Dw™¢`weÁvb

Dw™¢` cÖRbb BDwbU

(PLANT REPRODUCTION) 12
f‚wgKv
cÖRbb Rx‡ei GKwU Abb¨ ˆewkó¨| Ro e¯‘i cÖRbb ¶gZv †bB| cÖRbb bv NU‡j Rx‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKZ bv| Bnv
Ggb GK kvixiZË¡xq Kvh©µg hvi gva¨‡g Rxe Zvi cÖwZiƒc m„wó K‡i fwel¨r eskai a‡i iv‡L| †h cÖwµqvq †Kvb
Rxe Zvi eskai m„wó K‡i Zv‡K cÖRbb ejv nq| Rxe‡f‡` cÖRbb cÖwµqv wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i| G BDwb‡U
Dw™¢‡`i cÖRbb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 02 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 12.1 : wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqv
cvV 12.2 : wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Zyjbv
cvV 12.3 : K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi aviYv
cvV 12.4 : Dw™¢‡`i msKivqb
cvV 12.5 : K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi ¸iyZ¡

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-233
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.1 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖRbb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã †hŠb cÖRbb, A‡hŠb cÖRbb
cÖRbb : cÖRbb Rx‡ei GKwU Abb¨ ˆewkó¨| Ro e¯‘i cÖRbb ¶gZv _v‡K bv| gvZ… Rxe †_‡K bZzb Rxe
m„wói cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq cÖRbb| cÖwZwU Rx‡eiB Zvi wb‡Ri Abyiƒc eskai m„wói cÖvK…wZK e¨e¯’v
i‡q‡Q| cÖRb‡bi d‡j Av‡gi exR †_‡K GK mgq Avg MvQ, wjPzi exR †_‡K wjPz MvQ cvB| GKBfv‡e Kjv
Mv‡Qi †Mvov †_‡K GK mgq Kjv MvQ cvB| wkgyj, mwRbv, gv`vi, Rxqj BZ¨vw` Mv‡Qi Wvj †K‡U gvwU‡Z jvMv‡j
Zv mRxe nq Ges GK mgq c~Y©v½ Mv‡Q cwiYZ nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e cuv_iKzwPi cvZv gvwU‡Z †d‡j ivL‡j Zvi wKbvi
†_‡K bZzb cuv_iKzwP Pviv m„wói gva¨‡g GK mgq c~Y©v½ cuv_iKzwP Dw™¢` cvIqv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖRbb GKwU
kvixiZvwË¡K cÖwµqv †h cÖwµqvq Rxe Zvi wb‡Ri b¨vq AcZ¨ eskai m„wó K‡i|
cÖRb‡bi cÖKvi‡f` : Dw™¢` wewfbœ Dcv‡q cÖRbb m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e Dw™¢‡` cÖRbb cÖavbZ `yÕcÖKvi| h_v-
(K) †hŠb cÖRbb Ges (L) A‡hŠb cÖRbb|
(K) †hŠb cÖRbb- `ywU wfbœ cÖK…wZi h_v cys I ¯¿x Rbb †Kvl ev M¨vwgU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †h cÖRbb
m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K †hŠb cÖRbb ejv nq| G‡`i GKwU‡K cys Rbb †Kvl (ïµvYy) I Ab¨wU‡K ¯¿x Rbb †Kvl (wW¤^vYy)
ejv nq| G `yÕai‡bi Rbb †Kvl GKB dz‡j ev GKB †`‡n m„wó nq| DbœZ Dw™¢‡` G `yÕai‡bi Rbb †Kvl GKB
Dw™¢`‡`‡n m„wó nq| G‡`i‡K mnevmx Dw™¢` ejv nq| hLb `yÕai‡bi Rbb †Kvl Avjv`v Avjv`v Dw™¢` †`‡n m„wó nq
ZLb †m Dw™¢`‡K wfbœevmx Dw™¢` ejv nq| †hŠb cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g mexRx Dw™¢‡` exR ˆZwi nq ZvB exR Øviv
eske„w× cÖwµqvB †hŠb cÖRbb| Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i †hŠb cÖRbb DIM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi nq|
civM‡iYyi cwiùzUb : mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i cysRbbv½ ej‡Z cys¯Íe‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨KUv cys‡Kki (Stamen) †K eySvq|
cys¯Íe‡K GK ev GKvwaK cys‡Kki _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU cys‡Kk‡ii wb‡P `ÛvKvi cys`Û (Filament) Ges gv_vq ùxZ
civMavbx (Anther) _v‡K| civMavbxi `yÕL‡Ûi ga¨eZ©x Ask‡K †hvRbx (Connective) e‡j|
cwiYZ civMavbx A‡bKUv Pvi †KvYvKvi| cÖwZUv †Kv‡Yi †fZ‡ii w`‡Ki wKQy †Kvl Av‡kcv‡ki †Kvl †_‡K
AvKv‡i eo nq| G mg¯Í †Kv‡l eo wbDwK¬qvm I Nb mvB‡UvcøvRg _v‡K| Gme †Kvl‡K AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj
(Archesporial) ev Avw` AYyexR †Kvl e‡j| cÖRvwZ‡f‡` G †Kv‡li msL¨v GK ev GKvwaK n‡Z cv‡i|
AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj †Kvl wefvwRZ n‡q `yÕai‡bi †Kvl Drcbœ K‡i| h_v cwiwai w`‡K †`qvj †Kvl Ges †K‡›`ªi
w`‡K cÖv_wgK Rbb †Kvl| †`qvj †Kvl c‡i 3-5 ¯Íiwewkó cÖvPxi MVb K‡i| cÖvPxi †ewóZ _wji b¨vq Ask‡K
civM_wj (Pollen sac) e‡j|
cÖv_wgK Rbb †Kvl mivmwi civM gvZ… †Kvl (Pollen mother cell) wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev wefvwRZ n‡q
A‡bK¸‡jv civM gvZ… †Kvl m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| civM gvZ… †Kv‡l ZLb gv‡qvwmm wefvRb N‡U, d‡j cÖwZwU wWcø‡qW
(2n) civM gvZ… †Kvl †_‡K PviwU n¨vcø‡qW (n) civM‡iYyi m„wó nq| †`qvj †Kvl Øviv m„ó cÖvPx‡ii me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii
¯Íi‡K U¨v‡cUvg (Tapetum) e‡j, hv weMwjZ n‡q cwiùzwUZ civM‡iYyi cywó mvab K‡i| civM gvZ… †Kvl n‡Z m„ó
PviwU civM‡iYy wewfbœ cÖRvwZ‡Z wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K, Z‡e cwiYZ Ae¯’vq civM‡iYyMy‡jv ci¯úi n‡Z
Avjv`v nq| Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae Gme cwiev‡ii Dw™¢‡`i civM‡iYyMy‡jv GK mv‡_ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
civM‡iYyi G we‡kl MVb‡K cwjwbqvg (Pollinium) e‡j|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-234
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civM‡iYyi MVb : civM‡iYy mvaviYZ †MvjvKvi nq Ges G‡`i e¨vm 0.025-0.25 wgwg ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU
civM‡iYyi `ywU K‡i Z¡K _v‡K| evB‡ii Z¡KwU wKDwUbhy³ Ges cyiy, G‡K ewntZ¡K (Exine) e‡j| ewntZ¡K
wewfbœfv‡e AjsK…Z (Ornamented) _v‡K| †fZ‡ii Z¡K A‡c¶vK…Z cvZjv Ges †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z, G‡K AšÍtZ¡K
(Intine) e‡j| civM‡iYyi mvB‡UvcøvRg _v‡K Nb Ges cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq wbDwK¬qvm †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb K‡i| civM‡iYy
e„w× †c‡j Zvi †fZ‡i †Kvl Mnei m„wó nq, ZLb wbDwK¬qvm †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii w`‡K m‡i hvq|

