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2.1.2 48
2.2 H 48
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2.4.1 To 51
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2.4.4 To 52
2.5 53
2.5.1 BCD 53
2.5.2 54
2.6 59
2.6.1 ASCII 59
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3.3.1 . 89
3.3.2 . 90
3.3.3 . . 91
3.3.4 . 93
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3.3.6 , . 98
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3.3.10 100
3.4 100
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4.3.4 . 121
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5.3.2 140
5.3.3 141
142
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145
146
147

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6.1.1 152
6.1.2 157
6.1.3 173
6.1.4 , 174
6.2 179
6.3 179
181
182
186
187
188

7.
7.1 H 193
7.2 193
7.3 - 194
7.3.1 To 194
7.3.2 195
7.3.3 . 196
7.3.4 197
7.3.5 197
7.3.6 198
7.3.7 209
7.3.8 210
7.4 212
7.5 213
7.5.1 213
7.5.2 215
 7.5.3 216
7.5.4 . 217
7.6 217
7.6.1 218
7.6.2 218
7.6.3 218
7.6.4 . 218
7.6.5 . . 219
7.6.6 219
7.6.7 219
7.7 . 221
7.8 223
7.8.1 223
7.8.2 . 223
7.8.3 .224
7.8.4 . 226
7.8.5 226
228
229
231
232
233

8.
8.1 237
8.2 . 238
8.3 . 239
8.3.1 . 240
8.1.2 240
8.1.3 241
8.1.4 241
8.1.5 - 242
8.1.6 . 242
8.1.7 242
8.1.8 - - 243
8.1.9 . 243
8.4 . , 243
. . , 246
247
249
250
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9. !
9.1 , 255
9.2 255
9.2.1 - 256
9.2.2 256
9.2.3 257
9.2.4 & 258
9.2.5 259
9.2.6 259
 9.2.7 260
9.3 - 261
9.3.1 - 262
9.3.2 262
9.3.3 264
9.4 266
9.5 O 266
267
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270
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10.1.1 275
10.1.2 , ,
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10.1.5 278
10.2 O 279
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10.3 O 284
10.3.1 284
10.3.2 . 285
10.3.3 . . 285
10.4 O 286
10.4.1 . 286
10.4.2 287
10.4.3 . . 288
10.4.4 289
10.4.5 CAD, CAM, CAE 289
10.5 , 290
10.5.1 ; . . . . 290
10.5.2
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10.5.3 H 293
295
296
299
300
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11.
11.1 305
11.1.1 305
11.1.2 306
11.1.3 307
 11.1.4 308
11.1.5 310
11.1.6 . 312
11.2 . . 312
11.2.1 312
11.2.2 . . 317
11.2.3 322
11.2.4 . 328
11.2.5 331
11.2.6 332
11.3 334
11.3.1 334
11.3.2 336
11.3.3 337
11.3.4 338
344
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12.2 358
12.2.1 359
12.2.2 360
12.2.3 . 361
12.2.4 361
12.2.5 362
12.3 362
12.3.1 . . 363
12.3.2 OSI 364
12.3.3 366
12.3.4 . 368
12.3.5 369
12.3.6 370
12.3.7 Ethernet, -802.3 TCP/IP 371
12.4 . 372
12.4.1 372
12.4.2 () 376
12.4.3 . . 376
12.4.4 377
12.4.5 On Line 377
12.4.6 IOS 377
12.4.7 EDI . 377
12.4.8 377
12.4.9 377
12.4.10 . 378
12.4.11 . 378
12.4.12 378
12.5 . . . . 379
12.5.1 379
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12.6 . 396
12.6.1 HTML 397
12.6.2 399
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001101, -13 101101.
 ,
.
,
1 (1's complement)
2 (2's complement), -
. bit -
, 0 , 1 .

1
, -
bit 0 -
.
1 .
1 -
0 1 1 0 ( -
-
). , -

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
-

n bit
+ (2n-1-1)

-(2n-1-1).
: 0

:
, 1, - 00000...000
11111...111
+11 6 bit

-11

8 bit
-127 127 -(27-1) 27 - 1.
H 1
.
 2
, ,
-

1 , -
2, 2.
- 2 -
1 1. -
n bit
+(2n-1-1) -
2 -
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, 2, -
+27 8 bit :

-27 :

8 bit
-128 127 -27 27 - 1.
1 2
,

2 1 . ,

.
, +12 +17
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)
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,
, .
H -
(fixed point number). -
.

5 bit
3 .

