.

ii

.................................................................................................................... 1
.....................................................................................................................2

1 ..... 4
1.1 ............................................................................................................6
1.2 ...............................................................8
1.3 ...........................................8
1.4 ................................................................9
1.5 .............................................................9
1.6 .............................................................. 10
1.7 .................................................................................. 10
1.8 ...................................................................................11
1.9 .............................................................................11
1.10 , ......................................................... 12
1.11 .......................................................................... 14
1.12 .............................................................................................. 15
1. .............................................................. 15
2. ........................................................................................... 15
3. ........................................................................................... 15
1.13 .............................................. 16

2 . .......... 19
2.1 ........................... 19
2.2 ...................................................... 20
2.3 ...................................................................................... 22
2.4 ............................................................. 24
2.4.1 .............................................................................. 26
2.5 .................................................. 27
2.6 ................................................ 28
2.7 ....................................................................................... 31
2.8 ......................................................................... 34

iii
 3 ............................ 36
3.1 .............................................. 36
3.2 ...................................................... 37
3.3 .......................................................................................... 38
3.4 ............................................................................. 39
3.4.1 .................................................. 40
3.4.2 ............................................... 41
3.5 ...................................................................................... 42

4 ................................. 48
4.1 ..................................................................... 48
4.2 .......................................................................................... 50
4.3 Guldin....................................................... 53
4.3.1 ..................................................................... 53
4.3.1.1 ............................................................. 54
4.3.2 ................................................................. 56
4.3.2.1 ............................................................. 56
........................................... 58

5 ............................... 59
5.1 ........................................................ 60
5.1.1 /.................................. 60
5.1.2 ...................................... 61
5.1.3 ...................................................... 62
5.1.4 .......................................................... 63
5.2 ................................................................................ 63
5.3 (Steiner) ................................... 64
5.4 ...................................................................................... 65
5.5 ..................................................................... 68
5.5.1 .............................................................................. 69
5.6 .............................................................. 70
5.7 ............................................. 71

iv
 6 ............................. 73
6.1 ............................................................................. 74
6.2 ......................................................................................... 76
6.3 ................................................... 77
6.4 ............................................................................. 80
6.5 ........................................................ 81
6.6 .......................................................................................... 83
6.7 q, Q & ........................... 85
6.8 Q .......................................... 87
6.9 ....................................................................................... 91
6.10 .....................................................................103
6.11 .........................................................................103

7 ................... 107
7.1 ..............................109
7.1.1 ............................................................................. 110
7.2 Cremona........................................................... 115
7.2.1 ............................................................................. 115
7.3 (Ritter).....................................120
7.3.1 .........................................................................122

8 .......................... 129
8.1 .........................................................130
) ............................................................................................130
) ........................................................................................ 131
8.2 .................................................................132
8.3 .........................................................................................133

9 ..................................................135
9.1 .......................................................................................136
9,2 .....................................................................................137
9.3 .................................................137
9,4 ......................................138

v
 9.5 .........................................................................................139

10 .................. 144
10.1 ......................................................................144
10.2 ......................................................................................146
10.3 ...........................................................148
10.4 ...................................................................................149
10.5 ...............................................................153
10.6 ...................................................................................155
...........................................................................................................160

vi




,
.


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,
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,
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.

, 2004

.

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1)
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,

2 .


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2)
. ..
,
,
.
,
.
(1564 1642),
(1642 1727), Huygens (1629 1695), D Alebert (1717 1783), Lagrange
(1736 1813), Hamilton (1788 1856) .
,
.
.

. 3
 1

, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
. :
1.
2. (
)
3. .

.
.

, Da Vinci,
:

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,
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4 .
 1

9 (
), ,

9 ,

9 ,

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.

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. 5
 1

.
.
, ,
.

.
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.

,

, ,

.

1.1
, ,

.

.
,
, ,

,
.

, kp ,
4C, .

, , (1p = 1000 kp = 1 t).
:
1. , .. 8 kp

6 .
 1

2. ,
3.
4. .
,
:

, , , .. 1 cm = 1 kp
.
,
.

:
)
) ,
,

) .

,
. ,

. 7
 1

,
.

,

.

1.2

.

,
, MKS, SI
(System Internationale).

(m)
(kg)
(sec)
SI Newton (N)
:
1 = 1 kgmsec-2 = 0,10197 kp 0,1 kp.

,
.

1.3

.

8 .
 1

( ) . :
=
,
,
d .
= d.

(
) .
d .
, :

,

.

1.4


, .
, ,
.

1.5

.
.

. ,
,
.

,
.

. 9
 1

1.6
1 2
.

Stevin, 1856,

1 2.
, R = 1 + 2,
, .

1.7
1 2
1 1
1 2 2.

,
R.

.
,
(
) .

10 .
 1

1.8
,
, , .
d
.
,
,
.

, :
,
.

)
) ( )
) , ,

.


.
.
,
.
tm, kpm, kpcm, Nm .

1.9

.

. 11
 1

1 ,

2, 1.
1 2 .
, .
.
.

1.10 ,


.
.. .

.

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.
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,
.
,
:

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.

12 .
 1

.
,
,
.

, , .
.

. .

,
.

,
.

.
,
.

.

.

. 13
 1

,
,
.

.

(
, , , .)

1.11
.

.
.
, ,
, , .

( ).

( ).

. ,
. ..
,
( )
,
( )
,

.

.


( ), .

14 .
 1

1.12
:

1. .
(
), ,
.

2.
(
),
.
.

3.
, .
,
, .

. 15
 1

1.13
.
.

.
,
, 3
, .
.
, ,
.

.

,
Gerber, 3 .
,
,
, , ,
,
.

16 .
 1

. 17
 1

18 .
 2

-


.

, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

2.1
,
1, 2 3.
R ,
,
.
,
1,
2 , R1,2 (
), 3, R
.

, ,
1, 1,
1 2 2
, .
R
.

. 19
 2 -

( )
.

2.2
1, 2, 3
.
, R

. , (..
1 cm ton), 1 = 1, 12 = 2 .
3

R = 1 + 2 + 3
, .
R
( ).

20 .
 - 2

So S
, So 1
S1,
S + 1 = S1,
S1 2 S2,
S1 + 2 = S + 1 + 2 = S2,
S2 3 S3 .
S2 + 3 = S + 1 + 2 + 3 = S3,

, : S3
-So.
S3 S ,
() R.
,
.
,
, (),
, 1, .
, ,
So ,
1, , 1.
1 S1 1,
2, , 2.
2 S2 2,
3 3.
3 S3
3, S .
So, S1, S2, S3,
,
.

S1, S2, S3, :
So, ,

. 21
 2 -

1, 2, 3,
.

,
, :

,

. :

,

. :

, ,
,
.

, :
,
, ,
. :
,
, , .

2.3

1
. Q 400 .
.

,
.

22 .
 - 2

Q ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
,
.
, , , , = .
, :
= = 640 , = 540 , = 2.660 = 2.500 .

2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6
.

,
, R.

. 23
 2 -

, 1,
,
, ,
.

R .
R = 7,3 .

2.4

,
.

.
,
. , .

24 .
 - 2

:
1, 2, 3 ,
, ,
( 3) 3,
.

.

,
S ,
, .
,
1, 2, 3 So S3. ,
(1, 2, 3) , (,
),
.
S3, ,
.
So .
,
.
,
.

, 3

3 = = .

. 25
 2 -

,

,
.
:

,
.

, ,
.

2.4.1

, .