wPÎ 12.1.1 : GKwU Av`k© dz‡ji wewfbœ Ask Ges civMavbxi cÖ¯’‡”Q`
cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU (Male gametophyte) : civM‡iYy n‡”Q cysM¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl| civM‡iYyi n¨vcø‡qW (n)
wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU Amg wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i| G‡`i eowU‡K ejv nq bvwjKv
wbDwK¬qvm (Tube nucleus) Ges †QvUwU‡K ejv nq Rbb wbDwK¬qvm (Generative nucleus)|
civMavbxi cÖvPxi †du‡U †M‡j mvaviYZ G wØ-wbDwK¬qvmhy³ civM‡iYy evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| G civM‡iYy wewfbœ
evn‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯¿x‡Kk‡ii Mf©gy‡Û cwZZ nq Ges civMvqb NUvq| civMvq‡bi ci civM‡iYy A¼zwiZ nq A_©vr
AšÍtZ¡K e„w× †c‡q Rvg©‡cvi (civM‡iYyi ewntZ¡‡K Aew¯’Z cvZjv wQ`ª) w`‡q bvwjKvi b¨vq evo‡Z _v‡K| A¼zwiZ
civM‡iYyi G bvwjKv‡K civM bvwjKv ev †cv‡jb wUDe (Pollen tube) e‡j| civM bvwjKvi †fZ‡i cÖ_‡g bvwjKv
wbDwK¬qvm Ges c‡i Rbb wbDwK¬qvm cÖ‡ek K‡i| civM bvwjKvwU Mf©`‡Ûi †fZi w`‡q µgk evo‡Z _v‡K Ges
†k‡l Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i wW¤^K iܪ ch©šÍ †cuŠQvq| BwZg‡a¨ Rbb wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU
cysM¨vwgU (Male gamete) ev ïµvYy m„wó K‡i| civM‡iYy, civMbvwjKv, cysM¨vwgU G¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq
cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU hv AZ¨šÍ ¶z`ª| cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui Dci wbf©ikxj|

wPÎ 12.1.2 : cys Rbb †Kvl m„wói wewfbœ avc

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-235
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wW¤^‡Ki cwiùzUb : mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i ¯¿x Rbbv½ ej‡Z ¯¿x¯Íe‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨KUv ¯¿x‡Kki (Carpel) †K eySvq| cÖwZwU
¯¿x‡Kki wZbwU As‡k wef³| h_v- Mf©gÛ y , Mf©`Û I Mf©vkq ev wW¤^vkq|
wW¤^vk‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’Z wùZ Ask‡K wW¤^K (Ovule) e‡j| wW¤^K m„wó nq Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡ii Agiv (Placenta)
n‡Z| cÖ_‡g Agiv‡Z GKwU †QvU wùZ A‡ji m„wó nq, c‡i †mUv eo n‡q wW¤^‡K cwiYZ nq| †¶Î we‡k‡l
GKwU wW¤^vk‡q GK ev GKvwaK wW¤^K _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖv_wgKfv‡e wW¤^‡Ki wUmy¨‡K g~jZ `ywU A‡j fvM Kiv
P‡j| h_v- Pvicv‡ki AveiYx wUmy¨ I gv‡Si wbD‡mjvm (Nucellus) wUmy¨| c‡i evB‡ii AveiYwUi wb‡P Ab¨ GKwU
Avei‡Yi m„wó nq| evB‡ii AveiY‡K ewntZ¡K Ges †fZ‡ii AveiY‡K AšÍtZ¡K e‡j| wW¤^‡Ki AMÖfv‡M GKwU
As‡k Z¡K bv _vKvq wbD‡mjvm Db¥y³ _v‡K| GwU‡Z GKwU wQ`ª c_ _v‡K, hv‡K wW¤^KiÜ« ev gvB‡µvcvBj
(Micropyle) ejv nq|
wW¤^K m„wói ïiy me‡¶‡Î GKBfv‡e n‡jI c‡i wW¤^‡Ki e„w× GKBfv‡e nq bv| G e¨wZµ‡gi Rb¨ c~Y© MwVZ wW¤^K
bvbv AvK…wZi nq|
wW¤^‡Ki MVb : GKwU wW¤^K (Megasporangium = ovule) wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ-
1| wW¤^Kbvox (Funiculus) : wW¤^‡Ki †euvUvi b¨vq Ask‡K wW¤^Kbvox e‡j| G †euvUvi mvnv‡h¨ wW¤^K Agivi mv‡_
hy³ _v‡K|
2| wW¤^Kbvfx (Hilum) : wW¤^‡Ki †h As‡ki mv‡_ wW¤^Kbvox mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K wW¤^Kbvfx e‡j|
3| wbD‡mjvm (Nucellus): wW¤^‡Ki g~j †`n‡K
å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨ ev wbD‡mjvm e‡j| GwU
c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨ Øviv MwVZ Ges wW¤^KZ¡K
Øviv cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K|
4| wW¤^Kg~j (Chalaza) : wW¤^‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K
†h Ask n‡Z wW¤^KZ¡K Drcbœ nq Zv‡K
wW¤^Kg~j e‡j|
5| wW¤^KZ¡K (Integument) : wbD‡mjv‡mi
evB‡ii AveiY‡K wW¤^KZ¡K e‡j| GwU
mvaviYZ `yÕ¯Íiwewkó nq, Z‡e †¶Îwe‡k‡l
GK¯Íi wewkóI n‡Z cv‡i|
6| wW¤^KiÜ« (Micropyle) : wW¤^KZ¡K wW¤^K‡K
m¤ú~Y© Ave„Z bv Kivq kxl©‡`‡k GKwU wQ‡`ªi
m„wó nq| G ¶z`ª wQ`ªc_‡K wW¤^KiÜ« e‡j|
7| å~Y_wj (Embryosac) : wbD‡mjv‡mi g‡a¨
Aew¯’Z _wji b¨vq Ask‡K å~Y_wj e‡j|

wPÎ 12.1.3 : GKwU A‡avgyLx wW¤^‡Ki j¤^‡”Q`

¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU (Female gametophyte) : ¯¿x‡iYy (Megaspore) n‡jv ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl| wW¤^K m„wói
mgq å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨i AatZ¡K A‡j GKwU †Kvl AvKv‡i eo nq| Gi wbDwK¬qvmwUI AvKv‡i eo Ges †KvlwU Nb
mvB‡UvcøvR‡g c~Y© _v‡K| G †KvlwU‡K cÖvBgvwi AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj †Kvl (Primary archesporial cell) e‡j|
AvwK©‡¯úvwiqvj †KvlwU wef³ n‡q GKwU †`qvj †Kvl Ges GKwU cÖv_wgK Rbb †Kvl (Primary sporoginous cell)
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev mivmwi ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl (Megaspore mother cell) wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| AZtci
¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡KvlwU gv‡qvwmm cÖwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q PviwU n¨vcø‡qW ¯¿x‡iYy (Megaspore) ˆZwi K‡i| AwaKvsk
†¶‡Î Dc‡ii wZbwU ¯¿x‡iYy bó nq Ges wb‡PiwU mwµq _v‡K| mwµq ¯¿x‡iYywU wefvwRZ I e„w×cÖvß n‡q

