Pressure Vessel Design Project

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
Main Terminology………………………………………………………………2
Abstract……………………………………………………………………3
Chapter one................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................6
1.2 Problem definition........................................................................... 6
1.3 Objective.......................................................................................... 6
1.4 Methodology.................................................................................... 7
Chapter two................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Literature Reviw.....................................................................8
Chapter three............................................................................................ 10
3.1 Introduction................................................................................10
3.2 Design and Analysis of the Pressure Vessel............................... 16
3.3 Design Procedure....................................................................19
3.3.2 Design of head (Hemispherical) .........................................22
3.3.3 Nozzle design ......................................................................23
3.3.4 Design of flange...................................................................25
3.3.5 Total weight of pressure vessel............................................25
3.3.6 Design of support(saddle)....................................................26
3.3.7 Design of Manhole ................................................................................28
3.3.8 Conclusion.........................................................................................29
Reference..................................................................................................30
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Main Terminology
T: - design temperature, °C
C: - corrosion allowance, mm
Di: - inside diameter of the vessel, mm
Do: - outside diameter of the vessel, mm
Ri : - inside radius of the vessel, mm
Ro: - outside radius of the vessel, mm
S: - maximum allowable stress, kg/cmA2
E: -Joint efficiency, %
T: -required the thickness, mm
tn:- minimum thickness provided for the nozzle, mm
trn: -selected thickness for the nozzle, mm
W: -weight of the vessel
H: - height of center of gravity
N: - Number of bolts
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ABSTRACT
This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure
vessel. A detailed study of various parts of pressure vessels like shell, support,
nozzles Design is carried according to rules of ASME code section VIII, Division I.
The chapters deal with detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials
used in pressure construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the
study of various parts like type of support etc. and Application of pressure
vessels, Types of Pressure Vessel, component of pressure vessel, Problem
Statement, Objectives , Scope Of The Project
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Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
Pressure vessels are containers used to handle fluids which are
compressible and which work at high pressures. It defined as a
container with a pressure differential between inside and outside with respect to
atmospheric. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside.
The purpose of a pressure vessel is to store or process a high pressure high
temperature fluid. The fluid can be toxic such as chemicals as well as nontoxic
such as steam and have applications in variety of industries such
as Oil and Gas, Petroleum, Beverage industries, chemical
industries, power generation industries, food industry.
The design of pressure vessel depends on factors such as pressure, temperature,
material selected, corrosion, loadings, and many other parameters depending
on the applications.
To be designed according to the standard available codes such as ASME
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Section VIII Division 1, EN/DIN
(European) Code, IS (Indian Standard) Code. These codes have been designed
by experimentation to obtain standards that fit to any application. The use of
Finite Element Methods and Analysis techniques that provide results on failure
in pressure vessels are to be studied.
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 does not explicitly consider the effects
of combined stress. Neither does it give detailed methods on how stresses are
combined. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, on the other hand, provides
specific guidelines for stresses, how they are combined, and allowable stresses
for categories of combined stresses. Division 2 is design by analysis whereas
Division 1 is design by rules. Although stress analysis as utilized by
Division 2 is beyond the scope of this text, the use of stress
categories, definitions of stress, and allowable stresses is applicable.
Division 2 stress analysis considers all stresses in a tri axial state combined in
accordance with the maximum shear stress theory. Division 1 and the
procedures outlined in this book consider a biaxial state of stress combined in
accordance with the maximum stress theory. Just as one would not design a
nuclear reactor to the Division 1, one would not design an air receiver by the
techniques of Division 2. Each has its place and applications.
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Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The
cylindrical vessels are generally preferred be cause of present simple
manufacturing problem and make better use of the available space. Boiler, heat
exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are generally cylindrical.
Major Components of Pressure Vessels:

1) Shell:
2) Head:
3) Nozzle
4) Support
5) Flange
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1.2 Problem definition