, . 1 cm 2 N
,
, So, S4.

S
,
, 1, 1.

26 .
 - 2

, S4,
, .
= , .
,
4 .

4 = = 5,70 = = 7,60 .

2.5
,
, ,
, , 1 (

).

,
, SoS1S2S3S4 SoS1S2S3S4.
,
(So, S4) (So, S4)
,
. (So, Si), (So, Si)
,
(So, Pi), (So,
Pi).

. 27
 2 -

1 i
Si-So Si-So.
:
Si - So = Si - So
S - So = Si - Si
S - So = S1 S1 = S2 S2 = S3 S3 = . = .

, co, c1, c2, c3,
.
Culmann.

, , .:

) (2 )
)
1
( )
)
( ).

2.6
) ,
, . Si .
.
Si
, 1, .

i Si.
Si ,
iO, 2
.

, ,
i i+1 (
Si Pi Pi+1), .

)
, k, ,

28 .
 - 2

. , So S
, Si
. , Si Culmann,
So S So S
Sk .
:
-2
So S Si. +1
Si, Culmann, Si-1,
Si+1 Si i i+1,
+ 1 3 = 2 .
Ck Sk Si (Culmann),
CkB, Sk
, k Pk+1 k
k+1 .
k kO
Sk, iO ( Culmann)
, .

. 29
 2 -

Si,
So S,
( Culmann) ,
.
, Si .
,
,
( Si).

) , .
l, C.
, ,
.
,
, i k,
.
, Culmann
,
.

.
So, S1, S2
So S1
. ,
So S1 1,
So S1.

30 .
 - 2

S2
2, Culmann
C2 S2.
C2C, S2
So, S1, S2
.

So, S1 S2 , 1 2

, ( ),
.

2.7

1 ,
, .

1 cm 1
. ( )
( )
, .
1 ,
S1, S2, S3 , S3
.
Culmann, c3
S3, ()
c2 S2.

. 31
 2 -

c3 , S3,
3 3.
, c2 3, S2,
2 2.
S1 12.
,
S3, S2 S1 3, 2 1

S3, S2 S1, ,
.

,
2 C
,
. 1 = 500 2 = 300
.

, 1.13,
8 .
,
.
,
, ( )
( C),
, C (
),
, .

32 .
 - 2

A C
C, , ,
A 1 ,
C , 2 CB.

1, 2 (So, S1, S2)
, C , A S o' C S 2' .

,
1 2
. ,
,
,
1, 2 , So S2.
,
C ,

( )
A S o' S o' C S 2' .

, (
) ,
So ( ) 1, ,
S2 ( C ) 2 ,
.

,
( ) 1 2,

( ).
,
(1 3), ()
.
,
()
2.6,
.
, .

, :

. 33
 2 -

= So = 400 N
C = -S2 = 195 N
B = S1 = 330 N.
To B ,
, .

2.8

,
.
) So, ,
So
) S, .

.
, , ,
,
.
:
1.
, ,
R 0.
2.
, R = 0.
(So Sv)

34 .
 - 2

( ) So Sv
.

. :
) So Sv
d, ,
,
= Svd = Sod.
) So Sv ,
, ,
= 0.
:
,

.

. 35
 3

3.1
,
1, 2, 3.

xAy, ,
,
1, 2, 3,
R, :
)
. :
)
.
Rx Ry
R
Pi R

36 .
 3

x, ,
R :
Rx = Pix ( i = 1,2,3,...)
Ry = Piy ( i = 1,2,3,...)
: R = R x2 + R y2 (1)

Ry Ry
: = = (2)
Rx Rx

: Rx, Ry (3)
R .

3.2
,
1, 2, 3, 4,

R = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ,
:

xy ( ).
,
,
, (1), (2), (3).
R.
Varignon, :

,
.

. 37
 3

(i)+
( x, y)
( ) R
, :

( i )+
(i)+ = R =
R
,
,
R (Rx, Ry), .
, ,
,
(i)+.

3.3
,
1 N 1 m,
.

xOy. Rx Ry

, :

38 .
 3

Rx = Pix = 1 + 1 3 + 5 1 + 2 = 5 N
Ry = Piy = 3 5 1 + 3 + 2 4 = - 2 N

R = R x2 + R y2 = 5 2 + ( 2 )2 = 5,39 N

Ry 2
= = = - 0,4 = - 21,8
Rx 5

Rx = +, Ry = -, R :

Varignon
R, :
(i)+ = R 12 + 15 - 34 + 15 - 25 + 25 + 45 = 5,39
: + 20,00 = 5,39 = 3,71 m.
R,
= 3,71 m (= 3,71 cm).

(5, -2), ,
, (i)+ .

3.4
,
.
,
, ,
,
,
.

, ,
.

.

. 39
 3

3.4.1
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ( )
.

, ,

.

, .

, ,

,
.

.
,
, ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
,
.

40 .
 3

,
,
. ,
, ,
. :
i , R
Pi ,
R Pi .

3.4.2
,
,
.
,
Pi x, y, z
, Pi,
(
), , ,
Xi, Yi Zi , :
Xi = Pii, i = Pii, i = Pii, (i)
i, i, i Ox, Oy, Oz
Pi.
, Xi, Yi Zi,
Pi.
, Pi

Pi = + X i2 + Yi 2 + Z i2 , (ii)

i, i i
i = Xi/Pi, i = Xi/Pi, i = Xi/Pi . (iii)

. 41
 3

2i + 2i + 2i = 1 , (iv)
(ii),
(i).
R
Pi , XR, YR, ZR
.

.
XR = Xi, YR = Yi, ZR = Zi.
,
.
Xi = 0, Yi = 0, Zi = 0, (v)
.
,
, ,

.

3.5
1, 2, 3
1 40, 10, 30 ,
, , .
R
.

.
.
, ,
, . :

OA = 2 2 + 32 + 0 = 13

OB = 4 2 + 12 + 4 2 = 33

42 .
 3

O = 12 + ( 2 ) + 4 2 =
2
21

, (iii),
.

i i i
2 3 0
: = 0,555 = 0,832 =0
13 13 13
4 1 4
: = 0,696 = 0,174 = 0,696
33 33 33
1 2 4
: = 0,218 = 0,436 = 0,873 .
21 21 21
,

.

. i i i Pii Pii Pii

1 40 0,555 0,832 0 22,2 33,3 0

2 10 0,696 0,174 0,696 7,0 1,7 7,0
3 30 0,218 -0,436 0,873 6,5 -13,1 26,2

35,7 21,9 33,2

R ,
(ii).

. 43
 3

R = 35,7 2 + 21,9 2 + 33,2 2 = 53,45 N .

R
.
.
35,7
aR = = 48,09 = 48 5 37
53,45
21,9
R = = 65,81 = 65 48 43
53,45
33,2
R = = 51,60 = 51 36 1 .
53,45
(iv)
2R + 2R + 2R = 1 ,
0,446 + 0,168 + 0,386 = 1 ! .

,
2 .

, , ,
, 60.
= 100 ,
.

44 .
 3

xyz
.
(
), S2
.
S1 ,
, ,
xoy ( )
.

x (
S1 S2 ),
x+ = 0 -S160 + 245 = 0 ,

2
S1 = 2P 2 = 2P 2 S1 = 283 .
1
2
S1
. ,
(
) ,
.
S2
, , ,
( y).
y+ = 0 S2 S130 = 0 ,

3
S2 = S1 = 245 N .
2

3 ,
. ,
, , , ,

. 45
 3

. ,
,
.