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-236
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¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU MVb K‡i| ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU‡K å~Y_wj ev Ggeªv‡qvm¨vK (Embryosac) ejv nq| å~Y_wj MVb
cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v-
1| g‡bv‡¯úvwiK (Monosporic)- G‡¶‡Î GKwU ¯¿x‡iYy å~Y_wj MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
2| evB‡¯úvwiK (Bisporic)- G‡¶‡Î `ywU ¯¿x‡iYy å~Y_wj MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
3| †UÆv‡¯úvwiK (Tetrasporic)- G‡¶‡Î PviwU ¯¿x‡iYyB å~Y_wj MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
AwaKvsk (cÖvq kZKiv 75 fvM) Dw™¢‡` g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cÖwµqvq å~Y_wj MwVZ nq, ZvB GLv‡b å~Y_wj MV‡bi
g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cÖwµqv‡K cwj‡Mvbvg aib (Polygonum type) I ejv nq|
G‡¶‡Î wWcø‡qW (2n) ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl n‡Z gv‡qvwmm cÖwµqvq PviwU n¨vcø‡qW ¯¿x‡iYy MwVZ nq, hvi g‡a¨ Dc‡ii
wZbwU bó nq Ges wb‡PiwU mwµq _v‡K| mwµq ¯¿x‡iYy wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨
wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU wW¤^KiÜ«xq †giyi w`‡K Ges Ab¨wU wW¤^Kg~jxq †giyi w`‡K hvq|
Gici cÖwZwU †giy‡Z wbDwK¬qvm cici `yÕevi wefvwRZ n‡q cÖwZ †giy‡Z PviwU K‡i †gvU AvUwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó
K‡i| c‡i cÖwZ †giy †_‡K GKwU K‡i wbDwK¬qvm å~Y_wji gvSLv‡b P‡j Av‡m Ges ci¯úi wgwjZ nq, hv‡K
wdDkb wbDwK¬qvm ev †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm (Fusion nucleus or secondary nucleus) e‡j|
å~Y_wji wW¤^Ki‡Ü«i w`‡K Aew¯’Z wZbwU †Kv‡li Pviw`‡K †Kvl cÖvPxi MwVZ n‡j, G A‡j wZbwU †Kv‡li m„wó
nq| G †Kvl mgwó‡K Mf©hš¿ (Egg apparatus) e‡j| wZbwU †Kv‡li ga¨¯’‡j Aew¯’Z A‡c¶vK…Z eo †MvjvKvi
†KvlwU‡K wW¤^vYy (Egg, ovum or monospore) e‡j| wW¤^vYyi `yÕcv‡ki `ywU †Kvl‡K mnKvwi †Kvl ev wmbviwRW
(Synergid) ejv nq| å~Y_wji wW¤^Kg~‡ji w`‡K Aew¯’Z wZbwU wbDwK¬qvm †_‡KI wZbwU †Kvl MwVZ nq| G‡`i
cÖwZcv` †Kvl (Antipodal cell) e‡j|

