locally (Photo PR) rated into the soil or left as mulch Continued on page 6
Environmentally-friendly products for soil improvement

There are organic products in the market which can improve Humic and fulvic acids can be used in combination with
soil quality very fast while reducing acidity. Most agrovet both organic and chemical fertilizers to improve nutrient
shops in major towns stock these products: uptake by plants. Humic acid is available in the shops under
Humic and fulvic acids different brand names; one of them is Humax. A 500 g pack
Humic and fulvic acids (also called humates) are effective in of Humax goes for Ksh 1,500, enough to make 200 litres of
improving the quality of all types of soils which do not contain solution that can be applied on 3,000 plants.
adequate amounts of organic matter. Humic substances deter- Black majik or black earth
mine the structure and the fertility of the soil; they are Black majik and black earth contain three compounds,
formed when organic matter such as crop residues or farm humates, potassium and ulmic acid. It reduces the acidifying
yard manure decomposes. The two acids are extracted and effect of chemical fertilizers in soils, in the process increasing
processed in highly concentrated form and sold to farmers the effectiveness of fertilizers in promoting plant growth. 1
who do not have adequate compost or farmyard manure for kg of Black majik costs Ksh 300. Farmers can mix 50 grams
application. of Black majik or Black earth in 20 litres of water and spray it
Humic substances store nutrients and stimulate soil micro- directly into the soil or planting holes.
organisms which are important for nutrient release from Earthlee
organic matter. They increase assimilation of all plant nutri- This is a compound containing 80 per cent humus and
ents that would otherwise be washed out or locked up in the carbon. It reduces the need to use large amounts of organic
soil. Humic and fulvic acids allow improved water retention manure for farmers who do not have it at the time of planting.
which is especially important in sandy soils, and deeper root Farmers who are using chemical fertilizers are advised to mix
development. They allow the easy penetration of nutrients 1 kg of earthlee or Black majik with 50 kg bag of DAP, CAN
and water into plant roots. Therefore, humates are not fertil- or NPK to reduce the acidic effects of these fertilizers on the
izers; they only improve the absorption of plant nutrients and soil. 1 kg costs Ksh 500. TOF
soil structure.
Nr. 58 March 2010
from page 5
Soil
020 445 03 98 0717 551 129 0738 390 715
nutrients including nitrogen that fast
growing crops require, for instance
sukumawiki. There are many tithonia
Fruit drying centres set up in Western Kenya
bushes, even by the roadsides. Use it As part of MATFs Fresh Fruit Process- More farmers to benefit
in high-value-crops and plant Tithonia ing Project, fruit drying centres opened The 600 farmers involved in the project
along your field borders to have it near for business last month and are now will also take part in field days and
the place where it is needed. Tithonia fully operational in three districts in local exchanges where they will pass
can give you the same crop yield as West Kenya. on the fruit drying and marketing skills
you would get when using chemical Small-scale fruit farming is a key they have learnt to other farmers. As
fertilizers - and at no cost! economic activity in West Kenya. a result, the project will impact an
Tithonia green manure and mulch: However, it is estimated that over 60% additional 2,400 other farmers in West
Chop young Tithonia shoots and of all the fruit produced in West Kenya Kenya.
work this material into the soil one perishes, as farmers cannot readily The fresh fruits currently being
week before transplanting. Use 4 to access the fresh fruit market. processed are bananas (in Busia and
5 kg Tithonia per square metre. A High demand for fresh fruits ' `
good
g layer of chopped Titho- The Fresh Fruit Processing Project aims Homa Bay district). These fruits are
nia can be added as mulch to to directly improve the livelihoods of locally available and there is plenty of
established
e plants regularly. 600 local fresh fruit farmers located sun to facilitate the drying process.
Tithonia decays quickly and _ @
_ ' Gilbert Muhanji is MATFs Communication
releases its nutrients within Districts by establishing fruit drying Officer.
a short time. In contrast to centres where they can dry their fruits Contact him at
synthetic
s fertilizers, Tithonia to sell at good prices to supermarkets FARM-Africa, Studio House, 4th Floor, Arg-
mulch
m increases soil organic in cities. This simple solar-drier tech- wings Kodhek Road, Hurlingham,
matter
tt and improves soil fertility nology will help small-scale farmers P.O. Box 49502-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya.
in general. to process their fruits and guarantee a Tel: +254 20 2731664/2044/2203;
Tithonia-tea: Chop tithonia leaves and market that will pay cash-on-delivery. Cell: +254 721 576531/734 721208; Fax: +254
branches into small pieces and soak Currently, there is a high demand for 20 2732086
them in water at the ratio of 1 part dried fresh-fruits in the local super- e-mail: gilbertm@maendeleo-atf.org
tithonia to 4 parts water. Put it into market chains in Nairobi and other Websites: www.farmafrica.org.uk and www.
a container, sealing it tightly to stop major towns. maendeleo-atf.org
nitrogen from escaping. Let it stand for
7 days. Sieve it using a piece of cloth-
ing if you intend to use a knapsack Buying
sprayer to stop particles from blocking
the nozzles. Spray it within 5 days at
and Selling
the root of the plants. Repeat this after Green Pepper: I am looking for
every 2 weeks. green pepper. Anyone with 200 kgs
Rock phosphate: Mijingu rock phos- can contact me on Tel. 0722 848305.
phate is a slow release organic fertil- Leonard Saitoti.
izer; this means that it releases phos- Capsicum market: I have organic
phorus slowly. One way to improve yellow and red capsicums. Is there
phosphorus supply is to incorporate anyone who can buy these products?
humic acid; it is available in most Frank Muriungi Tel. 0722 218 058
agroveterinary shops. Chaff cutter: I have 5 head of cattle
Another good option is mixing gen- and require a chaff-cutter. If you have
erous amounts of rock phosphate into one for sale please contact me. Peter
the compost heap when preparing Wachira Tel. 0722 341 718, Meru.
compost. If you apply rock phosphate
together with organic matter such as Dairy goats: We are looking for ped-
maize and bean residues to your crops igree dairy goats to provide high
regularly, this will produce natural V
@'X$Z
humic acids that help make phospho- Good response to be able to boost their immune
rus available to all plants including to farmers competition systems and nutrition. Please give us
heavy feeders like sukumawiki. We will have a difficult task of selecting their milk production rates and let
Unfortunately, mijingu rock phosphate the winner to the farmers competition, us know if they can do well in South
is not easy to get in most farming areas. which we launched last month to mark [' "\
]

