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5 Potassium chloride, KCl, is very similar to sodium chloride, NaCl. They have the same
type of crystal structure, and their aqueous solutions can be electrolysed to give
similar products.

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(a) The diagram shows part of the structure of potassium chloride.

The plus (+) sign shows the position of one potassium ion.
Complete the diagram using a plus (+) sign to show the position of each

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potassium ion, and a minus () sign to show the position of each chloride ion.
(2)
(b) The diagram shows apparatus used to electrolyse aqueous potassium chloride in
the laboratory.

chlorine hydrogen

aqueous potassium chloride and

phenolphthalein indicator
carbon electrode
carbon electrode

+
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(i) Chlorine is formed at the positive electrode.

Describe a test for chlorine gas.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Hydrogen gas is formed at the negative electrode.

Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen.
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(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The solution used in this electrolysis contains phenolphthalein. During the
electrolysis, the colour of the solution around the negative electrode goes pink.
Explain why the solution goes pink, and give the formula of the ion
responsible for causing the colour change.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode is

2Cl o Cl2 + 2e
In one experiment a charge of 0.0250 faraday is passed through an aqueous
solution of potassium chloride.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine formed.
(1)

amount of chlorine = ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Calculate the volume of chlorine formed at room temperature and pressure (rtp).
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[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 at rtp.]

Give the unit in your answer.
(2)

volume of chlorine = ................................................................ unit .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

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7 A student investigates the temperature rise of water in a copper can placed above a spirit
burner containing a flammable liquid. The diagram shows the apparatus he uses.

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thermometer

copper can

water

spirit burner

flammable liquid

This is the students method.

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place 200 g of water in the copper can and record the temperature of the water
weigh the spirit burner containing the flammable liquid
place the spirit burner underneath the copper can and light the burner
after two minutes extinguish the flame and record the maximum temperature of
the water
reweigh the spirit burner containing the remaining flammable liquid

(a) State whether each of the changes listed in the table would increase, decrease or
have no effect on the value of the maximum temperature of the water.
(3)

Effect on the value of the maximum

Change
temperature of the water

increasing the distance between the

spirit burner and the copper can

using a thermometer with divisions

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at 0.2qC instead of 0.5qC

adding insulation to the side of the

copper can

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(b) In one experiment pentane was used as the flammable liquid. The calculated
heat energy change was 51900 J.
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In the experiment the mass of pentane burned was 1.88 g.

The relative molecular mass of pentane is 72
Use this information to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion,
in kJ/mol, of pentane.
(3)
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molar enthalpy change = ............................................................... . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 7 = 6 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS

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(b) Ethanol can be used as a fuel.

This is the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

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C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

These are the displayed formulae for ethanol, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.

H H

H C C O H O O O C O H O H

H H

ethanol oxygen carbon dioxide water

The table gives some average (mean) bond energies.

Average bond energy

Bond
in kJ/mol
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C C 348

C H 412

C O 360

H O 463

O O 496

C O 743

Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change (H) when one mole of ethanol
is completely burned.
(4)
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enthalpy change (H) = ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol

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(c) Ethanol and methanol can both be used as fuels.

A student uses this apparatus to find out how much energy is produced when

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one mole of ethanol and one mole of methanol are burned.

copper can

water

burner
ethanol or methanol

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The table shows some of the students results.

Energy given out Energy given out

Formula mass
Fuel by 1.00 g of fuel by 1 mol of fuel
of fuel
in kJ in kJ

ethanol (C2H5OH) 46.0 20.9 961

methanol (CH3OH) 15.6

(i) Calculate the energy given out by 1 mol of methanol.

(2)

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energy given out = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

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(ii) The student uses the same burner and copper can in each experiment.
State two other factors that the student should keep the same in each experiment.
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(2)

1 ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) A data book states that the energy given out when 1 mol of ethanol is burned is1371 kJ.
Suggest two reasons why the students value is much less than this.
(2)

1 ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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4 A student investigates electrolysis using this apparatus.

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wires

potassium chloride
battery
solution

(a) The student electrolyses KCl(aq) and collects samples of any gases formed.
Complete the following diagram to show how to assemble the apparatus.
Label the diagram to show the potassium chloride solution.
(3)

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(b) The table shows the half-equation for the reaction at one electrode.
Complete the table to show the half-equation for the reaction at the other electrode
and the polarity (+ or ) of each electrode.
(2)

Polarity Equation

2H2O + 2e o H2 + 2OH

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5 The diagram shows the diaphragm cell used in the electrolysis of concentrated
sodium chloride solution, NaCl(aq).

gas A gas B

diaphragm
sodium chloride
solution

solution C

positive negative
electrode electrode

(a) Explain what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Identify gas A, gas B and solution C.