. , -
.
, , , -
, ,
,
(floating point).
H (floating point
numbers) -
.
, -
:
2345 8945,67
234,5x101 894,567x101
23,45x102 89,4567x102
2,345x103 8,94567x103
0,2345x104 0,894567x104
0,02345x105 0,0894567x105
 :

,

- . -
.
, -
-
, (normalized). -
1 10
- :
0,2345 104 0,894567 104
10.
..
300.000 = 3x10 5 . :
25600000 = 2,56x10 7
0,0000006 = 6x10 -7
0,0000000123= 1,23x10-9

-
.
110011 :

:
0110011 (mantissa)
0110 (exponent).

-
.
, :

, , , -

- - - -
- - .
H -
' , -
.

2.6

, -
.
H 0 1, -
-
. -
. H ,
, -
, (code value).
:

ASCII
8 bit
EBCDIC

16 bit Unicode

2.6.1 ASCII

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) -

ANSI (American National Stan-
dard Institute),
-

. ' -
-
-
.

ASCII 7 bit
bit, 8,
. bit (par-
ity bit).
128 (=2 7 ) , 128
0 1.

32 64 @ 96 '
33 ! 65 A 97 a
34 " 66 B 98 b
35 # 67 C 99 c
36 $ 68 D 100 d
37 % 69 E 101 e
38 & 70 F 102 f
39 ' 71 G 103 g
40 ( 72 H 104 h
41 ) 73 I 105 i
42 * 74 J 106 j
43 + 75 K 107 k
,
44 76 L 108 l
45 - 77 M 109 m
.
46 78 N 110 n
47 / 79 O 111 o
48 0 80 P 112 P
49 1 81 Q 113 q
50 2 82 R 114 r
51 3 83 S 115 s
52 4 84 T 116 t
53 5 85 U 117 u
54 6 86 V 118 v
55 7 87 W 119 w
56 8 88 X 120 x
57 9 89 Y 121 y
:
58 90 Z 122 z
;
59 91 [ 123 {
60 < 92 \ 124 II

62 = 93 ] 125 }
^ ~
62 > 94 126
63 ? 95 _ 127 _

ASCII

ASCII
:



,
.

0-31 X
32-47
48-57
58-64
65-90
91-96
97-122
122-127

, -
8 bit , -
256 (=2 8 ) . -
(128-255)
-
, , .. , -
, .. -
ASCII (Extended ASCII) ASCII - 8.

-
() 928
ASCII 8 bit. 128
ASCII, 128 -
(, , -
) .

2.6.2 EBCDIC

EBCDIC (Extended Bina-

ry-Coded Decimal Interchange Code - -
).
(mainframes).
EBCDIC 8 bit ,
256 .
0-63 250-255 -
.

EBCDIC.
 . . .
64 blank 129 a 193 A
.
75 130 b 194 B
76 < 131 C 195 C
77 ( 132 d 196 D
78 + 133 e 197 E
79 I
I 134 f 198 F
80 & 135 g 199 G
90 ! 136 h 200 H
91 $ 137 i 201 I
92 * 145 209 J
j
93 ) 146 k 210 K
94 ; 147 l 211 L
148 m 212 M
96 - 149 n 213 N
97 / 150 o 214 O
151 P 215 P
107 , 152 q 216 Q
108 % 153 r 217 R
_
109 162 s 226 S
110 > 163 t 227 T
111 ? 164 u 228 U
165 v 229 V
122 : 166 w 230 W
123 # 167 x 231 X
124 @ 168 y 232 Y
125 ' 169 z 233 Z
126 =
127 "

2.6.3 Unicode

Unicode
-
Unicode (Uni- . -
code) - ASCII -
- 8 bit - 256-,
-

:
) - - .
(Uni- Unicode, 16 bit
versal). - , 65.536


(=2 16 ) .
. -
) (Uni- -, , ,
que). -
, , ..-,
-
. , . Unicode
) - , ,
(Uniform). , , .. -

.

(16 bit).
 Unicode

Unicode 16
bit, (code value). H -
U + .
:

H U+0043 C.

- -
. :
-
U+0043 latin capital letter c - - -
c :
) -

H U+ 0000
BCD
U + FFFF. -

ASCII - 2
, , , -
-
, .

) -
Unicode ,
, : ASCII
EBCDIC
UNICODE.
, .. -
, .. .

Unicode 39.000 ,
18.000 . -
6.000 .
, ,
.
2.7 - Boole

, , -
, .
.

2.7.1

, -
.
. :

4 - .
- .
3 - .

,
. ,
- - .

3 -

.
:

,
.
6 3 6 2.
.

,

, , ...., . -
.