It is however advisable that farmers the 5 years since we started publica- Rural Projects Support Facility, CBO,
ask for it in agrovet shops. If the shop tion of The Organic Farmer. This is due email: e08kitur@yahoo.com
keepers realize that there is a market to the large number of entries that we
for mijingu rock phosphate, they will have received. By mid-February we Cassava, bananas for sale: I have
stock it. had received more than 40 entries. The cassava and bananas for sale.
Compost: Try to make use of all first winner will get a plastic water Any farmer who needs these prod-
organic wastes and prepare compost tank worth Ksh 18,000. Other prizes ucts can get in touch with me. Tel.
from them. Compost is a valuable include a drip irrigation pump, milk 0718476260/ 0727502903, Oliver
soil amendment which increases soil can, a knapsack sprayer and a Money Wetete Masungo. email-oliverma-
organic matter and soil fertility. Maker pump. sungo@gmail.com.
Nr. 58 March 2010
Aphids affect cabbage
Why do cabbage heads that have just
started forming get deformed heads
and leaves in the presence of aphids?
Farmer, Buyangu
The presence of aphids and other
pests may lead to reduced and stunted
growth and therefore to poor head
formation, especially if they appear in
high numbers and feed from the heart
of the plant. The
heart is the centre
of growth and
Tetanus affects all animals, not only donkeys the place where
In your reply to a farmers query (Nr. is: This problem is not at all restricted new leaves are
53, Oct. 09, page 7) you stated that to donkeys! Cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, formed. Aphids
donkey dung is good for manure. Isnt dogs; birds are equally affected. But should therefore
there any problem with tetanus and man and horses (donkeys belong to the be controlled
how do we go around this problem? horse family) are more sensitive and early. Use a neem
B. W. Oduor, P.O.Box 279, Ngiya, Cell. will die from tetanus more easily. or pyrethrum
0722 833 701 product. In light
Useful vaccination cases, a soap
Tetanus is a life threatening disease. To protect yourself and your animals solution may be
The tetanus-bacterium can live in the from tetanus, do the following: sufficient. Aphids
intestinal tract of all warm-blooded '

are usually a
creatures. When it is excreted, it can donkey against tetanus. A donkey can problem if plants
survive in the soil for many years. work for more than 20 years if it is kept lack nutrients but also where too high
The bacterium enters the body through healthy - the services it provides during amounts of fertilizers are being used.
open wounds. its lifetime is worth the vaccination fee
If a wound has been infected, suscep- many hundred times! Supply sufficient water
tible animals will show symptoms and ure your animals do not Other factors that can affect head for-
die from the toxin produced by the bac- mation even more than pests are:
acquire open wounds from tethering,
terium within a short time. But as long # { !

standing on dirty ground (leading to
as animals (or humans) are healthy, this period!
foot diseases), from working with inad-
there is no problem with their dung. |
-
equate harnesses or other practices.
What we would like to emphasize gen (excess nitrogen also causes the
problem). Cabbage is a heavy feeder,
How to make peanut butter and during head formation, nutrient
Hi, is it possible for me to get a full about 50 g of good vegetable oil. This requirements are high. Plant cabbage
recipe of peanut butter preparation as mixture must be blended or ground after a legume, incorporate 10 to 20
it went on air on 2. 7. 2009? Andrew into a smooth paste. You would need tonnes of manure per acre before plant-
Wemali, Box 169, Kakamega, 0711 something like a blender for this. For ing. Two weeks after transplanting,
810368 crunchy peanut butter, stir one cup you may start to give side-dressings at
of chopped roasted peanuts into the weekly intervals (manure, slurry, plant
The recipe is simple: For every 500 g
paste. Ensure that the peanuts and oil teas).
of roasted shelled peanuts, you need
are of good quality. @
-
about one small tablespoon salt and
mation; this may lead to loose heads.
Apples can be grown in Kenya

How long do apples take to mature to produce fruits of good quality. Some planting. Between year 4 and 6 years,
into a fruit after seedling transplant? commonly used manipulations in trop- you may harvest between 2 and 10 kg
How many fruits can one harvest from ical regions include defoliation, appli- apples per tree and per year; later, this
a single apple tree? How many har- cation of certain chemicals, and drying. may go up to around 15 kg. There are
vesting seasons does an apple have You will have to learn correct pruning two main picking seasons in Kenya: In
in a year? What is the average gross techniques. Try to get information on February and August. Usually, the trees
margin of a single apple tree? What is cultivars which are best adapted to are removed after 15 years, or when
the average life span of an apple tree? your local environment. their yields have declined markedly.
Peter Okwany from Kapenguria, 0737 Seedlings are usually grafted on root- Gross margins will depend on your
334 386 stockss which also make sure that apple skills and care, and on the prices in the
Although apples are fruits of cool tem- trees remain relatively market. Keep in mind that most apples
perate regions, there are some areas in small for ease consumed in Kenya are imported from
Kenya which are suitable for their proof work. regions where climatic conditions are
duction. However, some requirements Fruiting
ing less demanding for apple production.
are difficult to fulfil and the skills starts
Recommended literature:
needed to overcome these constraints around
nd Griesbach J. (2007) Growing Temperate Fruit
should not be underestimated. Apple t h e Trees in Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre,
trees need a cold period before their third Nairobi. 128pp. The book can be found on:
buds open and leaves and blossoms y e a r http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/
start to grow. A hot period is required a f t e r publications/PDFs/b15496.pdf
Nr. 58 March 2010
Biological methods can control armyworm