 Failure of pressure vessels has adverse effects on the surrounding and the
industry which can cause loss of life, property and damages.
Hence the failures of pressure vessels are studied and methods are
developed to avoid such failures. The designer utilizes considerably
higher values of the dimensions as per the code in order to make vessel
safer during operation and intern increasing fatigue life. But the
dimensions used for the construction and manufacturing result in heavier
construction. Usually in the design of pressure vessel the failure occurred
during incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design methods,
improper selection of material; defects in material, poor quality control;
improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including welding etc.
 In a refinery or in industry for some process purpose
vacuum is required to remove the air inside the piping and main vessel.
This vacuum is created with the help of vacuum system. That air may
contain moisture, chemical vapors and steams etc. It is also a very
corrosive environment. As per the client’s requirement, all
of this corrosive air will get condense and that condensate
will store in an ancillary pressure vessel as a collection receiver for an oil
refinery or process industry.
1.3 Objective
 The main objective of our project is to design pressure vessel for a
use of petrol storage
General objective of design pressure vessel
 To show that multilayer pressure vessels are suitable for high
operating pressures than solid wall pressure vessels.
 To show a significant saving in weight of material may be made by
use of a multilayer vessel in place of a solid wall vessel.
 To show there may be a uniform stress distribution over the entire
shell, which is the indication for most effective use of the material in
the shell.
 To check the suitability of using different materials for Liner shell and
remaining layers for reducing the cost of the construction of the vessel.
 To verify the theoretical stress distribution caused by internal pressure
at outside surface of the shell and to ascertain that the stresses do not
reach yield point value during testing.
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1.4 Methodology
To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are important as a reference
guide to achieve the safety pressure vessel. The selections of ASME VIII
division 2 are described. The standard of material use are explains in this
chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain the result are
introduced. Instead of that, design process methodology is also described. This
method focuses on stress analysis of the vessel for the working condition. The
optimization is done by carrying out number of iterations. Design check is done
to insure the safety of the vessel while in operation. The chart for the
methodology used is as below:
FUNCTIONAL CHANGE IN
CHECK
REQUIREMENT DIMENSION
OPERATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT OF OPTIMUM LIMITS

REQUIREMENTS DESIGN CONDITIONS ANALYZED
MATERIAL
DESIGN CODES
SELECTION
IF DESIGN
PRELIMINARY FAILS
LAYOUT
STRESS ANALYSIS DESIGN CHECK
IF DESIGN
PASSES
FINAL DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION,
INSPECTION AND
DELIVERY
The analysis of the pressure vessel was carried out using ANSYS. The
material considered for the analysis are ASME Grade material, Stainless
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Steel, Copper Alloy, Aluminum Alloy, Grey Cast Iron and Titanium Alloy.
The material properties considered were having a yield stress of 260 MPa
and poison’s ratio considered was 0.3.
Elements considered in designing pressure vessel