2.7.2 BooIe

, -
George Boole The Mathematical Analy-
sis of Logic - , 1847.
' -
Boole -
. Boole -
, .

. :

0 (N) () Yes (Y) True (T)

1 () () No (N) False (F)

Boole . -

, -
.
:

. - , , -
.
. - -
, , .
6. -
, , x = 7 8 9 -
, x 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
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. ,
-

. -
Boole.

- NOT

-
, 1 0 0 1. -
:

A NOT A
A NOT A



H

-AND

,
,
. ..
A B A AND B
A B A AND B
12 - 4 12
6 4 -
6 8 8

H
A B.

- OR

, -
,
. ..

A B A OR B
A B A OR B

12 - 1 2 - 12
6 12 -
6 5 5

H A + B.
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-
, ,
-
.

A B A XOR B
A B A XOR B

1 2 - 12 - 12 -

6 12 -
6 5 5

, ,
.

.
:

2.8

, Boole -
-
. 1938 C. Shannon Boole
-
, , . -
.

Boole .
-

.
.

.
, -
.
 2.8.1

( )

-
:

- NOT
A .
. 1 0,
1 O 0 1, -
0 1
.

A B

1 1 1 - AND
1
0 0
.
0 0 . H 1, -
1
0 0 0
1.

A B +
1 1 1
- OR
0
1 1 .
0 1 1 . H 1, -
0 0 0 1.

A B
1 1
0 - XOR
1 0 1
.
0 . H 1, -
1 1
.
0 0 0

(NOT).

:

A B C ABC

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

- (NAND)
AND NOT - A B

. 0, - 1 1 0
1, 1. 1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 1

- (NOR) A B

OR NOT - 1 1 0
. H 1, - 1
0 0
0, 0. 0 0
1
0 0 1

NOR NAND.
,
,
-
NOR NAND.

-
:

. -
.
:

. -
-
. flip-flop. flip-flop -
, -
,
.
flip-flop Set / Reset. ' -
NOR -
, -
flip-flop.


-
.
-
.
(bit)
0 1.
-
:


.
:
(Binary
Coded Decimal - BCD)
-
1 2, -
.

-
:
8 bit, ASCII, EBCDIC
16 bit, Unicode.
Boole -
.
:
(NOT)
(AND)
(OR)
(XOR)
- (NAND)
- (NOR)

:

.

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;

4. .

120

-

120 /

5. N ,

.

6. ;

7.
.
)
)
)

8. .
) H -

)

9. .

10. H -
.


11. .

12. 2.

13. 2.

14. .
) -

) -

15. .

16. .

17. Unicode 8 bit.

18. Unicode -

19. ;
ASCII

bit
CAD
0 1
CAE

20. .

-
BCD -

-
ASCII
IMB
EBCDIC 16 bit
UNICODE

21. :
)
)
) .

22. .
)
)
)
)

23. ;

24. -
.

25. ;


-
, .
Boole .

-
.

.
- ,
.

.
-
.
,
4 .

0 1.
ASCII 8 bit -
.
EBCDIC 8 bit -
.
Unicode 16 bit.

.
.

-
.
- . 1,
H .
H . 1,
1.
. 1,
1.
OXI - H OR NOT.

OXI - AND NOT.

OXI , -
.
.
 .

.
(Byte) 8 bit.


http://www.unicode.org/

H Unicode.

http://www.brookdale.cc.nj.us/fac/engtech/aandersen/elt242/binary.html

http://www2.echo.lu/oii/en/chars.html

http://www.asca.com/unicode.html.

Unicode.

http://webster.ucr.edu/Page_asm/ArtofAssembly/CH01/CH01-1.html

Art of Assembly Randall Hyde's.

-
.

http://www.albany.edu/library/internet/boolean.html

Boole.

http://www.txdirect.net/users/uswatson/codemethods.htm

http://www.bbsinc.com/symbol.html

ASCII.

http://www.iscs.nus.sg/-sf100/c5ov.htm

, ,

, , ,
, ..

. , . ,

Boole, .

, , Nubis

Pat Heathcote Kevin Bond, A-LEVEL COMPUTING.

H .

.. , , , , 1991

H , .

. . , , -
, 1994

..-.., , , 1994

W. Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, Prantice Hall (1996)

J. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, Edison (1990)

H. Stone, Introduction to Computer Architecture

H. Stone, High performance Computer Architecture

Hwang and Briggs, Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing

Dick Davies, Information Technology at work

, , -
, ..
 ;

;
 3

N :
.

.
.
.

