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1 The concentration of a dilute acid can be found by reacting it with aqueous sodium hydroxide using
the apparatus shown.

aqueous
sodium hydroxide

conical flask

dilute acid

3
(a) What piece of apparatus should be used to add exactly 25.0 cm of dilute acid to the conical
flask?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A few drops of litmus solution are added to the conical flask.

Explain why litmus solution is added to the conical flask.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is then added to the dilute acid until it is in excess.

Describe the change in the colour of the litmus solution in the conical flask.

from .................................................................to ....................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

2 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and a gas which ‘pops’ with a
lighted splint.

(a) Identify this gas.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Suggest a practical method for investigating the rate of this reaction involving collection of the
gas.
You may include a labelled diagram in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 4]

3 A list of symbols and formulae is shown.

Al2O3

C2H5OH

CO2

Fe2O3

H2

He
+
K
+
Li

N2
+
Na
2−
O

Answer the following questions using these symbols or formulae.

Each symbol or formula may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which symbol or formula represents:

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(a) an element that is monoatomic

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) an ion that gives a red colour in a flame test

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) a gas that contributes to climate change

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) an element that can be used as a fuel

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) an ion that is formed when an atom gains electrons.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

4 Complete the table to show the relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron.

type of particle relative mass

proton 1

neutron

electron

[2]

[Total: 2]
2+
5 Mg ions have the electronic structure 2,8.
2+
Give the formula of the following particles which have the same electronic structure as Mg ions.

• a cation (positive ion)

..................................................................................................................................................

• an anion (negative ion)

..................................................................................................................................................

• an atom

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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6 Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

empirical formula = ........................... [2]

[Total: 2]

7 Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide are used to make aqueous potassium sulfate.

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

dilute sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

3
Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely reacts with
3 3
25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous potassium sulfate.

Use the following steps.

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3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(b) Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(c) Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

(d) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium hydroxide
and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment, the product is
aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

Use your answer to (c) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

[Total: 4]

8 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
sulfuric acid.
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Magnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of molecules
of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and has
2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.

Determine the value of x .

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.

Mr = .................................. [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.

moles of MgSO4 formed = ........................... [1]

(c) Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.

x = .................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

9 Sodium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a strong
base.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

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3
Calculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm , when 0.345 g of sodium is added to
3
50.0 cm of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of Na added.

= ............................... mol [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.

= ............................... mol [1]

3
(c) Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol / dm .

3
concentration of NaOH = .......................... mol / dm [1]
3
(d) Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g / dm .

3
concentration of NaOH = .............................. g / dm [2]

[Total: 5]

10 The apparatus used to electroplate a steel spoon with copper is shown.

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– +

steel spoon pure copper rod

(a) Label the diagram to show:

• the anode
• the electrolyte. [2]

(b) Describe the observations made during this electroplating at the:

steel spoon .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

copper rod ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

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(a) A steel spoon can be electroplated with nickel.

The apparatus is shown.

+ –

spoon to be
electroplated

pure nickel rod

solution containing
Ni2+(aq) ions

Choose a word from the list which describes the nickel rod.

Draw a circle around your answer.

anion anode cathode cation electrolyte

[1]

(b) Describe the observations made during this electroplating at the:

pure nickel rod ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

spoon. ...............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) State one reason for electroplating an object.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

12 Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of a reaction when the temperature is
reduced.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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13 Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of a reaction when the temperature is
increased.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 Gaseous phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes into gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride and gaseous
chlorine.

When the three gases are present in a closed container the system reaches equilibrium.

PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

(a) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield (PCl3(g) and Cl2(g))

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

adding a catalyst no change

[1]

(b) The table shows that when the temperature increases, the equilibrium yields of PCl3(g) and
Cl2(g) increase.

State what conclusion can be made from this.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

15 Sulfuric acid is manufactured by an industrial process. Sulfur is obtained from sulfur-containing

metal ores.

The sulfur in the metal ore is converted to sulfur dioxide which is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide as
shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

The reaction that produces sulfur trioxide is an equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.
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(a) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) State the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the following changes are made.

Explain your answers.

temperature is increased ..................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

pressure is increased .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]

16 Some of the ammonia made by the Haber process is converted into nitric acid.

The first stage of this process is the oxidation of ammonia to make nitrogen monoxide.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

The process is carried out at 900 °C and a pressure of 5 atmospheres using an alloy of platinum
and rhodium as a catalyst.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) State the meaning of the term catalyst.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State the meaning of the term oxidation.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the table using the words increase, decrease or no change.

effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium

of the forward reaction yield of NO(g)

increasing the temperature

increasing the pressure

[4]
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(d) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is converted into nitrogen dioxide, NO2.

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

The nitrogen dioxide reacts with oxygen and water to produce nitric acid as the only product.

Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
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17 Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide can be used to prepare sodium sulfate crystals
using a method that involves titration.

dilute
sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 aqueous

sodium hydroxide

3 3 3
20.0 cm of dilute sulfuric acid neutralises 25.0 cm of 1.00 mol / dm aqueous sodium hydroxide.

At the end of the titration the conical flask contains aqueous sodium sulfate with the dissolved
indicator as an impurity.

Describe how to prepare a pure sample of sodium sulfate crystals from the original solutions of
dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide of the same concentrations.

You are not required to give details of how to carry out the titration.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]