Pressure Vessel Air by Tesfahun

Machine Design Project (MEng3161) 3rd Year Mechanical 2017/2008
Pressure Vessel Design By: Tasfahun Yadeta ID No: R/3390/07
DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

DESIGNED BY: - TESFAHUN YADETA
ID NUMBER: - R/3390/07
SECTION: - ONE (1)
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DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
Meng3161 Machine Design Project
A/Y 2017 Semister II Cr.Hr 3
General Design Procedures
1. Need statement/ Need analysis

 As per the technical specification given
2. Conceptual Design/ Preliminary design work
 Design and analysis of shape, form and mechanism
 Geometric analysis arriving at over all dimensions
 Identification of standard and non standard components
3. Detail design
 Detail system technical and functional analysis
 Detail strength analysis with acceptable material type, safety factor and maximum permissible
working stress range considering mechanical strength, realiability, durability, ease of
manufacturing, maintainability and apperarance.
 Detail dimensioning of each and every parts and components.
4. Design for manufacturing
 Modifying the design as per the actual shop floor practices, available machine tool
equipments,cutter profile and maximum attainable geometric and dimensional tolerance
constraint.
 Recommended manufacturing techniques
 Method of fitting and assembly.
5. Cost estimation of standard and non standard components
6. Individual CAD part drawing
 Showing basic/ nominal dimensions
 Showing standard geometric and dimensional tolerance designations
 Type of standard fit designation
7. Working detail CAD assembly drawing
 Having well furnished bill of material
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 All relevant and necessary views

 Detail sectional views of attachments’ as required
 All necessary tolerance and fit standard designation
8. Documentation and reporting
 N.B Your documentation must be as per this design procedure
 Every students must prepare and submit Guntt chart/ time table planning for sequential
activities to be done.
 Their will be progressive advising and progress evaluation as per your class time table and
consultation hour.
Project-I Design of a Pressure Vessel
Name of Student: TASFAHUN YADETA

Issued Date: 28/02/2017
Due Date: Friday April 7/2017
A. SPECIFICATION
1. Main Parameters
i. Medium: Air
ii. Inner Service Pressure: [MPa] 1.72
iii. Nominal Volume: [m3] 0.45

iv. Service Temperature: [0C] 150
v. Position Vertical
2. Supporting Element
Supporting Element Lateral legs
3. Connecting Pipes:
a. Two longitudinal, One lateral, with
Nominal Diameter, [mm] 150
b. One bottom discharge pipe, if necessary with flanges,

Nominal Diameter, [mm] 40
c. One sample opening nominal diameter 25mm (flange)
d. One pipe for safety valve nominal diameter 25mm (flange)
e. One temperature gage pipe
4. Operating opening (manhole) according to volume.
B. PROJECT TASK
1. Conceptual Design
- Identify all the sought functions and obtain suitable solutions.
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2. Embodiment Design
- Design all the components
- Prepare a detail drawing for each component
- Prepare assembly drawings depicting the main features revealed
(Sufficient number of detail drawings should be included)
3. Project Report
- Prepare a design report that includes all the assumptions, remarks,
drawings, calculations and steps behind the selection of standard items.
C. Note
These sheets should be returned together with the report.
Instructor:- Yared Seifu
Steps in the Design of Pressure Vessels
1. Define pressure vessel and identify wide variety of industrial applications.
2. Identify pressure vessel components (vessel shell, heads, supporting legs, nozzles, flanges, manhole …) and
configurations.
3. Determine vessels Length and Diameter by the use of the given nominal vessel volume for typical ratio of
length to diameter.
4. Select material based on the following factors:

a. Strength
b. Corrosion Resistance
c. Resistance to Hydraulic Attack
d. Fracture toughness
e. Fabricability
5. Define specific weld types that may be used and determine the corresponding weld joint efficiency, E, which is
a measure of weld quality and accounts for stress concentrations and is needed in component thickness
calculations.
6. Calculate required shell thickness for internal pressure. Note that you must account for corrosion allowance
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based on the type of the medium. Therefore, the corrosion allowance must be added to obtain the inside radius
and finally must be added to the calculated thickness.
7. Review the different type of closure heads (flanged, hemispherical, elliptical, torispherical , conical and
toriconical) and select the one for your top and bottom head which is not necessarily the same for both ends.
8. Calculate required head thickness for internal pressure. You will follow the same procedure how the corrosion
allowance is accounted for vessel thickness calculation.
9. Identify in your design Head-to-Shell transitions.
10. Select standard flange with its dimensional detail based on flange rating. The flange rating establishes
acceptable temperature/pressure combinations and is a function of acceptable flange materials.
11. flange design using the following procedure:

a. determine flange applied loads (acts at different flange locations) and flange moments (for the
operating and gasket seating cases)
b. Flange stresses are calculated and compared to allowable value.
c. Consider the following factors while designing the flange
 Operation and gasket seat parameters
 Specified gasket widths
 Flange facing and nubbin width
 Bolt size number and spacing
12. In gasket design determine gasket type, gasket width, gasket materials and contact facings.
13. Select standard wall thickness of the nozzle.
14. Reinforcement of Openings. Use “area replacement” approach. Note the different nozzle design details that may
be used. First determine total available reinforcement area and compare to required area. If the nozzle is not
adequately reinforced because it does not have enough reinforcement available, then the design now proceeds to
determine the required dimensions of reinforcement pad. And a final check is made to ensure that the
reinforcement pad is within the reinforcement zone.
15. Check your pressure vessel for maximum allowable working stress for the combined internal service pressure
and external loads.
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16. Design inspection or manhole for your pressure vessel.
17. Support design