TO
3.1 81
3.2 To 83
3.2.1 H (KME) . 83
3.2.2 H . 85
3.2.3 H / . 88
3.2.4 O . 88
3.3 89
3.3.1 . 89
3.3.2 . 90
3.3.3 . 91
3.3.4 . 93
3.3.5 . 94
3.3.6 . 98
3.3.7 . 99
3.3.8 . 99
3.3.9 100
3.3.10 100
3.4 100
103
103
106
. . . . 107
107

. H

-
.

3.1 H

,
-
:
) .
) .
) ,
.

, .
(hardware) -
, ,
, , , , .
, , -
.
H
. H -
-
.

-
.

.
-

3.1
 -
. H -
. -
, ,
-
.
3.1 -
, : .

-
.

:
) (Central Processing Unit - CPU). H
()
, -
-
. H
,
,
. H KME -
-
, -

-
-
-
-
, .

) (Main Memory). H

. -
,
.
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/
. H -
,
:
.

) (Bus). O
-
. -
, , -
, -
.

-
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)
) -
.
, , ,
, (floppy disks), ,
(CD, DVD, ..), , .
-
. - '
, -
.
3.2

3.2.1 H ()

H :
) .
H (Arithmetic and Logic
Unit -ALU) -
.
, ,

,
, -
, . -
,
-
10-7 sec.

)
H (Control Unit)
,
.
 -
. ,
.

) (Registers)
KME
-
.
-
. -
:
(Memory Address Register - MAR).
, -
KME -
.
(Memory Data Register - MDR).

KME .
. -
:
O .
, .
O .
.
O .

.
O .

-
,

. -
20 300
(instruction set) .

H -
:
) .
) .
) .
) , -
.
1 nsec = 10-9sec
1MHz = 106Hz =
= 106sec-1
, . -
- . H
nsec
MHz . , -
, 500 MHz, 2 nsec -
. -

.
, ,
, A sec, -
B Hz, :

: C = AxB

IC , :

(Cycles per Instruction CPI) = C/IC

:
) .
) H .
) (word length) - (word)
(bit). H
- - -
.

-
( RISC), -
.
30-40 , 500 MHz, 64 bit ' ,
.

3.2.2 H

. H -
-
Von Neumann ' -

Von Neumann.

H :
) ,
) ,
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H
. -
.
H (address)
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0, 1, 2,..., -2, -1. -
, ,
.

. To
. 8, 16, 32, 64 bit.

-
( )
3.2 H

( 3.2).

- H (storage capacity).

:

H . 8
O - (bit), 1 byte
KB MB
O
. O -

MB.

O (access time). -

. -
1 KB = 1024 byte =
= 8192 bit
1MB = 1024 KB
30 nsec.
1GB = 1024 MB
O (cycle time).
( ) . H
,
.

(memory bandwidth). O -
. H -
Mbit/sec.

:
(Random Access
Memory - RAM).

-
(read - write memory). To

.
. O -

.

(Read Only Memory - ROM)

-
, -
. O ROM
-
.
,
. ROM,
RAM, .
, , ROM
-
. :
(Programmable Read
Only Memories - PROM). O
, 1 0,
, PROM. H
PROM .

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. -
20
, (
1) -
. H EPROM ,
-
,
.
,
. O
,
EPROM.

H -
:
) (Volatile),
.
) (Erasable), .
) (Dynamic),
(refreshed) , .
) (Static),

.
O
,
.
O . , ,
.
 , -
(cache memory). H
,
RAM
.

3.2.3 H /

-
/. H -

. -
.

- - H
. , k
(bit)
k . , ,
bit , ,
. H , -
.

- H
. H
. -
.
, -
.
. -
, -
.

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/.
-
/ (inter-
face unit), -
.
(device driver) -
-
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H -
, ,
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.

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)
) , , .. -
,
) ,
.
, -
( 3.1).

H
(bus protocol).

,
, -
-
, bit -
. H Mbit/sec.

3.3 To

-
, ,
. O
. H
, . H
-
.
-
,
/. -
-

.

3.3.1

-

. :
(F1, F2, ...),


 -

HOME, END, PGUP, PGDN, TAB -

(ConTRoL /CTRL)
(ESCape /ESC)
(ALTeration /ALT)

(INS, DEL, BACKSPACE )
(SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, RETURN) -

( -
, , ).

-
- byte
(8 bit)- I/O -
RAM .
-
, -
-

.

3.3.2

To
-


. -
. H -
. ( )
, , -
, -
.
 3.3.3

H -
. H -
-
-
pixel (picture element).
H -


. O -

(resolution)
. H
-
.
1024x768

1024 -
768

.
-
, -
.
-
, ' .