(a) Measurements, Thickness, size and their limits.
(b) Working circumstances, Pressure and temperature.
(c) Accessible materials and their physical properties and cost.
(d) Destructive nature of reactants and yields.
(e) Theories of failure.
(f) Types of structure i.e. forged, welded or casted.
(g) Method of Manufacture.
Chapter two
Literature review
Devaraju and Pazhanivel (2015) have studied stress analysis on
pressure vessels by considering the internal pressure, self-weight and the
fluid weight. They have designed the pressure vessel using manual calculations
and compared these computed stress values with the results obtained from the
ANSYS software.
They concluded that the stress acting on the shell of the pressure vessel designed is
much less than that of the allowable stress of the material. Thus, the pressure
vessel is safe for the usage.
Nitinchandra et al. (2013) have investigated pressure vessel for marine substation
applications considering different materials. The stress analysis has been
performed considering internal and external pressure for these
different materials by placing pressure vessels at different depths of
the ocean from the sea surface using MATLAB software. The external pressure
applied is caused due to the pressure caused by sea water at that depth and the
internal pressure is caused due to gas induced inside the vessel in order to balance
the external pressure. They have concluded that the pressure vessel designed will
be helpful for marine applications.
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Sheik Abdul and Chandra Sekhar (2012) have studied the structural analysis due
to change in location of the nozzle in a pressure vessel. They intend to find the
location of the nozzle for which the stress value is minimal. The pressure vessel
analyzed was filled with water with a working pressure of 9 Kg/cm2 and internal
diameter of 100 cm. They concluded that a minimum of 8 mm wall thickness is
enough to hold the pressure vessel with a low value of factor of safety.
Apurva et al. (2018) has done research on design and analysis of the pressure
vessel. Their main focus is to analyze the safety parameters of the pressure vessel
for a given working pressure. They have taken the main parameters that effect the
safety of the pressure vessel like, material selection, design and fabrication. They
have designed the pressure vessel using seamless pipe instead of making
the shell using a plate. They concluded that the maximum working
pressure considered was within the allowable limit.
Merlin and chitaranjan (2017) have studied different types of end domes in the
analysis of pressure vessel considering torispherical and hemispherical heads. They
considered the pressure vessel to be non-linear symmetric and material to
be nonlinear and focused on finding the optimum minimum
thickness.
They concluded that the stress accumulated in the torispherical head was minimum
as compared to hemispherical head.
Rashmi and vinod (2017) have done analysis on pressure vessel in order to find the
difference between flat head and hemispherical head. They have done the
analysis considering different orientation and different number of
saddle support. They concluded that the Von-Moses and normal stress of the
pressure vessel are almost same for both flat head and hemispherical head whereas,
the stress at the closure of flat head is found to be almost double on the
hemispherical head vessel.
Anandhu and avis (2017) have studied the analysis of horizontal oriented pressure
vessel. The pressure vessel designed was modeled using CATIA and analyzed
using ANSYS software. They concluded that the pressure vessel with shell
thickness of 18 mm is safer as compared to 16 mm shell thickness, whereas, the
shell thickness of 16 mm is much optimized to use while considering the economy
of construction of pressure vessel.
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Siva krishna and seshaiah (2012) have studied multilayer pressure vessel that can
withstand a high pressure. They designed the pressure vessel using ASME
standards for designing and checking various parameters of pressure vessel. The
finite element analysis was used to analyze both the solid pressure vessel and
multilayer pressure vessel. They concluded that the internal stress
formed in multilayer pressure vessel was much lesser when
compared to solid pressure vessel.
Kuhn et al. (2000) has studied the design and analysis of full composite pressure
vessel using FEA. They studied the different types of end domes for
optimizing the weight and material variation. They concluded that
the composite material can be used for optimizing the weight in case of
pressure vessels. Wadkar et al. has studied design and analysis of pressure
vessel using ANSYS software. They studied the stress concentration of a pressure
vessel considering the shell and end dome by comparing the results
of ANSYS with the manual calculations. They concluded that the
stress concentration was very less and the pressure vessel is safe for use in
industries.
Chapter three
Design and Analysis of the Pressure Vessel
3.1 Introduction
In general, pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME Code, Section
VIII, Division 1, are designed by rules and do not require a detailed evaluation of
all stresses. It is recognized that high localized and secondary bending stresses may
exist but are allowed for by use of a higher safety factor and design rules for details.
It is required, how-ever, that all loadings (the forces applied to a vessel or its
structural attachments) must be considered. While the Code gives formulas for
thickness and stress of the shell.
basic components, it is up to the designer to select appropriate analytical
procedures for determining stress due to other loadings. The designer must also
select the most probable combination of simultaneous loads for an economical and
safe design. The Code establishes allowable stresses by stating in Para. UG-23(c)
that the maximum general primary membrane stress must be less than allowable
stresses outlined in material sections
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3.2 Design of vessel

There are four components of pressure vessels this are:-
1. Shell: is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel
shells are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational
axis. Most pressure vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.
Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are fabricated in a wide range of
diameters and lengths. Normally shell is made by Plate, Plates are of Carbon
steel (SA 516 Gr 60, 65, 70) or of Stainless steel (SA 240 Gr 304,304L,
316,316L)
2. Head: All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or
another shell section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved
configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less
expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel. Head are
usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical,
conical, toriconical and flat are the common types of heads.
Fig: some head types