a. Design for weight, wind, and earthquake.
b. Pressure not a factor.
c. Temperature also a consideration for material selection and thermal expansion.
18. Recognize typical acceptable welding and fabrication detail for your pressure vessel.
Fig1; Vertical Air Receiver
Chapter One
Introduction
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A pressure vessels is defined as a Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carrying, storing, or receive
fluid(liquid and gas) such as water,oil,and gas at apressure of above atmospheric pressure,such
apressure vessel are designed according to national(BIS) and international codes (ASME,BE-
D0,AD-2000).It is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside(internal) and
outside(external). The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated
situations. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam
boilers, or may combine with other reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor.
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressures together with high temperatures,
and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is
imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be
designed carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in
mind that the rupture of a pressure vessel has a potential to cause extensive physical injury and
property damage. Plant safety and integrity are of fundamental concern in pressure vessel design
and these of course depend on the adequacy of design codes.
When discussing pressure vessels we must also consider tanks. Pressure vessels and tanks are
significantly different in both design and construction: tanks, unlike pressure vessels, are limited
to atmospheric pressure; and pressure vessels often have internals while most tanks do not (and
those that do are limited to heating coils or mixers).
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical, with domed ends. The Cylindrical vessels
are generally preferred, since they present simpler manufacturing problems and make better use
of the available space. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are generally
cylindrical.
Spherical vessels have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter
than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-
cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.
Containment vessels for liquids at very low pressures are sometimes in the form of lobed
spheroids or in the shape of a drop. This has the advantage of providing the best possible stress
distribution when the tank is full.
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Industrial application’s
 Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries; for example, the power generation
industry for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing and
processing crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as storing gasoline in service
stations, sugar industries, and the chemical industry (in chemical reactors) to name but a
few. Their use has expanded throughout the world. Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact,
essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries They also
appear as components of aerospace and marine vehicles such as rocket,. It is in this
class of equipment that the reactions, heat exchanger, separations, and storage of raw
materials occur. Generally speaking, pressurized
 Petroleum refining
 Chemical
 Power
 Pulp and paper
 food
 Pressure vessel can be classified
 1) Based on the thickness and its diameter ratio
 THIN CYLINDER:
If the ratio of the thickness to the internal diameter i.e. t/D is less than about 1/20, the
cylinder is assumed to be thin cylinder. And also the thickness (t) of the shall less than 1/10
of the diameter (D) of the shell.
 THICK CYLINDER:
If the ratio of thickness to the internal diameter i.e. t/d is greater than 1/20, the cylinder is
assumed to be thick cylinder. And also the thickness(t) of the shell greater than 1/10 the
diameter(D) of the shell grater.
2) Based on the end of constriction
A) OPEN END such as piston
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B) CLOSED END such as tank.
The pressure vessel must be designed with a great care of because of if it the
explode it will hart the works and loss of property .They are most of the time in the
shape of cylindrical , spherical ,closed and open end .Material for pressure vessel may
be brittle (cast iron) and ductile (mild steel).e.g. hydraulic cylinder, gun barrels, pipes,
boilers and storage tanks.
1.2 Pressure vessel components
Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are
fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths. Tall vertical towers are constructed in a
wide range of shell diameters and heights.
Fig.2.Cylindrical Shell
Head
Heads are one of the important parts in pressure vessels and refer to the parts of the vessel that
confine the shell from below, above, and the sides. The ends of the vessels are closed by means
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of heads before putting them into operation. The heads are normally made from the same
material as the shell and may be welded to the shell itself. They also may be integral with the
shell in forged or cast construction. The head geometrical design is dependent on the geometry of
the shell as well as other design parameters such as operating temperature and pressure. The
thickness values of the heads are typically the same as the cylindrical shell sections to which they
are attached.
Fig3:hemispherical pressure head
Supporting legs
The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The pressure
vessel support structure should be able to with stand the dead weight of the vessel and internals
and the contained fluid without experiencing permanent deformation. Here are some examples of
supporting legs:
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Fig4:lateral legs
Nozzle
A narrow or tapering part at the end of a tube or pipe, used to direct or control the flow of a
liquid or gas.
Flange
Used for coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to the pressure
vessel.Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole
covers, and for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required.
Fig5: Flange
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Manhole
Identical to a nozzle except it not bolted to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange),
which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel.
Manholes are made for vessel diameter greater than 90cm.
Bolt and nut

 used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept
together by a combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and
compression of the A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost
always parts.
 A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are thus closely
related to, and often confused with, screws.
 Gaskets
A gasket is used to create a seal between mating surfaces of machines or piping
assemblies. The seal is necessary to prevent leakage of gas , liquid , or dust into or out of
these assemblies. The gasket must be able to withstand the pressures applied to it and to
be unaffected by the temperature or materials that it comes in contact with. When a
gasket is clamped between the mating surfaces of a joint it must deform enough to
compensate for the imperfections in the finish of the mating surfaces. It would not be
economical to machine all surfaces to a mirror finish , and the bumps , scrapes , and
corrosion of normal use would soon reduce the quality of the finish. Tool marks are
usually evident on the surfaces of most machine pieces. The clamping pressure applied to
these joints does not create enough distortion in the flanges to effect a seal , so a
gasket , placed between these surfaces , deforms to fill in the valleys and compress on the
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high points. The gasket must be soft enough to deform , yet strong enough to resist being
squeezed out by the pressure carried in the machinery. It is desirable to have some
roughness (tool markings) on most flange surfaces to help grip the gasket and prevent it
from creeping under internal pressure. These tool marks should run the same way as the
lay of the gasket ; that is , a circular gasket should have circular tool marks in the flange
face.
GIVEN PARAMETERS AND SPECIFICATION
o MAIN PARAMETERS
Medium = Air
Inner Service Pressure, [Map] = 1.72MPa
Nominal Volume, [m3] = 0.45m3
Service Temperature, [ = 1500c
Position = Vertical
Support Element
Lateral legs
CONNECTING PIPES
2 longitudinal & 1 lateral pipes nominal diameter, [mm] = 150mm
Bottom discharge nominal diameter, [mm] = 40mm
Operating pressure
Is a pressure which required for the process, served by the vessel, at which the is vessel
normal operated.
Design pressure
Is the pressure used in the design of a vessel? It recommended designing a vessel and its parts
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for higher pressure than the operating pressure.

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure
=1.72MPa + 0.1*1.72MPa
Pdesign=1.882MPa
1.3 Determining the length and diameter of the pressure

vessel
Consider design pressure; To find the optimum vessel proportions first we need to find
length to diameter ratio (L/D). This L/D ratio varies with the following
parameters.
L/D ratio Pressure (PSI) Pressure (MPa)
3 0 – 250 0.000 - 1.724
4 250 – 500 1.724 – 3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Therefore, the L/D ratio is 3 since the given pressure is 1.72 MPa.
L
=4 ⇒ L=4 D
D
The total volume of the pressure vessel can be found using this simple formula:
V=Vh +Vs ………..Eq. (1)
Where: V = Total vo lume
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Vh = Volume of the head
Vs = Volume of the shell
Volume of the head
2 D
V h = π ( )3
3 2 :-for hemispherical volume since(r = D/2)
r: is internal radius of the shell and head
1
V h= ( πD )3
12 D: is internal diameter of the shell and head
Volume of the shell
1 1
V s =πr 2 L⇒ π ( D )2 L ⇒ D2 L=
4 4 L: length of the shell L = 4D
1
V S = πD2 4 D⇒ V S =πD3
4
The volume of the pressure vessel is given 0.45m3
So, by using eq.(1),we can obtain total volume
1
V tot =2 V h +V s = πD 3 + πD3
6
7
V tot = ( πD 3 )
6
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7
( πD3 )
0.45m = 3 6 D= 0.497m.
R=0.2485m And length of pressure vessel, L
L=4D L=4(0.497m)
L=1.988m
Chapter Two
2.1 Material selection
The selection of proper material for engineering purposes is one of the most difficult
problems for the designer. The best material is one which serves the desired objective at the
minimum cost. The material which we are going to use according to a given medium is
stainless steel 304.
 Background
Grade 304 stainless steel is the most versatile and the most widely used of all stainless
steels.Its chemical composition, mechanical properties, weldability and
corrosion/oxidationresistance provide the best all-round performance stainless steel at
relatively low cost.It also has excellent low temperature properties and responds well to
hardening by cold working.If inter granular corrosion in the heat affected zone may occur, it
is suggested that CS304L be used. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is
readily brake or roll formed into a variety of parts for applications in the industrial,
architectural, and transportation fields. Grade also has outstanding welding characteristics.
Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Grade 304L, the low
carbon version of 304 and is immune from sensitization (grain boundary carbide
precipitation). Thus it is extensively used in heavy gauge welded components (over about
5mm). Grade 304H, with its higher carbon content has application at elevated temperatures,
as does stabilized grade 304Ti. The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent
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toughness, even down to cryogenic temperature.
Table. 2.1Allowable stress for different temperatures
0
Allowable stress (MPa) for different temperatures ( c )
Steel Grade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 c 260 c 370 c 480 c 595 c 705 c 815 c
304 103 86 74 85 52 17 5
304L 90 87 58.5 ---- ---- ---- ----
A) Strength
Review different type of hStrength is the ability of a material to resist deformation. The strength
of a component is usually considered based on the maximum load that can be borne before
failure is apparent.
The strength of the material is based on the mechanical propriety of the material that used for
the most easy, fast, strong and low cost of production. Some of the mechanical properties are
(yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, creep strength and rupture strength).
 Mechanical properties of stainless steel 304