(v),
,
,

. 3,
(
) () ,
3.

, 3 1, 2, 3.
,
, .

1 ,
.

B = 30 2 + 40 2 + 50 2 = 50 2 cm .
S1, S2, S3
, ,
,
( )
.

, x, y, z ,
:

46 .
 3

40
x+ = 0 S2 S1 = 0 (1)
50 2
50
y+ = 0 P+ S1 = 0 (2)
50 2
30
z + = 0 S3 + S1 = 0 (3)
50 2
(2)
S1 = -1,41P ,
, S1 (1),

( 1,41 P ) = 0,8 P .
4
S2 =
5 2
, S1 (3),

( 1,41 P ) = 0,6 P .
3
S3 =
5 2
S1 1 .

4, 5 6 ,
.
, ,
2,
, ,
.

. 47
 4

,
.

.
,
.
,

.
,
.

, .

,
.
,
.
.

.

4.1

.

48 .
 4

, , ,
, ..
, . f1, f2, f .

,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
:
Sy ( Fi xi )
xo = =
F Fi
Sx ( Fi yi )
yo = =
F Fi

xo, yo , Fi
xi
yi. Sx ( Sy),
x ( y),
Fi yi ( xi)
x ( y) .
,
,
, , :

. 49
 4

Ox
Oy
.
,

. ,
.
,
,
,
.

.

1. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. ,
, ,
()
(), .

4.2
( cm),
.

50 .
 4

)
,
, ,

.
1 = 5020 = 1.000 cm2
P2 = 5015 = 750 cm2
P3 = 1030 = 300 cm2
,
,
.
, ,
.

,
.

)
,
,
xOy
. :
Sy = (Fixi) = F1x1 + F2x2 + F3x3
Sx = (Fiyi) = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3
F = Fi = F1 + F2 + F3.

. 51
 4

/ xi yi Fi Fixi Fiyi
(cm) (cm) (cm2) (cm3) (cm3)
10 25 1.000 10.000 25.000
45 42,5 750 33.750 31.875
75 35 300 22.500 10.500
2.050 66.250 67.375

F=Fi Sy = (Fixi) Sx = (Fiyi)

x y
:
Sy ( Fi xi ) 66.250
xo = = = = 32,3 cm
F Fi 2.050
Sx ( Fi yi ) 67.375
yo = = = = 32,9 cm
F Fi 2.050

,
, .

52 .
 4

4.3 Guldin
Guldin

.

:
)
)
.

4.3.1
F ,

,
, .
:
F = Sxo (rad)
F = 2Sxo .

, ,
,

dS .

:
(310 370 .).
Guldin: (1577 1643).

. 53
 4

dF
dS
x , :
DF = 2xdS.
, ,
S , :
F =
S
dF = 2 xdS
S
= 2 S xdS .

xdS ,
S

4.2 ,
S x,
S xo
. :

xdS = x S
S o

,
:
F = 2xoS .

4.3.1.1
,
1
.

xo = 2r/ .

54 .
 4

Guldin
:
2r
F = 2 xo S = 2 r = 4 r 2 .

Guldin,
2
.

C , , ,
y.
Guldin, :
F = 2ycS ,
S , :
1
S = 2 ( AB + BO ) = 2 a + a 2
2
F ,
.
:

F
1
= 2 2 a 2 + 2 a a 2 = 2 a 2 2 + 2 . ( )
2
S F ,
, :

yc =
F
=
(
2 a 2 2 + 2 ) =
(
a 2+ 2 ).
2 S 1 +2 2
2 2 a + a 2
2

. 55
 4

4.3.2
V

,
() C
. :
V = xoE (rad)
V = 2xoE .

, dE ,
, , dV
() :
DV = 2xdE,
x dE .
,
, . :
V = dV
E
= 2xdE
E
= 2 xdE
E

xdE
E

, , xoE,
V = 2xoE .

4.3.2.1

1 .

56 .
 4

, ( = /2),

xo = 2r/3 = 4r/3
. ,
Guldin
4r r 2 4 3
V = 2 xo E = 2 = r ,
3 2 3
.

2 R r.

Guldin,

F = 2 x o S = 2R 2 r = 4 2 R r .

, Guldin

V = 2 x o E = 2R r 2 = 2 2 r 2 R .

. 57
 4

xo yo

r
- -

- 3r
- -

2r 2r
/ -

2r
- -

2r a
- ar 2
3a

2r 3 a
- r 2 (a a a )
3 a a a


4a 4b ab
3 3 4
4b ab
-
3 2
3a 3h 2ah

8 5 3

3h 4ah
-
5 3

3a 3h ah
4 10 3

n +1
a n +1 h ah
n+2
4n + 2 n +1

58 .
 5

x y xydF
2 2 2
dF , dF , dF ,
F F F F

:
F xOy,
dF ,
:
x y
y x
.

( )
.

, ,
.

. 59
 5

5.1
F xOy
.

dF x, y
,
x,
dF x.

F,
= F y dF ,
2
Jx

F x.

y
= Fx dF .
2
Jy

,
4
, .

,
.

5.1.1 /

,
dF = bdy.
y
xo, :

60 . -
 5

h
+
b h3 h
h 3
+ y3 2 bh 3
Jxo =
h
2 y 2 bdy = b
3 h
=
3 8 2
=
12
2
2

, :
h
h 2 y3 bh 3
Jx1 = y bdy = b =
o
3 o 3

yo y1 :
hb 3 hb 3
Jy o = Jy1 =
12 3

5.1.2


, ( ),
.

. 61
 5

,
,
,
x .
/
. :
bh 3 bh 3
Jxo = Jx1 = .
12 3

5.1.3

x1, ,
y .
x , dF = xdy :
x h y b
= x = (h y ) .
b h h

b
(h y )dy =
h 2 h 2 h 2
Jx1 = o y dF = o y xdy = o y h
h
b y3 y 4 b h4 h4 bh 3

= h =
= .
h 3 4 h 3 4 12
o

, , dF = xdy :
2h
y
x 3 b 2h
= x = y , :
b h h 3

62 . -
 5

2h
b 2h y 3 y 4 3
2h 2h
b 2h
Jx =

3 2
h y dF =

3 2
h y
h 3
y

dy = =
h 3 3 4 h
3 3
3

b 2h 8h 3 16h 4 2h h 3 1 h 4
= =
h 3 81 4 81 3 81 4 81

bh 4 16 16 2 1 bh 3 27 bh 3
= + + = = .
h 81 3 4 3 4 81 12 36

5.1.4

:

r4 5 r 4
Jxo = Jx1 =
4 4

5.2
L4, L
.
J ,
F, L2,
.


,
. :

Jx Jy
ix = iy = .
F F
.. b h, :

. 63
 5

bh 3 hb 3
h2 b2
i x2o = 12 = i y2o = 12 =
bh 12 bh 12
h b
: i xo = i yo = .
12 12

, ,
,
.

5.3 (Steiner)
Jxo F
xo , Jx
x xo ,
:
Jx' = Jxo + F a 2 ,

Steiner:


,
.

, , :

Jx' = (y + a) = y dF + 2a ydF + a 2 dF .
2 2
dF
F F F F

ydF = 0 , Cxo
F
. :
Jx' = Jxo + F a 2 .

64 . -
 5

xo
x, Jx, :
Jxo = Jx' F a 2 .

Steiner,
,
,

.

, ,
F, Steiner
:
i x ' = i xo + a i xo = i x ' a

.
Steiner.