(3)

gas A ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

gas B ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

solution C ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Sodium is manufactured by the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, NaCl(l).

Sodium is produced at the negative electrode and chlorine is produced at the
positive electrode.
(i) Why does the sodium chloride have to be molten before it will conduct electricity?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The ionic half-equation for the formation of sodium is

Na+ + e o Na
Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine from chloride ions.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

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(c) The equation for the fermentation of glucose is

C6H12O6 o 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

A mass of 3600 kg of glucose was completely fermented.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of glucose that was fermented.
(Mr of glucose = 180)
(2)

amount of glucose = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Deduce the amount, in moles, of ethanol produced in this reaction.

(1)

amount of ethanol = .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the volume, in dm3 at rtp, of carbon dioxide produced in this reaction.
(1 mol of carbon dioxide occupies 24 dm3 at rtp)
(2)

volume of carbon dioxide = ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

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3 Tungsten is a useful metal. It has the chemical symbol W.

(a) One method of extracting tungsten involves heating a tungsten compound (WO3)
with hydrogen.
(i) Suggest the chemical name of WO3
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Balance the equation for the reaction between WO3 and hydrogen.
(1)

WO3 + ............................ H2 o ............................ W + ............................ H2O

(iii) Why is this reaction described as reduction?

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Scheelite is an ore of tungsten.

The main compound in scheelite has the percentage composition by mass
Ca = 13.9%, W = 63.9%, O = 22.2%.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
(3)

empirical formula = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Tungsten can also be obtained by reacting tungsten fluoride with hydrogen.

The equation for this reaction is

WF6 + 3H2 o W + 6HF

(i) In an experiment, a chemist used 59.6 g of tungsten fluoride.

What is the maximum mass of tungsten he could obtain from 59.6 g of
tungsten fluoride?
Relative formula mass of tungsten fluoride = 298
(2)

maximum mass = .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(ii) Starting with a different mass of tungsten fluoride, he calculates that the mass
of tungsten formed should be 52.0 g. In his experiment he actually obtains
47.5 g of tungsten.
What is the percentage yield of tungsten in this experiment?
(2)

percentage yield = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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(f ) Another student used sulfuric acid instead of nitric acid in her experiments.
She started with 25.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.650 mol/dm3.
She added 0.500 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution until the acid was
completely neutralised.
The equation for this reaction is
2NaOH + H2SO4 o Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sulfuric acid used.
(2)

amount = ........................ . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise this
amount of sulfuric acid.
(1)

amount = ........................ . . . . . . . . . mol

(iii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralise
this amount of sulfuric acid.
(2)

volume = ....................... . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(Total for Question 4 = 18 marks)

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(v) Lead(II) carbonate cannot be used instead of lead(II) nitrate in this preparation.
This is because lead(II) carbonate
(1)
A contains ionic bonding
B has a high relative formula mass
C is insoluble in water
D is toxic
(b) The equation for the reaction in the students plan is

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

(i) Deduce the amount of each reactant needed to form 0.150 mol of lead(II) sulfate.
(1)

Pb(NO3)2 ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

Na2SO4 .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) What volume of 0.500 mol/dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is needed to form
0.150 mol of lead(II) sulfate?
(2)

volume = .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 9 marks)

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6 A student does some experiments to find the heat energy released when natural gas burns.
She uses this apparatus.

200 cm3 of water

gas burning
gas
natural gas
meter

(a) The diagram shows the thermometer readings in one of her experiments.

20 30

15 25

start end
Use these readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.1 C.
(3)

temperature of water at start in C

temperature of water at end in C

temperature change in C

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(b) The student repeats the experiment three times.

The table shows her results.

Volume of gas burned Temperature rise

Experiment
in cm3 of water in C

1 1450 34.8

2 1875 41.2

3 1620 37.7

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, at room temperature and pressure, of methane
burned in experiment 1.
Assume that natural gas contains only methane.
(The volume of 1 mol of a gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 000 cm3)
(2)

amount = ........................ . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) The quantity of heat energy released in experiment 1 is 29 200 J.

Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
(2)

molar enthalpy change = ................................ . . kJ/mol

(iii) The temperature rise in experiment 2 is 41.2 C.