Room temperature tensile properties and minimum mechanical properties for
annealed alloys 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321 & 347 austenitic stainless steel plates are
shown below.
Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties Representative short time elevated temperature tensile
properties for Alloy 304 the following analyses are shown below.
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Table:2.3
Stress Rupture and Creep Properties
At temperatures of about 1000°F (538°C) and higher, creep and stress rupture become
considerations for the austenitic stainless steels. Considerable variation in the creep strength and
stress rupture strength values is reported by various investigators.
 Impact Resistance
The annealed austenitic stainless steels maintain a high level of impact resistance even at
cryogenic temperatures, a property which, in combination with their low temperature
strength and fabric ability, has led to their extensive use in cryogenic applications.
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Representative Charpy’s V notch impact data for annealed Type 304 at room temperature are
shown below.
Table:2.4
 Fatigue Strength
The fatigue strength or endurance limit is the maximum stress below which material is unlikely
to fail in 10 million cycles in air environment. For austenitic stainless steels as a group, the
fatigue strength is typically about 35 percent of the tensile strength. Substantial variability in
service results is experienced since additional variables such as corrosive conditions, form of
stress and mean value, surface roughness, and other factors affect fatigue properties. For this
reason, no definitive endurance limit values can be given which are representative of all
operating conditions.
C) CORROSION RESISTANCE
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material due to interaction with its environment. It is the
Process in which metallic atoms leave the metal or form Metal atoms are removed from a
structural element. All metals and alloys are subject to corrosion. Even the noble metals, Such as
gold, are subject to corrosive attack in some environmentscompounds in the presence of water
and Gases. These steels exhibit excellent resistance to a wide range of atmospheric, chemical,
textile, petroleum and food industry exposures. The maximum temperature to which Types 304
and 304L can be exposed continuously without appreciable scaling is about 1650°F (899°C). For
intermittent exposure, the maximum exposure temperature is about 1500°F (816°C).
HEAT TREATMENTS
Type 304 is non-hardenable by heat treatment. Annealing: Heat to 1900 - 2050°F (1038 -
1121°C), then cool rapidly. Thin strip sections may be air cooled, but heavy sections should be
water quenched to minimize exposure in the carbide precipitation region. Stress Relief
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Annealing: Cold worked parts should be stress relieved at 750°F (399°C) for 1/2 to 2 hours.
FORMABILITY Types
304 and 304L have very good drawability. Their combination of low yield strength and high
elongation permits successful forming of complex shapes. However, these grades work harden
rapidly. To relieve stresses produced in severe forming or spinning, parts should be full annealed
or stressrelief annealed as soon as possible after forming.
WELDABILITY
The austenitic class of stainless steels is generally considered to be weldable by Corrosion

Resistance The austenitic stainless steels are considered to be the most weldable of the stainless
steels. For weldments to be used in the as-welded condition in corrosive environments, it is
advisable to utilize the low carbon Alloys 304L and 316L base metal and filler metals. The
higher the carbon level of the material being welded, the greater the likelihood the welding
thermal cycles will allow chromium carbide precipitation (sensitization), which could result in
intergranular corrosion. The low carbon "L" grades are designed to minimize or avoid
sensitization.
D) Resistance to hydraulic attack
The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature.
The temperature that give for my pressure vessel is 1500C (752F) above 600F, hydrogen attack
cause irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged carbon and low alloy
steel
D) Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tensile stress and yield stress related
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with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress concentration (K). And stress
concetration facer is shown below.
E) Fabricability
The austenitic stainless steels, including the Alloys 304 and 304L, are routinely fabricated
into a variety of shapes ranging from the very simple to very complex. These alloys are
blanked, pierced, and formed on equipment essentially the same as used for carbon steel. The
excellent ductility of the austenitic alloys allows them to be readily formed by bending,
stretching, deep drawing, and spinning. However, because of their greater strength and work
hardenability, the power requirements for the austenitic grades during forming operations are
considerably greater than for carbon steels. Attention to lubrication during forming of the
austenitic alloys is essential to accommodate the high strength and galling tendency of these
alloys.
2.2 Welding
The term welding refers to the process of joining metals by heating them to their melting
temperature and causing the molten metal to flow together. These range from simple steel
brackets to nuclear reactors. There are several methods to make welded joints. In a particular
case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding.
2. The requirements of the code and
3. The aspect of economy
2.2. 1. The Circumstances of Welding
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter
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vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing
strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last (closing)
joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.
2.2. 2. Code Requirements
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of
vessels are also restricted by the Code. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following
pages under the titles:
A. Types of Welded Joints :( Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and limitations of
their applications.) Table 2.5
B. Design of Welded Joints: Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and
under certain design conditions.
C. Joint Efficiencies and Stress Reductions: Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and
reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations of vessel components. The data of the
table are based on the following Code regulations: Full, spot, partial radiographic
examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints. Table 2.5
For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the
same as for spot radio graphed joints.
Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints that are spot radio
graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal to 85% of the
allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)
When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of
table “Types of welded joints” are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal
to 80% of the allowable stress value of material shall be used except for un stayed flat heads,
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etc. UW-12(c)
2.2.3. The Economy of Welding
If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding
factor some consideration concerning the economy of welding:
V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use
of J or U preparation.
Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V
preparation.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the deposited
weld metal increases with the square of its size.
Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using
stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical, depends on the size of
vessel, welding equipment, etc. this must be decided in each particular case.
There is different kind of welding based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to four
A) Category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating Chambers,
nozzles and any welded joints within a formed or flat head.
B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell Communicating chambers,
nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the translations and a cylinder at
either the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to main shells
to nozzles and to communicatingchambers.C) Category C: welded joints connecting flanges,
tubes sheets and flat heads to main shells, to formed he chambers and any welded joints
connecting one side plate to another side ads, to nozzles or to communicating
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D) Category D: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to
heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers.
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Fig.6 Weld joints –typical location and category of weld
Table 2.5 Types of Welded Joints
Chapter Three
3.1 Shell thickness calculation
To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure
of P=1.72MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for stainless
steel 18Cr/8Ni is (2mm) from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required
to ensure that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental
loads.
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Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm
P = internal design pressure, Pa
R = inside radius of shell, mm
S = max. Allowable stress, Pa
E = joint efficiency (min)
C.A=corrosion allowance,
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS (LONGITUDINAL JOINTS)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the long
seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we shall use the
following formulae for thickness of shell.As a general guide the wallThickness of any vessel
should not be less than the values given below; the values includea corrosion allowance of 2 mm
PR PR
t= +CA t= +C . A
SE−0 .6 p or 2 SE+0 . 4 P
Design pressure P=1.882MPa , R=0.2485m, S= 103MPa -- (from table:2.1)
E=1, C.A=2mm=0.002m
let’s use these two equation to fined the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the
smallest value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can affect
the support leg.
 Case 1 -Circumferential stress
P ≤ 0.385SE,
P≤0 . 385×103×1 1,
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1.882MPa ≤ 39.655MPa --------- (satisfied)
PR
t= +C . A
SE−0 . 6 P
1. 882×0. 2485
t= +0. 002
103×1−0.6×1 .882
t=0 . 00659m=6 .59 mm
Therefore; t=6 .59 mm
 case 2- Longitudinal stress
P ≤ 1.25SE ,
P≤1 .25×103×1
1.882MPa ≤ 128.75MPa ------- (satisfied)
PR
t= +C . A
2 SE+0. 4 P
1. 882×0. 2485
t= +0. 002
( ( 2×103×1 ) + ( 0 . 4×1. 882 ) )
t=0 . 00426 m=4 . 26 mm
Therefore t=4 . 26 mm
And the smallest value is t=4.26mm. Finally let’s find the external radius and diameter
Ro =R+t=0.2485m+0.00426
Ro =0.25276m------------- (an)
And
Do=2*Ro=2*0.23981m
Do=0.5055m ---------------------- (an)
3.2 Review different type of head
There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed heads. Some of them are listed blow
a) Flanged head
Page |27
b) Hemispherical head where P =internal design pressure
c) Elliptical head E=effiecent joint
d) Torispherical head
Ro=external radius e) Conical head
Ri=internal radius f) Or conical head
S=allowable sheart=thickness of the head
A)Flanged head
Formed domed heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or skirt.
This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head and the
cylindrical section of the vessel.
b) ASMS hemispherical
The design thickness of hemispherical head is given by
PR O
t=
(2 SE−0. 2 P )
C) ASMS elliptical head
The design thickness of elliptical head is given by
PDK
t=
(2 SE−0. 2 P ) where D-shell diameter, K-stress intensity factor
K= [1/6 + (a/b) 2] a and b semi-major, semi-miner axes of ellips
d) ASMS Torispherical head

