ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE of ELECTRICAL and MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE NOTE of
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES
(ECEG - 3282 )
ELECTRIC DRIVES AND CONTROL
 Introduction
☞ Traditionally electric motors have been powered by direct connection to
ac line, or to dc voltage obtained from a rectifier.
☞ However, this usually results in inefficient operation due to lack of
control. Electric motors powered by appropriately controlled power
electronic converters lead to significant increase in the overall system
efficiency due to the advantages of variable speed operation.
☞ Thus, any increase in system efficiency due to electronic controlled motor
drives can lead to large savings for the company and overall electricity
consumption.
☞ Moreover, performance advantages of fast dynamic response and very
accurate control over speed and position are obtained.
 Introduction
☞ A complete electric drive system is needed to control and manipulate the
motor to fit specific applications.
☞ An electric drive system involves the control of electric motors in steady-
state and dynamic operations.
☞ The system should take into account the type of mechanical load.
☞ There are many different types of mechanical loads.
☞ When defining a load, torque versus speed characteristics are explored.
The relationship is then used to design the type of electric drive system.
☞ In the past, electric drive systems required large and expensive equipment.
These systems were inefficient and limited to the specific applications
they were designed for.
 Introduction
☞ Today, with advancements in power electronics, control electronics,
microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors (DSPs),
electric drive systems have improved drastically.
☞ Power electronic drives are more reliable, more efficient, and less
expensive.
☞ In fact, a power electronic drive on average consumes 25% less energy
than a classic motor drive system.
☞ The advancements in solid-state technologies are making it possible to
build the necessary power electronic converters for electric drive systems.
☞ The power electronic devices allow motors to be used in more precise
applications. Such systems may include highly precise speed or position
control.
☞ Systems that used to be controlled pneumatically and hydraulically can
now be controlled electrically as well.
 Basic Elements of Electric Drives
☞ An electric motor drive system is made up of five main components.
☞ Power source:- The input to the drive is the power source.
☞ Power electronic converter:- The electronic converter manipulates the
voltage, current, and frequency provided by the power source.
☞ Controller:- To control the system.
☞ A motor and a mechanical load.

Figure: Block diagram of an electric motor drive.

 Role of an Electric Drive
☞ Role of Electric Drive: Efficient conversion of power from electrical to mechanical
and vice versa
☞ Role of Power Processing Unit (PPU) : Delivers appropriate form of frequency and
voltage to the machine (as required by the load or the prime mover)

Figure: Block diagram of an electric motor drive Structure.

DC Motor Speed Control

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Speed Control of Separately Excited DC Motors

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Speed Control of Shunt Dc Motors

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 Speed Control of Shunt Dc Motors
b) Armature or Rheostat Control Method:
Ø This method is used when speeds below the no-load speed are required.
Ø As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the armature is
varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit as shown
in fig. below.
Ø As controller resistance is increased; Potential difference across the armature is
decreased, thereby decreasing the armature speed.
Ø From the speed/armature current characteristics, it is seen that the greater the
resistance in the armature circuit, greater is the fall in speed.

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 Speed Control of Dc Series Motor
1. Flux Control Method: Variation in the flux of a Series motor can be brought
about in any one of the following ways:
i) Field Diverters:
Ø The series winding are shunted by a variable resistance knows as field diverter.
Ø Any desired amount of current can be passed through the diverter by adjusting its
resistance. Hence the flux can be decreased, consequently, the speed of the motor
increased.

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Speed Control of Dc Series Motor

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 Speed Control of Dc Series Motor
iii) Tapped Field Control
Ø The number of series field turns in the circuit can be changed.
Ø With full field, the motor runs at its minimum speed, which can be raised in steps
by cutting out some of the series turns.

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 Speed Control of Dc Series Motor
2) Variable Resistance in series with Motor
Ø By increasing the resistance in series with armature, the voltage applied across the
armature terminals can be decreased.
Ø With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced.
Ø However, it will be noted that since full motor current passes through this
resistance, there is a considerable loss of power in it.

Figure Circuit arrangement for variable resistance control method of Series Dc motor
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Dc Motor Starting

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 Starting of Induction Machine (IM)
☞ At stand still, when slip s = 1.0 a 3-phase IM has positive finite
starting torque. This means that, when connected to a 3-phase source,
a 3-phase IM begins to rotate on its own. It is self-starting motor.
☞ However, during starting a 3-phase IM behaves like a transformer
with short circuited secondary. Therefore, it takes high starting
current if started at full voltage.
☞ In order to limit this high starting current, a number of methods are
adapted for starting both squirrel cage-rotor and wound-rotor motors:

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 Starting of Squirrel-Cage Motors
☞ For squirrel cage motors, the choice of any particular method of starting
depends
I. on size and design of the motor
II. capacity of the power lines and
III. type of the driven load.
☞ There are primarily two methods of starting of squirrel-cage induction
motors:
a) full-voltage starting and
b) reduced-voltage starting (reduces starting torque)
☞ The full-voltage starting consists of DOL (direct-on-line) starting only.
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 Star-Delta Method
☞ In this method during starting the windings are connected in star and as the
motor approaches its full-speed, the stator winding connection is changed in to
delta.
☞ During starting, the phase voltage reduced, resulting in less current of starting.
☞ Thus, the line current under each these connection are

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 Starting of Wound-Rotor Motors
☞ The methods used for starting squirrel cage motors can also be employed
for starting wound-rotor motors, but it is usually not done so because then
the advantages of wound rotor induction motors can't be fully realized.
☞ The simplest and cheapest method of starting wound-rotor induction
motors is by means of added rotor resistance, with full line voltage across
the stator terminals.
☞ the addition of external resistance in the rotor circuit of a wound-rotor
induction motor.
i. decreases its starting current
ii.increases its starting torque (for a suitable external resistance) and
iii.Improves its starting power factor.
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Speed Control of Induction Motors

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Fig. Operating Characteristics of IM
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 Example

a)
i. starting current when Started direct on full-voltage
ii. Starting torque
b)
i. Full-load slip
ii. Full-load current
iii. Ratio of starting current to full-load current
iv. Full-load power factor
v. Full-load torque
vi. Internal efficiency and the motor efficiency at full-load
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c)
Example

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Solution:

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 Solution:
C)

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