5.4
Steiner,
1 :
) ,
) ,
,
) , .

)
5.1.1, :
bh 3 h
Jxo = a = .
12 2
, Steiner, :
2
bh 3 h bh 3 bh 3 bh 3
Jx1 = + bh = + = .
12 2 12 4 3

. 65
 5

, 5.1.3, :
bh 3 h
Jx1 = a = . :
12 3
2
bh 3 bh h bh 3 bh 3 bh 3
Jxo = Jx1 Fa 2
= = = .
12 2 3 12 18 36

)
r4
Jxo =r, :
4
r4 5 r 4
Jx1 = Jxo + F a 2 = + r2 r2 = .
4 4
( cm),
2 :
) Jx Jy x, y
) Jx Jy
x y, x y.
) ix, iy, ixo iyo.

)
.
,
, ,
, .
, :
Jx = J ( I ', I '')x J II x + J III x + J IVx

, :

66 . -
 5

6 33 6 3 2
J ( I ', I '' )x = + 3 = 85,5 cm4,
36 2
14
J II x = + 12 3 2 = 29,06 cm4,
4
7 23
J III x = = 18,67 cm4,
3
1 33
J IVx = = 9 cm4.
3
: Jx = 85,5 29,06 + 18,67 + 9 = 84,11 cm4.

, :
Jy = J I ' y + J I '' y J II y + J III y + J IV y .

:
3 33 3 3 2
J I 'y = + 2 = 20,25 cm4,
36 2
3 33 3 3 2
J I '' y = + 4 = 74,25 cm4,
36 2
14
J II y = + 12 3 2 = 29,06 cm4,
4
2 73
J III y = = 228,67 cm4,
3
3 13
J IV y = + 3 1 7,5 2 = 169 cm4.
12
: Jy = 20,25 + 74,25 - 29,06 + 228,67 + 169 = 463,11 cm4.

. 67
 5

)
,
x y C.
/ xi yi Fi Fixi Fiyi
cm cm cm2 cm3 cm3
I + I 3 3 9 27 27
II 3 3 -3,14 -9,42 -9,42
III 3,5 1 14 49 14
IV 7,5 1,5 3 22,5 4,5
22,86 89,08 36,08
(Fi xi ) 89,08
: x = = = 3,9 cm,
Fi 22,86
(Fi yi ) 36,08
y = = = 1,58 cm.
Fi 22,86

Steiner
, Jxo Jyo.
Jxo = Jx Fy2 = 84,11 22,861,582 = 27,04 cm4
Jyo = Jy Fx2 = 463,11 22,863,92 = 115,41 cm4
) , ,
:
Jx 84,11
ix = = = 1,92 cm
F 22,86

Jy 463,11
iy = = = 4,5 cm
F 22,86

J xo 27,04
i xo = = = 1,09 cm
F 22,86

J yo 115,41
i yo = = = 2,25 cm.
F 22,86

5.5
F
xOy. Jp
F ,
dF
.

68 . -
 5

,
, :
= F dF ,
2
Jp

dF 2
.
,

.
, :
= F y
2
Jx dF

= F x
2
Jy dF

: Jx + Jy = F (x )
+ y 2 dF = 2 dF = Jp . ()
2
F

.
, ,

, 5.1.4.

5.5.1
:
) r,

) , .

. 69
 5

) dF
d, dF = 2d.

:
r
r 4 r4 d4
= F dF = o 2 d = 2 = = .
2 2
Jp
4 o 2 32

) , J x = Jy.

() :
Jp = 2J x = 2J y ,

Jp r4 d4
Jx = Jy = = = .
2 4 64

5.6
5.1,
J xy = F xydF ,

dF
,
F
x y.

,
(
),
.

70 . -
 5

, .. y,
x, y .
, dF x, ,
, dF x y.

xydF xydF
, xydF ,
F

, .
( ),
Jxy = 0.

5.7
,
.

dF m ,
.

,
m r .

. 71
 5

,
,
.
,
,
m r.
r2m

.
r2m
m .
, ,

m ,
( ),
.

72 . -
 6

,
,
.
:
1.
.
2.
.
, , :

2. ,
.
2. , ,
, .
,
.
, :
,
( ).

. 73
 6

3. ,

. ,
:
3.
3. ,
,
3.
3. ,
.

6.1
, ,
( 3),

.
,
.
,
. ,

, .

.
,
.

l
lw
.

74 . -
 6

.
,
. l .

().
,
.
,
.

, Gerber.
, ..
, ,
.
.
,
,

.
,
,

.
.


, .

, .

. 75
 6

,

() 3
.
, > 3,
= 3.

6.2

.

1. .

,
.

,
,
.


.

2.

,
.

76 . -
 6

, ,
,
x Ay.

3.
,
.

, , Ax Ay
, ,
.

.

6.3
,
.
, ,
, .
1. i
.

A B , ,

. , i i
i , :

. 77
 6

( M )A + = 0 ( P1 1 ) + P2 2 + P3 3 + P4 4 B l = 0 Pi i = B l

( M )B + = 0 P11' P2 2' P3 3' + P4 ( 4' ) + A l = 0 Pi i' = A l

1 1
A =
l
Pi i' , B =
l
Pi i (1)

(1), i i i
i .

y +
= 0 ,

A + B = Pi

.
2. ,
.

, .
q
. ..
2/m,
, 2
.

, , ,
.
, ,
q, .

,
,
, ,

78 . -
 6

Q=q
.
, (1), :
' + /2
A' = Q = q
l l
a+ /2
B' = Q = q
l l
3. ,

,

,
.
, Q (
) xo ()
, :
l xo xo
A' = Q , B' = Q
l l

qo.

, :

1
Q = qo l ,
2

, 2l/3.
:
Q ' qo l l qo l
A' = = =
l 2 3l 6

. 79
 6

Q qo l
B' = =
l 3
:
,
( )
1, .

6.4

.
. ,
, , .
,
,
,
.
, N,
Q, M, :
1. ()
2. (Q)
3. ()
, Q, , ,
,
,
(), (Q), ().
,
, Mt.

P 2 45.
P 2 ,
, ,
.
P
( ) + = 0 P 2a B 4a = 0 B =
2
P P
y + = 0 Ay P + = 0 Ay =
2 2

80 . -
 6

+
x = 0 Ax P = 0 Ax = P

,
.

x+ = 0,
, = ,
x = .
,
, .
,
y+ = 0, ,
, Q = P/2, Ay =
P/2.
,
(Q).
,
()+ = 0, , ,
= /2
() y, = y = /2.
, ().

6.5
Q

. 81
 6

( )
.
,
.
:
) ()
) ()
) ,
:
)
) Q
) .

() ,
,
.
, (), (Q) ()
.

,

.

, (
):

1.
. ,
.

2. Q

82 . -
 6

. ,
.

3.

. ,
.

.
, ( )
.

6.6
,
, , Q,
, .

:
4 1,5
( ) + = 0 2,5 0,5 + 4 2 + 2 3 3,5 5 = 0 = 6
2
4 1,5
y + = 0 Ay 4 23+ 6 = 0 Ay = 7 N
2
+

x = 0 Ax + 3 = 0 Ax = 3 N

. 83
 6

x x
.
, y ,
y,
, .
4 1,5
( )+ = 2,5 5,5 + 7 5 4 3 2 3 1,5 = 0 !
2
( )
,
,
:
=0
Q=0
= 0
= + 2,5 m
( )

,
, :
= + 3
= 0
Q = 4 + 23 6 = + 4
Q = 23 6 = 0
= - 231,5 + 63 = + 9 m
( )

,
.
,

. :
=0
Q = 22 - 6 = - 2
= - 221 + 62 = 8 m.