The design thickness of Torisphericalhead is given by
Page |28
PLM
t=
(2 SE−0. 2 P ) where L-spherical cross radiuses
M=1/4[1/3 + (L/R) 1/2] M-shear intensity factor
R-knuckle radiuses
e) ASMS conical head
The design thickness conical head is given by
PD
t=
( 2cos α×( SE−0 . 6 P ) ) here α-seem-apex angel
f) ASMS toriconical head
The design thickness toriconical head is given by
PD
t ic =
For conical region ( 2 cosα×( SE−0 . 6 P ) )
PLM
t o=
For Torispherical region ( 2 SE−0 . 2 P )
M=1/4[1/3 + (L/R) 1/2] M- shear intensity factor
L=D1/cost
3.3 CALCULATIE REQUIRED HEAD TICKNESS
My pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 1.882MPa internal design pressure is
applied on it and it’s thickness is given blow
According on the two theory
PR i
S=
1) thin-shell theory. 2t
3
PR i
S=
R 3o
2) ‘’exact’’ theory.
[ 3 3
(
( Ro −Ri )× 1+ 2 R 3i )]
3) Calculated values Ri=0.2485m , Ro=0.25276m , P=1.882MPa,
t=0.00426m=4.26mm
Page |29
E=1, C.A=2mm=0.002m
1) thin-shell theory
PR i
S=
2×0. 00426
1. 882 MPa×0. 2485 m

S=
2×0 .00426 m
S=54.89MPa ------------- (ans)
2) ‘’exact’’ theor
3 3
PR i 1. 882 MPa×( 0 . 2485 m )
S= ⇔S=
R 3o 0 .2576 3
[ ( R3o −R3i
(
)× 1+ 2 R 3
i
)] [ (
( 0 . 25276 m )3− ( 0. 2485 m )3 × 1+
2×0 . 4853 )]
S=23.57MPa ------------ (ans)
There for lets find the head thickness and take the largest value for S=54.89MPa.
PRi 1 .882 MPa×0. 2485 m

