Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vessel Design
Safety
SURYAKANT RANDERI
Ex – GM, Marico Group
Hindustan Polyamide & Fibers Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
The Chemical and metallurgical industries are rapidly expanding both in size and diversity
of process.
As a result through attention is given towards safety of the plant design, specially
pressure vessels due to its intrinsic safety requirements due to its high pressure
operations. It is not possible for all safety members to get exposure for P.V. design with
respect to safety aspects, at all execution steps . They normally do regular checking at
plant operation and periodic testing. My sincere effort is to give you exposure on the
subject matter based on my personnel & professional experience in this field, specially on
Loss prevention aspects in process plant design.
CONTENTS :
1. DESIGN CRITERIA
2. SELECTION OF DESIGN CODE
3. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
4. DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL
5. FABRICATION & INSPECTION
6. TEST & TRIAL RUN
7. OVER PRESSURE PROTECTION‐SAFETY INSTALLATION
8. OPERATION & RUNNING
9. REGULAR MAINTENANCE
10. PRIODIC MAINTENANCE
1. DESIGN CRITERIA‐ CHECK LIST
The Statutory requirements for the safety pertaining to factory Law, Pollution Board,
Enforced by Central and State Governments for the safety of Pressure vessel and
operation decides applicable Code, standards and recommended practice.
If content of pressure vessel is explosive in nature, we will have to follow Explosive Act.
Design includes drawing, calculations,specifications,model code used for the design, and
all other details necessary for the complete description of the P.V. and its construction
1. DESIGN CRITERIA‐ CHECK LIST
The design & manufacture of P.V. is always governed by applicable design codes in
all countries.
The codes or rules are primarily intended to assure safety in operation and they
cover every aspect of the design criteria with the safety of pressure vessel :
They form a basis of agreement between the manufacturer and customer , and the
customer’s insurance company.
Information and guidance on the P.V. codes can be found on the Internet :
www.bsi‐global.com
Computer programs to aid in the design of vessels to PD 5500 and the ASME code
are available from commercial organizations and can be found on Internet.
Use of program "PVEllite" is most popular in our country that uses ASME code .
2. SELECTION OF DESIGN CODE & STANDARDS
The codes used in our country for the UFPV ( Unfired Pressure Vessels) are:
2. SELECTION OF DESIGN CODE & STANDARDS
While basic aim of the code is same, there are differences in approach arising out
of historical back ground, Experience, Raw material availability in the country and
the design philosophy adopted in the various countries of origin The choice of
code is made by the purchaser and his process Licensor , guided by their
experience on the similar plant and strongly influenced by the country in which this
experience has been gained.
The difference in codes from the point of design, material selection, welding and
fabrication method is dealt with in depth knowledge of design engineering practice.
In the United Kingdom all conventional pressure vessels for use in the chemical
and allied industries will invariably be designed and fabricated according to the
British Standard PD 5500 or the European Standard EN 13445; or an equivalent
code such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers code Section VIII (the
ASME code).
Where national codes are not available, the British, European or American codes
would be used.
3. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The mechanical strength and process requirements plays the greater part while
selecting optimum design criteria
Material stress value is given here under for the majority of material available and in
use for the selection and Fabrication in India :
Material Properties: { ENTER TEMPERATURE }
TO Select Material Properties
3. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
1) Select Metric or British system you want to follow for the design & use units
uniformly over design
2) Select Design Temperature : It is a process requirements
3) Select Design Pressure
A. Design pressure is 10% or 0.69 to 1.7 bar (10 to 25 psi) above the maximum operating
pressure, whichever is greater. The maximum operating pressure is taken as 1.7 bar
(25 psi) above the normal operation pressure.
B. For vacuum operations, design pressures are 1 bar(g) (15 psig) to full vacuum
C. Minimum thicknesses for maintaining vessel/tank structure is to be selected as per
code
D. ASME Code:P-design [psi] = P+0.433*SG*H ~~ design pressure including static head
Where P = Operating pressure, SG = Sp. Gr. & H = Liquid Height inside vessel
E. For safe Design Practice use 1.1 times operating pressure(min)
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for the
estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all circumstances.