H -
(Cathode Ray Tube - CRT). H
.
,
.
, .
, -

.
.

,
(Liquid Crystal Display - LCD). O
-
, -
. -
, -
. 14'', 15''
21'' -
.
H -
. O
-
 . To
-
,
. To -
-

.
-
,
(passive matrix)
(active matrix). -
-
, -
,
.
TFT (Thin Film Transistor).

H
,
(light pen). , -
,
(touch screens),
.
/.
.
,
().

.
,
. ,
. -
, , -
, -
.
-
,
, (..
, -
, ). -
(infor-
mation kiosks) ,
,
-
.
, -
.
 / . -
-
, -
. ,
,
.

3.3.4

Oi ,
, .
. Oi ,
laser.

(dot matrix) -
- . ,
,
,
. -

-
, -
.



.
-


.

( 9, 18 24 ) -
. -

( ) -
.

(inkjet)
-
, -

(), -
.
-

, -
-, -
.

(dots per inch - dpi) (pages per
minute-ppm).

laser . -
laser
-
laser . -
-
-
.
-
laser,
. -


.
(toner).
-
-
.

, .
-

.
laser, ,
. -
.
-
.

3.3.5

-
, -
.

,
. ,

. , -
ROM,
.
, ,
, , , .
-
, ,
,
.


(floppy disks)
, 5,25''
3,5'', -
. H
( 3.3)
(formatting). H
-
. H
, (tracks),
(sectors)
,
3.3

. ,
-
' (, , -
, ..). -
.

H -
(hard disk). -

,
3.4. -
-
-
. -
-
-
(tracks),
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. -
(sectors),
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-
. -



-
. ,
(seek time) -
(latency time)
, 3.5.
-
(transmission time) (transmission
rate). (con-
troller) .

3.5 -

. -
, / -
/ .

-
, .
9
(tracks) ( 3.6).

3.6

8 8 bit
9 (parity check), -
. H ,

() .
(blocks) (gap). -

/ -
.


H laser

(Compact Disk - CD) 12 cm
1,2 mm.
CD
laser -
. H -
-
-
. -

, -

.
( ) 1 0.

, -
.

CD :
CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory). CD -
( -
(pits) (lands),
, ). CD
.
H 640 MB.
CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable). CD
( -
) , . laser -
.
CD-RW. CD (rewritable), -
. H -
, ,
laser , -
,
.

0. -
laser


.
DVD - (Digital Versatile Disk). To -
,
4,7 17 GB.
. O -
DVD
DVD .
 3.7 byte
.
, .

3.7 H

3.3.6

To (Modem - Modulator Demodulator)

-
-
. -
-
, -


.

,
- 0 1- -
. -
(ITU) , -
-
- .

.
-
bit (bit
V.90. V.90 - per second-bps).

.
56
Kbps.
33,6 -
Kbps. H , -
-
, .

-
V.90,
V.34+.
 3.3.7

O (scanner) -
,
, -
, , .. H -
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
( - dots). -
, -
,
. . O
-
.

.
. -

(.. ASCII). -
(Optical Character Recognition - OCR).

(flatbed) (handheld).

( 3.3.8 )

O (plotter) -
, -
,
. -
() (inkjet).
,
-
, .
:
)
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( 3.3.9 )

H (light pen)
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-


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-
.

( 3.3.10 )

H ,
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.

3.4

/. -
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/ ; H
. .
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(
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,
.

,
, -
, ,
(Internet).
.

:

.
:


/
.
-
, :


( , , CD, )
.
:


.

1. ;

2. -
;

3. Von Neumann;

4. ;

5. ;

6. ;

7. ;

8. ;

9. ;

10. ;

11. ;

12. , ;

13. .
14. ;

15. ;

16. ;

17. ;

18. ;

19. ;

20. .

21. :
)
)

22. ;

23. ; ;

24.
laser (dot matrix);

25. ; -
;
26. ;

27. ;

28. ;

29. .

RAM

EPROM

30. 8
9
(parity check), .

31. ;

32. .

33.
.
 O

3 4 . .

35. ;


H
H

O
H -

36. .
H
H

laser




.
-
-
-
.
(EPROM)

.

, -

.

H

.

-
, ,
-
. , -
.

H -

.

-
.

-

.

-
.


http://www.scsise.wmin.ac.uk/~seamang/VHDL/memory.html

Westminster ROM, RAM, CPU, .

http://www.utexas.edu/world/lecture

http://www.zdnet.com/

(hardware) .

http://www.itu.ch

H .

http://www.networkmagazine.com

http://www.whatis.com/eprom.htm

EPROM.

