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WvUv ev Dcv: WvUv Gi A_ nj Dcv| Z_i g~j Dcv`vbK WvUv ej| A_vr GKwU Z_ h mKj gwjK Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ
Zv`i cZKK GK GKwU WvUv ejv nq| WvUv nj msLv, eY ev G`i mgw|
Z_ (Information): WvUv ev Dcv mg~ni mymsMwVZ icK Z_ ej| A_vr GK ev GKvwaK WvUv mg~nK myQvjvfve
mvRvbvi dj h djvdj cvIqv hvq ZvK Z_ ev Information ej| myZivs A_c~Y WvUv mg~ni A_evaK mgwK Z_
ej| hgb:
ivj bvg kwY wefvM
101 Zvkwdqv v`k mvaviY
102 ivKbyvgvb v`k wevb
103 Avj bvgvb v`k wevb
D Uwej ev mviYxZ ivj, bvg, kwY Ges wefvM nj GK GKwU WvUv ev Dcv Ges Giv h vb AvQ H vbK ejv nq
wd| Avevi 101, Zvkwdqv, v`k, mvaviY Gjv nj GK GKwU WvUv, Ze GK G`i mgwK Z_ ev iKW I ejv nq|
WvUveR: WvUv mg~ni mgvnvi ev mgvekK WvUveR ej| GK ev GKvwaK GbwUwU, GbwUwUmU A_ev Uwej Gi msMnK
WvUveR ej|
GbwUwU: GKwU WvUveRi AMZ h Uwej mg~n _vK Zv`i cZKK GK GKwU GbwUwU ej| A_vr WvUv mg~n h Uwej
avib Kiv nq ev _vK Ges ZvK h bvg `qv nq ZvK GbwUwU ej|
GbwUwU mU: GbwUwUi mgveRK GbwUwU mU ej| A_r GKwU WvUveR h Uwej ev GbwUwU mg~n _vK Zv`i mgwK
GbwUwU mU ej| myZivs GKwU WvUveRK GbwUwU mU ejv nq|
AvwUweDU/wd/Kjvg: AvwUweDU A_ ewk| GKwU WvUveRi Kvb GKwU Uwej ev GbwUwU Gi WvUv mg~n hvi Dci wfw
Ki msiY Kiv Ges cwqvKiY Kiv nq ZvK AvwUweDU ev wd Ges Kjvg ej|
wd: GbwUwU ev Uwej G WvUv ivLvi vbK wd ej| A_vr h vb WvUv mg~n msiY Kiv nq H vbK wd ej|
iKW: GKwU GbwUwU Gi iv eivei hZjv wd ZvK Zv`i mgwK iKW ej| A_vr GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iv evivei
hZjv WvUv ivLv nq Zv`i mgwK iKW ejv nq|
ivj bvg kwY wefvM
1 KvKb v`k wevb
D Uwej G- 201, KvKb, v`k Ges wevb Gjvi mgw nj GKwU iKW|
WvUv wWKkbvix (Data Dictionary): WvUveR mwKZ Z_ Ges WvUveR BDRvi mwKZ wewfb Z_ msiY KivK
WvUv wWKkbvix ej|
WvUeR gvbRgU wmg (DBMS): WvUveR gvbRgU wmg nj Ggb GK cKvi wmg ev cvMvg hvi gvag
wewfb WvUv Ges Z_ Gi msiY, cwqvKiY Ges wbqY Kiv nq| A_vr h mdUIqvi ev cvMvgi gvag WvUv mg~ni
eeevcbv wbwZ Kiv hvq ZvK WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej| hgb: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle etc.
