International Symposium in

Geotechnical Analysis and

Structural Design
Dubai, U.A.E., 7th December 2015
Cost-optimized solutions for high-rise buildings,
infrastructure and tunnels
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach
Director of the Institute and the Laboratory of Geotechnics TU Darmstadt
Past Chairman of the Technical Committee 212 Deep Foundations (TC 212) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
Board Member of the German Tunnel Association (STUVA)
Board Member of the German Geotechnical Society (DGGT)
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineering (ICE)

Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Leppla

Research Associate at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics TU Darmstadt
Certified Independent Expert for Geotechnics of metro and tram systems

Marwan Alzaylaie M.Sc.

Dubai Creative Clusters Authority, UAE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Table of Contents

Introduction
Introduction

Optimized foundations for high-rise buildings

High-rise buildings

Underground constructions
Tunnels

Final remarks
Final remarks

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 2

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 3

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Soil-structure interaction

s1s3 [MN/m]
Whats the problem?

settlements
differential settlements
tilting

Adequate foundation systems

planning
design e1 [%]
Frankfurt Clay
construction Marl
utilisation Sandstone
Rocky Marl
Gypsum
Dubai Sandstone
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Pile load tests in-situ

Enhanced pile load tests using Osterberg Cells

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 5

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Pile load tests in-situ

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 6

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Pile load tests in-situ

M A I N

Flerbrcke

80 kN/m2

Frankfurt Limestone

800 kN/m2

200 400 600 800

Ultimate skin friction [kN/m2]

Commerzbank
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Frankfurt
clay

Frankfurt
limestone

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 8

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany

- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) -

Top ground surface 102,02 msl

Upper Osterberg Cell

Displacement [mm]
100

80
Concrete 70,60 msl
60

40
5m
20
Upper Osterberg Cell
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Lower Osterberg Cell
Load [MN]
59,00 msl
D = 1.7 m
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 9
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany

- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) -
Displacement [mm]
9090
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
oberes Pfahlsegment
Upper segment
4040

3030 Maximum skin friction

2020
qs = 830 kN/m

1010
Intermediary and lower segment
00

-10
-10

-20
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Load [MN]
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 10
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany

- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)

Top ground surface 102,02 msl

Lower Osterberg Cell

Displacement [mm]
40

20
Concrete 70,60 msl
0

-20

-40
Upper Osterberg Cell
-60

5m -80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Lower Osterberg Cell
Load [MN]
59,00 msl
D = 1.7 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 11

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany

- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)
Displacement [mm]
40
40

30
30
20
20 Maximum skin friction (improved)
10
10 qs = 1,040 kN/m
Verschiebung [mm]

00
Intermediary
mittleres segment
Pfahlsegment
-10
-10
unteres Pfahlsegment
Lower segment
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40 Maximum base pressure
-50
-50
qb = 7,000 kN/m
-60
-60
-70
-70
00 55 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30
Sum of load: 78 MN Last[MN]
Load [MN]

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 12

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Business Bay District Dubai, UAE

- Load tests of piles with counter weight -

Youngs modulus from soil report

for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 78 MN/m2

Load test:
- max. 32 MN
- max. settlement of pile head: 0.7 cm
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 13
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Business Bay District Dubai, UAE

- Load tests of piles with counter weight -

Youngs modulus from back-analysis

for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 5,500 MN/m2

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 14

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Business Bay District Dubai, UAE

- Load tests of piles with counter weight -

F L
s 2
EA

s E A
L
0.5 F
E = 31,000 MN/m2
A = 1.3 m2
used pile length 18 m
F = 32 MN
s = 0.7 cm

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 15

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Business Bay District Dubai, UAE

- Load tests of piles with counter weight -

used length
of test pile:
18 m

full length
of test pile:
40 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 16

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

1,007 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 17

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 18

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 19

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m2

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 20

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Base resistance:
> 4,280 kN/m2

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 21

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Numerical simulation using the

Finite-Element-Method (FEM)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 22

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Upper pile
segment

FEM Middle pile

Skin friction: Measurement segment
> 660 kN/m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 23

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

The responsibility of geotechnical

engineers for safety, resources
and cost-effectiveness:
deep foundation system in current
planning phase

Foundation raft (4.5 m thick)

Piles (45 m long)

Piles (65 m long)

Piles (85 m long)

Piles (105 m long)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 24

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

March 2014
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 25
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 26

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 27

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m

November 2015

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 28

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Total resistance of the CPRF:

m
R tot,k s Rpile,k, j s Rraft,k s
j1

Pile resistance:
Rpile,k,j s Rb,k,j s Rs,k,j s

Raft resistance:

Rraft,k (s) ss, x, y dx dy

CPRF coefficient:
m

R
j 1
pile , k , j (s)
CPRF
Rtot ,k ( s)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 29

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

ISSMGE
Technical Committee TC 212 Deep Foundations

.
.
. Details:
International www.issmge.org/tc212
CPRF-Guideline

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 30

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Settlements calculated for a shallow

foundation: s > 40 cm Messeturm Frankfurt am Main,
z = 0 - 20 m 75 - 80 % Germany

Settlements:

Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 31

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Average pile load: 11.3 MN

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 32

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Total building load: = 1.570 MN

Ultimate pile load: 64 x 11.3 MN = 725 MN

Load transfer by raft: = 845 MN

Contact pressure: 250 kN/m2

CPRF = 0.46

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 33

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Comparison of costs for the piles

Accomplished: CPRF of 64 piles (laverage = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

64 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 1.5 Mio. US$

Pile foundation: 316 piles (l = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

316 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 7.4 Mio. US$

Savings in costs of
pile production 5.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,500 t
Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 34
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Optimisation by
construction
in 2 directions:
Tow-down method

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 35

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Filled bore hole

Struts
Primary Column
Excavation

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 36

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Results of optimised design:

minimised deformations
minimised construction time

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 37

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Comparison of costs for the piles

Accomplished: CPRF of 112 piles (laverage = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

112 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 2.6 Mio. US$

Pile foundation: 277 piles (l = 30 m)

Costs of pile production:

277 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 6.5 Mio. US$

Savings in costs of
pile production: 3.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,200 t

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 38

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Quality and safety assurance at tunnel

constructions

High-quality Independent
design and construction peer review & controlling
(4-eye-principle)
- adequate soil investigation - during planning phase
- soil-structure-interaction - during construction phase
- observational method - if necessary during service
- etc. phase (long-term behaviour)

new tunnel constructions on/near tunnels

constructions

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 39

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
New high-speed railway track
Madrid (Spain) to Paris (France)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 40

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain

Station
La Sagrera

Sagrada
Familia

Casa
Mil

Tunnel Barcelona Sants Sagrera (5.6 km)

Station
Sants

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 41

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain

Sagrada Familia Casa Mil

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 42

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 43

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
Sagrada Familia
Soil
improvement

Bored pile wall:

104 piles
= 1.5 m
a = 2.0 m
depth: 41 m
Bracing beam:
width: 2.0 m
thickness: 2.0 m

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 44

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
TBM with earth pressure balanced shield (EPB)
diameter: 11.55 m
earth slurry in excavation chamber (foam injections)
bentonite injections around the shield
grouting of mortar

Gap 1: 3 cm
Gap 2: 6 cm
Gap 3: 29 cm
Gap 4: 10 cm

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
Settlements and volume loss factor Vl
In cross section:

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 46

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain

Criteria for Sagrada Familia

- Traffic light for (correction) measures -

Green Yellow Red

Settlement at the surface over
the axis of the tunnel (middle < 2.0 cm 2.0 3.0 cm > 3.0 cm
of Mallorca street)

Settlement of the structure at

Gloria Facade < 0.50 cm 0.50 cm 1.00 cm > 1.00 cm

Tilting of the structure

< 1/3,000 1/3,000 - 1/2,000 > 1/2,000

Horizontal movement of the

joint at Gloria faade < 0.375 cm 0.375 0.75 cm > 0.75 cm

Increase of crack width of

existing cracks (reference < 0.05 cm 0.05 cm 0.10 cm > 0.1 cm
length of 1 m)

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 47

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
TBM under
Sagrada Familia

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 48

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
Displacements related to operational parameters of the TBM

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 49

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties

Barcelona, Spain
Face pressure: 2 bar
Whole tunnel length: Torque on cutting wheel: 10 MNm
s < 0.5 cm Velocity: 4 cm/min
Vl < 0.1%

Sagrada Familia: Casa Mil:

s < 0.1 cm s < 0.2 cm

Sagrada Familia

Casa Mil
1 km

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 50

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Final remarks

careful, well planned and monitored construction process is the

basis for realization of projects in the vicinity of sensitive structures
adequate geotechnical data aquisition (core drilling,
laboratory tests, field test, in-situ load tests)
3-dimensional numerical simulations considering
non-linear material behaviour of soil
independent peer review and controlling during
- planning phase
- design phase
- construction phase
- service phase (if necessary)

Control of the soil-structure interaction

Risk minimisation and quality assurance

Introduction High-rise buildings Tunnels Final remarks 51
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics

Thank you for your

kind attention!
www.geotechnik.tu-darmstadt.de

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