. . ., ,
H, 1987

. , , EMO, , 1991

,
.

Peter Norton, Inside the PC. SAMS, INDIANAPOLIS, 1995

Peter Norton, , . ., EOH, 1995

Larry Long, Nancy Long, Introduction to Computers and Information Systems,

Prentice Hall, NEW JERSEY, 1997

, .

, , , 1994
, , -
.
 T ;
;
, ,
;
;
;
 4

:
.
T .

.


4.1 111
4.2 112
4.2.1 113
4.2.2 114
4.3 114
4.3.1 115
4.3.2 117
4.3.3 118
4.3.4 121
4.4 122
4.4.1 122
4.4.2 on line 122
4.5 122
4.5.1 Unix 123
4.5.2 DOS 124
4.5.3 Windows Windows NT 124
4.5.4 125

126
127
129
130
131
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, . ..

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,
.
) (time sharing), 1970.
,
- 10 msec
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, -
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real time
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4.4.2 on line

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on line . on
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4.5

-
, , . -
-
.
.
Unix.
:
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Windows Microsoft
Windows NT Microsoft
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 4.5.1 Unix

To Unix Bell Labs AT&T 1969.

.
-
, :
Unix
( C).
-
, .
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. O Unix -
(hardware) .
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) (kernel), -
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3. -
;
4. -
:

5. .

6. -
;

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8. ;

9. ;

10. (file)
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11.
;

(fonts)

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;

13. -
;
14.
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.


http://queue.berkeley.edu/labs/unix-ref.html

unix.

http://www.cit.ac.nz/smac/os100

http://www.myos.com/os.shtml

(links) .

http://www.computingcentral.msn.com/topics/os/questions.asp

http://www.computingcentral.msn.com/topics/os/glossary.asp

http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/classes/cs258/oscat/catalog.html

http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/classes/cs258/osbib/biblio.html

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lunix4

UNIX.


. , . , . , ,
, , (1986)

, .

A.S Tanenbaum, , ISBN: 9607510054, : 1994

-
.

Stallings William, Operating Systems, ISBN: 0024154938, : 1994

, Dos & Windows, ISBN 9604055321

Silberschatz Abraham, Operating Systems Concepts, ISBN: 0201591138,

: A 1998
. -
.
, , .1:,

. , , , , 1991

, .
 ;
;

;
;
 5

:

.
,
.

.


5.1 135
5.2 136
5.2.1 - 137
5.2.2
137
5.3 139
5.3.1 140
5.3.2 140
5.3.3 141

142
143
145
146
147
 -

. -
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. -
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.

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,
.
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,
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H (processing speed) : -
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.
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nsec, -
psec (picosecond = 10-12 ).
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megabyte, -
gigabyte. H (cache
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.
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ond). 20 100 MIPS,

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-
, -
.
 5.2

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, . -
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,
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.
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, -
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. -
.
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.
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http://www.cray.com

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S/390 IBM.

http://www.mfsp.com
(MFSP / MainFrames Service
Providers).
http ://www. digital.com

digital, .

http://www.microtec.net

PC Museum, '
.

http://www.workstation.digital.com/

COMPAQ.


, , Time-Life B o o k s

. , . , , . , 1995

, (PC), Time-Life B o o k s

. -
.

H. , , . , 1997

.
.

, , Time-Life B o o k s

.
.

Coffee, T e a c h e s P C s , ISBN 0789717034

.

;

;

;

; T ;
;
;
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 6

:

.

.

.
.


6.
6.1 151
6.1.1 152
6.1.2 157
6.1.3 173
6.1.4 , . . . . 174
6.2 179
6.3 179

181
182
186
. . . . 187
188
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UNIX DOS.

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10.2 279
10.2.1
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10.2.2 O 280
10.3 284
10.3.1 284
10.3.2 285
10.3.3 285
10.4 286
10.4.1 286
10.4.2 . . 287
10.4.3 . . . . 288
10.4.4 . . 289
10.4.5 CAD, CAM, CAE 289
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. - . , , , 1997

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Richard Bennet, T e a c h i n g IT

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11.1.1 . 305
11.1.2 306
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11.1.6 312
11.2 312
11.2.1 312
11.2.2 317
11.2.3 322
11.2.4 328
11.2.5 331
11.2.6 332
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11.3:

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1994.
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MPEG-1 MPEG-2, -
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.

Audio Video Microsoft

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11.4

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H (computer animation)
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H yahoo .

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.

Antre Persidsky, Director 6 for Windows Peachpit Press

Director.