WvUeR gvbRgU wmg (DBMS) Gi KvRmg~n:
c_gZ WvUveR gvbRgU wmgi KvRK `yfvM fvM Kiv nq t
dU G (Front-End) t G eenviKvixMY aygv WvUv GwU ev G RvZxq KvR mb KiZ cvi|
evK G (Back-End) t G WvUveR Zwi Kiv _K i Ki mKj aibi KvR mb Kiv nq|
(DBMS) Gi KvRmg~n:
1. WvUveR Zwi Kiv|
2. WvUveR G Uwej Zwi Kiv|
3. WvUveR G bZzb WvUv Ges iKW msY Kiv|
4. WvUv gyQ djv|
5. WvUv AcWU Kiv|
6. WvUv LyR ei Kiv Z_v Abymvb Kiv|
7. WvUv mvRvbv|
8. AcqvRbxq WvUv ev iKW ev` `qv|
9. WvUvi wbicv wbwZ Kiv|
10. WvUveR Gi wbqb Kiv|
11. wicvU Zwi Kiv Ges WvUvmg~n wcU Kiv|
(DBMS) Gi eenviKvix:
mvaviY eenviKvix
AbjvBb eenviKvix
AvwcKkb mdUIqvi eenvi
WvUveR AvWwgwbUi wnme eenvi
WvUveR GWwgwbUi Gi KvR:
1) WvUveR wWRvBb Kiv|
2) WvUveR G BDRvi ev eenviKvix Zwi Kiv|
3) GKvwaK eenviKvix`i mg^q mvab Kiv|
4) WvUveRi eenvi wbicv wbwZ Kiv|
5) WvUveRi ggvwi/m wbaviY Kiv|
6) WvUveR i Kiv Ges e Kiv|
7) WvUveRi evKAvc ivLv|
8) WvUv cybivi Kiv|
9) WvUv mg~ni Gii ev fyj mskvab Kiv|
10) WvUveR AvcWU Kiv|
WvUveR gvbRgU wmg(DBMS) Gi cKvif`mg~n:
Client Server Database
Distributed Database
Web-Enabled Database
WvUveR gWj (Database Model): WvUveRi wWRvBb KvVvgv ev MVb Gi avibvK WvUveR gWj ej| WvUveR
WvUvmg~n wKfve mwZ _vKe Zvi eve wWRvBb/ic c`vb KivK WvUveR gWj ej|
WvUveR gWj Gi cKvie`:-
1) wj vKPvi gWj
2) bUIqvK gWj
3) wijkbvj gWj
4) nvqvivwKKvj gWj
5) AeR AwiqUW gWj BZvw`
wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg (RDBMS): cvBgvwi wK (Primary Key) K wfw Ki GKvwaK GbwUwU
mg~ni gvS cii h mK Zwi Kiv nq ZvK wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej| WvUveRK mnR eenvii
j Ges WvUveRi wbivc wbwZ Kibi h mg WvUveR wmg ev mdUIqvi G GKvwaK WvUveR Ges GKvwaK
GbwUwU Gi ga mK Zwi Ki WvUveR Gi Kvh m`b Kiv hvq ZvK wijkbvj WvUveR gvbRgU wmg ej|
hgb: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, PostGRESQL, DB2, SQL Server etc.
RDBMS Gi ewk:
Data Abastraction : RDBMS G WvUvK ev GKwU GbwUwUK wewfb Uwej wef Ki `qv nq hvi dj Uwej
mg~ni eenvi wbwZ nq GesGKwU Uweji Dci Kg wbfikxj nIqv hvq| GZ WvUvi wbicv
ewk wbwZ nq|
Concurrency : RDBMS G KbKviw Gi gvag GKB WvUveRK GKvwaK eenviKvix eenvi KiZ cvi|
Data Redundancy : RDBMS G WvUv wiWvbWw Gi dj WvUvmg~n GKvwaK Uwej wef _vKvi dj GKB WvUv Gi
cybivw nq bv
Data Security : RDBMS G WvUveR Ges WvUv mg~ni eenvii wbivcv mevcv ewk wbivc`|
Multiple Views : RDBMS G GKB WvUvi GKvwaK wfD Zwi Kiv hvq|
RDBMS Gi eenvi:
evsK exgv G RvZxq cwZvb
AbjvBb Awdm eevcbvq
B-wUKwUs Gi
B-Kgvm Ges B-weRbm Gi
nvmcvZvj, wKwbK G RvZxq mevg~jK cwZvb
wewfb wkv cwZvb
wewfb KcviU Awdm
wewfb Iqe mvBU gvbRgU
miKvix cwZvb
mvgvwRK hvMvhvM gvag BZvw`
Kzqwi (Query): WvUveR msiwZ AmsL Z_ ev WvUv _K wbw` Kvb Z_ iKW ev WvUv LyR ei Kivi cwqvK
Kzqwi ej| A_vr h cwZ ev cwqvi gva WvUveRi AmsL WvUv _K wbw` Kvb WvUv mnR LyR cvIqv hvq ZvK
Kzqwi ej| Avi h fvlvq Kzqwi Kiv nq ZvK Kzqwi jvsqR ev fvlv ej| hgb: SQL (Structured Query