84 . -
 6

6.7 q, Q &

q = q(x).
dx,
, x x+dx,
dx , ,
q.
, Q M
, ,
,
, , Q+dQ +d.
dQ dM .

, ,
, :

y + = 0 Q q dx Q dQ = 0
dQ
= q (i)
dx
,
, :
dx
( )+ = 0 M + q dx + (Q + dQ )dx M dM = 0 ,
2
q dx 2
, dQ dx
2
, :

. 85
 6

dM
= Q. (ii)
dx
(i) (ii) , :
1. , q=0, Q,
q, , ,
Q, .
2. , q= .,
Q x,
.
3. (
), q=x+, Q
x, 3 ...
,
, +1,
+2.
4. ,
Q.
5. H M ,


. , x
x, (ii), :
dM = Q dx ,

xo x, :
M x x
Mo
dM = xo
Q dx M Mo = xo
Q dx ,
x
M = M o + Q dx
xo

6.
,
q .
,
(),
Q
.

86 . -
 6

6.8 Q


.

,
, ,
.
()
,
(Q) (), :
)
) .

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
Q
, :
1. , , :
( Q),
( ),
,
,
, .
2. ,
( )
, ,
, .
3. ,
,

. 87
 6

.
, .
4. , x,
, ,
, :
( Q)

( ).
5.
, ( i
ii 6.7).
6. , x, ,
.
,
, .
,
. , ,
7. ( 6
6.7) ,
, :
) ,
, .
x
(
). y,
, :

88 . -
 6

q
( Q)
Q
( )

.
, q Q 0,
(Q) () , .

)
, (), l
q,
,
,
ql 2
= = ,
8

.
.
)
,

:

. 89
 6

, ,
,
. ,
A
.
: Q
.

. ,
,
.

90 . -
 6

6.9

1 (Q)
().

+
() = 0 1,61 + 2,222,5 3,5 = 0 = 3,6
y+ = 0 1,6 2,22 + 3,6 = 0 = 2,4

+
() = 2,41,5 1,60,5 +2,221 3,62 = 0 !
Q

. 91
 6

( 0 < x < 1 )
QI = 2,4 N
( 1 < x 1,5 )
QII = 2,4 1,6 = 0,8 N .
( 0 < x 2 ) .
QIII = 2,2x 3,6
x = 0 QB = 3,6
x = 2 Q = 0,8

, . :
QIII = 0 , 2,2x 3,6 = 0 x = 1,64 m.

( 0 x 1 )
MI = 2,4x.
x = 0 MA = 0
x = 1 M = 2,4 m
( 1 x 1,5 )
= 2,4x 1,6(x 1).
x = 1 M = 2,4 m,
x = 1,5 M = 2,8 m.
( 0 x 2 ) .
= 3,6x 2,2xx/2 = 3,6x 1,1x2
x = 0 MB = 0,
x = 2 M = 2,8 m,
x = 1,64 m MIII max = 2,95 Nm
:
() ,
(1) .

2 (Q)
() .

92 . -
 6

+ 4 1,5
() =0 0,5 + 2,5 1 + 2 3 2,5 B 4 = 0 = 4
2
4 1,5
y+ = 0 A 2,5 2 3 + 4 = 0 = 7,5
2
4 1,5
: ()+ = 1,5 + 7,5 1 + 2 3 1,5 4 3 = 0 !
2
Q
( 0 x < 1,5 )
qx
x ,
:

. 93
 6

qx x 4
= qx = x
4 1,5 1,5
qx x 4 x 2 2
: Q I = = x = x .
2 1,5 2 1,5

x = 0 Q = 0
x = 1,5 Q = 3
( 1,5 < x 2,5 )
QII = 41,5/2 +7,5 = 4,5 N .
( 0 < x < 3 )
QI = 2x 4.
x = 0 Q = 4
x = 3 Q = + 2 .
Q = 0, 2x 4 = 0 x = 2 m.
:
2,5 , ,
, y+ = 0 .

( 0 x 1,5 )
qx x x 4 x x 2 3
MI = = x = x
2 3 1,5 2 3 4,5
x = 0 M = 0,
x = 1,5 M = 1,5 m
( 1,5 x 2,5 )
4 1,5
= (x 1) + 7,5(x 1,5)
2
x = 1,5 M = 1,5 m
x = 2,5 M = + 3 m.
= 0 , 3x + 3 +7,5x 11,25 = 0 x = 1,83 m.
:
,
,
.
( 0 x 3 ) .

94 . -
 6

x
MI = 4 x 2 x = 4x x 2
2
x = 0 M = 0
x = 3 M = + 3 m
x = 2 m MIII max = 42 22 = 4 Nm

,
3

.

+ 4 1,5
() = 0 M A + 2 2 1 + 2,5 + 1 4,5 5 = 0 = 11 m
2
4 1,5
y+ = 0 A 2 2 1 = 8
2
4 1.5
: ()+ = 11 + 8 4,5 2 2 3,5 5 2 = 0 !
2
Q

. 95
 6

( 0 < x 2 )
QI = 8 2x
x = 0 Q = 8
x = 2 Q = 4
( 1 x 2,5 ) .
qx x 1
: = qx =
4
(x 1)
4 1,5 1,5
x 1
: QI = 1 + q x = 1+
4
(x 1) x 1 = 1 + 2 (x 1)2 .
2 1,5 2 1,5
x = 1 Q = 1
x = 2,5 Q = 4 ( Q )
( 0 < x 1 ) .
QI = 1 .

( 0 < x < 2 )
MI = 11 + 8x 2xx/2 = 11 + 8x x2
x = 0 MA = 11 Nm,
x = 2 M = + 1 m.
: = 0, x2 8x +11 = 0 . ,
8 64 4 11 1 8 4,47 6,24
x1, 2 = = ,
2 1 2 1,76

x1 = 6,24 m x .
( 1 x < 2,5 ) .

= 1 x q x
x 1 x 1
= x ( x 1)
4 (x 1)2 = x 2 (x 1)3
2 3 1,5 6 4,5
x = 1 M = 1 m,
x = 2,5 M = 4 m.
:
2,
, = 5 m, ,
+
, () =0.

96 . -
 6

, ,


.
( 0 x 1 ) .
= 1x .
x = 0 ME = 0,
x = 1 M = 1 m.
:
,
(5)
( 1).

,
4
.

+ 33
() = 0 2 2 1 2 1 + 4 3 1,5 + 5 3 6 B 5 + 7 = 0 =10,5
2
33
y+ = 0 A 2 1 2 4 3 5 + 10,5 = 0 = 15 .
2

+ 33
() = 2 5 1 2 4 + 15 3 4 3 1,5 6 10,5 2 + 4 = 0 !
2
Q
( 0 < x < 2 )
QI = 2 1x
x = 0 Q = 2 ,
x = 2 Q = 4 .
( 2 < x < 5 )
QI = 2 12 + 15 4(x 2) = 11 4(x 2).
x = 2 QA = 11 ,
x = 5 Q = 1 .

. 97
 6

Q = 0 , 11 4x + 8 = 0, x = 4,75 m.
( 3 < x < 5 ) .
33
QI = 10,5 = 6 .
2

V ( 0 x < 3 ) .
,
,
:

98 . -
 6

, 3 /m ,
, 3 /m ,
( , ).
qx ( )
x , :
qx x
= qx = x .
3 3
qx x x2
: QIV = 3 x = 3x .
2 2
x = 0 Q = 0,
x = 3 Q = 4,5 .