G.P. Landow, Hypertext 2.0, John Hopkins University Press

Greg Baker, Tom Bowwen, First Byte. A practical byte to information technology, Oxford
Graphics & Multimedia,
.

Judith Jeffcoat, Multimedia in Practice

Kris Jansa, Multimedia , Anubis

Lida Tway,

, Macromedia Authorware 4 Authorized, Macromedia Press

Authorware.

, ,
Multimedia , , 1996
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.

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 T , ;
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 12

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.


- - &
12.1 H 357
12.2 358
12.2.1 359
12.2.2 360
12.2.3 361
12.2.4 361
12.2.5 362
12.3 362
12.3.1 363
12.3.2 OSI 364
12.3.3 366
12.3.4 . . . 368
12.3.5 369
12.3.6 370
12.3.7 Ethernet, IEEE-802.3 TCP/IP 371
12.4 372
12.4.1 372
12.4.2 () 376
12.4.3 376
12.4.4 377
12.4.5 On Line 377
12.4.6 IOS 377
12.4.7 EDI 377
12.4.8 377
12.4.9 377
12.4.10 378
12.4.11 378
12.4.12 378
12.5 379
12.5.1 379
12.5.2 , , 381
12.5.3 382
12.5.4 383
12.5.5 396
12.6 396
12.6.1 HTML 397
12.6.2 399
401
403
405
407
409


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,
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,
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12.3.7 Ethernet, -802.3 TCP/IP

Ethernet
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Control - MAC). -
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(point to point).
To Ethernet XROX,
Intel Digital. -
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics
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12.4

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12.4.1

,
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(paper copy
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(teletext)

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(distributed data processing) -

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, ,
(on line) .
, , , -
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Inter Organization Systems. -

-
on line .

12.4.7 EDI

Electronic Data Interchange

- -
(format).
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.

12.4.8

(e-mails)

.
.

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-
. -
.
 12.4.10

(Bulletin Board Services -
BBS).
. -
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12.4.11

, -
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12.4.12

(Global Positioning System - GPS) -

. -
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.
,
.
12.5

12.5.1

-
, . 1969,
ARPANET
1972, -
-

ARPANET
1979, -
usenet
newsgroups,

Duke UNC
1982,

TCP/IP,
ARPANET
1988,
-

'60, ... 1989,

(Department of Defence - DoD) -
, - Timothy Berners -
- Lee
-
.
CERN
, 1990,
, ARPANET
, - Internet,

,
1991,
. -
1969, DoD ARPANET,
WAIS, Gopher
WWW
, , .
1992,

-
Internet Society
... , - (ISOC)
- 1993,
, , . -
MOSAIC
,
1995, -
. -
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SUN
1990 ARPANET, Internet (
Microsystems.
) , -
, .

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,
Berkley , TCP IP,

.
. TCP IP -
ARPANET 1982.

,
, . -
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.
.
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intranet/extranet
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IP -
OSI.

12.5.2 , ,

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, , IP

(IP address).
IP
IP , - .
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.