Language), QUEL (Query Language), QBE (Query By Example)BZvw`|
Example: SELECT * FROM students WHERE (gpa>4 AND gpa<5);
Example: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE salary> 5000;
Indexing (BbWws): WvUv Uwej ev GbwUwU Gi wgK bv^viK Kvbic cwieZb bv Ki iKW mg~ni Abvb wd
mg~nK mvRvbvi KkjK BbW ej| A_vr g~j WvUveR dvBjK AcwiewZZ iL iKWmg~ni mvRvbvi KkjK
BbWws ej|
Sorting (mwUs): WvUv Uwej Gi iKWmg~nK h Kv g Abymvi mvRvbvK mwUs ej| A_vr WvUv Uwej Gi iKW mg~n
QvU _K eo ev eo _K QvU Gfve mvRvbv cwZK mwUs ej|
2. One to Many: GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iKWi ev wdi mv_ hw` Ab GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev
wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK One to Many wijkb ej|
3. Many to One: GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev wdi mv_ hw` GKwU Uwej Gi GKwU iKWi ev
wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK Many to One wijkb ej|
4. Many to Many: GKwU Uweji GKvwaK iKWi mv_ ev wdi mv_ hw` Ab GKwU Uwej Gi GKvwaK
iKWi ev wdi mv_ mK _vK Zve ZvK Many to Many wijkb ej|
Operator
AcviUi mg~ni bvg Ges D`vniY
Arithmatic Operator Relational Operator
Name Example Name Example
+ (Addition) x+y > (Greaterthan) x>y
- (Subtration) x-y < (Lessthan) x<y
* (Multiplication) x*y >= (Graterthan x >= y
/ (Division) x/y equalto)
() (Parenthasis) (x+y)+(x/y) <= (Lessthan equalto) x <= y
Mod x mod y == 0 == (Equalto/Equality) x == y
<> (Not equalto) x != y
Between and range means
Like Operator
Logical Operator Name Example
Name Name ? Ges * ? Ges * wPi mv_ Like
AND ! (kZ c~iY Kivi Rb) Operator eenvi Kiv nq|
OR () Mc Gckb Zwii Rb ? h Kvb GKK Aii mv_ gvP
NOT Ki
* h Kvb aibi GK ev GKvwaK
Aii mv_ gvP Ki|
ERP: ERP Gi c~Yic Enterprise Resource Planning. Kvb cwZvbi mvgwMK Kvhg mv`bvi Rb h WvUveR
Zwi Kiv nq ZvK g~jZ BAviwc ej| GKwU cwZvbi AfvwiY Ges evwnK mejv wefvMi Kvhg hw` GKwU
mdUIqvii gvag mb Kiv nq Ze ZvK ejERP |
Data Encryption: WvUv Gi wbivcv wbwZ Kivi Rb WvUv Gi Drm nZ cvcK ch vbvii Rb h wekl cwZZ
WvUv Av`vb-c`vb Kiv nq ZvK WvUv Gbwckb ej| A_vr h cwqvi gvag WvUvi wbivcv eRvq ivLvi Rb g~j WvUvK
cwieZb Ki cvVvbv nq ZvK WvUv Gbwckb ej|
WvUv Gbw Gi g~j Ask PviwU:
1. cBbUU (Plaintext)
2. mvBdviUU (Ciphertext)
3. Gbwckb GjMwi`g (Encryption Algorithm)
4. Mvcb wK ev KvW (Secret Key or Code)
WvUv Gbw Gi wewfb cwZ:
5. AES (Advanced Encryption Algorithm)
6. DES (Data Encryption Standared)
7. IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm)
8. SESER CODE: wmRvi KvW njv WvUv Gbw Kivi GKwU cwZ| G cwZZ Gbw Kivi mgq Kvb
AiK Zvi cieZx wZb Ai viv cwZvcb Kiv nq| ivgvb mvU Rywjqvm wmRvi hy wewfb evZv ciYi
Rb G cwZ eenvi KiZb ej Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq wmRvi KvW|
WvUv Gbw `yB cKvi:
1) wmgwUK Gbwckb
2) AvwmgwUK Gbwckb