( 0 x 2 )
x x2
MI = 2 x 1 x = 2x .
2 2
x = 0 M = 0,
x = 2 M = 6 m.
( 2 x < 5 )
4( x 2 )
2

= 2 x 1 2( x 1) + 15( x 2 )
2
x = 2 M = 6 m,
x = 5 M = 9 m.
x = 4,75 m, MII max = 9,125 Nm.
: = 0, 2x 2x + 2 + 15x 30 2x2 + 8x 8 = 0 .
x2 9,5x + 18 = 0. ,
9,5 90,25 4 1 18 9,5 4,27 6,89
x1, 2 = = ,
2 1 2 2,49

x1 = 6,89 m .
I ( 3 x < 5 ) .
33
= (x 1) + 10,5(x 3) .
2
x = 3 M = 9 m,
x = 5 M = 3 m.

. 99
 6

: = 0, 4,5x + 4,5 +10,5x 31,5 = 0 x = 4,5 m.

V ( 0 x 3 ) .
, ,
,
x x x 3x 2 x 3
V = 3 x + qx = + .
2 2 3 2 6
x = 0 ME = 0,
x = 3 MB = 9 m.

,
5
(Q), ()
() .

x y
,
Bx
= 30 x = 0,58 y
By
4,5 3
()+ = 0 2 + 2 4 2 B y 4 0,58 B y 3 = 0 y = 5,14
2
: x = 2,98
= 5,94 .
y+ = 0 y 24 + 5,14 = 0 y = 2,86
4,5 3
x+ = 0 Ax + 2,98 = 0 x = 3,77
2
4,5 3
: ()+ = 3,77 3 1 + 2 4 2 5,14 4 = 0 !
2
Q
( 0 < x < 3 )
qx
x , :
qx x
= q x = 1,5 x .
4,5 3

100 . -
 6

. 101
 6

qx x 1,5 x 2
: QI = 3,77 = 3,77 .
2 2
x = 0 Q = 3,77 ,
x = 3 Q = 2,98 .
QI = 0 x2 = 3,772/1,5 x = 2,24 m.
.
( 0 < x < 4 ) .
QI = 5,14 + 2x .
x = 0 Q = 5,14 ,
x = 4 Q = 2,86 .
QII = 0 2x = 5,14 x = 2,57 m.

( )
, ,
, ,
.
(Q) ().
( 0 x 3 )
qx x x x3
MI = 3,77 x = 3,77 x .
2 3 4
x = 0 M = 0,
x = 3 M = 4,56 m.
x = 2,24 m, MI max = 5,63 Nm.
( 0 x 4 ) .
x
= 5,14 x 2 x = 5,14 x x 2 .
2
x = 2 M = 0,
x = 4 M = 4,56 m.
x = 2,57 m, MII max = 6,6 Nm.

,

, .

102 . -
 6

,
.
,
(Q) (), ().
( 0 < x < 3 )
= y = 2,86 N .
( 0 < x < 4 ) .
= x = 2,98 N .

6.10
1. (),

,
,
(
1 3)
2.
,
,
,
.
3. (Q),

,

(
Q 3).
4.
, Q

().

6.11
,
,

. 103
 6

,
.
:
1. () (g)
2. (p)
3. (s).
,
() .
,
, :
1. (w)
2.
3. ().
,
().
,
.
,
, :
) (g),

) (p),
,
.
, q = g + p,
.
q g, ,
.

q.
,
,
.

, :

104 . -
 6

1) :
(max B) ( )
(min MB).

2) :
(max A) (max MAB).

3) :
(min MAB) (min A).
,
.

,

.
,
, . :
1) : : min MA, min MB, min MAB.

2) : max A.

. 105
 6

3) : max B.

4) : max MAB.

5) : min MA min B.

6) : min M min .

106 . -
 7

,
.
,
,
.

.
, ,
, ( ),
( ).

,
.
:
) ,

) ,
.
,
. .

( ),
,
( ).

, , ,

. 107
 7

,
.

, ,

,
, ( ).


, ( ).

:
) .

.
, ,
.
) ,
.
,
.
,

.
,
, :
+ = 2 ,
: ,
,
,
(2
1 )

108 .
 7

.
, :
+ = 3 .
:
) () .
)
,
.
,
.

, :
i)
ii) .
,
,
:
1. .
2. Cremona.
3. Ritter.

7.1



(30, 45, 60).

, ,

.

,
, :
+
x = 0 y + = 0

. 109
 7

( M ) + = 0
.

.

.
: :
)
) ,

.
.

7.1.1

,
.

( M ) A + = 0 4 a 1 a B 3a = 0 B = 1 k

y + = 0 Ay 4 + 1 = 0 y = 3 k
+
x = 0 A + 1 = 0 x = 1 k .

110 .
 7

, ,
, .

( = 1 k), ..
S1 S2 .

y+ = 0, S2:
1
y + = 0 1 S1 45 = 0 S1 = = + 1,41 kN
0,707
+
x
= 0 S 2 1,41 45 = 0 S 2 = 1,41 0,707 = + 1 kN

S1 S2
, .
. 7_3,
, ,
, , ,
.
1 ,
1,41 k,
, .

. 111
 7

(
),
1, + 1,41 (k).
2 ,
1 k, ,
.
1.
,

.

S3 S6,
:
+
x = 0 S 6 + 1,41 45 + 1 = 0 S6 = + 2 kN
y + = 0 S 3 + 1,41 45 = 0 S3 = - 1 kN

S6
, S3
, .
. 7_3
, 6
3,
+ 2 1 .
: ,


.
.

, :

112 .
 7

y + = 0 1 S 5 45 = 0 S5 = + 1,41 kN
+
x
= 0 S 4 1,41 45 = 0 S4 = - 2 kN .

+

x = 0 S8 2 = 0 S8 = - 2 kN

y + = 0 S 7 4 = 0 S7 = - 4 kN

,
.

+
x
= 0 S 9 45 + 1,41 45 + 2 = 0
S9 = (1 + 2)/0,707 = + 4,24 kN
: y +
= 0 4,24 45 4 + 1,41 45 = 3 4 + 1 = 0 !
()
+
x
= 0 1 + 4,24 45 2 = 1 + 3 2 = 0 !

y + = 0 3 4,24 45 = 3 3 = 0!

. 113
 7

1 3 4

+ -1 - +

, , ,

. 2, ,
,
.

.
,
.

, ,
.
,

, ,
.
, k , 2k3
, 3
,
2k 3 + 3 = 2k ,
2k
+
k ( x = 0 , y + = 0 ) .

2
,
.

114 .
 7

7.2 Cremona

,
,
Cremona.
,
, ,
.

3
,
,
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,

,
,
,
.

,
Bow Bow Cremona.

,
. , ,
, ,
, .

7.2.1
,
Cremona
. .

. 115
 7

( M ) A + = 0 53+ 26 B 3 = 0 B = 9 k
+
y = 0 A55+92 = 0 = 3 k

,
.
) , .. ,
.
..
2,
, 3,
, 5 kN 5 6.
) , ,

,
, .
) ,
,
( ),
, .

, .. 1
( 1 cm) 1 kN, ( ) 2 kN,

, ,

116 .
 7

,
2 kN, .

1,
i , i
.
Cremona
1 i .
2,
i .
i ,
2,
1 ( ), i .
i,
i.