Armyworms are not a threat except Second step: Fight them
during an outbreak. Then, There are quite a number of plant
you have to take immediate action. extracts which can be used success-
fully against armyworms. To make
The Organic Farmer these extracts work, follow carefully
the given instructions. It is advisable
The African armyworms cause damage to add soap, since soap acts like a glue,
to cotton, barley, oats, wheat, maize, so that the plant extracts stick well on
millet, sorghum, soya bean, sugar cane, the leaves. Spray thoroughly on the
grasses, citrus plants, beans, okra, infested plant, preferably early in the
cabbage, cucumbers, marrows, pota- morning.
toes and tomatoes; they attack foliage, Neem (Azadirachta indica): Remove the
growing points and young stems. Some flesh from fallen fruits and dry them
maize varieties are more susceptible to carefully in airy conditions (in sacks or
attack than others, e.g. Katumani, a dry baskets), to avoid formation of mould.
land variety grown widely in Eastern When dry, the seeds are shelled, finely
Kenya. These varieties are most at grated, then soaked overnight in a
risk where probabilities of armyworm piece of cloth suspended in a barrel
infestation are high. of water. There should be 2 to 50g of
Normally, only small numbers of powder per litre of water. This solution
this pest invade pastures. However, is then sprayed on infested plants.
periodically, the populations increase Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariae-
dramatically covering many thousands folium): The white flower heads possess
of square kilometres. Outbreaks often insecticidal properties. Pyrethrum is
follow late rains in the hot season. The A maize stalk infested with armyworms
most productive at altitudes of above
armyworms travel from field to field in shrubs. Night birds and bats feed on 1600 meters and ideally in semi-arid
great numbers, hence the name army- the African armyworm moths. Lace- conditions. On richer soils the insec-
worm. The first armyworm outbreaks wings, wasps, parasitic wasps and ticidal properties are reduced. Pick
appeared in Tanzania and in Kenya. In spiders consume the caterpillars. the flowers on a warm day when the
nine years out of ten, they have been First step: Monitoring flowers are fully open, dry them care-
known to cause 90 percent of crop and To monitor the presence of army- fully and store them in an airtight
pasture loss in their worst years. In worms, conduct a visual inspection by container in the dark. Light reduces the
2001 alone, they covered 157,000 hect- going around all your fields. Army- effectiveness of the flowers.
ares of crops and pasture. worms feed at night and hide under Pyrethrum powder: Grind flowers to a
Natural enemies debris during the day. However, they dust. Use it pure or mix with a carrier
Many animals, birds and insects prey can be checked in late evening or early like talc or lime. Sprinkle over infested
on the African armyworm at different morning as they may still be actively plants.
stages of its lifecycle. These natural feeding. Regular monitoring is vital Pyrethrum liquid: Mix 20g pyrethrum
enemies should be encouraged to for timely action. A recommendation powder with 10 litres of water. Soap
thrive by maintaining natural sur- for doing this is to examine 100 plants can be added to make the substance
roundings with plenty of breeding at random by sampling 20 plants from more effective but it is not vital. Apply
places for them, including trees and five locations. immediately as a spray.
Use of garlic against armyworms is effective

Garlic has anti-feedant properties mixture to stand for 24 hours. Add anthracnose, downy mildew and rice
(stops insects from feeding) as well water and stir in the soap. Store it in the blast
as bacterial, fungicidal, insecticidal, bottle container. You need:
nematicidal and repellent properties. It How to use: 100 g garlic cloves,
is non-selective, has a broad-spectrum $

} 0.5 litres of water
effect and can kill beneficial insects as parts of water (for example, 50 ml of 10 gm soap
well. Therefore it should be used with emulsion to 950 ml of water). 2 teaspoons mineral oil
caution. The best time to spray is early Z
"
in the morning. Z

Preparation:
Garlic bulb extract I: It is used against plant, preferably early in the morning. Soak the finely grated garlic for 24
the following pests and diseases: Garlic bulb extract II: It is used against hours in the mineral oil. Dissolve the
African bollworm, African armyworm, the same pests and diseases as: soap in the water, mix the infusion
onion thrips, root knot nematodes, African bollworm, African armyworm, of garlic and mineral oil, stir well
anthracnose, downy mildew and rice onion, thrips, root knot nematodes, together and filter through a fine cloth.
blast. Before use, dilute this solution with 20
You need: parts of water.
85 grams of chopped or crushed garlic Fruit trees:
50 ml of mineral oil (vegetable oil) The following preparation is success-
10 ml of liquid dish soap ful against caterpillars in fruit trees:
950 ml of water Two finely grated garlic bulbs and two
Strainer spoon chilli peppers are stirred into
Bottle container four litres of hot water in which a nut-
Preparation: sized piece of soap has been dissolved.
Add garlic to vegetable oil; allow Source: infonet-biovision, HDRA
Nr. 59 April 2010
TOF celebrates, hongera wakulima! Farmers organization 5

By the Editors
Useful aloe vera 7
Five years ago, we started our maga-
zine The Organic Farmer. We are still
very much active and eager to continue
with TOF in order to serve our fellow
No market for rabbit meat? 8
small-scale farmers with information
on sustainable agriculture.
However, we cannot fulfill our earlier
promises, to publish in the names of the
winners of the competition marking 5 When we launched The Organic
years of TOF. Not that we are lazy, to Farmer in 2005, we had only one target:
the contrary! We are just overwhelmed To reach farmers who lack information
by the big response: More than 150 on sustainable agriculture in order to
farmers took part in the competition! broaden their knowledge and to improve
So we raised the number of the first their income and livelihood.
prizes from 5 to 15, as an appreciation Five year down the line, we can con-
of the interest farmers have shown fidently declare that we have fulfilled
towards the competition. this mandate. Every week we receive an
But we are serious people too. All average of 50 questions which we answer
entries went through a strict vetting by a man using the name of his Stan- directly by phone calls, SMS or through
process by our hawk-eyed judges. dard 8 daughter, and of course, there the magazine. Farmers work hand in
And we found some pretenders, for was no biogas-unit! hand with us because they have used our
instance a lady farmer, who wrote So, farmers, be patient and give us information and seen that it works. They
us a touching article of how she used more time! In our May issue, we will therefore trust us. We are also available
information from TOF to put up a include the names of the winners. To to them when they need us; they call
biogas unit. Visiting her farm, we dis- celebrate the 5 years, we can only say us early in the morning or late in the
covered the article was actually written Hongera TOF! Page 4 & 5 evening and over the weekends.
To cater for a growing readership, we
Damaging fruit flies have raised the number of copies from
10,000 in 2005 to 20,000 by the end of
This insect last year and these are still inadequate.
is the fruit Farmers not only impatiently await the
fly Bactrocera issues of TOF; agricultural extension
invadens. It not staff, schools and NGOs rely on the
only attacks magazine as a highly valued resource
mangoes, but material for training. Our two additional
also other programmes, TOFRadio (on Thursdays,
cultivated fruits 8.15 pm on KBC Kiswahili Service)
such as oranges, and the i-TOF information and input
tomato, banana, centres, have the same target as TOF: To
guava, custard offer and spread knowledge on organic
apple and farming and sustainable agriculture. We
avocado. Page 2 are grateful to Biovision, the donor, and
icipe, the publisher, for their continued
Photo courtesy support.
Georg Goergan One question remains: Is this know-
ledge really applicable for farmers, and
Discover the benefits of neem trees do they actually adopt and practise what
we teach them? We can clearly tell from
TOF In the first issue of The Organic farmers enquiries, from questions and
Farmer we wrote an article on the neem from the entries we received for our
tree. In subsequent years, many times farmers competition that quite a good
we have mentioned neem products as number of farmers are using technologies
useful for organic farming. Neem has a that we promote.
lot of different effects on a wide range As you can see, we have done some little
of plant-feeding pests. changes in the design. But the content
In the last few weeks we got a good remains the same, TOF remains TOF:
number of questions from farmers on A source of information that helps you
this wonderful tree, we tell you how to to ensure successful organic farming at
make your own extracts from neem and all times.
how to use them. Page 3 Neem tree with ripe fruits
io
ad
FR
TO
Nr. 59 April 2010
What can farmers do against fruit flies?

