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Turbulence Models and Their Applications: 10 Indo German Winter Academy 2011
Turbulence Models and Their Applications: 10 Indo German Winter Academy 2011
THEIR APPLICATIONS
Presented by:
T.S.D.Karthik
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Madras
DNS
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Classification
6
For many turbulent flows, the length and time scale of characteristic
eddies is not small compared with the flow domain (boundary
dominated flows).
The eddy viscosity is a scalar quantity which may not be true for simple
turbulent shear flows. It also fails to distinguish between plane shear,
plane strain and rotating plane shear flows.
Advantages:
Easy to implement.
Fast calculation times.
Good predictions for simple flows where experimental correlations for
the mixing length exist.
Used in higher models
Disadvantages:
Completely incapable of describing flows where the turbulent length
scale varies: anything with separation or circulation.
Only calculates mean flow properties and turbulent shear stress.
Cannot switch from one type of region to another
History effects of turbulence are not considered.
Use:
Sometimes used for simple external aero flows.
Pretty much completely ignored in commercial CFD programs today.
Weak for:
Massively separated flows.
Free shear flows.
Decaying turbulence.
Complex internal flows.
K equation:
Model (simplified) equation for k after using Boussinesq
assumption by which the fluctuation terms can be linked to the
mean flow is as follows:
k k U j U i U j t k 2k
Ui t
t xi xi x j xi xi k xi xi xi
k2
with t 0.09
uk '
D
u'
2 p '
Dt x x x k x x x
k k k k i i
v f p
D D D
2
u ' u ' u ' u ' U 2
u ' U u ' u ' u ' 2
i k kl i u 'i
2 l 2 u ' i i 2 k i k 2
x x x x x k x x x x x x
l l i k k l k l k l l k l
x x
1 2 3 4
P P P P Y
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Model Equation for
21
Advantages:
Relatively simple to implement.
Leads to stable calculations that converge relatively easily.
Reasonable predictions for many flows.
Disadvantages:
Poor predictions for:
swirling and rotating flows,
flows with strong separation,
axis symmetric jets,
certain unconfined flows, and
fully developed flows in non-circular ducts.
Valid only for fully turbulent flows.
Requires wall function implementation.
Modifications for flows with highly curved stream lines.
Production of turbulence in highly strained flows is over predicted.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
More two equation models
25
U * Sij Sij ij ij
1
A0 4.04, As 6 cos , cos 1 6W
3
Sij S ji S ki ~
W ~ , S Sij Sij
S
Normal component:
2 k 2
U
u 2 k 2C
3 x
Actual Model
Non-linear models
34
The exact equation for the transport of the Reynolds stress Rij:
DR
ij
P D
Dt ij ij ij ij ij
This equation can be read as:
rate of change of Rij ui ' u j ' plus
transport of Rij by convection, equals
rate of production Pij, plus
transport by diffusion Dij, minus
rate of dissipation ij, plus
transport due to turbulent pressure-strain interactions ij, plus
transport due to rotation ij.
This equation describes six partial differential equations, one for the
transport of each of the six independent Reynolds stresses.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Reynolds stress transport
37
equation
The various terms are modeled as follows:
Production Pij is retained in its exact form.
Pressure strain interactions ij, are very important. These include pressure
fluctuations due to eddies interacting with each other, and due to
interactions between eddies and regions of the flow with a different mean
velocity. The overall effect is to make the normal stresses more isotropic
and to decrease shear stresses. It does not change the total turbulent
kinetic energy. This is a difficult to model term, and various models are
available. Common is the Launder model. Improved, non-equilibrium
models are available also.
U j U i
Production exact : Pij Rim R jm
x m x m
J
ijk
Diffusive transport exact : D
ij x
k
J u ' u ' u ' p( u ' u ' )
ijk i j k jk i ik j
t Rij t
Diffusive transport model : Dij div grad ( Rij )
xm k xm k
t is the turbulent kinematic viscosity calculated in the standard way
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
RSM equations continued
39
ui ' u j '
Dissipation exact : ij 2 Dissipation model : ij 23 ij
xk xk
ui ' u j '
Pressure strain exact : ij p '
x j xi
Pressure strain model : ij C1 ( Rij 23 k ij ) C2 ( Pij 23 P ij )
k
P is the pressure
The same k and equations are solved as with the standard k- model.
However, the Boussinesq assumption is not used.
The full Reynolds stress equations are first derived, and then some
simplifying assumptions are made that allow the derivation of algebraic
equations for the Reynolds stresses.
Thus fewer PDEs have to be solved than with the full RSM and it is
much easier to implement.
The algebraic equations themselves are not very stable, however, and
computer time is significantly more than with the standard k- model.
This model was used in the 1980s and early 1990s. Research continues
but this model is rarely used in industry anymore now that most
commercial CFD codes have full RSM implementations available
Other options:
Turbulence intensity and length scale.
Length scale is related to size of large eddies that contain most of energy.
For boundary layer flows, 0.4 times boundary layer thickness: l 0.4d99.
For flows downstream of grids /perforated plates: l opening size.
The figures show plots of the normalized tangential velocity, for each of
the turbulence models, plotted with the experimental data.
RNG k - epsilon model produces the best results with the standard k -
epsilon model giving the worst but this variation is small compared to
their deviations from the experimental data.
The k-L mixing length model does lead to an answer which predicts the
movement of the maximal tangential velocity from the inner wall to the
centre of the annulus better than the other models. Where the
implementation of the model fails is in its prediction of the flow near the
walls.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Flocculation tank Analogy with flow over a back
step
44
In the middle of the channel, the flow separate due to the small step size of height h. The
flow reattaches at about 7 times the step height further downstream - similar to the 180
degree bend in the flocculation tank where we have flow separation and reattachment
downstream
Analyzed using K-, K- SST, K- realizable, K- RNG, RSM turbulence models and compared
with experimental data.
Plotting the derivative du/dy, the change in direction of velocity in x direction with respect
to y at the wall, the reattachment point is easily identified. At the wall, separated flow will
give a negative du/dy, while reattaches flow has a positive du/dy value.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Flocculation tank Analogy with flow over a back
step
45
If you looking solely at performance in the shear layer, you might want to
choose either the Spalart or Chien models.
If the flow involves jets, separation, or moderate swirl, converge solution with
the realizable k- model.
Ignore the existence of mixing length models and the algebraic stress model.
Only use the other models if you know from other sources that somehow
these are especially suitable for your particular problem (e.g. Spalart-
Allmaras for certain external flows, k- RNG for certain transitional flows, or
k-).
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Other Numerical Methods:
DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation)
49
Very accurate
Accuracy increases
Complexity increases
Computing time increases
Usability decreases