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( 1+
K d
Et s ) Final velocity
vf =
Velocity change
0.00 m/s
hSS =
ptot_SS =
www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Water and slurry hammer
Joujovsky
av
h SS=
g
2L
c=
a
Et = 2,059,397
bar
s
Bulk modulus and density of water
K= 20,684 bar
ww.piping-tools.net
ater hammer. Water and slurry hammer
ulk modulus of water
2.1E+09 Pa
20,684 bar
Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps disc
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum p
the valve closes in a time "Dt"?
5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due t
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated pmax = pop + h For a shutoff time greater tha
with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 13.8 bar critical time, the Michaud rela
h= 70.5 bar be used.
av
h= pmax = 84.2 bar
g 2Lv 2L
h : pressure increment [mwc] pmax = 1221.8 psi
P= =h =
g a
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Dv : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time DP: presure increment (mwc)
Dv = vfinal - vinitial L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under- Dv :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h= (- a * Dv ) / g shutoff time "Dt", is less or equal to Dt: shutoff time interval (s)
a= 1287.5 m/s the critical time "tc",
Dv = vf - vi m/s DP =
2L
vf = 0 m/s c= h=
vi = 5.47 m/s a L=
Dv = -5.47 m/s tc = 2*L/a a=
g= 9.81 m/s L= 1,524 m Dt =
h= 718 mwc a= 1287.5 m/s DP =
h= 70.5 bar tc = 2.4 s
Anex A in SI units
g= 9.80665 m/s
5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due t
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated pmax = pop + h For a shutoff time greater tha
with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 13.8 bar critical time, the Michaud rela
h= 70.5 bar be used.
pmax = 84.2 bar
h : pressure increment [mwc] pmax = 1221.8 psi
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Dv : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time DP: presure increment (mwc
Dv = vfinal - vinitial L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under- Dv :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h= (- a * Dv ) / g shutoff time "Dt", is less or equal to Dt: shutoff time interval (s)
a= 1287.47643545 m/s the critical time "tc",
Dv = vf - vi m/s DP =
vf = 0 m/s h=
vi = 5.47 m/s L=
Dv = -5.47 m/s tc = 2*L/a a=
g= 9.80665 m/s L= 1524 m Dt =
h= 718.4 mwc a= 1287.5 m/s DP =
h= 70.45 bar tc = 2.4 s
g= 9.80665 m/s
Rev. cjc. 27.05.2016
2L
P=h
arly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
a
av
h=
-Speed of sound in water 4.- Celerity g
av 2L
c=
K
speed of sound (m/s)
a=
( 1+
c
K d
Et s )
a=
1483 .2
( 1+
K d
Et s )
P=
g
v 2L
a
water bulk modulus (Pa) P=
water density (kg/m) a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s) g
(K / r )^0.5 c: speed of sound (m/s)
2Lv
2.1E+09 Pa d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
P=
1000 kg/m s: minimum wall thickness (mm) g
1438 m/s K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a= c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
c= 1438.2 m/s 2Lv
K= 2.1E+09 Pa P=
Et = 2.1E+11 Pa g
d= 202.74 mm
s= 8.18 mm
a= 1287 m/s
1287.9 m/s
alculated value
1287.5 m/s
- Pressure increment due to water
ammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k= 22000 bar
alculated value
70.5 bar Pipe elasticity module
Pressure developed due to valve E= 2068428 bar
utoff in the time interval Dt > tc
44.7 bar Note 1.
alculated value Note 1 Tyler error
47.1 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
arly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
1287.9 m/s
alculated value
1287.5 m/s
- Pressure increment due to water
ammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k= 22000 bar
alculated value
70.45 bar Pipe elasticity module
Pressure developed due to valve E= 2068428 bar
utoff in the time interval Dt > tc
44.67 bar Note 1.
alculated value Tyler error
47.15 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
2L
=h
a
v
c
av 2L a=
(
=
g a K
v 2L 1+
= E
g
2Lv
=
g
2Lv
=
g
DP = h * 2 * L / (a * Dt)
h= 718.4 m
L= 1524.0 m
a= 1287.5 m/s
Dt = 5.0 s
DP = 340.2 m
DP = 33.4 bar
c
a=
( 1+
K d
Et s )
Pehmco water-hammer [3], page 7.21
(
de = K d
de =
Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dext_Dn
#VALUE! mm
s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Thickness_Dn_PN
Q=
A=
v=
0.0020
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m3/s
m2
m/s
1+
Ep s )
s= #VALUE! mm
di =
di = #VALUE! mm
7.- Pressure increment due to water 8.- Maximum pressure developed due to
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff (Joukovsky)
For this case, the pressure increment can be Pmax_Jouk = pop + hJouk
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 1.5 bar
av hJouk = #VALUE! bar
h Jouk =
g Pmax_Jouk = #VALUE! bar
hJouk : pressure increment, Joukovsky #VALUE!
