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Conclusions:
1. Resistivity and surface resistivity can be measured using a four-point probe voltage and
current measurement. The calculation of the resistivity from this measurement is based
on superposition of two currents.
2. The method of measurement is slightly different for thick samples and thin layers, as well
as for high-resistivity and low-resistivity (high conductivity) materials.
3. We can make a circuit model (mesh of identical resistors) of homogeneous resistive layers
as well as resistive blocks of material. To calculate the value of resistance between any two
points in the circuit model, we can use the two-point probe analysis based on superposition
instead of a relatively complicated circuit analysis.
Purpose: to see how current produces a magnetic field, and to learn how to measure the
current by measuring magnetic force. The purpose of this lab is to make a simple instrument,
to learn how to calibrate it and extend its operating range, and to understand its limitations.
Pre-lab problems:
PL4.1. A circular current loop of radius a is positioned in the xy plane, centered on the z
axis, Fig. L4.1. Use the Biot-Savart law to find the expression for the magnetic flux density
vector along the z axis.
272 SIMPLE ELECTROMAGNETICS LABS
PL4.2. Find the magnetic force that acts on a small current element positioned on the z axis
in the yz plane, making an angle of 45 with the z-axis (Fig. L4.l).
Lab:
Equipment and parts:
- a dc power supply; a multimeter;
- a compass, insulated wire, two potentiometers.
Fig. L4.1. A circular current loop in the xy plane and a current element on the axis of the current
loop.
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am:neler I
,
I I
I I Power
L-0-J supply
(a)
Fig. L4.2. (a) Setup for calibrating the ammeter. (b) Setup for increasing the current range of the
ammeter.
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LAB 4: MAGNETIC FIELD AND CURRENTS: AN AMMETER 273
L4.1. Start with a low voltage (about 1 V) on the power supply, and slowly increase it. You
should see the compass needle deflect as you increase the current through the solenoid up to a
certain point. How do you orient the compass initially so that you measure the largest current
range?
L4.2. In order to be able to use your ammeter, you need a scale. Draw the scale on a piece of
paper by measuring known currents (this is what the commercial ammeter is for) and recording
the compass needle deflection. What is the largest value of the current you can measure? What
is the smallest nonzero current you can measureZ What is the sensitivity of your ammeter,
i.e., how accurately can you measure small changes? Is your scale linear (it is linear if the"
deflection angle is linearly proportional to the current with some multiplication constant)? .
L4.3. Compare your scale with that of your classmates. How do they compare? How practical
is your ammeter for manufacturing?
Conclusions:
1. A current produces a magnetic field. By measuring the torque of this field on a small
magnet, we can measure the current.
2. Every instrument needs to be calibrated. The calibration is different for different ranges
of the instrument.
3. The simple ammeter you made can be used to indirectly measure the intensity of the
magnetic field of the earth at the place where the ammeter is located.