Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Chapter 2
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
DESIGN
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Week 3 1
 OUTLINE
General Basic Concept
Design Pressure
Design Temperature
HIPPS: High Integrity Pressure
Protection System

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DESIGN PRESSURE - BASIC CONCEPT
Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) refers to the wall
strength of a pressurized cylinder such as a pipeline or storage
tank and how much pressure the walls may safely hold in normal
operation.

The MAOP is less than the MAWP (maximum allowable working

pressure).

MAWP being the maximum pressure based on the design

codes that the weakest component of a pressure vessel can handle.

Commonly standard wall thickness components are used in

fabricating pressurised equipment, and hence are able to withstand
pressures above their design pressure.

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DESIGN PRESSURE - BASIC CONCEPT
Design pressure is the maximum pressure a pressurised item can be
exposed to. Due to the availability of standard wall thickness materials,
many components will have a MAWP higher than the required design
pressure.

Relief valves are set at the design pressure of the pressurised item and
sized to prevent the pressurised item being overpressured.

Depending on the design code that the pressurised item is designed,

an overpressure allowance can be used when sizing the relief valve.
This is +10% for PD 5500, and ASME Section VIII div 1 & 2 (with an
additional +10% allowance in ASME Section VIII for a fire relief case).

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 Example:
PRESSURE VESSEL

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION (PRESSURE VESSEL)

Materials - design aspects of materials such as dimensions,

identification and tolerances
Design - formula for selection and sizing of vessels and
vessel components
Inspection & Testing - Code required inspection and
pressure testing
Marking & Reports - use of Code markings & stamp &
required reports
Pressure Relief Devices - Selection, setting & installation of
pressure relief devices

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION (PRESSURE VESSEL)
Design Pressure
Normally, for vessels subjected to internal pressure only*,
Design pressure = operating pressure + 10% (or + 25 psi whichever is
higher)

Maximum Allowable Stress Values

These stress values are established so that when a vessel operates
below the creep and stress rupture range, the material does not
experience general yielding or stresses near the tensile strength of
the material.
At temperatures in the creep & stress rupture range, allowable tensile
stress are selected to ensure a low creep rate and reasonably long
stress life.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION (PRESSURE VESSEL)

Last, but certainly not least....

Pressure relief devices.... Compulsory for each

vessel.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION (PRESSURE VESSEL)

Figure 1: Example of Pressure Vessel

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SETTING MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING
PRESSURE (MAWP)
Working Pressure Minimum Different between
working pressure and MAWP
< 50 psig 10 psi

51 250 psig 25

251 500 psig 10 % from Max working pressure

501 1000 psig 50 psi

> = 1001 psig 5 % from max working pressure

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DESIGN TEMPERATURE - BASIC CONCEPT
Design Temperature

Maximum design temperature => mean metal temperature during

operation (should be selected with future changes in mind).

Allowable stresses drop rapidly with increasing temperature for

certain alloy material due to creeping.

Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) = lowest temperature

expected in service

MDMT determines when to use impact testing.

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**Creep is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of
mechanical stresses

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EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION
The vessel and equipment specifications are
established for long delivery items to expedite
both the design and the purchasing effort.

Every facility is designed for a specific function.

The criteria by which the equipment is designed
are applicable to the conditions of that facility only.
Therefore, some equipment are not typical, off-
the-shelf items.

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EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION
Specification forms make provision for key data of the equipment and its
position in the process, including design characteristics and required
performance.
A major purpose is a basis for price quotations by suppliers of the
equipment.
Although a few forms have been prepared by industry-wide organizations
such as TEMA, Hydraulic Institute, and API, most have been prepared
for their own use by engineering contractors and design divisions of
chemical process organizations.
Most private firms have their own libraries, but the merits of some forms
have been recognized and copied widely so that much uniformity exist

TEMA : http://www.slideshare.net/jest1509/tema-9thedition2007
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HIGH INTEGRITY PRESSURE PROTECTION SYSTEM (HIPPS)

HIPPS is an acronym for High Integrity Pressure

Protection System, which is a specific application
of Safety Instrumented System (SIS) .

The function of a HIPPS is to protect downstream

equipment against overpressure or upset
conditions coming from the upstream.

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HIGH INTEGRITY PRESSURE PROTECTION SYSTEM (HIPPS)

This is achieved by quickly closing two in-series

dedicated safety shut-off valves to preventing
further pressurisation of downstream piping.

The entire HIPPS package mainly consists of:

> Initiators
> Logic Solver
> Final Elements

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HIPPS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2: HIPPS System

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HIGH INTEGRITY PRESSURE PROTECTION SYSTEM (HIPPS)

It is designed in order to reach the desired fail-safe condition for the

process according to the following standards:

IEC 61508: Functional Safety of Electrical/ Electronic/

Programmable Electronic Safety Related System

IEC 61511: Functional Safety: safety instrumented systems for the

process industry sector

> ANSI/ISA S84.01, Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for

the Process Industries

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WHEN TO USE A HIPPS ?
HIPPS becomes the most feasible and practicable
approach especially when:
Environmental restrictions and safety constraints limit the
venting
Overpressure risk shall be reduced
Extremely high pressure and/or flow rate are involved
Sizing of relief device is difficult to define or inadequate due to
chemical reactions, multiphase fluids or plugging on existing
systems in order to avoid replacement of flare system when
adding new units

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ADVANTAGES OF HIPPS
HIPPS are used in Oil & Gas industry in order to provide
pressure protection to pipelines, piping, vessels and process
packages against over pressure, allowing the use of lower
design pressure downstream the HIPPS SYSTEM.

Lower allowable design pressure especially in pipeline and

vessel applications has as its greatest advantages to the
reduction of the wall thickness and the effects related to it, and
specifically:
Weight and cost reduction for piping and vessels downstream the HIPPS
Increased capacity /throughput in flow line applications
Transportation and storage cost reduction due to volume and weights reduction

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CONCLUSION

Design Pressure
Design Temperature
HIPPS: High Integrity Pressure
Protection System

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QUIZ 2
Please write down on the lesson learned from pressure vessel
accidents that have been discussed in previous
class/presentation.
In English!

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