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Dv : speed variation [m/s] 9. Critical time
Dv = vfinal - vinitial
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under-
The pressure change "h" is pressures are obtained when the
hJouk = (- a * Dv ) / g m shutoff time "Dt", is less or equal to
a= #VALUE! m/s the critical time "tc",
Dv = vf - vi m/s
2L
vf = 0 m/s c=
vi = #VALUE! m/s a
Dv = #VALUE! m/s tc = 2*L/a
g= 9.81 m/s L= 70 m
hJouk = #VALUE! mwc a= #VALUE! m/s
hJouk = #VALUE! bar tc = #VALUE! s
c=
K
speed of sound (m/s)
d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
K: water bulk modulus (bar)
water bulk modulus (Pa) a= c / (1 + (K/Ep) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
water density (kg/m) c= 1483.2 m/s
(K / r )^0.5 K= 2.20E+09 Pa
2.2E+09 Pa Ep = 7.8E+08 Pa
1000 kg/m d= #VALUE! mm
1483.2 m/s s= #VALUE! mm
a= #VALUE! m/s
c
a=
( 1+
K d
Ep s )
HDPE elasticity modulus
PEEC
Ep = 8,000 kp/cm
Ep = 7.8E+08 Pa
Ep = 7,845 bar
Slurry hammer [8]
Data
Slurry
Cv = 0.4 -
rs = 1800 kg/m
rL = 1000 kg/m
ES : 1.17E+11 Pa
(Copper)
Cv 1 C v 1800 kg/m
am 2 =
( s
+
L )
E L
rL = 1000 kg/m
EL E LD EP : 7.85E+08 Pa
1C v + C v +
ES E Pe
EL : 2.2E+09 Pa
am2 : Celerity of an heterog. ES : 1.2E+11 Pa
Cv : Solids concentration vol. D: #VALUE! mm
rs : Solids density e: #VALUE! mm
rL : Water density a= #VALUE! m/s
EP : Elastic modulus pipe mat.
EL : Elastic modulus of liquid
ES : Elastic modulus of solids
D: Pipe diameter
e: Pipe wall thickness
a mum 0 LS
P=
( 1CV ) S +C V L
P: slurry hammer pressure [Pa]
am : celerity of mixture (slurry) [m/s]
um0 : velocity ofmixture (slurrry) before valve closure [m/s]
rL : liquid density [kg/m]
rS : solids density [kg/m]
CV: Volume concentration [-]
P= am * um0 * rL * rS / ( (1 - CV) * rS + CV * rL )
am = #VALUE! m/s
um0 = #VALUE! m/s
rL = 1000
rS = 1800
CV = 0.4
P= #VALUE! Pa
P= #VALUE! bar
Rev. cjc 27.05.2016
Fluid velocity
v= Q/A
Q= 0.0020 m3/s
A= #VALUE! m2
v= #VALUE! m/s
Pipe : HDPE
Liquid: Water
Solids: copper
Maximum pressure developed due to a sudden shutoff
Pmax_Jouk = pop + P
Pop = 1.47 bar
P= #VALUE! bar
Pmax_Jouk = #VALUE! bar
[9]
c
a=
a=
k
1+ ( DR2 )
E
c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
a: wave velocity
C: speed of sound
k: water bulk modulus
E:pipe elasticity modulus
DR: dimension Ratio
c= 4,660 fps
k= 300,000 psi
EPVC 12454 = 400,000 psi
EPE 3408 = 115,000 psi
a)
Dv = 2 fps
Material PVC 12454
DR = 25
Celerity
a= c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c= 4,660 fps
K= 300,000 psi
E= 400,000 psi
DR = 25
a= 1,091 fps
Surge pressure
Ps = a * DV / (2.31*g)
a= 1,091 fps
Dv = 2 fps
g= 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 29.3 psi
b)
Dv = 2 fps
Material PE 3408
DR = 11
Celerity
a= c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c= 4,660 fps
K= 300,000 psi
E= 115,000 psi
DR = 11
a= 942 fps
Surge pressure
Ps = a * DV / (2.31*g)
a= 942 fps
Dv = 2 fps
g= 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 25.3 psi
Tehmco
am2 : Celerity of an heterogeneous fluid
Cv 1 C v
( s
+
L )
E L Cv : Solids concentration by volume
am 2 =
EL E LD rs : Solids density
1C v + C v +
ES E Pe rL : Water density
EP : Elastic moduli of pipe material
EL : Elastic modulus of liquid
ES : Elastic modulus of solids
lT : tension stress on the pipe wall
D: Pipe diameter
e: Pipe wall thickness
Eq. 20, [8], page 340
[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
erogeneous fluid Pressure increment for heterogeneous sluryy, due to suddenly valve shut-off
tion by volume
a mum 0 LS
P=
( 1 CV ) S +C V L
pipe material
Negative pressures
Design principles
Ptot 1 .5PRtemerature_compensated
[2] Tyler
Power generation calculations reference
Tyler G. Hicks., P.E., Editor
The McGraw-Hill Engineering reference guide series
1985
Water-hammer in liquid pipelines. Page 228
[7]
[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
[9]
http://www.plasticengineeredproducts.com/manufacturers/unibell/pubs/uni-tr-7.pdf
[10] http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter06.pdf
Design of PE Piping Systems
inal_tehmco