3. Nozzle: is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary
connections and to permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access.
Nozzles are used for the following applications:
Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
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Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells,

or pressure gauges).
Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.
Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a
heat exchanger or mixer)
4. Support: The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and
orientation of the pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support
must be adequate for the applied weight, wind, and earthquake loads.
Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and foundation for the
pressure vessels.
Types of supports
1. Skirt support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported
by skirts. A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the
lower portion of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).
Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near the mid-plane of the shell.
The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial
thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction
with the skirt
2. Leg support
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower
portion of the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is
typically 2:1. The number of legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to
be carried. Support legs are also typically used for spherical pressurized storage
vessels. The support legs for small vertical drums and spherical pressurized
Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe sections,
whichever provides a more efficient design.
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Fig 1.5 Leg Support
3. Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A
saddle Support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an
excessive local stress in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle,
among other design details, is determined by the specific size and design
conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or anchored
to its foundation.
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Fig: Saddle Support

4. Lug support
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be
used to support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to
vessels of small to medium diameter (1 to 10ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter
ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1. Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size
that are located above grade within structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to
horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning loads;
however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal expansion of
the drum.
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5. Flange
a) Weld Neck Raised Face (WNRF):
WNRF flange have a raised face of approximate 2mm height. Raised face has a
serration of 125-250 AARH (Arithmetic Average of Roughness Height) on
which gasket will get fixed.
b) Weld Neck Flat Face (WNFF):
WNFF is like WNRF only difference is WNFF don’t have a raised face. It has
only Flat.
c) Slip On Raised Face (SORF):
SORF flange do not have direct contact with neck. This flange is normally used
in moderate and low pressure application.
d) Slip On Flat Face (SOFF):
SOFF is like SORF only difference is SOFF don’t have a raised face. It has
only Flat Face.
3.3 Design Procedure
Step 1:- Material Selection for Pressure Vessel Construction
There are parameters that should be satisfied to select economical material for
pressure vessels. These parameters are including the following aspects:
Strength for design condition
Strength for desired service life
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Resistance to corrosion in service environment for desired life

Capabilities for fabrication processes
Market availability
Maintenance and repair
Cost (first investment and operation cost)
Step 2:- detail components design
Design of shell
Design of head
Design of support
Design of nozzle
Step 3:- checking whether the design is safe or not
Yes when the design is safe documentation is accepted.
Not when the design is not safe it required material changed.
SPECIFICATION
Fluid pressure temperature(℃) layout Support End head Volume

type (bar) type shape (m3)
petrole 1.8 34 horizontal saddle hemisphere 10
Design code: ASME Sec. VIII Division-I
Material selection based on the specification and ASME sec. VIII Division-I
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As per ASME standard the material should be carbon steel based on the temperature we given
Carbon Steel – Carbon steel provides a number of advantages as a pressure vessel material. In addition to being highly resistant
to corrosion, shock, and vibration, it possesses a high tensile strength — making it ideal for demanding tank applications in a
wide range of industrial processes. It also retains strength at minimal thicknesses, which reduces the amount of material needed
for tank fabrication, thereby lowering fabrication costs. Carbon steel is also highly recyclable and accounts for more recycled
weight annually than aluminum, plastic, paper, and glass combined. In fact, approximately 50% of its production comes from
reclaimed materials.
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3.3.1 Shell design:

The ASME codes present basic rules while designing shells. It is clear that the
thickness of these shells is main consideration, the welding operation on vessels is
necessary too. The used thickness equations are:
t
⿏⿏
‫ ܧ‬െͲ
t
h
‫ ܧ‬െͲ
t
‫ ܧ‬െͲ
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is
sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads. As a
general guide the wall thickness of any vessel should not be less than the values
given below; the values include a corrosion allowance of 2 mm.
Vessel diameter in Minimum thickness in
meter mm
1 5
1-2 7
2-2.5 9
2.5-3 10
3-3.5 12
Diameter of the vessel

the diameter of the vessel is calculated by using length to diameter relation as
follow
L/D Diameter
Pressure in Mpa L/D 3 Ͳ湘
0-1.723 3
1.723-3.445 4 4 㔱湘
>3.445 5
5 湘
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For this case we have given that design pressure of 1.8bar (i.e 0.18Mpa)
Which gives as L/D =3 and this implies that we have to use
Ͳ湘
From the above table
From this the internal diameter of the vessel become