Fruit flies cause huge losses in mango into whitish maggots that feed on the
production. There are various decaying flesh of the fruit. Infested
methods of controlling these pests. fruit rot quickly causing considerable
losses.
Sunday Ekesi * Traditionally, yield loss on mangoes
in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda due to
Mango production is continually the fruit fly can range between 30-70%
gaining recognition for its potential depending on the locality, season,
as a major source of income espe- and variety. This problem has been
cially for small-scale farmers. The aggravated by the invasion of the fruit
total area under mango production fly Bactrocera invadens with damage
in Kenya alone is estimated at 16,000 increasing to 40-80% especially in
ha. Mango exports from Africa are lowland areas where it is now the
estimated at 35-40 thousand tons annu- dominant fruit fly pest. Quarantine
ally and worth around Ksh 3 billion restrictions on fruit fly-infested fruits
(US $ 42 million). The EU remains the is severely limiting export of fruits to Bactrocera invadens
largest destination market for exports large lucrative markets in South Africa,
Bactrocera invadens: Currently the
from Africa. The biggest threat to Europe, the Middle East, Japan and
most important. In addition to mango
mango production is the fruit fly; the USA, where fruit flies are considered
(which is the primary host), the insect
female flies lay their eggs under the as quarantine pests. also attacks other cultivated fruits such
skin of mango fruit. The eggs hatch
Various types of fruit fly as oranges, tomato, banana, guava,
* Dr. Sunday Ekesi is senior scientist at Different species of fruit flies are custard apple and avocado.
icipe - African Insect Science for Food & responsible for mango damage across Ceratitis cosyra: Also cause significant
Health; Head, Plant Health Division & Africa but the 4 most important ones damage on guava, custard apple and
Leader, African Fruit Fly Programme. are: marula. The insect has been gradually
Continued on page 6
Insects as biological control agents

The wasp Fopius arisanus Kenya. The parasitoid is self perpetu- between mango trees in an orchard
One of the methods of controlling fruit ating, works for free and does not to facilitate the movement of the ants
flies is the use of beneficial insects or require additional input from the from one tree to the next. Existing
parasites also called parasitoids. One grower. However, for the parasitoid weaver ant colonies can also be har-
of an efficient biological control agent to work effectively, the growers must vested and introduced to other trees
is the wasp Fopius arisanus which is minimize cover spray of pesticides in in the orchard where they are not
very effective at controlling the fruit their orchard or the parasitoids will be present. The weaver ants technology
fly Bactrocera invadens. It attacks the killed. are being promoted in many countries
eggs of the fruit fly and develops Weaver ants of West Africa, in Tanzania and in
through the larval stages of the fruit The weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Asian countries. (Sunday Ekesi)
can be used to protect mango and
citrus fruits from damage by fruit flies.
The weaver ant has been known to
disrupt the fruit fly from laying eggs
on the fruits, thereby reducing fruit fly
damage. To be effective, the ants have
to be effectively conserved in the in the
mango orchard by reducing the use
of chemical pesticides that can kill the
The wasp Fopius arisanus predator or use of less harmful pesti-
fly thus killing it. It is therefore highly cides. Host trees must have food for
efficient against the control of the fruit ants such as homopterans honeydew
fly and can be used together with other or plant nectar that the ants feed on.
control measures to reduce damage to To retain the weaver ant during
mangoes. the dry season, farmers can provide
icipe together with KEPHIS, KARI dried fish, which the ants can feed on,
and the Ministry of Agriculture have to meet their energy and nutritional Weaver ants on a mango tree
started releasing the parasitoid across requirements. Farmers can tie ropes (photos courtesy Georg Goergen)
The Organic Farmer

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Nr. 59 April 2010
Neem protects your crops against pests
Products from the neem tree are should therefore
important insecticides in be applied at an
organic farming worldwide. early stage of pest
attack.
Theresa Szkely Ground neem
seeds or kernels
The drought-resistant neem tree (Aza-

dirachta indica) grows in semi-arid to seeds or kernel
sub-humid areas of the tropics includ- powder (before
ing Kenya. It can reach a height of up to or after oil extrac-
40 m and an age of 200 years. Over 100 tion) are effective
compounds with pesticidal properties against nema-
have been detected in the neem tree. todes.
The best known, azadirachtin, is found "

in all parts of the tree, but it is most applied to the
concentrated in the fruit, especially in soil where plants
the seeds. A neem tree may yield up to are growing can
50 kg of fruit per year. protect crops like
How do neem products work? grains, sugar cane,
Neem has a wide range of different tomatoes, cotton,
effects on a wide range of plant-feeding or chrysanthe-
pests. As a broad-spectrum repellent, it mums from insect A fully grown neem tree can produce upto 50 kg of seeds in a year.
makes plants unpalatable to insects. As damage for several weeks, even during
an insect poison, it makes insects loose heavy rains. Prepare neem
their appetite and stop feeding. As an "
water extracts
insect growth regulator, it hampers the roots and tubers against the potato 1. Collect fallen neem fruits from
insects ability to moult and lay eggs, moth for several months. underneath the trees.
or causes deformities in the insects 2. Remove the flesh from the seeds
Plant extracts
offspring.
Plant extracts from seeds and leaves and wash away any remaining shreds.
Neem extracts can even be taken
are excellent against beetle larvae and 3. Dry the seeds and store them in a
up by plants through their roots and
caterpillars, and good against stalk dark and airy place to avoid mould
leaves into the plant tissues. Neem can formation.
borers and adult beetles.
therefore help control pests like leaf 4. For the preparation of extract, shell
miners feeding inside leaves, which are Products with oil content
the seeds.
usually not affected by sprays applied Oil-based neem products can be toxic
'+ '//
<
on the leaf surfaces. to plants and cause burnings. They
in a mill or pound them in a mortar
In spite of their broad-spectrum should therefore be applied with
or grate them finely. Mix the crushed
action, neem products generally do not restriction.
neem seed with 5 to 10 litres of water.
harm natural enemies seriously. # &
Soak them overnight.
Important: Insect pests are not killed whiteflies, bugs, beetles, leafhoppers,
6. Strain the liquid before use.
immediately, and the effects are often grasshoppers and others.
visible only 10 days after application. "
& Application of neem water extracts
For satisfactory results, neem extracts cowpeas, and other legumes effectively. =

"

the plants using a sprayer or straw
can also have a preventive effect brush.
Take precautions! against plant diseases such as mildews "
<
Leaf or seed extracts can easily be and rusts. weather. Heavy rains may wash
prepared by small-scale farmers. Neem pesticides in Kenya off the protective cover of neem on
Although they are almost non-toxic - Neemros and Neemroc : Saroneem Biopes- plants. Repeat the treatment if pest
to mammals, seeds or seed extracts ticides Limited. Babadogo road, opposite Catho- infestation is high.
are poisonous when consumed. lic Church. P. O. Box 64373-00620 Nairobi. "

Therefore, take the following precau- 0728 592 478 Email: saroneem@yahoo.com 3 to 6 days if it is kept in the dark. All
tions: - Achook: Made in India, available in Agrovet neem preparations loose their power

shops. rapidly when exposed to sunlight.
children and pets while preparing,
using and storing it.

at any time.

for food preparation and for drinking
for the preparation of neem extract.

and after use.
-
dling the plant extract.

few infested plants first before going
into large scale spraying.
Most farmers take the tree Melia Azedarach (left) which grows in most highland areas in Kenya
applying the solution. for the neem tree (right). The two trees are differentso be careful when buying seedlings.
Nr. 59 April 2010
A lively exchange with farmers

Use of simple language in

explaining technologies has

made TOF popular.