t= +C . A ⇒ +0 .002
2 SE−0. 2 P 2×54 . 89 MPa×1−0 .2×1. 882
t= 0.006275m t=6.275mm
CHAPTER F0UR
4.1 IDENTlFY DESIGN OF HEAD TO SHELL TRANSTION
To joined the head and shell I use butt weld joint according on the (category a see page 25) and
the head shell have deferent thickness in according to CODE UW-12. Joining of a plate unequal
thickness with butt weld, the thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm.
Thickness of head (the=6.257mm) and shell (its=4.26mm), their deference (2mm) is less than
3.125mm (1/8in) or 3.175mm. but on this concept i do not understand
Page |30
L ≥ 3*y and y=2mm
L ≥ 6mm.
4.2 SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE RATING.
.
The material I select is Alloy steel ANSI B16.5 Several different types of flange are used for
various applications. I select Welding-neck flanges withNarrow-faced (where the face contact area
is located within the circle of bolts); because, Welding-neck flanges are gradual transition of the
section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases the
strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme service
conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration loads.
Ref [from internet]
The given temperature is and pressure is 150oC (302oF) and 1.882MPa is standard. Carbon
steel class 300lb flange would be specified for temperatures @ 150°C by interpolation we
get as blow table;
Table :7 Hydrostatic test/design pressure and Temperature rating
Class 300lb.
Hydrostatic test/design pressure 1.882Mpa
MPa(PSi)
Temperature ,oC Maximum allowable non-shock
pressure, MPa(PSi)
1500C 0.75Mpa
Page |31
There are 7 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is
shown blow.
 Two longitudinal pipe with D=150 mm (5.906in).
 One lateral pipe with D=150mm (5.906in).
 One bottom discharge D=40mm (1.575in)
 One sample opening D=25mm(1in)
 Temperature gage D=25mm(1in)
 Safety valve D=25mm(1in)
Table 9. 300lb. Flanges standard ANSI B16.5
Nomin Diameter Length Diameter of Diameter Outside Thickness Outside bol
al pipe ofthe bore, through the hub at of the hub diameter of the diameter the tin
size, mm(in) the hub the point of at the base flange flange [J] raisedface [K] g
mm(in) [A] [C] welding [E] [G] [H]
150(5.9 154.178(6. 98.425(3 168.402(6.6 206.375(8. 317.5(12. 36.5125(1. 215.9(8.5) M
) 07) .875) 3) 125) 5) 4375) 16
40.0( 52.371( 69.85( 60.452(2. 84.1375( 165.1(6 22.225( 92.075(3.6 M
1.575 2.07) 2.75) 38) 3.3125) .5) 0.875) 25) 12
)
25mm( 26.67(1.05 61.9125( 33.528(1.32) 53.975(2.1 123.825(4 17.4625(0. 50.8(2) M
1) ) 2.4375) 25) .875) 6875) 10
4.3FLANGE
AND GASKAT
DESGIN
 The laod
on the
flange can
be given as
fallow
Hg = gasket reaction (pressure force), = π ±G ( 2 b ) mpi
Ht; = pressure force on the flange face = H – Hd,
H = total pressure force = (π/4) G2Pi,
Hd = pressure force on the area inside the flange =(π/4) B2Pi,
G = mean diameter of the gasket,
2b = effective gasket pressure width,
b = effective gasket sealing width,
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange = 1.8Mpa (from table)
A= Diameter of the bore, mm(in)
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe = A/2
Page |32
tf=thickness of flange tf =J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
hg= (H - G)/4
G+ H
ht = ( 4 )
G’=mean diameter of gasket = B + (ht-hg)
E =Diameter of the hub at the point of welding
The minimum required bolt load under the operating conditions is given by:
Wm1= H + Hg
The forces and moments on the flange must also be checked under the bolting-up conditions.
 The moment Matmis given by:
Matm= Wm2 hg
where Wm2is the bolt load required to seat the gasket, given by:
Wm2 = y π Gb
where y is the gasket seating pressure (stress).
o The moment on the flange is
M 0 p =H d ×hd +H t ×ht +H g ×h g
 Let’s calculate the laod and moment
 There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same:
b= 10mm,
m= 2 (asbestos gasket)
y= 11N/mm2
Pi= 1.8bar=0.18Mpa
Therefore,
G+ H−2 E
 The,
(
hd =
4 )
( 84 .137 +165. 1 )−2×60 . 45
h =( ( d )) =32.08mm
For 40mm, 4
( 206 .275+ 317 .5 ) −2×168 . 402
h =( d )=46 .74 mm
For 150mm, 4
H−G 165 . 1−64 . 13
h =(
g ) h =( g )=25 . 24 mm
 The, 4 For 40mm, 4
317 . 5−206 . 375
h =( g )=27 . 78 mm
For 150mm, 4
G+ H
h =(
 The,
t
4 )
84 . 13+165 .1
h =( t )=62. 3 mm
For 40mm, 4
206 . 375+317 .5
h =( t )=130. 96 mm
For 150mm, 4
Page |33
The,
tf = j
For, 40mm t
t f =25 . 24 mm
For, 150mm
t f =27 . 78 mm
A
B=
 The, 2
52 .371
B= =26 .18 mm
For, 40mm 2
154 . 178
B= =77 . 08 mm
For, 150mm 2
 The, G’= B + (ht-hg)
,
For, 40mm G =26 . 18+ ( 62. 3−25. 24 )=63 . 24 mm
,
For, 150mm G =77 . 08+ ( 130 .96−27 . 78 )=180 . 26 mm
π 2
H= G, Pi
 The, 4
π
H= ×( 63 .24 mm )2 ×0 .18 MPa=565. 38 N
For, 40mm 4
π
H= ×( 180. 26 mm )2×0 . 18 MPa=4593. 6 N
For, 150mm 4
π
H d = B2 Pi
 The, 4
π
H d = ( 26 . 18 mm )2 ×0 .18 MPa=96 .89 N
For, 40mm 4
π
H d = ( 77 . 08 mm )2 ×0 .18 MPa=839 .93 N
For, 150mm 4
 The,
H t =H−H d
For, 40mm
H t =565 .38 N −96 . 89 N =468 . 49 N
For,150mm
H t =4593. 6 N−839. 93 N=3753 . 67 N
,
 The, H g =πG ×2 b×m×Pi
For, 40mm
H g =π ×63. 24 mm×2×10 mm×2×0 .18 MPa=1430 . 9 N
For,150mm g H =π ×160. 26 mm×2×10 mm×2×0 . 18 MPa=4077. 38 N

 The moment is
M op=H d ×h d +H t ×ht +H g ×hg
For 40mm pipe,
Page |34
M op=96 . 89 N×32 .08 mm+468 . 49 N×62 . 3 mm+1430 .9 N ×25. 24 mm

M op=68411.07 Nmm=68 .411 Nm
For 150mm pipe,
M op=839 . 93 N×46 .74 mm+3753. 67 N×130. 96 mm+4077 .38 N ×27 .78 mm
M OP=644108 Nmm=644 .108 Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 40mm=565.36N+1430.9N=1996.26N
Wm1, 150mm=4593.6N+4077.38N=8670.88N
 The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions.
The moment is given by
M atm=W m2×hg
 Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by
,
W m 2 = yπG b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress)=11MPa
Then,Wm2 , 40mm = 11 MPa×π ×63. 24 mm×10 mm=21854 N=21 . 854 KN
Matm, 40mm= 21. 854 KN ×25. 24 mm=551. 59 KNmm=551. 59 Nm
Wm2, 150mm= 11 MPa×π ×180. 26 mm×10 mm=62293 N =62. 293 KN
Matm, 150mm= 62. 293 KN×27 . 78 mm=1730 KNmm=1730 Nm
5.3. Flange stress
The flange stresses are given by:
Longitudinal hub stress

σ hb =F1 M
Radial flange stress

σ rd =F 2 M
Tangential flange stress

σ tg =F 3 M−F 4 σ RD
where M is taken as Mop or Matm, whichever is the greater; and the factors F1, F2, F3 & F4 are
funtctions of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained from equations and graphs given
in the codes and standards (BS 5500, clause 3.8). Ref [1]
 They are obtained as followed, Ref [2] &Ref [3]
F1= 1/λ gt2 gt= (G-A)/2
λ=δ + γδ=t3/d and δ=t3/d, γ=α/T, α=tf e+1
d= (u/v)hogo2 , go=J and ho= (B’go)1/2=(B’J)1/2=(u/v)(B’J)1/2J2, B’=(G-A)/2
F2=β/λtf2 tf=thickness of the flange=J
β=1.333tfe+1
F3=y/t2 y=(1-v2)u
F4=z z=k-factoer
K=A’/B’ A’= (H-G)/2 and B’=(G-A)/2
K= (H-G)/(G-A)
Page |35
K40mm= (6-3.0625) in./ (3.0625-1.84)in.

= 2.403
K125mm= (10-6.4375) in./ (6.4375-5.05)mm
=2.56
Nominal pipe K T Z Y, MPa(Psi) U