D = ∛(6x10/5π)=1.5632m Ri = 0.7816m
Pd=1.2Poperating=1.2x0.18= 0.216Mpa
Allowable Stress
The maximum allowable stress as per ASME Sec. VIII Division-I for carbon steel,
SA-36
12700 = 87.503Mpa
S = 87.503Mpa
Now let’s check this value:
P ≤ 0.385SE
0.216 ≤ 0.385×87.503×0.5
0.216 ≤ 25.6246 so it is safe
E= 0.5
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Shell thickness
PR 0.216 x0.7816
tshell =0.0038913m= 3.8913mm
SE  0.6 P 87.503 x0.5  0.6 x0.216
Corrosion allowance is 3mm
So tshel= 3.8913+3mm= 6.8913mm =
tshell=8mm(standard)
Outer diameter
Do = Di+2tshell= 1577.2mm=1.5772m
Checking the stress

σhoop=PdDi/4tshel l= 0.216x1563.2/(4x8)= 12.06Mpa
12.06Mpa ≤ S = 25.6246 (SAFE)
σlon=PdDi/2tshell=0.216x1563.2/(2x8)=24.12Mpa
24.12Mpa ≤ S = 25.6246 (SAFE)
Checking the pressure
The MAWP determines the setting of the relief valve and must be higher than the
normal pressure of the process contained in the vessel
Pd ≤ MAWP (to be safe)
SEts
MAWP = =87.503x0.5x8/(0.7816x0.6x7)=0.3897Mpa
Ri  0.6ts
0.216 ≤ 0.3897Mpa (SAFE)
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Mass of Shell
mshell= ρ v Di=1.5632m Do= 1.5772

L= 3D=3x1.5632=4.689m
Density of carbon steel ρ = 7.85 g/cm3
㔱㔱
V=
= π(((157.72cm)2- (156.32cm)2 )/4*468.9cm
= 161,913.52 cm3
mshell= 7.85g/cm3x161,913.52 cm3= 1271021.144 g = 1271.021kg
Mass of petrol at shell vessel

m= ρ v density of petrol ρ=748.9 kg/m3
V= πDi2/4*L = π(156.322)/4*468.9cm=8,999,102.6cm3
= 8.991m3
m= 748.9 kg/m3 x 8.991m3
= 6733.36 kg
3.3.2 Design of head (Hemispherical)
Material from ASME standard, SA285-A
Allowable stress=62Mpa
Thickness of the head
PR
th= =0.216x781.6/(2x62x0.5-0.2x0.216) = 3.02789mm
2 SE  0.2 P
C=3
th=3.02789+3=4.9303 = 6.0278mm
th=8mm as per the standard
Ro = 789.1mm
Ri = 781.6mm
Mass of head
V= 4/3π(Ros3-Ris3)
=4/3π(788.63-781.63) = 58130080.48mm3= 58130.08048cm3
mhead = ρ v
=7.85 g/cm3x58130.0848cm3= 456321.13g = 456.32kg
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Mass of petrol at the head of vessel

m= ρ v ρ= 748.9 kg/m3
V= 4/3π(Ris3)=π4/3x (78.16cm)3= 2,000,056.5cm3= 2m3
m= 748.9 kg/m3 x 2m3= 1497.842 kg

3.3.3 Nozzle design
Thickness of the nozzle
Material for the nozzle is SA53-A from ASME code
The allowable stress is 66Mpa
tn= PR/(SE-0.6P)
From ASME standard the radius of the nozzle should not exceed 70%
radius of the shell
We take the internal Radius of the nozzle as 15% of the radius of the shell
Rn = 0.25x781.6 = 195.33mm
So
tn =0.216x195.33/(66x0.5-0.6x0.216) = 1.2835mm
C= 3
tn= 1.2835+3= 4.2835mm = 6mm
External radius of the nozzle Ro= Rn+tn = 195.33+6
=201.33mm= 202mm
Length of the nozzle
The length of the nozzle out side the vessel is based on the design preferences
To long will cost as a lot
And to short will be affected by pressure …
So we choose 20% of the diameter of the vessel
Ln=0.2x1563.2mm=312.64mm
Mass of nozzle
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From the table of ANSI class 150 our nozzle diameter is around 8in which gives as
65lb = 29.51kg mass of nozzle = 29.51kg
Opening Reinforcement
Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings
for nozzles or access. High stress concentrations exist at the opening edge and
decrease radially outward from the opening, becoming negligible beyond twice the
diameter from the center of the opening. To avoid failure in the opening area,
compensation or reinforcement is required. Some ways in which this can be
accomplished are: (a) increase the vessel wall thickness, (b) increase the wall
thickness of the nozzle, or (c) use a combination of extra shell and nozzle thickness.
The Code procedure is to relocate the removed material to an area within an
effective boundary around the opening
Areqd = dts=390.66 x 3.8913 = 1520.17mm2