The allowance should be based on experience with the service conditions to those for the
proposed design.
The national codes and standards divide vessel construction into different categories,
depending on the amount of non‐destructive testing required. The higher categories
require 100 per cent radiography of the welds, and allow the use of highest values for the
weld joint factors. The lower‐quality categories require less radiography, but allow only
lower joint‐efficiency factors, and place restrictions on the plate thickness and type of
materials that can be used. The highest category will invariably be specified for
process‐plant pressure vessels.
The standard specifies three construction categories:
Category 1: the highest class, requires 100 per cent non‐destructive testing (NDT) of the
welds; and allows the use of all materials covered by the standard, with no restriction on
the plate thickness.
Category 2: requires less non‐destructive testing but places some limitations on the
materials which can be used and the maximum plate thickness.
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Category 3: The lowest class, requires only visual inspection of the welds, but
is restricted to carbon and carbon‐manganese steels, and austenitic stainless
steel; and limits are placed on the plate thickness and the nominal design
stress. For carbon and carbon manganese steels the plate thickness is
restricted to less than 13 mm and the design stress is about
half that allowed for categories 1 and 2. For stainless steel the thickness is
restricted to less than 25 mm and the allowable design stress is around 80 per
cent of that for the other categories.
7) Select Test pressure
Test pressure = Sf*{ Pd*( Fa/Fn) x t/(t‐c) }
Where Pd = design pressure, N/mm2,
fa = design stress at the test temperature, N/mm2,
fn = design stress at the design temperature, N/mm2,
c = corrosion allowance, mm,
t = actual plate thickness, mm.
Sf = Safety factor a) ASME Sec VIII DiV‐1: 1.5 a) ASME Sec VIII DiV‐2: 1.25
2) BS 1515 1.3 3) IS 2825 1.3 4) BS1500, Test Pressure is 1.5 times working
pressure
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is equally as strong as the virgin plate; It is
achieved by radiographing the complete weld length, and cutting out/remaking any defects.
The use of lower joint factors in design, though saving costs on radiography, It will result in
a thicker, heavier, vessel, and the designer must balance any cost savings on
inspection and fabrication against the increased cost of materials.
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Design loads
A Vessel must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all
the conditions of loading. The loads to which a process vessel will be subject in service
are listed below. They can be classified as major loads, that must always be considered in
vessel design, and subsidiary loads. Formal stress analysis to determine the effect of the
subsidiary loads is only required in the codes and standards where it is not possible to
Double welded butt or equivalent Single‐weld butt joint with bonding strips
Type of Joint Degree of radiography Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency demonstrate the
adequacy of the proposed design by other means; such as by comparison
with the known behavior of existing
Major loads
1. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating conditions.
2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic test conditions
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
For a smooth cylindrical column or stack the following semi‐empirical equation can be
used to estimate the wind pressure:
Pw = 0.05 *u²
The movement of the earths surface during an earthquake produces horizontal shear
forces on tall self•
]supported vessels, the magnitude of which increases from the base
upward. The total shear force on the vessel will be given by:
Fs = a * (W/g)
5.Subsidiary loads
1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.
2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents.
3. Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the center of the working
pressure
relative to the neutral axis of the vessel.
4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefficient
expansion of materials.
5. Loads caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure.
A vessel will not be subject to all these loads simultaneously. The designer must
determine what combination of possible loads gives the worst situation, and
design for that loading condition.
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Minimum practical wall thickness There will be a minimum wall thickness required to
ensure that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental
loads. As a general guide the wall thickness of any vessel should not be less than the
values given below; the values include a corrosion allowance of 2 mm:
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
2. Hemispherical heads
Hemispherical Heads. When the thickness of a
hemispherical head does not exceed 0.356 L, or
P does not exceed 0.665SE, the following
formulas shall apply:
Treq [in] =
or
P= 2SEt/L+0.2t
L [in] = (Do-2*t)/2 ~~ inside radius with corrosion
allowance removed
Volume = 2*pi()*(Do/2‐tf) 3/3 in F³
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
3. Ellipsoidal heads
With ts/L ≥ 0.002
Sizes 6‐5/8 to 192” in diameter. From 3/16 to 2” thick
Tolerances comply with ASME EG 32 (d). I.D. or O.D
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
4. Torispherical heads
Standard and intermediate sizes 14 to 250 inches. From 3/16 to 1‐3/8 inches thick.