wPÎ 12.1.4 : ¯¿x Rbb †Kvl m„wói wewfbœ avc

å~Y_wj Ges Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z wW¤^vYy, mvnvh¨Kvix wbDwK¬qvm, cÖwZcv` wbDwK¬qvm Ges †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm‡K
wgwjZfv‡e ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU ejv nq| ¯¿x‡iYyi g‡a¨B ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU MwVZ nq| ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBUI †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui
Dci wbf©ikxj|
wb‡lKwµqv (Fertilization) : AvKvi, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨gwÛZ GKwU cysM¨vwgU I ¯¿xM¨vwgU Gi ga¨Kvi
wgjb cÖwµqv‡K wb‡lKwµqv ejv nq| G‡K wb‡lK ev Mf©vavbI e‡j| mKj Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`, e¨³exRx Dw™¢`,
†Uwi‡WvdvBUm&, eªv‡qvdvBUm&, ˆkevj cÖf…wZ Dw™¢‡` wb‡lK wµqv N‡U| wb‡lK wµqvi d‡j wWcø‡qW (2n) RvB‡MvU
Drcbœ nq|
BDwbU 12 c„ôv-237
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
weÁvbx ÷ªvmevR©vi 1884 wLª÷v‡ã mcy®úK Dw™¢‡` wb‡lKwµqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| mgMÖ wb‡lK cÖwµqvwU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
av‡c fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (K) civM‡iYyi A¼z‡iv`Mg, (L) civM bvwjKvi Mf©vkqgyLx hvÎv, (M) civM bvwjKvi
å~Y_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek Ges (N) ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb|
(K) civM‡iYyi A¼z‡iv`Mg : civM‡iYy Mf©gy‡Û cwZZ
nevi ci †mLvb †_‡K Zij c`v_© †kvlY K‡i AvKv‡i
eo nq Ges A¼zwiZ nq| A_©vr civM‡iYyi cvZjv
Af¨šÍi cÖvPxi cÖmvwiZ n‡q iÜ«c‡_ bjvKv‡i †ei n‡q
Av‡m| GKm‡½ A‡bK¸‡jv civM bvwjKv Drcbœ n‡Z
cv‡i|
(L) civM bvwjKvi Mf©vkqgyLx hvÎv : GKwU
civM‡iYy‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv civM bvwjKv Drcbœ n‡jI
GKwUgvÎ civM bvwjKv µgk e„w× †c‡q Mf©gyÛ n‡Z
Mf©`‡Ûi †fZi w`‡q Mf©vkq ch©šÍ †cuŠQvq Ges c‡i
Mf©vk‡qi ¯Íi AwZµg K‡i wW¤^K ch©šÍ †cuŠQvq|
AwaKvsk Dw™¢‡` civMbvwjKv wW¤^KiÜ« c‡_ wW¤^‡K
cÖ‡ek K‡i, G‡K †cÖvM¨vwg (Progamy) e‡j| wKQy wKQy
Dw™¢‡` (†hgb- SvD, Casuarina sp.) civM bvwjKv
wW¤^Kg~j w`‡q wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i, G‡K K¨vjv‡RvM¨vgx
(Chalazogamy) e‡j| mvaviYZ GKwUgvÎ civM
bvwjKv wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i| A‡bK mgq civM bvwjKv
wW¤^‡Ki cvk¦©w`K w`‡q wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i, G‡K
wcøD‡ivM¨vwg (Pleurogamy) e‡j| wPÎ 12.1.5 : ¸ßexRx Dw™¢‡` wb‡lKwµqv
(M) civM bvwjKvi å~Y_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek : wW¤^‡K cÖ‡e‡ki ci civM bvwjKv µgk å~Y_wji Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q Ges †k‡l
å~Y_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| å~Y_wj‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci GwU mvnvh¨Kvix †Kv‡li Dci w`‡q wW¤^vYyi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q| G mgq
civMbvwjKvi AMÖfvM cÖmvwiZ n‡q †du‡U hvq Ges `ywU ïµvYy †Kvl Z_v cysM¨vwgU å~Y_wj‡Z wbw¶ß nq|
å~Y_wj‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki mgq mvaviYZ civM bvwjKvi Pv‡c GKwU mvnvh¨Kvix †Kvl aŸsm nq|
(N) ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb : civM bvwjKv n‡Z åƒY_wj‡Z wbw¶ß `ywU cysM¨vwg‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ
I GKxf‚Z nq, A_©vr wb‡lKwµqv N‡U| G‡K hyM¥wgjb ev wmbM¨vwg (Syngamy) e‡j| Aci cysM¨vwgUwU †m‡KÛvwi
wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ I GKxf‚Z nq, G‡K wÎwgjb ev wUªcj wdDkb (Triple fusion) e‡j|
wØwb‡lKwµqv (Double fertilization) : GKB mg‡q wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ GKwU cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb Ges †m‡KÛvwi
wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ Aci cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb cÖwµqv‡K wØwb‡lKwµqv (Double fertilization) e‡j|
G cÖwµqvq GKwU cysM¨vwgU wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq Ges GKwU cysM¨vwgU †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq,
d‡j wW¤^vYy wWcø‡qW (2n) RvB‡Mv‡U cwiYZ nq wKš‘ †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm wUªcø‡qW (3n) Ae¯’vcÖvß nq|
†m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ GKwU cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb‡K wÎwgjb ev wUªcj wdDkb (Triple fusion) e‡j, †Kbbv
GLv‡b `ywU †giy wbDwK¬qvm I GKwU cyswbDwK¬qv‡mi wgjb N‡U|
wb‡l‡Ki cwiYwZ : wb‡lK wµqvi ci A_©vr n¨vcø‡qW (n) wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ n¨vcø‡qW (n) ïµvYyi †hŠb wgj‡bi d‡j †h
wWcø‡qW (2n) †Kv‡li DrcwË nq, Zv‡K RvB‡MvU ev E‡¯úvi (2n) e‡j| wbwl³ wW¤^vYy Z_v RvB‡MvUB n‡jv
†¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl| RvB‡MvU Zvi Pvicv‡k GKwU †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z cÖvPxi m„wó K‡i Ges wKQy mgq myß
Ae¯’v AwZevwnZ K‡i| cÖRvwZ‡f‡` Ges cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i RvB‡Mv‡Ui mywßKvj wfbœZi nq| myß
Ae¯’v KuvUvi ci RvB‡Mv‡U gvB‡UvwUK †Kvl wefvRb ïiy nq| cÖ_g wefvRb AvovAvwofv‡e N‡U, d‡j GKwU
w؇Kvlx Avw`å~Y (Proembryo) MwVZ nq| Avw` å~YwU ch©vqµwgK wefvRb I weKv‡ki gva¨‡g GKwU cyY©v½ 僇Yi
m„wó nq|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-238
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Ab¨w`‡K †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi (2n, `ywU wbDwK¬qvm) mv‡_ GKwU ïµvYyi wgj‡b wUªcø‡qW (3n) mm¨ ev G‡Ûv¯úvg©
(Endosperm) wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq| G‡Ûv¯úvg© wbDwK¬qvm evi evi wefvRb NwU‡q I weKv‡ki gva¨‡g mm¨ wUmy¨ ev
G‡Ûv¯úvg© wUmy¨ (Endosperm tissue) MVb K‡i|
exR m„wó (Formation of seeds) : ¸ßexRx Dw™¢` I e¨³exRx Dw™¢‡` exR m„wó nq| wb‡lKwµqvi ci wW¤^K (Ovule)
wewfbœ ai‡bi wefvRb I cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ex‡R cwiYZ nq|
RvB‡MvU wefvRb I cwiùzU‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU å~Y MVb K‡i| GKwU 僇Y _v‡K exRcÎ, å~YKvÛ, å~Yg~j I mm¨ ev
G‡Ûv¯úvg©| å~Y cwiùzU‡bi
mgq å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨
(Nucellus) å~Y‡K cywó `vb
K‡i, d‡j AwaKvsk †¶‡Î
å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨ wbt‡kl n‡q
hvq| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
cwiå~Y (GKwU gvÎ AveiY)
wn‡m‡e å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨ Ae¯’vb
K‡i| Avevi A‡bK †¶‡Î mm¨
wUmy¨ ev G‡Ûv¯úvg©I wbt‡kl
n‡q hvq, †m †¶‡Î Amm¨j
ex‡Ri m„wó nq|
wW¤^‡Ki †fZ‡i G ai‡bi
cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wW¤^‡Ki
Z¡‡Ki cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q Ges
A‡c¶vK…Z KwVb I ﮋ n‡q
exRZ¡‡K cwiYZ nq| imv‡jv
wW¤^KwU ch©vqµ‡g cvwb nvwi‡q
ﮋ I KwVb ex‡R cwiYZ nq|
G ai‡bi cwieZ©bKv‡j A‡bK
†¶‡Î ex‡Ri GKwU Z…Zxq ¯Íi
m„wó nq, G‡K Gwij (Aril) e‡j| Gwij wjPz I Rqd‡j cvIqv hvq| kvcjv ex‡RI Gwij _v‡K|
wPÎ 12.1.6 : exR m„wó cÖwµqv
QK 12.1.1 : wb‡lKwµqvi ci Mf©vkq I wW¤^‡Ki wewfbœ cwieZ©b
wb‡lKwµqvi c~‡e© wb‡lKwµqvi c‡i
Mf©vkq dj
Mf©vkq Z¡K djZ¡K
wW¤^K exR
G·vBb †U÷v
B›UvBb †UM‡gb
å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨ wbt‡kl n‡q hvq
wW¤^vYy (wbwl³) å~Y
mm¨ gvZ…‡Kvl mm¨
mvnvh¨Kvix †Kvl bó n‡q hvq
cÖwZcv` †Kvl bó n‡q hvq
gvB‡µvcvBj gvB‡µvcvBj
nvBjvg nvBjvg
wW¤^Kbvox exRe„šÍ