ts = 3.8913mm
Ts = 8mm
tn =1.2835mm
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Tn = 6mm
For An, A1=
 2 T T  t  = 22 12 88(6 1.2835) = 188.66mm
221 S n n
22 1 T T  t  22 1 66 1.2835

A2= n2 n n
= 2 = 141.495mm
So we take the smaller which is 141.495mm2
d T s  t s   2T n T S  t s  390.668  3.8913  2 x68  3.8913
For As, A1 = =
= 1555.8mm2
2T s  T n T s  t s   2 t n T s  t s  28  6 8  3.8913  2 x1.28358  3.8913
A2 = =
=104.4965mm2
we take the larger AS = 1555.8mm2
So from these we see that
A = 1555.8mm2 + 188.66mm2> Areq = 1520.175mm2
Since the area is greater than the area required for reinforcement, additional
reinforcement is not needed
3.3.4 Design of Flange

The dimensions of flange are given with standard of ASME code and all the
dimensions are given based on standard welding-neck and blind flanges ANSI 150
lb and the nominal diameter that is the diameter below the nozzle diameter
We take the nominal diameter by relating it with the nozzle diameter which is the
nominal diameter should be less than that of the nozzle one
Dnominal ≤ Dnozzle
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Dnoz=195.33x2= 390.66mm=15.38in
So our nominal diameter should be 14in as the standard
From the table above the dimensions of the flange directly from noinal diameter
of 14in ,So the values are A(outer diameter of pipe)=355.6mm
B(outer diameter of flange)=533mm
C(diameter of bolt circle)=476mm
D(diameter of bolt holes)=29mm
E(thickness of flange)=35mm
F(diameter of hub)=400mm
G(total thickness of flange)=127mm
K(diameter of raid face)=413mm
Number of bolt= 4
Weight of BLD of flange = 50.45kg
Weight of WN of flange = 46.31kg

3.3.5 Total weight of pressure vessel (wt)
Total weight of empty vessel
Wt = mt(total mass) x g
mt = msell + mhead + mnozzel+ mflange
= 1271.021kg +456.32kg + 29.51kg +96.76kg
= 1853.61kg
Wt = 1853.61kg x 9.81kg/m2= 18,183.92N
Total weight of pressure vessel with petrol
mt = msell + mhead + mnozzel+ mflange+ mmediam(total)
mmediam(total) = mmshell+mmhead =
= 6733.36 kg+1497.842 kg= 8231.2kg
mt = 1271.021kg +456.32kg + 29.51kg +96.76kg + 8231.2kg
= 10,084.8 kg
Wt = 10,084.8 kg x 9.81kg/m2= 98,932N
3.3.6 Design of support(saddle)

The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the
vessel and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated
from steel plate. The contact angle should not be less than 120o, and will not
normally be greater than 150o. Wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to
reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the saddle.
25 | P a g e
The dimensions of typical “standard” saddle designs are given in Figure. To take
up any thermal expansion of the vessel, such as that in heat exchangers, the anchor
bolt holes in one saddle can be slotted.
Based on ASME code the dimension of saddle support become,
For the diameter of the vessel is 1.6m so the dimensions of the saddle support from
Weight of the saddle(w) = 330kN
the table above are
V = 0.98m , Y= 0.2m
C = 1.41m
E = 0.62m
J = 0.35m
G = 0.14m
t1 = 10mm
t2 =12mm
bolt diameter = 24mm
Bot holes = 30mm
From total weight analysis of our pressure vessel now we can check whither
the saddle support able to carry the vessel or not,
The maximum weight of saddle is 330kN so, the total weight of
pressure vessel which is empty or loaded with petrol should have to less than
330kN to become the design of saddle safe.
Total weight of empty vessel (wt) =18,183.92N= 18.184kN
26 | P a g e
wt < 330kN (SAFE)