The Editors
!
"

We always smile when farmers #$%&
'

write to the TOF manage- ( )%
ment. We are actually a tiny !

*+

office with three people, two #(
!
(
*
editors, and an office assistant #
, ! (
who does all the paper work

and the distribution. In close -

.(
'
cooperation with the producer

)
of TOFRadio we plan the issues ! #
(

of TOF, with assistance from

*
a few contributors who write
(

*

for us some of the articles,
,
for instance Su Kahumbu,

William Ayako, Anja Bengel-
storff or Theresa Szkely. We

also rely on the creative work

>
# , !
(

*
Wathuge and the printing company that nearly 200 farmers groups have

(

Regal press, which prints the high been founded with the aim getting
-

quality magazine. a magazine; these farmers are now

,
Copies not enough working together in starting and sus-
-

& taining organic farming. / #(

number of copies to 20000, reaching Farmers show great interest
#
around 170000 readers per month. To Are we successful in the sense that

#
ensure copies are fairly distributed, farmers do adopt our ideas? It is dif-

(, *0
0

only registered farmers groups now ficult to measure this. When we started
qualify for free copies of the magazine; the magazine in April 2005, one of the

we reach about 1900 farmers groups questions at the back of our minds

(#
,
whose members share the magazine. was if it would bring any change to -

(
*
We know, of course, that all farmers the way agriculture is practised in the

) 1
would like to keep their own copy, Kenya and in East Africa. Looking 2 #
##
but this is not possible for financial back we can say, with certainty that #

reasons, (as you can see in the box TOF has achieved its main objective
( ,
below). Still we are unable to meet the of educating farmers on ecologically ' *
demand many farmers groups are on sound methods of crop and animal *

#
the waiting list. By the way, this focus production, which has improved farm
3

on farmers groups has nice social side- productivity and income for the major-
' (

benefits: We know that hundreds of ity of the farmers.

*
groups are meeting once per month to Production of a magazine of this #

discuss the articles in TOF and to share nature is a very demanding task.

(

their experiences; and we know as well First, we have to research for relevant ,

(
material, which we have to explain #

A good investment in simple language that farmers can 1-

A lot of financial resources have been understand and apply. Second, we also
#

invested in this project: TOF costs strive to answer all questions sent to
*
around Kshs. 12,5 million per year. us by farmers through letters, SMS, 1

In this regard we would like to thank direct calls and even e-mails. This kind

(,
Biovision Foundation who have con- of interactive dialogue with our fellow
tinued to support us for the last five farmers is not only very interesting, it

years. Their money has been put to is also fruitful in the sense that many
good use as demonstrated by the of their questions enable us to write
success of the project. articles about this or that subject that

More and more farmers would like are relevant to farmers needs.
to get their own copy and are willing Solidarity

to pay for it. The annual subscrip- In the farmers competition, one !

tion fee is Ksh 980. At the same time farmer wrote to us: I am proud to ! !
we would like to request our fellow be an organic farmer and to belong
farmers to report to us any change to you fellows. This is a compliment ! !
of address. It is very discouraging well said, and we can only reply: We
when we send out the magazine and are proud to serve the ever-growing ! ! !
the Post office staff send it back with organic farmers community with our "#
!
the remark: Return to sender; Box not magazine. It gives us a good feeling to !

paid and closed. share information with farmers. $%%&
Nr. 59 April 2010
It is finally time to organize ourselves!

By Su Kahumbu see how it is anything else other than
an additional costs. No farmer needs
After going through additional costs if they can avoid it.
the responses from
the TOF competi- Confusion in organic sector
tion (see page 1) In normal circumstances, stakeholders
I gain the impres- are expected to table their proposals,
sion TOF has had which are then taken up by the bodies
considerable con- mandated to do so. But what happens
tribution to agricul- when the stakeholders are spread
ture in the country over an entire nation, disconnected
the past five years. Testimonials from by communication and distance? The
farmers are pouring in about the prog- challenges of representing a scattered
ress they are making using the new stakeholder network are enormous.
technologies recommended by the This results in a situation where both
magazine. It is seems that the organic the stakeholders and their representa-
wheels are turning and organic pro- tives do their own things without any
duction is picking up in the country- coordination. This is a waste of time
side. and turning around in circles and I feel
However, it is sad that the sector, that it is not a good representation of
the organic sector in Kenya. Well-informed farmers improve their livelihoods. Our
though developing in the field, is not picture shows a group of farmers after a TOF training
making the same sort of progress at a But in order to change this unfortu-
national level. Policies and awareness nate situation, we have to recognize theory of assumptions that currently

what needs to be done. The sector develops programs for our industry.
sectors are still lacking. From where has to be driven through a bottom-up We will be able to take the responsibil-
I stand, the bigger part of develop- approach where the farmers develop ity ourselves and pride in driving the
ment of the organic sector looks like a platform from which they can speak, industry forward.
it is driven by donors in a top-down since they are the core of this sector. Organic sector will develop
approach. Need for an association TOF started with 10,000 copies 5 years
Organic mark not necessary It all comes back to the formation of ago and currently prints and dispatches
To some extent, this situation leads to an association. An individual cannot 20,000 copies all over the country, it
confusion in the industry. One issue be able to convince the government to runs a radio program and informa-
take notice of problems on any sector. tion centres. This is a milestone in the
in mind is the Kilimohai Mark (a
This is especially for small-farmers development and support of small-
national label for local organic prod- who in the eyes of many have no say. scale organic farmers in Kenya. With
ucts). It has been already forced upon However, once we are organised and a clear focus and drive, the organic
the organic industry without thought represented as a serious organisation sector can develop into a movement
as to whether the industry needs it or we will have some power. We will recognised at the household, national
is even ready for it at this stage of its be able to influence those that hold and at international level. To reach this
development. We are being told it is office in our interest to perform their target needs only one thing: Your com-
good for us even though we cannot duties. We will be able to eradicate the mitment.
TOF is a good teacher TOF for our training