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-239
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
K¨vjvRv ev wW¤^Kg~j bó n‡q hvq
QK 12.1.2 : wW¤^K n‡Z ex‡R cwieZ©b
wW¤^K exR
wW¤^K exR
wW¤^KZ¡K exRZ¡K
wW¤^vYy (wbwl³) å~Y
mm¨ wbDwK¬qvm mm¨
wW¤^KiÜ« exRiÜ«
wW¤^Kbvfx exRbvfx
wW¤^Kbvox exRe„šÍ
å~Y‡cvlK wUmy¨ wbt‡kl n‡q hvq
cÖwZcv` †Kvl bó n‡q hvq
mvnvh¨Kvix †Kvl bó n‡q hvq
wb‡l‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ ev Zvrch© : Rxe RM‡Z wb‡lKwµqv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ‰RweK cÖwµqv| wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯¿xM¨vwg‡Ui
mv‡_ cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb N‡U Ges Gi mv‡_ Zv‡`i †cÖv‡UvcøvRg I wbDwK¬qv‡mi ms‡hvM N‡U| Kv‡RB wb‡lKwµqvi
d‡j M¨vwg‡Ui n¨v‡cø‡qW (n) Ae¯’v RvB‡Mv‡Ui wWcø‡qW (2n) Ae¯’vcÖvß nq| wb‡l‡Ki ci dz‡ji Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡ii
wW¤^K¸‡jv ex‡R Ges Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ nq| exR Dw™¢‡`i eskaviv eRvq iv‡L| exR MwVZ bv n‡j mcy®úK
Dw™¢` c„w_ex †_‡K wbwðý n‡q †hZ| Dw™¢‡`i dj I ex‡Ri Dci wbf©i K‡i gvbeRvwZmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxK‚j †eu‡P
Av‡Q| Kv‡RB wb‡lKwµqv GKw`‡K †hgb Dw™¢`K‚‡ji Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †Zgwbfv‡e gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxK‚‡ji Rb¨
¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
A‡hŠb Rbb (Asexual reproduction) : `ywU M¨vwg‡Ui wgjb Qvov Ab¨ Dcv‡qI Rbb n‡Z cv‡i| cysM¨vwgU I ¯¿x
M¨vwg‡Ui wgjb Qvov Dw™¢‡` †h cÖRbb N‡U Zv‡K A‡hŠb Rbb e‡j| A‡hŠb Rbb wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
1| wØfvRb cÖwµqv : e¨vK‡Uwiqv I K‡qK cÖKvi GK‡Kvlx ˆkev‡ji †¶‡Î gvZ…‡KvlwU mivmwi wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU
AcZ¨ †Kv‡li m„wó K‡i| cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †Kvl e„w× †c‡q cyY©v½ †Kv‡l cwiYZ nq|
2| Kuzwo ev evW (Bud) Drcv`‡bi
gva¨‡g : GK‡Kvlx QÎv‡Ki gvZ…‡Kvl
n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK Kuzwo ev evW
Drcbœ nq| Kuzwo¸‡jv gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K
wew”Qbœ n‡q AcZ¨ †Kv‡l cwiYZ
nq|
3| LÛvq‡bi gva¨‡g : wKQy wKQy
m~ÎvKi ˆkevj †mªvZ ev AvNvZRwbZ
Kvi‡Y A‡bK¸‡jv L‡Û wef³ nq|
c‡i cÖwZwU LÛ wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g
AcZ¨ Dw™¢`‡`‡n cwiYZ nq|
D`vniY- Spirogyra, Oscillatoria
BZ¨vw` ˆkevj|
4| A‡hŠb †iYy ev †¯úvi m„wói
gva¨‡g : wb¤œ‡kªwYi Dw™¢‡` †¯úvi ev
†iYyi gva¨‡g A‡hŠb Rbb N‡U| (wPÎ 12.1.7 : K‡qKwU Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK A½R Rbb)

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-240
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
†hgb- ˆkevj, QÎvK, gm, dvY© BZ¨vw`| wKQy wKQy ˆkev‡j Pj‡iYy ev Ry‡¯úvi (Zoospore) m„wói gv¨a‡g gvZ…
Dw™¢‡`i Abyiƒc Dw™¢` m„wó nq| †hgb- Trentepohlia, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Chaetophora, Ulothrix
BZ¨vw`|
5| †`n A‡½i gva¨‡g : †`n A‡½i gva¨‡gI A‡hŠb Rbb N‡U| G ai‡bi A‡hŠb Rbb‡K A½R RbbI
(Vegetative reproduction) ejv nq| GUv Avevi `yÕfv‡e nq| h_v- (K) ¯^vfvweK A½R Rbb Ges (L) K…wÎg
Dcv‡q A½R Rbb|
(K) ¯^vfvweK A½R Rbb : wKQy wKQy
Dw™¢‡`i g~j †_‡K bZzb Dw™¢‡`i m„wó
nq| †hgb- wgwó Avjy, Wvwjqv,
KuvK‡ivj, cUj BZ¨vw`| KwZcq
Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ †_‡K bZzb Dw™¢‡`i m„wó
nq| †hgb- Av`v, njy`, mwU, Avjy,
IjKPz BZ¨vw`| wKQy Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi
wKbvivq cÎvkªqx gyKzj n‡Z bZzb
Dw™¢‡`i m„wó nq| h_v- cuv_iKzwP|
(L) K…wÎg A½R Rbb : GwU wewfbœ wPÎ 12.1.8 : K…wÎg A½R cÖRbb (Kjg Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ)
Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
1| kvLv Kjg Øviv- KwZcq Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ †_‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e bZzb Dw™¢` Rb¥vq bv wKš‘ Dw™¢‡`i kvLv †Ku‡U †fRv
gvwU‡Z †ivcb Ki‡j bZzb Dw™¢‡`i m„wó nq| †hgb- †Mvjvc, Puvcv, Rev BZ¨vw`|
2| ¸wU Kj‡gi gva¨‡g- A‡bK Dw™¢‡`i kvLvi Pvicv‡ki evKj Qvwo‡q wb‡q Zvi Pviw`‡K mvi I †Mvei gvwUi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q Zvi Dc‡i Lo ev P‡Ui e¯Ív †eu‡a ivL‡j, D³ ¯’v‡b wkKo MRvq ZLb wkKomn kvLvwU gvZ… Dw™¢`
†_‡K Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨Î †ivcb Kiv nq| †hgb- †Mvjvc, Avg, †jey, wjPz BZ¨vw`|
3| `vev Kj‡gi Øviv- G‡¶‡Î Mv‡Qi GKwU kvLv‡K gvwUi mv‡_ Ave× K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K w`b D³ ¯’v‡b cvwb †`qv nq|
K‡qK w`‡bi g‡a¨ gvwU‡Z Ave× kvLvi ce© †_‡K g~j MRvq| c‡i g~jmn kvLvwU‡K †K‡U Ab¨Î †ivcb Kiv nq|
†hgb- P›`ªgwjøKv, cyw`bv, †jey BZ¨vw`|
AcysRwb (Parthenogenesis)- mvaviYZ `ywU wecixZag©x M¨vwg‡Ui (cysM¨vwgU I ¯¿xM¨vwgU) †hŠb wgj‡bi gva¨‡g
†hŠb Rbb N‡U| †Kvb †Kvb Dw™¢‡` A‡bK mgq †hŠb wgjb bv NU‡jI GKwU M¨vwgU bZzb Dw™¢‡`i m„wó K‡i|
†hgb- Spirogyra| wb‡lK Qvov GKwU M¨vwgU n‡Z å~Y m„wó Z_v bZzb Dw™¢` m„wó cÖwµqv‡K AcysRwb ev
cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm e‡j| cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v n¨vcø‡qW Ges wWcø‡qW |
n¨vcø‡qW AcysRwb- n¨vcø‡qW (n) Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy ev ïµvYy n‡Z å~Y m„wó n‡j Zv‡K n¨vcø‡qW AcysRwb e‡j| †hgb-
n¨vcø‡qW ïµvYy n‡Z å~Y m„wó nq| D`vniY- ZvgvK (Nicotiana sp.)| Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy n‡Z å~Y m„wó nq| D`vniY-
Solanum nigrum, Orchis maculata|
wWcø‡qW AcysRwb - wWcø‡qW (2n) å~Y‡cvlK Kjv (Nucellus) n‡Z mivmwi å~Y m„wó n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wWcø‡qW
M¨vwg‡UvdvBU m„wói gva¨‡gI (ÎywUc~Y© gv‡qvwm‡mi Rb¨ wWcø‡qW Ae¯’v †_‡K hvq) å~Y m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
Parthenium argentatum, Taraxacum albidum BZ¨vw`|

AmsRwb (Apogamy) : wW¤^vYy Qvov å~Y_wji Ab¨ †Kvb †Kvl (gv‡qvwmm bv nIqvq wWcø‡qW _v‡K) †_‡K å~Y m„wói
gva¨‡g mwµq exR m„wó n‡j Zv‡K AmsRwb ev A¨v‡cvM¨vwg e‡j| †hgb- kZKiv 10 fvM dvY© Dw™¢‡` A¨v‡cvM¨vwg
nq| G‡¶‡Î wWcø‡qW M¨vwg‡UvdvBU ˆZwi Ges Zv †_‡K mivmwi †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Dw™¢` m„wó nq|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-241
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