Dia. (mm)
40 2.403 1.37 1.42 2.36 2.59
125 2.56 1.32 1.36 2.19 2.41
Table 10.value of (K, T, Z, Y and U) R [3]
Y-gasket seating design stress
 Let’s find the value of (e)
e=F/ho =F/(B’J)1/2
Let’s find the value of F (in y-axis) by using ASME code, section viii, Dev 1.in x-axis
g1/go(or B’/J) and (**)
h/ho(or (C-J)/(B’-J)1/2)
After calculating of this value I fined F for each flange
and the values are shown blow.
F40mm=0.805
F125mm=0.86
e=F/ho =F/(B’J)1/2=F/(((G-A)/2)*J)1/2
e40mm=0.805/17.21mm=0.0468/mm
e125mm=0.86/20.475mm=0.042/mm
Then lets find (α and β)
α=tf e+1=Je+1
α40mm=19.05mm(0.0468/mm)+1=1.89
α125mm=23.8mm(0.042/mm)+1=1.9996
β=1.333tfe+1
β40mm=1.333*19.05mm(0.0468/mm)+1=2.1884
β125mm=1.333*23.8mm(0.042/mm)+1=2.3325
and γ=α/T
γ40mm=1.89/1.37=1.38
γ125mm=1.9996/1.32=1.515
lets find the value of v from ASME code Viii Div. 1 using by the value of (**) and it will be
v40mm=0.402
v125mm=0.31
d= (u/v)hogo2=(u/v)(B’J)1/2J2will be
d40mm=(2.59/0.402)(17.21mm)(19.05mm)2
=40240mm3
d125mm=(2.41/0.31)(20.475)(23.8mm)2
=90464mm3
The value of δ=t3/d will be
δ40mm=(19.05mm)3/40240mm3
=0.0004734
Page |36
δ125mm=(23.8mm)3/90464mm3
=0.000263
Let’s find the value of λ=δ + γ
λ40mm=0.0004734+1.38*=1.3604734
λ125mm=0.000263+1.515=1.515263
y=(1-v2)u will be
y40mm= (1-0.4022)2.59=0.926
y125mm= (1-0.312)2.41=1.1474
gt=(G-A)/2will be
gt =(77.8-46.7)/2=15.55mm
gt =(163.5-128.27)/2=17.615mm
 Then, F1= 1/λ gt2, F2=β/λt2, F3=y/t2, F4=z
Nominal Dia. F1(1/mm2) F2 (1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4
(mm)
40 0.0473 0.00443 0.00255 1.42
125 0.0375 0.002718 0.002026 1.36
Table 11.value of the constant
To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it is the largest
of them(Mop/B’ or Matm/B’). And it is given blow
Nominal diameter(mm) Mop, (Nm) Matm(Nm)
40 55.4545 127.7
125 347.656 1140.6
Table
Therefore, M=Mop/B’ the stress is
 Longitudinal hub stress σhb=F1M
For 40mm=0.0473(1/mm2)(127.7Nm/15.55mm)
=0.38844MPa
For 125mm=0.0375(1/mm2)(1140.6KNmm/17.615mm)
=2.43MPa
 Radial flange stress σrd=F2M
For 40mm=0.00443(1/mm2)(127.7KNmm/15.55mm)
=0.03638MPa
For 125mm=0.002718(1/mm2)(1140.6KNmm/17.615mm)
=0.2MPa
 Tangential flange stress σtg =F3M-F4σrd
For 40mm =0.00255(1/mm2)(127.7KNmm/15.55mm)-(1.42*0.03638)MPa
=0.031MPa
For 125mm =0.002026(1/mm2)(1140.6KNmm/17.615mm)-1.36*0.2MPa
=0.14MPa
The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the following
criteria: when ffo=8.202MPa(12.5KPSi) is the maximum allowable design stress for the
flange material at the operating conditions. R[1] and [2]
σhb> 1.5ffo
For 40mm 0.3884MPa > 1.5*(8.202)MPa=12.303 ---- (satisfied)
Page |37
F0r 125mm 2.43MPa >1.5* (8.202)MPa =12.303---- (satisfied)
σrd> ffo
For 40mm 0.03638MPa >8.202MPa ------- (satisfied)

For 125mm 0.2MPa > 8.202MPa ------ (satisfied)
0.5(σhb+σrd) > ffo
For 40mm 0.2124MPa > 8.202MPa --- (satisfied)

0.5(σhb+σtg) > ffo

The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It
will not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for
tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:
From the table R [1] and R [2] the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (f b)
for the bolt is 172.37MPa(25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb
Where Wm greatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
40 1955.86 6.8475
125 6308.57 1140.6
Table13.
Abf=Wm1/fb
For 40mm =1955.86/8.202MPa=238.46mm2
For 125mm =6308.57KN/8.202MPa=769.15mm 2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will
not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for
tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:
Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db- bolt diameter, mm
tf- flange thickness, mm
m- Gasket factor, 1.25
Pb will be
For 40mm
Page |38
=2*16mm+6*19.05mm/(2+0.5)=77.72mm
For 125mm
=2*24mm+6*23.8mm/(2+0.5)=105.12mm
CHAPTER SIX (6)

6.1. CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE Ref [2]
To find the thickness of the nozzle
tn= PR/ (SE-0.6P) +
C.A
Where tn-thickness of the flange
P-maximum allowable
E-joint efficiency (E=1)
S-maximum allowable stress
R-internal radius of the pipe
C.A-corrosion allowance
For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S= MPa(KPSi). Ref [2]
Given
Nominal Dia. (mm) P, MPa(PSi) C.A, mm(in) Radius(mm)
40 21.6 (3139) 1.6 (1/16) 20
125 20.6 (2992) (3/16) 40
Table,
E=1 S=83.63MPa
Therefore, tn will be:
tn,40mm=[(21.6MPa*20mm)/(83.63MPa*1- 0.6*21.6MPa)]+1.6mm
=7.7mm
tn,125mm=[(20.6MPa*40mm)/(83.63MPa*1-0.6*20.6MPa)]+4.8mm
=16.4mm
6.2. Calculation of reinforcement required
The "equal area method" is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle
used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the
area removed in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater
than the minimum required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into
account when estimating the area of reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch
connection, if the wall thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum
required, the excess material in the branch can be taken into account.Any corrosion
allowance must be deducted when determining the excess thickness available as compensation.
The standards and codes differ in the areas of the branch and shell considered to be effective for
reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine the actual area allowed and the disposition
of the various types of reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter the
reinforcement area can usually be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the branch pipe.
Ref [1]
Page |39
 First calculate the reinforcement area, Ref [3]

A=D*t*F, where, tr-shell thickness=0.64((D+ tn)tn)1/2
F-correction factor=1
D-diameter of the pipe
tn - nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
t- Shell material thickness= (for shell 30mm or for head 24mm)
A=D*t*F
A40mm=40mm*12.3mm*1=490.62mm2
A125mm=125mm*30.82mm*1=1852.5mm2
 By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the
vessel
A11= (Et-F*tr) D and A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)
A11, 40mm = (1*30mm-1*12.3mm) 40mm=708mm2
A12, 40mm =2(1*30mm-1*12.3mm) (30mm+12.3mm) =1497.42mm 2
A11, 125mm = (1*30mm-1*30.82mm) 125mm=102.5mm2
A12, 125mm =2(1*30mm-1*30.82mm) (30mm+16mm) =75.44mm 2
 Therefore, A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A11 or A12)
A1, 40mm=708mm2
A1, 125mm=1497.42mm2
 By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.
A21= ( tn - trn)5t and A22=2( tn - trn)(2.5tn-te), te=0(no pad)
A21, 40mm=(30mm-12.3mm)5*7.7mm=177.7mm2
A22, 40mm=2(30mm-12.3m)(2.5*7.7mm-0)=390mm2
A21, 125mm=(30mm-16.4mm)5*125mm=8500mm2
A22, 125mm=2(30mm-16.4mm)(2.5*16.4mm-0)=1115.2mm 2
A2 will be
A2, 40mm=8500mm2
A2, 125mm=1115.2mm2
total Atotal=A1+A2
A40mm, total = (708+8500) mm2=9208mm2
A125mm, total = (1115.2+1497.42) mm2=2612.62mm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Atotal(mm2) A(mm2)
40 9208 490.62
125 2612.62 1852.5
6.3. DESIGN OF MANHOLE OR INSPECTION Ref [9]