Calculate the heat energy change in experiment 2 using the expression
heat energy change = volume of water 4.2 temperature change
(in J) (in cm3) (in C)
(2)

heat energy change = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

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(iv) The student uses the results from experiment 3 to calculate the molar enthalpy change,
in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
She compares her value with the value in a data book.

students value H = 510 kJ/mol

data book value H = 890 kJ/mol

Which is the best explanation for the large difference between these two values?
(1)
A natural gas contains other gases that release heat energy when burned
B not all of the heat energy is transferred to the water
C some of the water evaporates during the experiment
D the student measures the gas by volume instead of by mass

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(c) The student uses a table of average bond energies to calculate another value for
the molar enthalpy of combustion of methane.

Bond CH O=O C=O HO

Average bond energy

412 496 743 463
in kJ/mol

The equation for the combustion can be shown using displayed formulae.
H
HCH + 2O=O O=C=O + 2HOH
H
(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy taken in when the bonds in
the reactants are broken.
(2)

energy taken in = ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy given out when the bonds in
the products are formed.
(2)

energy given out = ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the
combustion of methane.
(1)

molar enthalpy change = .................................... . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS

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(c) Ethanol can be manufactured by passing a hot mixture of ethene and steam, at a
high pressure, over a catalyst.
State the pressure used and name the catalyst.
(2)

pressure ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atm

catalyst ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) The equation for the conversion of ethanol into ethene can be written using
displayed formulae.
H H H H
H C C O H C C + H O H
H H H H

The table gives some average bond energies.

Average bond energy

Bond
in kJ/mol
C C 348

C C 612

C H 412

C O 360

O H 463

Use information from the table to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for
the conversion of ethanol into ethene.
(4)

enthalpy change = .............................................................. . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

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5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the temperature change that occurs
when potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water.

polystyrene cup

She uses this method.

v pour 50 cm3 of water into the polystyrene cup and measure the temperature of
the water
v add 3 g of potassium hydroxide and stir
v record the highest temperature of the solution

(a) These diagrams show the thermometer readings before and after the student
added the potassium hydroxide.

C 20 C 30

15 25
before after

Use the readings to complete the table.

(3)

temperature in C after adding potassium hydroxide

temperature in C before adding potassium hydroxide

temperature change in C

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(b) The student uses her results to calculate the enthalpy change for dissolving
potassium hydroxide in water.
She compares her value with a data book value.
Students value = 32 kJ/mol.
Data book value = 55kJ/mol.
There are no errors in the students method or in the calculation.
Suggest two reasons why the students value differs from the data book value.
(2)

1 . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

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7 Sulfuric acid can be manufactured from sulfur in a four-stage process.

stage 1 sulfur is burned in air to form sulfur dioxide

S + O2 SO2

stage 2 the sulfur dioxide is reacted with more oxygen to form sulfur trioxide

SO2 + O2 SO3

stage 3 the sulfur trioxide is absorbed in concentrated sulfuric acid to make oleum

SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

stage 4 the oleum is carefully diluted with water to form sulfuric acid

(a) Write a chemical equation for the formation of sulfuric acid from oleum.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) A mass of 80 tonnes of sulfur is reacted with oxygen in stage 1.

Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of sulfur trioxide that can be produced
in stage 2.
[1 tonne = 1.0 106 g]
(3)

maximum mass = ............................................................. . . . tonnes

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(c) Calculate the minimum volume at rtp, in cubic decimetres (dm3), of oxygen
required to completely react with 64 tonnes of sulfur dioxide.
[1 mol of oxygen at rtp has a volume of 24 dm3]
(2)

volume of oxygen = ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 6 marks)

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2 The equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) carbonate is

CuCO3(s) CuO(s) + CO2(g)

A student investigates the decomposition of copper(II) carbonate using this apparatus.

heat

She uses this method.

t weigh the crucible, lid and copper(II) carbonate
t heat the crucible, lid and contents for 2 minutes
t allow to cool and then reweigh
t heat for a second period of 2 minutes
t allow to cool and then reweigh
t heat for a third period of 2 minutes
t allow to cool and then reweigh
The table shows the students results.

Mass of crucible, lid and contents in grams

after heating after heating after heating
Experiment before heating
for 2 minutes for 4 minutes for 6 minutes
1 26.3 23.0 21.9 21.4
2 25.8 22.7 21.5 21.5
3 26.0 23.0 21.2 21.2
4 26.1 23.2 21.8 21.8

(a) Why does the mass decrease during heating?

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) State the colours of the solids in the reaction.