,
i,
.

. 117
 7

,
, ( ),
, .
, .
(. ) 1 ..
, Cremona,
i ( i), .
i = 6
1 - 6
kN.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(kN) -6 +5,1 -3,1 -5,4 -2 +2 -2,8 0 -3

2 , i =
5,1 kN, + 5,1 ,
3 .

3 4
(. ), 1,
i .
( )
i (),
, .
, 4,
. Cremona
4 .
, 3
i, i 3, .
ii,
,
, i, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
4 3
. Cremona i
5,4 3,1 .

118 .
 7

a = 5 kN.
, ,
= 5 .
,
i 2, ,
i
,
, .
i
3.
, .
5, 6 .
Cremona ,
,
5 6 .
Cremona , ,
, 5
6, 2 +2 .


a = 5 kN
, 6.
7,
9 .
2,8 7,
( ),
-3 9.


8,
7.1.
, =

= 3 kN,
3 .
9 3 kN,

. 119
 7

. 8,
( ), .


, ,
.
,
8, 7, 5 4

, ,
9 kN (= 9 )
.
: ,

( ), , ( ),
( 1 2).

,
.

7.3 (Ritter)
,
+ = 2,
.
.
..
,
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
, ,
,
3
.

120 .
 7

, ,
Ritter,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
:
) ,
) 3 4.
3,

.
,
, 3.

,

( M )i +
= 0 ,
i .
:

) , ( M ) i + = 0
.
) ,
+

(x =0 y + = 0 ), ,

.
,
+

x =0 y + = 0 ,
.

.

( ) .

. 121
 7

,
,
.

.
, ,
( ).
,
.
,
,
.
.

7.3.1

1 12, 13 14.

,
= = 7 kN, . 7_13,
, (
).

= 7 kN,
2 kN,
12, 13 14 .

122 .
 7

,

( ) S12, S13, S14,
.
,
.
h ( 12 13)
14, r ( 13 14)
12 ( 12 14) 13,
, :
+
x
= 0, y + = 0 , ( M ) i + = 0.

, ,
h, r
.
1 h
= = h = 1,5 a
2 3a
= 26,57 = 0,447, = 0,894
r = 4 = 1,79
1,5
= = 1,5 = 56,31, = 0,832, = 0,555

= 4 = 3,33
:

( M ) + = 0 7 3 2 2 2 S14 1,5a = 0
21 4 2
S14 = = 10 kN
1,5

. 123
 7

( M ) + = 0 7 4 2 3 2 2 2 + S12 1,79a = 0

28 6 4 2
S12 = = 8,94 kN
1,79

( M ) A + = 0 2 + 2 2a + 2 3 + S13 3,33a = 0

2+4+6
S13 = = 3,6 kN
3,33

+

x = 0 y + = 0 ,

S12 S13.
+
x = 10 3,6 8,94 = 10 2 8 = 0 !

y + = 7 2 2 2 8,94 + 3,6 = 1 3,99 + 2,99 = 0!

(29 + 3
= 216), ( )
,
.
,
.

( )
2 .

.

.
, :
+ = 2, 9 + 3 = 26

:

(M ) A + = 0 1 3 + 3 a B 3a = 0 B = 2 kN

124 .
 7

y + = 0 Ay 3 + 2 = 0 Ay = 1 kN
+

x = 0 Ax + 1 = 0 Ax = 1 kN

, ,

Cremona.
(. ),
.

(. )
, 1 kN, S2, S4 S7,
.

(M ) + = 0 1 1,5 + S 2 3a = 0 S 2 = 0,5 kN

y + = S 4 + 0,5 = 0 S 4 = 0,5 kN
+

x = 0 1 S7 = 0 S7 = 1 kN .

. 125
 7

2, 4 7,
,
( ).
:
,

.
,
.

,
3 , ,
.

,

. + = 2,
15 + 3 = 29.
, ,
:

(M ) A + = 0 2 2 + 4 3a B 4a = 0 B = 4 kN

y + = Ay + 4 = 0 Ay = 4 kN
+
x = 0 Ax + 2 + 4 = 0 Ax = 6 kN .

126 .
 7

, Cremona
.

(. ), 1,
2 3. (. ),
= 4 kN S1, S2 S3
. :

(M ) P + = 0 S1 4 2a = 0 S1 = 8 kN
4
y + = 4 + S 3 45o = 0 S3 = = 5,657 kN
0,707
+

x = 0 8 S 2 + 5,657 45o = 0 S 2 = 8 + 4 = 12 kN .
S3 S1,
,
.

,
4 .

, , ,
(37 + 3 = 220).
, ,
, Cremona , ..

. 127
 7

, 1, 2
3 4 .

, ,
,
,
.
,
(. 7_19).
7, 8, 9 10 , :

(M ) + = 0 A S10 a = 0 S10 = A

+

x = 0 S 7 + S10 = 0 S 7 = S10 = A

,
,
( ),
, ,
.

128 .
 8

.

.

, 4 ,
.

,
.




. ,
,
!

, .

.

. 129
 8

8.1
)
,
, ,
.
:
)
) ,
1 2.

.
1,
1 1,

1 1.
, 2 ,
2 2,
2 2.
,
.
1 2 ,
.
) 1

130 .
 8

) 1 2

) .
1, 1, 2
.
1, 2 .
(1 2)
.

So, S2 S1
.

.
:


.
= 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 .

)
,
,
, .
VA, HA VB, HB.
,

+
( M ) + = 0, +
y = 0, x

= 0,

,
, ,
( M )
+
. =0 ( M )
+
=0 ,

.

. :

. 131
 8

) (),
( M ) + = 0 , VB,
( M )
+
= 0 .
+
, x
= 0 y + = 0 ,
VA.
) ,

( M )
+
= 0 ( M ) + = 0,

HB VB. ,
+
VA ( x = 0 , y + = 0 ).

8.2
,
M, Q, N ,
( ) (
).
:

= y

Q = Q ( )

= Q ( )

:

132 .
 8

, Q
,
.
, :
= 0 .

8.3
,

)
) G.

, VA, VB
,
, 8.1 (),
:

( M ) + = 0 4 3 + 3 6 V B 10 = 0 VB = 3 k

( M )G
+
= 0 = 3 1 3 5 + H B 4 = 0 B = 3 k

y + = 0 V A 4 3 + 3 = 0 VA = 4 k
+

x = 0 = HA 3= 0 A = 3 k

. 133
 8

HG VG
G,
(. ), :
+

x = 0 = HG 3 = 0 G = 3 k

y + = 0 VG 3 + 3 = 0 VG = 0

() BG 1 1,
G 2 2.
()
1 2.
1 1 1,
1 1.
2 2 2,
2 2.
5 4, 2
, 4
6 , ,
.

, :
VA = 4 kN HA = 3 kN
VB = 3 kN HB = 3 kN.

26 = B1 A2 ,
, 62 = (B1 A2 ) ,
.
(. ),
3 kN.

134 .
 9

.
.
,
,
,
.

Coulomb.
:
1.
.
2.

3. ,
.
F,
,
.

F =
,
.
F
, .
F

. 135
 9

,
.
,
.

9.1
, ,
.

F
,

.

F T
,
,
. .
F
:
= F =
F = = ,
= / = /. = ,

.

136 .
 9

9.2


.

(, ).

.
.

.
,
, ,
.
= F/
,
0,03,
0,004.

9.3
,
. ,
F .

F,
F .

