4) other coordinates (e.g.

, polar)

1
i j er e
x y r r

cf. Cylindrical & Spherical coord.

T 1 T T
T r z cylindrical
s r z

T 1 T 1 T
T r spherical
r r r sin
r
7. Some other expressions involving grad.

1) vector operator i j k
x y z

(i j k ) i j k
x y z x y z

2) divergence of V V div V ( , , ) (Vx , Vy ,Vz )
x y z
Vx Vy Vz

x y z

3) curl of V V curl V ( , , ) (Vx ,V y , Vz )
x y z
i j k


x y z
Vx Vy Vz
4) Laplacian 2 div grad

( , , )( , , )
x y z x y z
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z

2 0 is Laplace' equation.
1 2
2
2
is the wave equation.
a t 2
1
2 2 is the diffusion equation or equation of heat conduction
a t

5) and etc. ( V ) ( V ) ( )V

( V ) V
2

(V ) V ( V )
Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L. Boas

Chapter 6 Vector analysis

Lecture 20 Line integral & Greens theorem

8. Line integrals

1) definition

integrating along a given curve.

only one independent variable!

F dr
Example 1. F=(xy)i-(y2)j, find the work from (0,0) to (2,1)

dW F dr

dr idx jdy

F dr xydx y 2 dy
W ( xydx y 2 dy )

path 1 (straight line)

2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
y x, dy dx W1 xydx y 2 dy x xdx x dx 1
2 2 0 0
2 2 2

1 2 1
path 2 (parabola) y x , dy xdx
4 2
2
1 1
2 2
1 2
W2 xydx y dy x x 2 dx x 2 xdx
2

0 0
4 4 2 3
path 3 (broken line)
1 1
1) y 0
(0 y 0 y 2 dy )
3
2 1 5
2) y 0
( x 1 dx 1 0) 2, W3 2
3 3 dy 0
2)

1) dx 0

path 4 (parameter) x=2t^2, y=t^2

x: (0,2) t: (0,1)

1
7
W4 xydx y dy 2t 2 t 2 4tdt 2t 2 2tdt
2 2

0
6