Tolerances comply with ASME requirements. ASME UG‐32 (e) I.D. or O.D.
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
5. Conical Heads
Choice of closure
1) Flat plates are used as covers for man ways, and as the channel covers of heat
exchangers
Flat heads are the cheapest type of formed head to manufacture, but their use is limited to
low‐pressure and small‐diameter vessels.
2) Standard Torispherical heads (dished ends) are the most commonly used end closure
for vessels up to operating pressures of 15 bar. They can be used for higher pressures,
but above 10 bar their cost should be compared with that of an equivalent ellipsoidal head.
3) Ellipsoidal Vessel head are used extensively Above 15 bar pressure .
Ellipsoidal head will usually prove to be the most economical closure to use.
4) A hemispherical head is the strongest shape; capable of resisting about twice the
pressure of a Torispherical head of the same thickness. The cost of forming a hemispherical
head will, however, be higher than that for a shallow Torispherical head. Hemispherical
heads are used for high pressures.
5) Conical Heads are seldom used for the design of pressure vessel
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Step 1. Assume a value for thickness "t" and determine the ratios L/Do and Do /t
Take L = Length of the cylindrical portion + 1/3 rd dish height on both side
Step 2. Use Material chart for the external pressure and find out Value of Factor "A"
using value of L/Do( Note: If L/Do greater than 50, enter the chart at a value of line L/Do="
50"& For values of L/Do less than 0.05, enter the chart at a value of line L/Do= "0.05“
Step 3. Using value of "A" and Do/t find the new value of Factor "B“
Step 4a. Using this value of Factor B, calculate the value of the maximum allowable
external working pressure Pa using the following formula:
Pa= ( 4*B)/3*(Do/t)
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
Step 4b. For values of A falling to the left of the applicable material /temperature line,
the value of Pa can be calculated using the following formula:
If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger value for t and repeat the design procedure
until
a value of Pa is obtained that is equal to or greater than P
4. Design Pressure Vessels ( Brief):
14) Note:
1) For other Value of L/Do refer code
2) Use stiffening ring if the calculated thickness of the dish is > t(for internal Press.)+2
3) The thickness for the dish end are calculated in the similar manner using above
method and graphs published by code
5. FABRICATION
Follow following specifications and guide lines given in code for the fabrication of vessel :
The welder is qualified by the competent authority by welding on test pieces using
code specified welding electrodes . The code defines type of electrode, position used
during the welding within well defined specified limits . The welder qualified for the
butt welding joint is qualified for the plate welding but pipe welding requires
separate approval in certain codes.
TEST COUPENS: The production of test coupons are required if the operating temperature
is below ‐20 º F ( - 30 º C ) and only impact testing is required to be cared out
Some code like BS1500 require production coupons for long seam with radiography
3) Material Identification
The pressure vessel Manufacturer shall maintain traceability of the material to the original
identification markings by one or more of the following methods:
Accurate transfer of the original identification markings to a location where the markings
will be visible on the completed vessel; identification by a coded marking traceable to
the original required marking; or recording the required markings using methods such as
material tabulations or as built sketches which assure identification of each piece of
material during fabrication and subsequent identification in the completed vessel
Such transfers of markings shall be made prior to cutting except that the Manufacturer may
transfer markings immediately after cutting provided the control of these transfers is
described in his written Quality Control System
4) Repair of Defects in Materials
Defects in material may be repaired provided acceptance by the Inspector is first obtained
for the method and extent of repairs. Defective material that cannot be satisfactorily
repaired shall be rejected.