@ Daisy Rono, Agricultural Coordinator, Catholic Diocese
2005 after reading the first issue of The Organic Farmer of Nakuru. The Catholic diocese of Nakuru receives 500
in April 2005. Mzee Amos, 67, lives in Subukia Valley. copies of TOF that go to the six districts of Nakuru, Koi-
TOF has helped me a lot: I built sheds for my goats and batek Baringo, Kericho Buret and Bomet. The diocese
sheeps, I am keeping bees, I control all pests with plant has tailored its agricultural curriculum on the contents of
extracts, I feed the soil with compost, and eat healthy The Organic Farmer, which follows the farmers yearly cal-
food, explains Mzee Amos. And who was teaching endar, Daisy Rono says, since the magazines topics
me all these? TOF! He is proud that he belongs g to cover every aspect of farming with all details that
the first readers of a magazine which has trained
ned her extension
e staff need to train farmers; they are
thousands of farmers, he adds, and I do hope
that it will go on in this way.
pe TOF now making compost, pest and soil manage-
ment
me as we have trained them.
TOF contains all a farmer needs 5Years TOF makes our work easier
TO
Mary Wanyonyi, Farm manager NYS-Centre, tre, Will
William Ndirangu, District Agricultural Officer,
Turbo Rongo District, came across the magazine in the
Mary Wanyonyi came was given a copy of The Organic year 2006, when he worked as the deputy DAO, Kisii
Farmer by an official from Etang (K) Ltd. She immediately + " G//
X &
applied and uses the five copies for training NYS recruits Z&
[ + \]

and farmers in the surrounding areas. The magazine my office with diseased plants and pests seeking solu-
has become an important reference material in her train- tions, which I can solve using the infonet-biovision CD
ing programme. Mary Wanyonyi is happy that some of and TOF. The magazine has enabled him to know many
the farmers have adopted sustainable agriculture. TOF farmers groups who now consult him on various prob-
covers every aspect of the agricultural enterprise from lems. About 20 agricultural extension officers from the
planning, budgeting and even the expected gross profit 4 districts use the magazine to train farmers on different
margins, Mary says. agricultural ventures.
Nr. 59 April 2010 Answers in brief
Dry season Sukumawiki
from page 2 fruit flies Please advise me on a variety of Suku-
mawiki seeds that can withstand dry
displaced at lowland areas by Bactroc- Orchard sanitation, which entails the col- season. Edwin Okello, Fort Ternan
era invadens but they remain a threat to lection and destruction of all unwanted 0713 458 363.
mango production in the highlands. fruits containing fruit fly maggot on the Most varieties of sukumawiki require
Ceratitis rosa and its close relative Cera- tree and on the ground, can contribute sig- water to grow well. Perhaps you can
titis fasciventris: Attack a broad range of nificantly to reduction in damaging fruit try Kale 1000 head that has some toler-
cultivated and wild fruits in addition to fly population in the orchard. This is a ance to drought.
mangoes. very laborious exercise but can be quite
Control methods effective if the fruits are collected regularly Spacing for pawpaws
There are several methods of controlling and destroyed twice a week for the entire I would like to grow pawpaws. What
season. The collected fruits should be is the best spacing? Wellington Njeru
fruit flies. African Insect Science for Food
placed in an Augmentorium (See picture). Tel. 0720 996 322.
and Health (icipe) promotes a combina-
tion of methods through the use of Inte- The Augmentorium which can be locally The planting holes should be 60 cm
grated Pest Management (IPM) technique. made serves the dual purpose of field sani- x 60 cm. Spacing will determine the
The primary management techniques are: tation and conservation of natural enemies number of plants to be planted. 2.5 m
of fruit flies. It is a tent-like structure that x 2.5 will accommodate 1600 plants.
Baiting techniques 2.5 m x 3 m will take 1332 plants and 3
confines fruit flies that emerge from fallen
The traditional method of fruit fly control m x 3 m, 1110 plants. Well-composted
rotten fruits that are collected from the
is based on use of food baits mixed with manure should be mixed with the top-
field and deposited in the structure while
a pesticide. The bait attracts the fruit flies at the same time conserving their natural soil and the holes filled with this soil
from a distance to the spot of application, enemies by allowing parasitoids to escape mixture when planting.
where the flies feed on the bait, ingest the from the structure through a fine mesh at
pesticide and die. The bait after mixing is Tissue culture bananas
the top of the tent. I would like to grow Cavendish tissue
normally applied to 1 square meter spot
on the canopy (away from the fruit) or on Mechanical fruit protection culture banana varieties where can I
the trunk of each tree in the orchard on a Wrapping or bagging of individual fruits get seedlings? Tel 0722 926 631
weekly basis starting from when the fruits with newspaper The common varieties being produced
are about in size and continues till the or plastic bags under the tissue culture method are
very end of the harvest. to prevent adult & -
A couple of commercial baits are avail- fruit flies from endish, Dwarf Cavendish. Farmers
able in the market such as Mazoferm, laying eggs on interested in buying these tissue
NuLure, Buminal and Solbait that can be the fruits is also culture bananas can contact the fol-
mixed with pesticide such as Spinosad a practice of lowing organisation: Africa Harvest,
and applied as above. Another commer- producing fruits P.O.Box 642 -00621, Nairobi, Tel.020
]^G_/`{+# that are free 7124083/1/6/5/2.
is already pre-mixed with pesticide (Spi- from fruit flies.
To be effective, Effective use of diatomite
nosad) and can be applied using the on- Can diatomite be applied to grains
label information on the container. the fruits must be wrapped or bagged
well before fruit fly attack, at least one already affected by weevils or any
Although pesticides are not permitted in other pests and work effectively.
organic farming, the principle of pot appli- month before harvest. Although laborious,
cation either on the canopy away from the it is an effective method for expensive fruit No chemical or biological control
fruit or tree trunk permeate the principles species produced for export or fruits pro- agent can kill pests already inside the
of organic farming. duced in backyard gardens for family use. grain. Once the pests get in, it is dif-
Research at icipe has shown that a Inoculate with fungal pathogen ficult to kill them until they come out.
protein bait from brewers yeast obtained During development mature maggot Diatomite and even the other chemi-
as industrial by-products when applied of fruit flies drop from the fruits to the cals used to control pests work by
in low volumes as spot spray to 1 square ground, burrow into the soil and form a contact with the pest. So only grains
metre of mango canopy or to mango trunk resting stage called the puparia. An impor- that are not affected by pests are pro-
provided good control of mango infesting tant part of fruit fly suppression research tected. But once the pest leaves the
at icipe includes soil treatment with fungal grain it is immediately killed. So you
fruit flies. Research is however continuing
pathogens to kill the mature maggot and are advised to apply diatomite early
at formulating the bait to enhance it attrac-
puparia. The active ingredient in the gran- enough before the pests set in.
tiveness to fruit flies and should be avail-
able as alternative to imported product in ules is a fungus called Metarrhizium aniso- Diatomite does not expire
the very near future. pliae, a naturally occurring fungus that is Does diatomite expire in cereals?
Orchard sanitation used worldwide as a biological pesticide = = =+}+
Poorly managed or abandoned orchards for controlling different kinds of insect Diatomite does not expire when
and a variety of wild hosts can result in pests. The fungus is formulated as gran- applied in cereals. A farmer can keep
high population build up of fruit flies. ules and can be manually distributed by cereals as long they like, some have
hand and then raked into the soil under managed to preserve cereals for as
the mango canopy. Application is usually long as 3 years.
done once in the season at the onset of
fruiting and the fungus can persist in the Using moisture bottle
soil for over one year. Icipe is discussing Can we use any type of a bottle for
with a commercial company that may be testing moisture in grains or do we
willing to commercialize the fungus in the have specific one for this practice?
near future. Both plastic and glass bottle can be
Dr Sunday Ekesi & M.K. Billah have produced a
used to test moisture in cereals; but it
book on the control of the fruit fly and related must be transparent so that one can
pests: A Field Guide to the Management of Eco- see through the bottle to determine if
nomically Important Tephritid Fruit Flies in Africa there is any moisture in the grain to
An augmentorium attracts fruit fly predators (icipe)- ISBN 92 9064 209 2 (Nairobi, 2010). be stored
Nr. 59 April 2010
Use composted manure!
Is it advisable to use poultry manure
Use of avocado and Aloe Vera extract
directly to plant potatoes or any other ve us more information on the uses
crop? Peter Thiongo 0710 858 317 of avocados and Aloe Vera plants. They
do well here in Bomet. John Koech
All fresh animal manures contain Kenfap. Tel. 0725 033 900.
high amounts of ammonium which
may cause burning of crops. Fresh tsz Avocado has many uses due to its
manures may also contain pathogens high nutritional benefits. Like all fruits,
that are dangerous for people. Com- it is rich in minerals and vitamins. It is
posting eliminates both these risks and recommended as a high-energy food
it is more pleasant to apply composted for diabetics and people with high
material. If you apply fresh manure, blood pressure. It contains a very ben-
use only small amounts and spread it eficial and easily digestible fat.
thinly on the soil surface around plants Avocado cannot be cooked but
that are already established. Compos- should be eaten raw on bread and
ted manure can be used for everything, salads together with lemon juice, salt
e.g. for seedlings and at planting, and and pepper and sugar. It is also used
should be mixed into the topsoil. as a flavouring in the preparation of
ice creams, milk shakes and soups.
Lablab and dhania related? Avocado oil is also widely used in
Does lablab share anything with products for skin and hair care and NOTE: Pregnant women should never
dhania (coriander)? They both produce other cosmetics. take aloe vera as it causes uterus con-
a similar scent. Aloe vera on the other hand has many traction, which can create complica-
There is no scientific proof that the medicinal properties. It is widely used tions. Young children should also not
two belong to the same species. So it in herbal medicine and beauty prod- be allowed to take it internally.
is difficult to say if they have anything ucts because of its many benefits. In Recipe for a tasty avocado spread
in common. Lablab is a leguminous medicine, it is used to speed up healing 2 large ripe avocados
plant, a bean, while coriander belongs of burns. It is also said to control heart- 12 boiled eggs
to the Apiaceae family (together with burn, arthritis, rheumatism, swelling Juice of 2 4 lemons
parsley, carrots, and celery). These are and even asthma. Aloe vera is said to Salt, pepper, parsley, coriander etc,
two completely different plant fami- be a good laxative, antifungal, immune according to taste.
lies. But plants do not have to be system stimulant, antiviral, anti-bacte- Remove the shells from eggs and avo-
related to have common properties. It rial as well as a nutritional supplement. cados, mash and mix them together
may be possible that lablab and cori- Many poultry farmers in the counc- with the lemon juice. Add salt and
ander produce a similar scent but this try mix a few drops of Aloe vera gel spices to taste.
does not in any way show they are the with chicken drinking water to prevent Spread generously on bread, fill into
same. poultry diseases. tomato halves, eat with potatoes etc.
Stimulate the trees - Stinging nettle