A‡iYyRwb (Apospory) : †Kvb †`n †Kvl (Somatic cell) n‡Z mivmwi M¨vwg‡UvdvB‡Ui m„wó n‡j Zv‡K A‡iYyRwb ev
A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi e‡j| Mf©vk‡qi (Ovule) †h †Kv‡bv †Kvl n‡Z wWcø‡qW M¨vwg‡UvdvBU ˆZwi n‡q †mLvb †_‡K mivmwi
Kvh©¶g å~Ymn exR m„wó nq| †hgb- †Uwim (Pteris)|

A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© (Agamospermy) : wb‡lK Qvov Kvh©¶g exR Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© e‡j| Bnv GK
ai‡bi A‡hŠb Rbb cÖwµqv| A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg© cÖwµqv mgvß Ki‡Z civMvqb cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv‡K wmD‡WvM¨vwg
(Pseudogamy) e‡j| G‡¶‡Î mm¨ m„wói Rb¨ civMvqb cÖ‡qvRb nq| cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm, A¨v‡cv‡¯úvwi,
A¨v‡cvM¨vwg meB A¨vMv‡gv¯úvwg©i AvIZvaxb| †hgb- Rubus fruticosus, Rananculus auricomus cÖf…wZ Dw™¢‡`
wmD‡WvM¨vwg N‡U|

Rbyµg (Alternation of generation) : †Kvb Rx‡ei Rxeb P‡µ n¨vcø‡qW ev †hŠb Rby (M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK ch©vq, n)
Ges wWcø‡qW ev A‡hŠb Rby (†¯úv‡ivdvBwUK ch©vq, 2n) ch©vqµ‡g Avwef©~Z n‡j, Zv‡K Rbyµg ejv nq| GLv‡b
n¨vcø‡qW Ges wWcø‡qW Dw™¢` ¯^vaxb A_©vr G‡Ki ci Ab¨ ch©vq wbf©ikxj n‡jI Zviv cÖRbb QvovI ¯^vaxbfv‡e
Pj‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b ¸ßexRx Dw™¢‡`i (Angiosperm) Rbyµg †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
G‡¶‡Î (Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`) M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK ch©vq AZ¨šÍ msw¶ß Ges †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK ch©vq `xN©| M¨vwg‡UvdvBU
AZ¨šÍ ¶z`ª Ges †Kvb Avjv`v Dw™¢` bq eis †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui Dci wbf©ikxj|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-242
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

wPÎ 12.1.9 : Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i RxebP‡µ Rbyµg

wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm N‡U Ggb wZbwU D`vniY wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
gvZ… Rxe †_‡K bZzb Rxe m„wói cÖwµqv‡K cÖRbb ejv nq| cÖwZwU Rx‡eiB Zvi wb‡Ri Abyiƒc eskai m„wói
cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v i‡q‡Q| Dw™¢` wewfbœ Dcv‡q cÖRbb m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e Dw™¢‡` cÖRbb cÖavbZ `yÕcÖKvi|
h_v- †hŠb cÖRbb Ges A‡hŠb cÖRbb| `ywU wfbœ cÖK…wZi h_v- cys I ¯¿xM¨vwgU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †h
cÖRbb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K †hŠb cÖRbb ejv nq| AvKvi, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨gwÛZ GKwU cysM¨vwgU I
¯¿xM¨vwgU Gi ga¨Kvi wgjb cÖwµqv‡K wb‡lKwµqv (Fertilization) ejv nq| G‡K wb‡lK ev Mf©vavbI e‡j|
weÁvbx ÷ªvmevR©vi 1884 wLª÷v‡ã mcy®úK Dw™¢‡` wb‡lKwµqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| mgMÖ wb‡lKwµqv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-243
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
av‡c fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- civM‡iYyi A¼z‡iv`Mg, civMbvwjKvi Mf©vkqgyLx hvÎv, civMbvwjKvi å~Y_wj‡Z
cÖ‡ek Ges ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb| `ywU M¨vwg‡Ui wgjb Qvov Ab¨ Dcv‡qI Rbb n‡Z cv‡i| cysM¨vwgU I
¯¿xM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb Qvov Dw™¢‡` †h cÖRbb N‡U G‡K A‡hŠb Rbb e‡j| A‡hŠb Rbb wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
1| wØfvRb cÖwµqv, 2| Kuzwo ev evW (Bud) Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g, 3| LÛvq‡bi gva¨‡g, 4| A‡hŠb †iYy ev †¯úvi
m„wói gva¨‡g Ges 5| †`n A‡½i gva¨‡g|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Dw™¢‡`i cÖRbb KZ ai‡bi nq ?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5
2| †hŠb Rbb-
i. Rx‡ei eskwe¯Ív‡i mnvqZv K‡i ii. Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK ‰ewkó¨ AcwiewZ©Z iv‡L
iii. Rx‡ei Awfe¨w³‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii
3| g~‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Rbb nq-
i. cUj ii. g~jv iii. KuvK‡ivj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b-
wiZv iv¯Ív w`‡q hvevi mgq iv¯Ívi cv‡k GKwU evMv‡b †jey MvQ, Kzj MvQ Ges †Mvjv‡ci Pviv †`L‡jb|
4| wiZvi †`Lv Z…Zxq MvQwU †_‡K bZzb MvQ ˆZwii mnR c×wZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU ?
(K) kvLv Kjg (L) †PvL Kjg (M) `vev Kjg (N) ¸wU Kjg
5| wiZvi †`Lv Z…Zxq MvQwUi msL¨ve„w×i Rb¨-
i. kvLv Kjg Ki‡Z n‡e ii. Dw™¢` Kv‡Ûi 4-5 ce©wewkó kvLv KvU‡Z n‡e
iii. ni‡gvb `ªe‡Y Wzev‡Z n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

cvV-12.2 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖRbb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Zyjbv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †hŠb Ges A‡hŠb cÖRbb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†hŠb Ges A‡hŠb cÖRbb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv GKwU gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
Zzjbvi welq †hŠb cÖRbb A‡hŠb cÖRbb

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-244
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
†Kvb †kÖYxi Rx‡e N‡U D”P‡kÖwYi Rx‡e N‡U wb¤œ‡kÖwYi Rx‡e N‡U
M¨vwgU cyys I ¯¿x M¨vwgU Drcbœ nq †Kvb cÖKvi M¨vwgU Drcbœ nq bv
Drcbœ Rx‡ei ˆewPΨZv Rx‡ei ˆewPΨZv †`Lv hvq Rx‡ei ˆewPΨZv †`Lv hvq bv
Drcbœ Rx‡ei msL¨v ¯^í A‡bK
mnbkxjZv AcZ¨ Rxe †ewk mnbkxjm¤úbœ nq Drcbœ Rxe Kg mnbkxjm¤úbœ nq
†hfv‡e m¤úbœ nq cys I ¯¿x M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡bi gva¨‡g N‡U †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g N‡U
wb‡lK wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq wb‡lK QvovB m¤úbœ nq
†Kv‡li Ask MÖnY G‡¶‡Î Dw™¢‡`i `yÕai‡bi Rbb †KvlB Ask G‡¶‡Î Dw™¢` †`‡ni Askwe‡kl Ask
†bq MÖnY K‡i

wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K Rx‡ei †hŠb I A‡hŠb cÖRbb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ wZbwU cv_©K¨ wjLyb
†hŠb cÖRbb
A‡hŠb cÖRbb

mvims‡¶c
Dw™¢‡`i †hŠb I A‡hŠb Rb‡bi cv_©‡K¨i welq¸‡jv n‡jv- †Kvb †kÖYxi Rx‡e N‡U, M¨vwgU, Drcbœ Rx‡ei ˆewPΨZv,
Drcbœ Rx‡ei msL¨v, mnbkxjZv, †hfv‡e m¤úbœ nq, wb‡lK Ges †Kv‡li Ask MÖnY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| wb‡lK wµqvi gva¨‡g msNwUZ cÖRbb‡K e‡j ?
(K) †hŠb (L) A‡hŠb (M) cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm (N) A¨v‡cvM¨vwg
2| Dw™¢‡`i †hŠb I A‡hŠb Rb‡bi cv_©‡K¨i welq¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. †Kvb †kÖwYi Rx‡e N‡U ii. mnbkxjZv iii. wb‡lK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

cvV-12.3 K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi aviYv

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 K…wÎg cÖRbb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã msKi, msKivqb, f¨vivBwU

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-245
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
K…wÎg cÖRbb : Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q Dw™¢` †_‡K Avgiv hv †cZvg Zv‡ZB Avgv‡`i
cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡Zv| †m Ae¯’v Avi †bB| gvbyl GLb †Póv Ki‡Q weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Ávb Kv‡R jvwM‡q
Dw™¢‡`i DbœwZ Ki‡Z hv‡Z Drcv`‡bi mgq Kg nq, Drcv`b e„w× cvq, ¶iv, ˆkZ¨, eb¨v, jeYv³Zv, †ivMe¨vwa,
KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`¨vb Dw™¢‡`i dz‡ji †mŠ›`h©¨ e„w× cvq BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ dmj †_‡K
AviI DbœZ ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ bZzb cÖKiY D™¢veb cÖwµqv‡K mvaviYfv‡e weªwWs ejv nq| `ywU ˆemv`„k¨m¤úbœ wbe©vwPZ
Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ †hLv‡b cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q civMvqb I cÖRbb NUv‡bv m¤¢e †mLv‡b wbqwš¿Z Dcv‡q civMvqb NwU‡q
Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b mvab K‡i DbœZ RvZ ev cÖKiY m„wó Kiv‡K Dw™¢‡`i K…wÎg cÖRbb e‡j| G cÖwµqvq m„ó
Dw™¢`‡K msKi (Hybrid) Dw™¢` e‡j| DbœZ bZzb dmj m„wó cÖwµqv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msKivqb Ab¨Zg| cÖK…wZ‡Z
cÖvK…wZKfv‡eI wKQz wKQz msKivqb N‡U| Z‡e mvaviYZ K…wÎgfv‡e msKivqb NUv‡bv nq| msKivqb n‡jv Dw™¢`
mycÖRb‡bi Ggb GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK wRbMZ ˆewk‡ó¨ wfbœ `yÕ ev Z‡ZvwaK Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ µm
Kwi‡q bZzb f¨vivBwU (RvZ) D™¢veb Kiv nq|
K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi c×wZ : Dw™¢`weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLvi bvg Dw™¢` cÖRbbwe`¨v| †h mKj c×wZi gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡`i
bZyb cÖKiY D™¢veb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv- Dw™¢` cÖeZ©b, wbe©vPb, msi¶Y, wgD‡Ukb, cwjcøqwW Ges msKivqb|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi c×wZ¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
`ywU ˆemv`„k¨m¤úbœ wbe©vwPZ Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ †hLv‡b cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q civMvqb I cÖRbb NUv‡bv m¤¢e †mLv‡b
wbqwš¿Z Dcv‡q civMvqb NwU‡q Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b mvab K‡i DbœZ RvZ ev cÖKiY m„wó Kiv‡K Dw™¢‡`i
K…wÎg cÖRbb e‡j| G cÖwµqvq m„ó Dw™¢`‡K msKi (Hybrid) Dw™¢` e‡j| †h mKj c×wZi gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡`i
bZyb cÖKiY D™¢veb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv- Dw™¢` cÖeZ©b, wbe©vPb, msi¶Y, wgD‡Ukb, cwjcøqwW Ges
msKivqb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| K…wÎg cÖRbb cÖwµqvq m„ó Dw™¢`‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) msKi (L) wgD‡U›U (M ) DbœZ RvZ (N) AbybœZ RvZ
2| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. Dw™¢` cÖeZ©b ii. msKivqb iii. wgD‡Ukb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

cvV-12.4 Dw™¢‡`i msKivqb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 K…wÎg msKivqb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K…wÎg msKivqb m„wói avc¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã cÖRbK, BgvmKz‡jkb, e¨vwMs, µwms

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-246
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
K…wÎg msKivqb : `ywU wfbœ wR‡bvUvBc wewkó Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖRbb NwU‡q byZb cÖKiY m„wó
Kivi cÖwµqv‡K K…wÎg cÖRbb ev K…wÎg msKivqb e‡j| K…wÎg msKivq‡bi avc¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv-
(K) cÖRbK (Parent) wbe©vPb : G ch©v‡q Kvw•¶Z ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix my¯’, mej I †ivMgy³ Dw™¢`¸‡jv‡K wcZv-
gvZv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
(L) cÖRb‡Ki K…wÎg ¯^civMvqb : †nv‡gvRvBMvm (Homogygous) Kivi Rb¨ ci civMx Dw™¢`¸‡jv‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q
¯^civMvqb Kiv nq|
(M) BgvmKz‡jkb : Dfwj½ dz‡jB BgvmKz‡jkb Ki‡Z nq| Gi D‡Ïk¨ ¯^civMvqb †iva Kiv| GKwj½ dzj wKsev
cicivMx dz‡ji BgvmKz‡jk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G cÖwµqv‡Z gvZv Dw™¢‡`i dzj †_‡K cys‡Kki¸‡jv‡K civMavbx
cwic° nevi Av‡MB wPgUv ev †QvU KuvwPi mvnv‡h¨ mwi‡q †dj‡Z nq| Gi d‡j Dfqwj½ dzjwU ¯¿x dz‡j cwiYZ
nq|
(N) e¨vwMs : cwjw_b e¨v‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ cÖRb‡b e¨eüZ BgvmKz‡jkbK…Z ¯¿x gvZv Dw™¢‡`i dzj‡K †X‡K ivL‡Z nq
hv‡Z Ab¨ dz‡ji civM‡iYy gvZv dz‡j Avm‡Z bv cv‡i|