5) Forming Shell Sections and Heads
The inner surface of the formed head shall not deviate from the specified shape by more
than 1.25% of ID. Such deviation should not be abrupt and shall be out side of the shape
6) Permissible Out‐of‐Roundness of Cylindrical, Conical, and Spherical shell
5. FABRICATION
7) Tolerance for Formed Heads : The limit for the tolerances are well defined for
a) Circumference based on outer diameter of vessel
b) Ovality of vessel under internal pressure
c )Ovality of the vessel under external pressure
d) Alignment of the vessel
8) Lugs and Fitting Attachments
9) Holes for Screw Stays
10) Charpy Impact Tests
11) Heat Treatment : The requirement of heat treatment varies from code to code :
The general criteria is set by d) when vessel is to be used for the Lethal substances
a) Type of material used for the fabrication
b) Plate Material thickness ( say > 38 mm for Carbon steel)
c) Elongation of material fiber more than the specified limit ( 5 to 50 % )
d) Temperature of material exceed specified limit during the fabrication (say 800 º F)
e) If found brittleness or ageing during the fabrication
INSPECTION
1) General 2) The definition of Inspector 3) Access for Inspector 4) Inspection of Materials
5) Marking on Materials 6) Examination of Surfaces During Fabrication
7) Dimensional Check of Component Parts
6. TEST & TRIAL RUN
The test is to be done under presence and guidance of a competent person approved
as a "Inspector" or by a professional organization approved by the factory inspector
PRESSURE TESTS
The pressure vessel codes and standards require that all pressure vessels be subjected to
a pressure test to prove the integrity of the finished vessel.
Formulae for determining H.T. Pressure are given in the codes and Std. such as :
Test pressure = 1.3*{ Pd*( Fa/Fn) x t/(t‐c) }
Where
Pd = design pressure, N/mm2,
fa = nominal design strength (design stress) at the test temperature, N/mm2,
fn = nominal design strength (design stress) at the design temperature, N/mm2,
c = corrosion allowance, mm,
t = actual plate thickness, mm.
6. TEST & TRIAL RUN
Please refer Section 4.Design for the calculation for P.Max‐ allowable pressure as per
code
6. TEST & TRIAL RUN
6) Non‐destructive Testing .
a) Magnetic Particle examination
b) Liquid or dye penetrant examination
c ) Radiographic
(a) He/she has vision, with correction if necessary, to enable him/her to read a
Jaeger Type No. 2 g yp Standard Chart ( Available with Ophthalmologist)at a distance of
not less than 12 in., and is capable of distinguishing and differentiating contrast
between colours used. These requirements shall be checked annually.
(4) The overpressure protection system need not be supplied by the vessel Manufacturer
(c) When a pressure vessel can be exposed to fire or other unexpected sources of external
heat, the pressure relief device shall be capable of preventing the pressure rise more than
21% above Max Allowable pressure
(C) LOCATION
Pressure relief devices shall be constructed, located, Installed such that they are readily
accessible for testing, inspection, replacement & repair and so that they do not
become inoperative
d) Relief valve
It is a pressure relief valve actuated by inlet static pressure which opens in proportion to
the increase in pressure over the opening pressure.
HOLDER A rupture disk holder is the structure that encloses and clamps the
rupture disk in position.( Flange End, Screw etc.)
(a) A pin device may be used as the sole pressure relieving device on a vessel
* It can be installed between the vessel and pressure relief valve
In a manner same as rupture disc and capacity with all its limitation
We all are aware that the design, installation of the over protection system is a solely
responsibility of the pressure vessel user, they can either design the pressure vessel at
higher working capacity or adopt pressure relieving device by proper selection and
installation of instruments over pressure protection system. It ma be in combination of
both devices
I would like to recommend a High‐Pressure _Trip Systems for the pressure vessel
protection when run away reaction occurs .
The oxidation , Hydrogenation , polymerisation etc are few examples
It will be difficult to install relief valves that are large in size and to be open quickly enough
to avoid over pressuring the equipment.
7. OVER PRESSURE PROTECTION
a)Design, Select & Install A High ( rising) pressure sensor & Pressure
switch on the overhead Gas/Vapour /Vent line to operate and activate a relay
contactor
b) The relay contactor should stop the power supply line connected with the
heating device either by hot water pump or Hot oil pump
c) Select and install a solenoid valve associated with trip valve installed on the
steam/Hot water/Hot oil supply line use to heat Pressure Vessel or Reactor