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion,
erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or
other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. The required inspection openings
shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as
they are considered to be the most economical. Ref [9]
The inside diameter of my pressure vessel is 1m(39.37in).
According to the diameter its manhole recommended is 381mm(15in). Ref [9]
Page |40
Di mm(in) Inspection opening required, mm(in)

1000(37.37) 381(15)
Table
CHAPTER SEVEN (7)

7.1. SUPORT DESIGN AND CHECK OF PRESSURE VESSLE
7.1.1. STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT LOADS
The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of vessel;
the design temperature and pressure; the vessel location and arrangement; & the internal
and external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on two
saddle supports; Skirt supports are used for tall, vertical columns. Brackets, or lugs, are
used for all types of vessel;The supports must be designed to carry the weight of the vessel
and contents, and any superimposed loads, such as wind loads. Supports will impose
localised loads on the vessel wall and the design must be checked to ensure that the
resulting stress concentration are below the maximum allowable design stress. Supports
should be designed to allow easy access to the vessel and fittings for inispection and
maintenance
Design of saddles
The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the Vessel
and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated From steel plate.
The contact angle should not be less than 120Ž, and will not normally be greater than 150Ž.
Wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact
with the saddle. The dimensions of typical “standard” saddle designs are given in Figure
below. To take up any thermal expansion of the vessel, such as that in heat exchangers, the
anchor bolt holes in one saddle can be slotted.
A) DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURERef. [2]
As we are treating methanator as a thin cylinder so the values of hoop stress & longitudinal
stress are calculated as under. Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we
consider the following primary membrane stresses.
(a)Hoop Stresses and (b) Longitudinal Stresses
 HOOP STRESSES (S 1)
S1 = PiDi /2t
= (0.18MPa) (1000mm) / 2(30mm)
= 3MPa
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS (S 2)
S2 = PiDi/ 4t
= (0.18MPa) (1000mm) / 4(30mm)
= 1.5MPa
Page |41
As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress. Ref. [2]
b) STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT OF VESSEL & ATTACHMENT
It is assumed that weight of the vessel and its attachments results in compressive stress
only & eccentricity doesn’t exist and the resulting force coincides with the axis of the vessel.
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.
A. Erection weight
B. Operating weight
C. Test weight
The compressive stress due to the weight is given by
S = W / ct --------------------------------------------- (a)
Where S = unit stress, MPa
W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, N
c = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, mm
t = thickness of shell or skirt, mm
The weights of different vessel elements are given in the tables attached. Ref. [2]
7.2. WEIGHT
A)ERECTION WEIGHT
1) SHELL=ρshell*Vshell *g
=8,000Kg/m3*2.356m3*9.81m/s2=185.1KN
2) HEADS = ρhead*Vhead*g
=8,000Kg/m3*0.524m3*9.81m/s2 =41.2KN
3)FLANGES (6) = n* (SIZE) = 7*mflange*g=7*2485.7kg*9.81m/s2
=170.7KN
ERECTION WEIGHT=(185.1+41.2+170.7)KN=387KN --------------- (ANS)
B) OPERATING WEIGHT
Which include the weight of the erection + operating liquid
ERECTION WEIGHT = 387KN
WEIGHT FOR OPERATING LIQUID = ρliquid*vpressure vessel*g
= 800Kg/m3*1m3*9.81m/s2
Page |42
=7.85KN
Total weight=7.85KN + 387KN=394.85KN ------ (ans)
7.3. STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT

Putting values in the formula (a)
Where, c = π * D mean = π*1000mm =3142mm
t = 30mm
Sw = 394.85KN/(3142mm*30mm) =4.2MPa (compressive)----------(1)
c) STRESS DUE TO WIND LOAD:
Towers under wind pressure are considered as uniformly loaded cantilever beams. The
computation of wind is based on standard ANSI A58.1-1982. Where terrain features and
local records indicate that 50 years at standard height are higher than those shown in the
map, those higher values shall be the minimum basic wind speed.
The minimum basic wind speed for determining design wind pressure shall be taken
from the map of wind speed. Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following
formula:-
F=wind load=q*G*Cf* A
P = qs*G*Cf A/A=q*G*Cf
Where, P= Design wind pressure, MPa
q = Wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 9.144m (30 feet) as
tabulated:
Basic wind speed, 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
mph, V
Pressure PSf, q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44
Table wind pressure Ref. [2]
Cf = Pressure coefficient (shape factor):
Round or elliptical towers----------------------------0.8
G = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as tabulated:
Height above ground, ft. Coefficient G
Exposure C Exposure B
Page |43
0-20 1.2 0.7

20-40 1.3 0.8
40-60 1.5 1.0
60-100 1.6 1.1
100-150 1.8 1.3
150-200 1.9 1.4
Table 17 .Coefficient of C and B Ref [2]
Exposure C---------------------The most severe exposure
Exposure B ---------------------Intermediate exposure
For the methanator we will take a wind speed of 112.7Km/hr(70mph), so the
value of
qs =0.089MPa (13psf)
Cf = 0.8-------------------------For circular vessel
G = 1.3 ---------------Intermediate exposure & vessel height of 6.524m(21.4ft)
There for the value of wind pressure using the above formula will be;
P = 0.089MPa
We will take the wind pressure 0.089MPa.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Shear V= Pw*D1*H
Moment at base M=Pw*D1*H*h1
Moment at height h(t) Mt = M- ht{V-0.5PwD1ht}
Stress S= 12M / R2*π*t
Table Formula Ref. [2]

Where, D1= width of the vessel with insulation, 1.05m=1050mm
E = Efficiency of the welded joints = 1.0
h1= lever arm, ft = H / 2 = 3.26m=3260mm
ht = distance from base to section under consideration, 1.52m=1520mm
H = length of vessel section, 6.524m=6524mm
M = Maximum moment (at the base), Nm
Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm
Pw= Wind pressure, 0.089MPa
R = Mean radius of vessel, 0.5m=500mm
Page |44
S = Stress due to wind, MPa =?

V = Total shear, N
t = Thickness of shell excluding corrosion, 30mm
The values of shear, moment at base & moment at skirt joint are calculated as under and
then the stress developed in response to the moment M(t) using the formulae listed in the
table above. By putting the values of the parameters listed above for methanator.
Shear V = 0.089MPa*1.06m*6.524m
V = 0.62MN=62KN
Moment (at base) M = 0.089MPa*1.06m*6.524m*3.26m
=1.92MNm
Moment at head to skirt joint
Mt = M – 1.52m{V – 0.5*0.089MPa*1.52m*1.06m}
Mt = 1.372MNm
Stress due to wind = 12*M / (R)2*π*t
=12*1.92MNm/ (0.5m) 2*π*0.03m
= 978.34MPa ------------ (tensile)
D) STRESS DUE TO SEISMIC LOAD
a)PERIOD OF VIBRATION
As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of vibration should be
limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable
period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection.
QUANTITIES FORMULAS
Period of vibration, T sec T=0.0000265(H / D)2*(w*D /t)½
Maximum allowable period of vibration, Ta=0.80(WH /Vg) ½s
Ta (sec)
Table 19 .Formula for time of vibration Ref [2]
Where, D = Outside diameter of vessel, 1.01m=1010mm
H = Length of vessel including skirt, 6.524m=6524mm
g = 9.8m / sec2 gravitational acceleration
t = Thickness of skirt at the base, 10mm
V = Total shear = ZICW/Rw (calculated ahead) =1038.6N
Page |45
W= Weight of tower, =394.85KN