, .
-
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
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(APNIC - Asia & Pacific Network (Intranets).
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13.2.7 420
13.2.8 420
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COM 173
A compiler 210
access time 86 compression 312, 330
ADA 206 computer animation 331
administrator 367 Control Unit 83
ALGOL 199 CORBA 173
ALU 83 CPU 82
applicative programming 217 CRT 91
assembler 210 current directory 120
assembly 196 custom software
ATM 17 cycle time 86
attached file 383, 292
authoring tool 339 D
decompression 312
B directory 119
Barcode 19 distance learning 290
BASIC 101 distributed processing 113
batch processing 113 DNS 382
BCD 53 domain name 382
BIOS 124 DOS 124
bit 50 dot matrix 93
bookmark 392 DTP 164
browser 391 DVD 97
bus 88,101, 369
byte 85 E
e-commerce 395
C EDI 377
C 204 Editor 210
C + + 205 electronic bulletin board 292
cache memory 88 electronic forum 292
CAD 162,287 electronic mail 292
CAD/CAE 289 end user 194
CAD/CAM 162, 187 EPROM 87
CAE 289 Ethernet 371
CAI 291 exponent 58
CAM 162, 287 extranet 380
CASE tooIs 222
CBT 291 F
CD 97 FAQ 388
CD-R 97 fiber optic 360
CD-ROM 97 file 119
CD-RW 97 file system 118
Chat 394 floppy disk 95
CIM 289 folder 119
client-server 368 FORTRAN 198
CMC 292 frame 328
CMI 291 freeware 176
COBOL 200 FTP 389
functional decomposition 213 mailing list 386
functional programming 217 main memory 82
mainframes 136
G MAN 368
GlS 289 mantissa 58
Gopher 390 memory bandwidth 86
GPS 378 metaphor 341
GUI 125 microprocessor 32
MIDI 319
H mini computer 136
modem 98, 359
hard disk 95
modular programming 212
hardware 31, 81
MSWindows 124
HTML 391, 397
multimedia 310
HTTP 391
multiprogramming 113
hub 371
hypermedia 308
N
hypertext 307
navigation 307
I new groups 387
nodes 306
imperative programming 213
information 47
O
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input / output unit 88 object oriented programming 215
Internet 379 OCR 99, 158
interpreter 210 OLE 174
intranet 380 Operating System 112
IOS 377 OSI 380,364
IP address 381
IRC P
ISDN 373 parallel transmission 361
ISP 381 Parity bit
PASCAL 203
J path 120
JAVA 207 PDA 141
PIN 18, 48
K pixel 91, 322
plotter 99
kernel 114, 123, 124
POP 384
process 113, 115
L
PROLOG 208
LAN 368 PROM 87
laser 94 PSTN 373
latency time 95 public domain 176
LCD 91
light pen 100 R
link 306
RAM 86
linker 211
real time systems 122
LISP 202
register 82, 84
logic programming 216
resolution 322
LOGO 203
ring 102, 370
ROM 87
M
root directory 119
macro 157
 Windows NT 124
S word 85
sampling rate 317 workstation 141
scanner 99 World Wide Web 292, 391
searching engines 392
seek time 95
serial transmission 361
server 367 A
shareware 176
shell 123 Boole 64
SIMULA 201 64
SMALLTALK 206 218
smiles 386
SMTP 383 322
software 34 322
source code, program 211 12
spooler 121 390
SQL 208 312
star 101, 369 83
storage capacity 86 119
structured programming 213 363
subroutine 213 81
supercomputers 138 30
supervisor 367
swapping 118 17
synthesizer 284, 319
B
T 323
task 115 159, 275
TCP/IP 372 315, 328
teleconference 293
telnet 390
TFT 92
timesharing 113 289
touch screen 92 34, 195
tranmission time 95 34
tree 119 ADA 206
true color 323 ALGOL 199
BASIC 201
U C 204
Unix 123 C + + 205
URL 392 COBOL 200
usenet 387 FORTRAN 198
user interface 125 JAVA 207
LISP 202
V LOGO 203
visual programming 222 PASCAL 203
Virtuaimemory 118 PROLOG 208
Virtual reality SIMULA 201
SMALLTALK 206
W SQL 208
WAN 368 197
web page 391 315
 315 309
125
309
365
47 365
317 365
379 364
365
310 309
12 365
89 164
117
152 341, 343
115 341
210 339
IP 381 341, 342
95
(bus) 101 86
(star) 104, 369
Z
367
(ring) 102, 370 360
(WAN) 369
366 H
(LAN) 368 387
316
292
53
50 395
292, 377, 383
E
292, 378
326 313
323 317
161, 322
91, 322
28 386

laser 94 I
(dot matrix) 93
173
(inkjet) 93
391
239

K
214
214
214 374
290 374
26 328
367 370
113, 115 119
113
88 113
88 82, 84
82
 375 87
331 87
KME 82306 118
239 82
.. 50 82
88
ASCII 59
BCD 53 (ROM) 87
EBCDIC 61 87
Unicode 62 87
50
928 61 (RAM) 86
50 83
53
O

213 92
- 112 91
313 91
85 160
221 387
63 113
66 360
31 360
362 314
34 97
151
34
151 292

M 381
157 177
177
1 55 89
47
2 56
238
361 238
360 239

361 238
360 307
361 310
361 113
389
216
88 215
88 213
210 217
392 222
32, 139 213
217
EPROM 87 212
PROM 87 90
 49 24
211 376
211 275
221
292, 384 Y
141 31,81
114,123, 124 307
308
P 138
19 365
288
288 136
317 136
135
213
99
392
95
141 376
196 140
210 391
312, 330 100

() 174 X
306 117
211
388 86
284, 319 95
331 86
118 323

239
289
220
239
359
122
59
99
85
T 317
386
292, 378, 394

:
) RAM ( 30, 90, 97, 99,100)
) INRIA - INSTITUTE NATIONAL DE RECHERRCHE EN
INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE ( 167, 257,
258, 259, 261, 277, 287)
-
.

,
-
.
, -
.
-
7 1129 15/21
1946 ( 1946, 108, ).

,
(copyright), ,
.

2010- : 90.000-. 49-2 / 22-2-2010

: . & . / :