. 137
 9

,
F F.
l ,
,
= l.
.

FK = N MK = FK l .
F
. l
.
, F
.

, R , :
FR = N l = FK l
l
: F = FK .
R

9.4

.

, .
, ,
. ,
.
,
, .
l.
FK ,
,
, , ,
:
()+ = 0 -R - N l + (B + )R = 0 N l = R (i)

138 .
 9

y+ = 0 N B FK (B + ) = 0 = FK + 2B + .
(i) l
R
l = .
FK + 2 B +

9.5
.
= 0,25.

, , ) ) .

)
, .

1 2 ,
, .

.
, (5) :
(4) 1, 1
2, 2 1 2.
(4) ,
(5) , (3)
, (1)
.
:

. 139
 9

()2+ = 0 1(01) 1(02) (0) = 0 (1)

y+ = 0 1 = 2 = 0 (2)
x+ = 0 1 2 = 0 (3)
1 = 1 (4)
2 = 2 (5)
, (2) (3)
(4) (5):
(2): 1 + 2 = (2)
(3): 1 = 2 (3)
(2) 2 (3),
1 + 21 = 1(1 + 2) = (2)
(102)

(01) = (12) (02) = (12) OE =

(01) = (01) .
2 2
(1) :
1(12) 1(12) (12)/2 = 0
21 21 = 0
, 1 (4)
(2), :
21 21 1(1 + 2) = 0
2 = 2 (1 + 2) = 0
2 = (2 1 2) .

140 .
 9

1 2
=
2
, = 0,25,
1 0,0625
= = 1,875 .
0,5
= 61 55 39.

)
, ,
, ,
.
) :
i)

,
ii)
,
.
.
, ,

, (3)
.
.
:
,
, 1,
1 1
(1 = 0,25 1).

, .
, 1.
, 2,
2 (= 0,252) .

. 141
 9

2,
.

,
,
, = 62.

1. l ,
. , = l
, ,
.
2. , ,
,
,
.
, = 100 , :
= 97 = 24 ,

142 .
 9

: 1 = 23,5 2 23,5
: 1 = 94 2 = 6
3.
. :
B 100
(2) N1 = = = 94,12 N
1+ 2 1 + 0,0625
(4) 1 = 1 = 0,2594,12 = 23,53
(3) 2 = 1 = 23,53
(5) 2 = 2 = 0,2523.53 = 5,88 .

. 143
 10

. ,
, :
)

,
)
, ( )
.


, .

,
.


,

.

10.1
,
,
xOy.

144 .
 10

F
xOy.

Ox .
F ,
, ,
.

,
, , ,
.
,

.

( ), .
,
r ,
, r,
.
.
,
,
.

, , ,
,
, Q.

. 145
 10

,
.
, ,
.

,
, x,
y.

y x
, .
,
xB = 2l y = l ,
,

x B = 2l y = l
,

, .

10.2



.

.

146 .
 10

Pi , ,
si
. Pi ,
si Pii
.

Ui Pi
si,
U i = Pi i si . ()

x

.

kpcm kNm, , ,
. (
, ).
Pi
s, ()
.
Ui = Pi i si .
s

i, si i, s
.
,
, ,
,
, .
,

.
,

. 147
 10

.
,
.
,
, .
, M = Pr,
,
.

=
.
,
-
.
,
.
dU = P ds 2 = P (r ) = M , ()

.

.

10.3

() () ,

.

148 .
 10

, ,
. , .
,
.
.

.
,
,

.

:
,
,
.
() ()
,

U = 0 Pi i s i + M i i = 0 ()

,
, .
)
,

) ,
, ,
.


()
.

10.4

1

. 149
 10

9.1, ,
.

()
F
, :
Pi i si = 0 P s p F s F = 0

s p = s F =

.
Pa
P = F = .
F

F P = 0 ,

,

, (M ) A + = 0 .

, ,
.

,
2 9.1, Q
,
. ( ).

()
P Q, ,
.
,
y x
P Q, :

V = 0 P y Q x = 0 .

150 .
 10

y
,
,
.
Q,
P l Q 2l = 0 ,

P
Q = .
2


. ,
Q,
,
.
Q
, .
, .

,

,
.

,
3 , = 2.
h ,
Q
.

Q .

,
.

. 151
 10

, , ,
, ,

U1 = M = 2 P a .
h ,
,

s2 = h ,
2
Q

U2 = Q s2 = Qh .
2
Q
s2 .
Q .
:

U = 0 2 Pa Qh = 0 ,
2
4a 2
Q = P = M.
h h

Q
4 , .

152 .
 10

U1 = P s1 = P r 1 .
, Q,
,
.
, , ,
,
H
h = =
1
( r 1 r 2 ) ,
2 2
Q
r 1 r 2
U2 = Qh = Q .
2
r 1 r 2
U = 0 P r 1 Q = 0 ,
2
r 1 r 2 2r 1
P = Q Q = P .
2r 1 r 1 r 2

10.5

, ,
.

. 153
 10

,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
W , .

,

W,
W .
,

U = 0 P s W s F s = 0 , ()

s
F W .
, F
F = W .

, ()
P s W s W s = 0 ,

P = W ( + ) ()

(), s
s,
W s,
.

154 .
 10

, Ws ,
s
.

W.

, :

a = = .
+

= 0,
, .
, W,
,
,

P s + W s W s = 0 ,

P = W ( ) .
= 0 , = ,

, ,
.
, .
= , = ,
1
a = = .
+ 2

10.6

1 Q .
= 0,25,
r = 28 cm d = 8 cm,
:
)
Q
) .

. 155
 10

) ,
.

U1 = P s1 = P r .
, Q
F
.
Q
U 2 = Q s2 ,
s1 r
s 2 = = Q.
2 2
,
U 3 = F s3 = N s3 ,
= 2
d
, s3 =
2
.
, ,
,
r d
U = 0 P r Q 2 P = 0 ,
2 2

Qr r
P( r d ) = P = Q .
2 2( r d )

156 .
 10

28
P = Q = 0,538 Q .
2 (28 0,25 8)

)
, Q,
, .
r Q Q
Q
0,5
a = 2 = 2 = 2 = = 0,929 .
P r P 0,538 Q 0,538

,
2 ,
Q, .
,
.

y
.

, y
.

. 157
 10

x, , y,
,
y = l .
,

y = l .
, x
y, ,
xA = l x A = l .
x
,
.
,

Q, F.

, ( /2),
.
, ,
U = 0 P y 2Q x A 2 F x A = 0
P
P y 2Q x A 2 xA = 0 ,
2
P( y x A ) = 2Q x A .

,
P(l l ) = 2Q l ,

P( ) = 2Q .
,
P(1 ) = 2Q ,
2Q
P = .
1

158 .
 10

,
Q,
.
2Q x A
a = ,
P y

, ,
2Q l
= = 1 .
2Q
l
1

. 159

1. . ,
, , 1977.
2. . ,
, , 1988.
3. . ,
, , 1990.
4. . , , , 1968.
5. . . ,
, , 1968.
6. . . , , , 1967.
7. . . , , ,
1965.
8. , ,
, 1983.
9. . . , ,
, 1989.
10. .. , , , 1994.
11. .. , -
, , 1994.
12. .. , ,
, 2002.
13. .. ,
, , 2002.
14. S. Timoshenko, D.H. Young, , , 1964.
15. Gere & Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, Stanford
University, Monterey, California.
16. Raymond F. Neathery, Statics and Applied Strength of
Materials, Canada, 1985.

160 .