wPÎ 12.4 : µwms Gi wewfbœ ch©vq (K-N) BgvmKz‡jkb

(O) µwms ev K…wÎg civMvqb : G cÖwµqv‡Z wcZv Dw™¢‡`i dz‡ji cwic° civMavbx †_‡K civM †iYy¸‡jv‡K m~²
Zzwji mvnv‡h¨ gvZv Dw™¢‡`i (BgvmKz‡jkbK…Z ¯¿x) dz‡ji Mf©gy‡Ûi Dci ¯’vcb Kiv nq| civMvq‡bi ci gvZv
Dw™¢`‡K Avevi e¨vwMs Kiv nq|
(P) †j‡ewjs : civMvq‡bi ci GKwU †QvU Kv‡W© wdì †iKW© b¤^i, BgvmKz‡jk‡bi ZvwiL, µwms Gi ZvwiL, gvZv
I wcZv Dw™¢‡`i cwiwPwZ wj‡L gvZv Dw™¢‡`i Mv‡q Sywj‡q †`qv nq|
(Q) exR msMÖn : dj †c‡K †M‡j exR msMÖn K‡i ïwK‡q †j‡ewjs K‡i e¨v‡M f‡i ivLv nq|
(R) exR ecb I F1 Dw™¢‡`i D™¢e : cieZ©x eQi K…wÎg µ‡mi d‡j m„ó exR¸‡jv ecb Kiv nq Ges F1 eskai m„wó
nq| F1 eskai¸‡jv n‡jv wbe©vwPZ cÖRb‡Ki (Parent) nvBweªW| c‡i F2, F3, .................., F6 ch©šÍ eskai m„wó
K‡i DbœZ ˆewkó¨gwÛZ bZzb cÖKiY m„wó Kiv nq|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-247
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(S) F1 eska‡ii e¨envi Ges bZzb cÖKiY m„wó : F1 eska‡ii `ywU Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ µm Kwi‡q †h mKj Dw™¢‡`i m„wó
nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv F2 eskai| GKB c×wZ‡Z K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i Gfv‡e msKivqb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKwU bZzb cÖKi‡Yi
Rb¥ nq|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi avc¸‡jv wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
`ywU wfbœ wR‡bvUvBcwewkó Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖRbb NwU‡q byZb cÖKiY m„wó Kivi cÖwµqv‡K K…wÎg
cÖRbb ev K…wÎg msKivqb e‡j| K…wÎg msKivq‡bi avc¸‡jv n‡jv- (K) c¨v‡i›U wbe©vPb, (L) c¨v‡i‡›Ui K…wÎg
¯^civMvqb, (M) BgvmKz‡jkb, (N) e¨vwMs, (O) µwms ev K…wÎg civMvqb, (P) †j‡ewjs, (Q) exR msMÖn, (R)
exR ecb I F1 Dw™¢‡`i D™¢e, (S) F1 eska‡ii e¨envi Ges bZzb cÖKiY m„wó|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| K…wÎg cÖRb‡b e¨eüZ Dw™¢‡`i wR‡bvUvBc Kx ai‡bi ?
(K) eû ‰ewkó¨m¤úbœ (L) `ywU ˆewk‡ó¨ wgjm¤úbœ
(M) wfbœ ‰ewkó¨m¤úb œ (N) GKB ‰ewkó¨m¤úbœ
2| K…wÎg msKivq‡bi avc¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. c¨v‡i›U wbe©vPb ii. BgvmKz‡jkb iii. †j‡ewjs
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

cvV-12.5 K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi ¸iyZ¡

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-248
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

cÖavb kã
BRRI, IRRI

K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ : K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| Gi gva¨‡g m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ DbœZ djbkxj dmj| DbœZ djbkxj cÖKiY¸‡jvi AwaKvskB †ivM I ¶iv
cÖwZ‡iva¶g| cÖwZ eQi c„w_ex‡Z DbœZ djbkxj cÖKiY¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y j¶ j¶ Ub djb †e‡o hvq| wb‡¤œ K…wÎg
cÖRb‡bi ¸iyZ¡ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g D”P djbkxj Dw™¢` (avb, cvU, Mg, AvL cÖf…wZ) m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
avb M‡elYv †K‡›`ª (BRRI) D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q D”P djbkxj avb| †hgb- gy³v (BR11), ingZ (BR24),
bqvcvBRg (BR25), MvRx (BR14), †gvwnbx (BR15) BZ¨vw`| GQvovI AvšÍR©vwZK avb M‡elYv †K‡›`ª (IRRI)
Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi avb M‡elYv †K‡›`ª D”P djbkxj A‡bK avb D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb- IR5, IR8
BZ¨vw`|
2| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g †ivM cÖwZ‡iva¶g Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| D™¢vweZ Dw™¢`¸‡jv fvBivm,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK wKsev KxUcZ½ Øviv mn‡R AvµvšÍ nq bv|
3| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g eb¨v I ¶iv cÖwZ‡iva¶g RvZ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi wewfbœ †`k eb¨v
I Livq cÖwZ eQi A‡bK Dw™¢` I dmj aŸsm n‡”Q| G‡Z A_©‰bwZK ¶wZ n‡”Q e¨vcKfv‡e| eb¨v I Liv
cÖwZ‡iva¶g RvZ m„wói gva¨‡g Gme ¶wZ †_‡K gy³ nIqv m¤¢e|
4| G cÖwµqvq gvby‡li Pvwn`vg‡Zv DbœZ Rv‡Zi djb m¤úbœ †hgb eo AvKvi, myMwÜ, AvKl©Yxq e‡Y©i Ges
iÜb¸Ym¤úbœ BZ¨vw` Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
5| K…wÎg cÖRbb NwU‡q †mŠ›`h©¨wcÖq dzj m„wó K‡i gvby‡li †mŠ›`q© wccvmy gb‡K c~Y© Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
6| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g AwaK Awf‡hvRb ¶gZvm¤úbœ Dw™¢` m„wó K‡i †h †Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡kB Rb¥v‡bv m¤¢e
n‡”Q|
7| gv‡V A‡bK mgq A‡bK dmj GKB mg‡q cwicK¡ nq bv d‡j dmj msMÖn Kiv LyeB Amyweav nq| K…wÎg
cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g GKB mgq cwicK¡Zvm¤úbœ Dw™¢` m„wó m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
8| cwjcøqwWi gva¨‡g exRnxb Kjv, Av½yi, Av‡cj I ZigyR Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g|
Gfv‡e eZ©gv‡b A‡bK DbœZ djbkxj kvK mwâ, exR I dj msKivq‡bi gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K DbœZ cÖK…wZi cuvPwU av‡bi Rv‡Zi bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| Gi gva¨‡g m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ DbœZ djbkxj dmj| DbœZ
djbkxj cÖKiY¸‡jvi AwaKvskB †ivM I ¶iv cÖwZ‡iva¶g| cÖwZ eQi c„w_ex‡Z DbœZ djbkxj cÖKiY¸‡jvi
Kvi‡Y j¶ j¶ Ub djb †e‡o hvq|

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-249
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| AvšÍR©vwZK avb M‡elYv †K‡›`ª D™¢vweZ av‡bi RvZ †KvbwU ?
(K) IR5 (L) BR15 (M) BR24 (N) BR25
2| wewi (BRRI) D™¢vweZ RvZ¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. gy³v ii. bqv cvBRvg iii. MvRx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1
wcw`g evwi‡Z (BARI) †eov‡Z wM‡q K‡qK cÖKvi DbœZ RvZm¤úbœ av‡bi K_v ïb‡jb Ges exR¸‡jv msMÖn
Ki‡jb| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b DbœZRv‡Zi av‡bi cvkvcvwk A‡bK Dw™¢‡`i DbœZRvZ Drcbœ Kivi †Póv Pj‡Q|
(K) A¨v‡cvM¨vwg Kx ?
(L) wewi (BRRI) D™¢vweZ av‡bi K‡qKwU RvZ D‡jøL Kiyb|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ DbœZ RvZm¤úbœ av‡bi RvZ ˆZwii c×wZ¸‡jv cÖevn wP‡Î †`Lvb|
(N) †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwUi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ D‡jøL Kiyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 12.1 : 1| K 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 12.2 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 12.3 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 12.4 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 12.5 : 1| K 2| N

BDwbU 12 c„ôv-250