but not too much! Can I use stinging nettle for plant tea?
I heard that you can hammer a nail tsz Yes you can. Stinging nettle is
into a fruit tree to force it bear fruits. Is one of the most preferred plants for
it true? Farmer in Buyangu making plant tea, as it has soft leaves
A young tree will always try to realize and releases its nutrients quickly while
its full vegetative potential and to decomposing. It can be used as top
grow as much as possible before it dressing or as foliar feed. Nettle tea is
starts to bear and be reproductive. It also used as a spray against aphids.
may sound puzzling, but the more Nettle is a good natural remedy for
fertile the soil and the more favour- many health problems. Nettle tea is a
able the conditions, the longer it will diuretic drug (it cleans bloods).
take until a tree bears fruits. Whereas What is the English
a moderate supply of nutrients, or
injuries (e.g. from nails) limit the veg- name for conge?
etative growth of trees and they start If Oxygonum sinuatum is conge, what
to bear earlier. However, heavy inju- is its English name and also names in
ries and very poor nutrient supply other languages?
will have adverse effects: they reduce tsz The English name for conge is
growth and tree size, promote diseases double thorned weed. It is a common
and shorten the lifetime of trees. So plant in Kenya, as the various names in
you have to be careful! Small, diseased local languages show:
and short-lived trees will not be able to Kiswahili: Kindri
give their owners a large harvest.
~Kimbiri
Therefore next time, before you lose Kamba: Songe
your patience and nail a tree, try the Kikuyu: Conge
following: Cut the roots of the tree all Luhya: Namawa
around its drip-line, where the tree tree trunk and has the same effect. Luo: Okuru
canopy ends. Do this with a sharp You may also bend and fix upright Maasai: Enkaisijoi
spade or with the panga, about 20 cm side-branches into a more horizontal
Photo: Hyde, M.A. &
deep. This will heal better than the position. This will as well stimulate
wounds from nails driven into the flowering. Theresa Szkely Wursten, B. (2010).
Flora of Zimbabwe
Nr. 59 April 2010 020 445 03 98 0717 551 129 0738 390 715
Green Pepper: I am looking for

green pepper. Anyone with 200 kgs
can contact me on Tel. 0722 848 305.
Leonard Saitoti.
Capsicum market: I have organic

yellow and red capsicums. Is there
anyone who can buy these products?
Frank Muriungi Tel. 0722 218 058
Chaff cutter: I have 5 head of cattle