(2)

CuCO3(s) ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CuO(s) ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) (i) In which experiment might the decomposition not be complete?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Which statement could explain why the decomposition might not be complete?
(1)
A The student used a higher temperature than in the other experiments.
B The student used less copper(II) carbonate than in the other experiments.
C The student heated the crucible without a lid on.
D The student used a spirit burner instead of a Bunsen burner.

(d) In another experiment, the student calculates that she should obtain a mass of 3.7 g of
CuO(s) after completely decomposing a sample of CuCO3(s).
She actually obtains a mass of 3.4 g of CuO(s).
Calculate the percentage yield in her experiment.
(2)

percentage yield = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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(iii) The student writes this word equation for one of the experiments in which a
reaction occurs.

bromine + potassium iodide potassium bromine + iodine

The name of one of the substances is incorrect.
Write the correct name of this substance.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) A reaction occurs when the student adds chlorine solution to

potassium iodide solution.
Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

Cl2 + ......................................... KI ......................................... + .........................................

(v) All displacement reactions are examples of redox reactions.

State the meaning of the term redox.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(vi) The ionic equation for another reaction is

Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2
Explain which species is oxidised in this reaction.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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5 A student uses this apparatus to measure the temperature change when lithium iodide
dissolves in water.

100 g of water

He measures the steady temperature of the water before adding the lithium iodide.
He then adds the lithium iodide, stirs the mixture until all the solid dissolves and
records the maximum temperature reached.
The diagram shows the thermometer readings before and after dissolving the lithium iodide.

20

25

15

20

before after

(a) Use the readings to complete the table.

(3)

Temperature in C after adding lithium iodide

Temperature in C before adding lithium iodide

Temperature change in C

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(b) In a second experiment, using the same mass of water, the student records a
temperature increase of 4.9 C.
(i) Use this expression to calculate the heat energy change in this experiment.

heat energy change = mass of water 4.2 temperature change

(in joules) (in grams) (in C)
(2)

heat energy change = .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . J

(ii) In this experiment, 6.3 g of lithium iodide were used.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium iodide in 6.3 g.
[Mr of lithium iodide = 134]
(2)

amount of LiI = .......................................... . . . mol

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(c) In a third experiment the student obtains these results.

heat energy change in J 2400

amount of lithium iodide in mol 0.048

(i) Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, in this experiment.

(2)

molar enthalpy change = .................................... . . kJ/mol

(ii) The temperature change in this experiment shows that dissolving lithium iodide
in water to form lithium iodide solution is an exothermic process.
Complete the energy level diagram to show the position of the lithium iodide
solution.
Label the diagram to show H, the molar enthalpy change.
(2)

Energy lithium iodide + water

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

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(iv) The ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode in stage 4 is
Mg2+ + 2e Mg
Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) A manufacturer makes a batch of magnesium by electrolysing magnesium chloride.

(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) needed to make 48 kg of
magnesium.
(2)

mass of magnesium chloride = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of electrons needed to make 48 kg of magnesium.
(2)

amount of electrons = ................................... . . . . . . . . . mol

QUESTION 6 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

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3 Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide.

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
The apparatus in the diagram can be used to investigate the decrease in the volume of gas
when magnesium burns in air.
stopper

magnesium
ribbon air
bell jar
basin

water

The stopper is removed and the magnesium is lit. The stopper is then quickly replaced.
After the flame goes out there is some magnesium left in the basin.
After the apparatus has cooled to its original temperature, the water level in the bell jar
is higher than shown in the diagram.

(a) What is the colour of the flame produced when the magnesium burns?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) What is the colour of the solid produced when the magnesium burns?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) The volume of air in the bell jar at the start of the experiment is 1000 cm3.
Calculate the volume of gas you would expect to remain in the bell jar at the end
of the experiment. Assume all the oxygen in the air is used up.
(2)

volume of gas remaining = ...................................... . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(d) In another experiment, the mass of magnesium that burned was 0.12 g.
Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium oxide that could be formed
in this experiment.
(2)

mass of magnesium oxide formed = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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4 This apparatus is used to electrolyse a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.

hydrogen chlorine

concentrated solution
of sodium chloride

negative electrode positive electrode

+
power
supply

(a) The ionic half-equations for the reactions at the electrodes are
negative electrode 2H2O(l) + 2e 2OH(aq) + H2(g)
positive electrode 2Cl(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e
(i) State how these ionic half-equations show that equal volumes of the two gases
should be collected.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected is less than expected.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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