w= weight of tower per mater of height, = 60.52KN
Putting values to get period of vibration for methanator
T = 0.0000265(6.524/1.01) 2*(60.52*1.01*1/0.01) ½
T = 0.08644sec
Now allowable period of vibration
Ta = 0.80{W*H / V*g} ½=0.8{(60.52*6.524)/(9.81*1038.6)}1/2
Ta = 0.1575sec
As ‘T’ is less than ‘Ta’ hence the condition is satisfied
7.4 STRESS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
The loading condition of the tower under seismic forces is similar to that of the
cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly towards the free end
FORMULAS
Shear Moment
V=ZICW/Rw M=[FtH+(V-Ft)(2H /3)]
Mx= M(x/H)
2/3
Where C = Numerical coefficient=1.25S/T
= 1.25*1/(0.08644)2/3 =2.71
=2.71(should not be more than 2.75)
Rw=Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels)
E = Efficiency of welded joints = 1.0
Ft = Total horizontal seismic force at the top of the vessel, 0N(because T < 0.7)
= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)
= 0, for T < 0.7
H =Length of vessel including skirt, 6.524m=6524mm
I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels)
K = Horizontal force factor (use 2.0 for vessels)
M = Maximum moment at the base, Nm
Mx= Moment at distance x, Nm
S = Numerical coefficient for site structure resonance
= 1.0
Page |46
The product CS shall not exceed 0.14

W = Weight of the vessel, 394.85KN
Z = Seismic factor
= 0.15
Shear = (0.15*1*0.0299*394.85KN)/2.9
V = 1038.6N
Ft = 0.07*T*V =0.07*0.08644*1038.6N=6.284N
0.25V= 259.65N
As condition is that Ft should not exceed 0.25V so it is satisfied for methanator
Therefore Moment
M = [6.284*6.524 + (1038.6-6.284)*(2*6.524/3)]
M =4530.88Nm
Moment at skirt to head joint
Mt = M(x/H) where x=H/3=6.524m/3=2.17m
=4530.88Nm*(2.17m/6.524m)
=1510.3Nm
Page |47
Therefore stress due to earthquake

Seq = 12* Mt / R2 *π* t
= 12*1510.3/ (0.5)2*π*0.03
=769.2MPa
7.5. COMBINATION OF STRESSES
The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in
combination to establish the governing stresses.
It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously
Thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load
Whichever is greater?
In case of methanator the stress due to internal pressure is the hoop stress (membrane
stresses), the stress due to earthquake (greater) & stress due to weight (compressive) is
considered
Combination of stresses will be as follows
+stress due to earthquake
+stress due to internal pressure
-stress due to weight
From the previous calculations putting the values of stresses
+769.2MPa
+3MPa
-1.5MPa
Combined stress at the head to skirt joint on the vessel in operating conditions
=770.7MPa
COMPARISON
The governing stress will be tensile as shown by the positive sign, which is lesser than
allowable stress of the given material at that particular temperature
Therefore the design is safe.
7.6. FABRICATION AND WELDING METHOD
Fabrication and welding method of the pressure vessel is based on the economic aspects of
the shell and the head. I used for the fabrication of the head and the shell by using but joint
welding for the contacting of the shell and head. We know that the martial for the pressure
vessel is stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni type 304 and its length is 3m by 1m and this stainless
Page |48
steel are join by but welding joint.

Shell fabrication
Shell is fabricated by rolling the sheet of stainless steel and welds it together to get the
cylindrical shape of the vessel by using but weld joint.
Head fabrication
Head shall is fabricated by making it in to different parts and by using but weld joint.
And finally support joining with the shell by using but joint welding. And different parts of
welding is shown blow in the figure.
REFERENCES
Ref [1]-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
Volume 6
Ref [2]-PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
Ref [3]-PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY Dennis Moss
Ref [4]-CHEMICAL ENGNEER’S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry and Don
W.Geern
Ref [5]-Material science and Engineering, 7 th Edition, By William
D.callister
Jr.
Ref [6]-STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN, by (Joseph
E.shigey, Charles R.mischke and Thomass H.brown)
Ref [7]-PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
Ref [8]-TEXTBOOK OF MASHINE DESIGN
Ref [9]-PREESURE VESSEL HANDBOOK, 10th Edition
Page |49

Pressure Vessel Air by Tesfahun

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Machine Design Project (MEng3161) 3rd Year Mechanical 2017/2008

Pressure Vessel Design By: Tasfahun Yadeta ID No: R/3390/07

DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

SECTION: - ONE (1)

DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

General Design Procedures

1. Need statement/ Need analysis

 All relevant and necessary views

Name of Student: TASFAHUN YADETA

iii. Nominal Volume: [m3] 0.45

b. One bottom discharge pipe, if necessary with flanges,

Instructor:- Yared Seifu

Steps in the Design of Pressure Vessels

1. Define pressure vessel and identify wide variety of industrial applications.

4. Select material based on the following factors:

9. Identify in your design Head-to-Shell transitions.

11. flange design using the following procedure:

13. Select standard wall thickness of the nozzle.

16. Design inspection or manhole for your pressure vessel.

17. Support design

Fig1; Vertical Air Receiver

2) Based on the end of constriction

A) OPEN END such as piston

B) CLOSED END such as tank.

1.2 Pressure vessel components

Fig3:hemispherical pressure head

Bolt and nut

GIVEN PARAMETERS AND SPECIFICATION

Inner Service Pressure, [Map] = 1.72MPa

Nominal Volume, [m3] = 0.45m3

Service Temperature, [ = 1500c

2 longitudinal & 1 lateral pipes nominal diameter, [mm] = 150mm

Bottom discharge nominal diameter, [mm] = 40mm

for higher pressure than the operating pressure.

1.3 Determining the length and diameter of the pressure

L/D ratio Pressure (PSI) Pressure (MPa)

3 0 – 250 0.000 - 1.724

4 250 – 500 1.724 – 3.448

V=Vh +Vs ………..Eq. (1)

Where: V = Total vo lume

Vh = Volume of the head

Vs = Volume of the shell

Volume of the head

r: is internal radius of the shell and head

Volume of the shell

The volume of the pressure vessel is given 0.45m3

So, by using eq.(1),we can obtain total volume

R=0.2485m And length of pressure vessel, L

2.1 Material selection

toughness, even down to cryogenic temperature.

Table. 2.1Allowable stress for different temperatures

 Mechanical properties of stainless steel 304

Stress Rupture and Creep Properties

The austenitic class of stainless steels is generally considered to be weldable by Corrosion

D) Resistance to hydraulic attack

1. The circumstances of welding.

2. The requirements of the code and

3. The aspect of economy

2.2. 1. The Circumstances of Welding

2.2. 2. Code Requirements

2.2.3. The Economy of Welding

Stress S= 12M / R2πt