and require a chaff-cutter. If you have
one for sale please contact me. Peter
Wachira Tel. 0722 341 718, Meru.
Biogas units: If you have from 1-16

cows and have thought of installing
biogas, now is the time to get it done.
#
construction of permanent small-scale
biogas plants during the year 2010.
Rabbit keepers need knowledge on feeding, housing, breeding and also a market
The subsidies vary from contributions
Rabbit keepers are frustrated of Ksh 30,000 for the smallest plant
to Ksh 55,000 for a plant with gas
storage capacity of 7 cubic meters. In
Many farmers have gone into that has no cholesterol and is therefore some cases this is as much as 30% of
rabbit keeping without verifying considered healthy. A large number of construction costs depending on the
the markets needs. people would consume rabbit meat if material used. The models are perma-
they knew of these benefits, thereby nent in the sense that they are guaran-
The Organic Farmer increasing demand and a ready market teed to work for a minimum of about
for local rabbit keepers. '/ + #^
When a farmer makes a good return trained technician has to supervise
from a particular farming enterprise,
Not enough for export
A number of companies especially the construction. Farmers can contact
most farmers rush into the same one of the technicians promoting this
from China have expressed interest
expecting to make good money only to system, please call Mr Kamande from
in buying rabbit meat and even skins
end up being frustrated when the com- Thika Tel 0724 394 699 for details.
from Kenya. However, rabbit keepers
modity floods the market. This reduces
lack adequate quantities for a consis-
prices. Unfortunately, many farmers Dairy goats: We are looking for pedi-
tent supply to the external markets.
sometimes do not make any research gree dairy goats to provide high
Therefore rabbit breeders in every
before going into production. Market quality milk for HIV/AIDS patients to
region need to work together to be able
research is a very important aspect of be able to boost their immune systems
to raise enough rabbits whenever there
any business. and nutrition. Please give us their
is a market opportunity.
This is exactly what has happened to milk production rates and let us know
According to a prominent rabbit
rabbit production. Many Kenyans now if they can do well in South Rift Valley
< & &

face scarcity of land; rabbit keeping do not have the technical knowledge highlands. Joseph Koskei, Rural Proj-
should be an ideal venture as they do on how to prepare rabbit skins in the ects Support Facility, CBO, email:
not require a lot of space and initial right way to maintain the required e08kitur@yahoo.com
capital to rear. They can also be a quality. He says most of the skins being
cheap source of protein in many rural offered by farmers are poorly done Cassava, bananas for sale: I have
households. It is therefore important and therefore cannot get buyers locally, cassava and bananas for sale.
that farmers who keep rabbits only leave alone the export market. Any farmer who needs these prod-
rear a small number they can sell to It is important that farmers explore ucts can get in touch with me. Tel.
fellow farmers and also use for home the possibility of selling their rabbits to 0718476260/ 0727502903, Oliver
consumption. They can only produce fellow farmers in their area for the time Wetete Masungo.
in commercial quantities at such a time being. From there they can explore email-olivermasungo@gmail.com
that they can find a reliable market. potential markets and only rear the
number of rabbits, which they can be Rabbit Posters~ <
Awareness creation important various rabbit breeds and their best
The market for rabbit meat is not yet +

work in groups, this is one way they commercial use e.g. meat, skins and
well established in Kenya. In many + _X
communities rabbits are still consid- can share their experience and even
be able to raise enough rabbits when for only Ksh 200 and a free rabbit
ered unfit for consumption, in such management handbook. Farmers
communities only children are allowed the markets are established. There is
interested can contact James Wathuge
to keep rabbits and eat them. Most 0720 419 584, 0733 893 300
consumers of rabbit meat can only they only buy rabbits when they have
be found in urban areas, and this is orders. Farmers can contact the slaugh- Organic produce wanted:
a minority. Selling rabbit meat and terhouse on 0724 856 878, ask for Alice. Dreams / Food Network East Africa
skins is therefore a bit tricky and needs The ministry of Livestock and Fish- Ltd is urgently looking for organic
some bit of planning on the side of the eries Development has plans to start produce for its Nairobi stores. Farmers
farmer. educating people on rabbit breeding, with vegetables, fruits, grains, etc
A big awareness campaign is needed but the programme is yet to start. can contact Triza on 0721 793 411 or
to educate Kenyans on the benefits of In the May issue: More about skin prepara- Mwaniki on 0726 283 866 or email:
eating rabbit meat. It is a white meat tion and breeding. info@organic.co.ke
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Ag Org Farm Magazine Kenya M BV Dup en 113740

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Ag Org Farm Magazine Kenya M BV Dup en 113740

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What is

What is organic farming?

To keep and build good soil structure and fertility:

recycled and composted crop wastes and animal manures

the right soil cultivation at the right time

green manures and legumes

mulching on the soil surface

To control pests, diseases and weeds:

careful planning and crop choice

the use of resistant crops

good cultivation practice

encouraging useful predators that eat pests

increasing genetic diversity

using natural pesticides

Organic farming also involves:

careful use of water resources

good animal husbandry

page 1 HDRA - the organic organisation

A modern approach to farming

HDRA - the organic organisation page 2

Why farm organically?

Organic farming provides long-term benefits to people and the environment.

Organic farming aims to:

increase long-term soil fertility.

control pests and diseases without harming the environment.

ensure that water stays clean and safe.

Modern, intensive agriculture causes many problems, including the following:

Dependency on fertilisers. Greater amounts are needed every year to

Artificial chemicals destroy soil micro-organisms resulting in poor soil

Pests and diseases become more difficult to control as they become

page 3 HDRA - the organic organisation

It is important to remember, however, that using too much animal manure or

HDRA - the organic organisation page 4

the type and amount of nutrients required

the amount of water needed

page 5 HDRA - the organic organisation

1. Grass or bush fallow (a fallow period where no crops are grown).

A simple rotation that includes a legume

HDRA - the organic organisation page 6

Compost improves soil fertility by adding nutrients and by making it easier

Coarse plant material

The layers of a compost heap

page 7 HDRA - the organic organisation

Heating process/Block method

Chinese high temperature stack

turn after 15 turn after 15 days

ingredients for compost

HDRA - the organic organisation page 8

Decreasing water loss due to evaporation

Preventing soil erosion

Increasing the number of micro-organisms in the top soil

Adding nutrients to the soil and improving soil structure

Adding organic matter to the soil

Alternative mulching materials include black plastic sheeting or cardboard.

page 9 HDRA - the organic organisation

How to use mulches

To clear an area of land of persistent weeds a layer of 10cm or more can

Mulching with large leaves

HDRA - the organic organisation page 10

Increase and recycle plant nutrients

Improve soil fertility

Improve soil structure

Improve the ability of the soil to hold