Total weight of vessel with petrol (Wt) = 98,932N= 98.93kN
Wt < 330kN (SAFE)
3.3.7 Design of Manhole
Man hole is an opening used for inspection of the vessel during operation or
maintenance such as welding , cleaning, painting when corrosion occurs.
Design of manhole
According to the ASME standard the vessel which internal diameter 10 in must
have one manhole and its size design based on a mane shoulder.
So, we consider the manhole internal diameter is around 0.65m
Material for the nozzle is SA53-A from ASME code
allowable stress is 66Mpa
Thickness (tm)
Ri= 325 mm
tm= PR/ SE-0.6p = 0.216x325/(66*0.5-(0.6*0.216))
= 2.1356mm + 3mm(corrosion allowance )
tm= 5.13= 7mm(standard)
Do= Di+2tm= 664mm Ro=332mm
The hight of manhole assume as 15% of internal radius
Lm= 0.15x Ri
=0.15x325= 17.5mm= 48.75mm
Hight of manhole is 48.75mm
Force and bending moment analysis
This part important to know where the load is applying and the weight of the
vessel verses the support
27 | P a g e
3.3.8 Conclusion
The pressure vessel that we design has its own standard dimensions
and related with the international rules. Pressure vessel that stores
petroleum with the above specification is designed by referring
international standards and rules for pressure vessels. During the
designing process we used every parameters like
temperature,pressure and selected the material based on the standards.
We tried to make it clear and understandable to make every one to
understand it. Every components are designed and we find every
component’s dimension for the vessel as the software design will be
produced based on these dimensions.
28 | P a g e
Reference
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

ASME, New York.
Bush, S.H., Statistics of pressure vessel and piping failures, Am. Soc. Mech.
Eng. J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 110, 225–233, 1988.
“Design of pressure Vessel using ASME code,Section 8 ,
Division 1” B.S. Thakkar ,S.A. thakkar.
IJAERSE-ISSN2249-8974
R.S.Khhurmi and J.K.Gupta, “A Test Book of Machine Design
“S.Chand publications.
“Optimize Nozzle Location for Minimization of Stress In
Pressure Vessel,” Innovative Research in Science & Technology|
Vol. 1, Issue 1, June 2014|
ISSN(online): 2349-6010.
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Wikipia
Bing
29 | P a g e

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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Major Components of Pressure Vessels:

1.2 Problem definition

OPERATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT OF OPTIMUM LIMITS

STRESS ANALYSIS DESIGN CHECK

Elements considered in designing pressure vessel

3.2 Design of vessel

Fig: some head types

Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells,

Fig 1.5 Leg Support

Fig: Saddle Support

Resistance to corrosion in service environment for desired life

Fluid pressure temperature(℃) layout Support End head Volume

Design code: ASME Sec. VIII Division-I

3.3.1 Shell design:

Diameter of the vessel

From this the internal diameter of the vessel become

Checking the stress

0.216 ≤ 0.3897Mpa (SAFE)

mshell= ρ v Di=1.5632m Do= 1.5772

mshell= 7.85g/cm3x161,913.52 cm3= 1271021.144 g = 1271.021kg

Mass of petrol at shell vessel

Mass of petrol at the head of vessel

V= 4/3π(Ris3)=π4/3x (78.16cm)3= 2,000,056.5cm3= 2m3

m= 748.9 kg/m3 x 2m3= 1497.842 kg

Areqd = dts=390.66 x 3.8913 = 1520.17mm2

22 1 T T  t  22 1 66 1.2835

3.3.4 Design of Flange

B(outer diameter of flange)=533mm

C(diameter of bolt circle)=476mm

D(diameter of bolt holes)=29mm

G(total thickness of flange)=127mm

K(diameter of raid face)=413mm

Weight of BLD of flange = 50.45kg

Weight of WN of flange = 46.31kg

3.3.6 Design of support(saddle)

wt < 330kN (SAFE)

3.3.7 Design of Manhole

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

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