RAJMATA VIJAYARAJE SCINDIA KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE GWALIOR (MP)

ASSIGNMENT -ON

Topic:- I.)Weed control physical, chemical, biological.

II.) weed control through bio-herbicides, myco-
herbicides, and allelochemicals.
Subject :- Dry land farming and watershed management.
DEPARTMENT:- Agronomy

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Associate professor Mr. Narendra Jamra
Dr. S. S. bhadauria class- M.Sc.(Ag.) 1st year II
sem
Enrollment no. 20111107
 ASSIGNMENT-1
 Weed control Of Physical

1.Hand weeding
 It is done by physical removal or pulling out of weeds
by hand or removal by implements called khurpi
which resembles sickle.
  It is probably the oldest method of controlling weeds
and it is still a practical and efficient method of
eliminating weeds in cropped and non-cropped
lands.

2.Hand hoeing
 The entire surface soil is dug to a shallow depth with
the help of hand hoes, weeds are uprooted and
removed.
 This method is adopted in irrigated upland crops like
finger millet, pearl millet, onion etc.
3.Digging
 Digging is very useful in the case of perennial weeds
to remove the underground propagating parts of
weeds from the deeper layer of the soil.
 Cynodon dactylon can be effectively controlled by
this method.
3.Burning
 Burning or fire is often an economical and practical
means of controlling weeds. It is used to
(a) dispose of vegetation
(b) destroy dry tops of weeds that have matured
(c) kill green
weed growth in situations where cultivations and other
common methods are impracticable.

4.Sickling
 Sickling is also done by hand with the help of sickle
to remove the top growth of weeds to prevent seed
production and to starve the underground parts.
 It is popular in sloppy areas where only the tall weed
growth is sickled leaving the root system to hold the
soil in place to prevent soil erosion.
5.Cutting
 Weeds are cut above the ground surface leaving
stubble.
 It is most common practice against brush and trees.
 Cutting is done with the help of axes and saws.

6.Mulches
  Mulches when applied on soil surface, do not allow
weeds to germinate or to grow as light does not
reach the soil.

 CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL

Chemicals that are used to kill plants or weeds are called
herbicides.
 Soil application

1. soil surface application:

Herbicides are usually applied to soil surface to form a
uniform herbicide layer. The applied herbicides, due to
their low solubility may penetrate only few centimetres
into the soil.
Eg. Triazines, ureas and anilide
2. Soil incorporation:
Some herbicides are applied to soil surface and
incorporated into the soil either by tillage or irrigation for
their effectiveness.
eg. aniline and carbamate

 Foliar application
1.Blanket application
Application of herbicide over the entire leaf area.
Selective herbicides are applied by this method

2.selective herbicides
Kill the weed without harming the desired plant.
Eg. – 2,4-D propanil

3.Non selective herbicides

Kill all vegetation for total control.
Eg. – Roundup, Diquat, paraquat.

 BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF WEED CONTROL

1. Bioagent like insects, pathogen etc., and other
animals are used to control weeds.
2. Insect and pathogens infest weeds and they either
reduce growth or kill weeds.
3. Biological control method can reduce weeds but it is
not possible to eradicate weeds.
Examples of Biological Weed Control
Bioagent Weeds
Insect
Two beetles: Octotoma
Lantana camara
scabripennis and Uroplata giraldi
Scale insect Prickly-pear weed -
Dactylopius tomentosus. Opuntia
Alligator weed –
Flea beetle
Alternanthera
Agasicles hygrophyla
philoxeroides
Fish
Common carp (Cyprimus carpio)
Aquatic weeds
Chinese carp
Mammals Manetee or sea-cow Water hyacinth
Fungi Rhizoctinia blight. Hyacinth
Mites
Tetranychus sp Prickly pear
Effectively reduces the
Plants Cowpea as intercrop in
growth of weeds in
sorghum
sorghum
 Assignment-02
Q. 01. A mico-herbicide
a). Bt
b). Collago
c). NPV
d). Zygogramma

Q. 02. A non-selective contact herbicide

a). Glyphosate
b). Paraquat
c). 2,4-D
d). None

Q .03. A ‘Natural amongst the following

a). Devine
b). Glyphosate
c). Potassium chloride
d). 2,4-D

Q.04. The herbicidal activity of 2,4-D at the first time was

reported by
a). Hammer and Tukey (1944)
b). Zimmernam and Hitchcock (1942)
c). Nutman and Blackman (1945)
d). None

Q. 05.a latest herbicide family

a). Triazines
b). Dinitroanilines
c). Sulfonyl ureas
d). Growth regulators

Q.06. A soil applied herbicide

a). Glyphosate
b). Paraquat
c). 2,4-DB
d). Fluchloralin

Q.07.Which herbicide is used in aquatic

weed control.
a). Acrolein
b). Delapon
c). Diuron
d). Picloram

Q. 08.First mycoherbicide developed by Ab-

bott Laboratories, USA was.
a).Biosedge
b). Devine
c). Collego
d). Biomal
Q.09.VELGO is a bioherbicide used against
a). Echinochloa
b). Parthenium
c). Cenchrus
d). Abutilon

Q.10. 2,4-D is injurious to

a). Cotton
b). Mustard
c). Chickpea
d). All

 Local Name of weed - West Indian Lantana

 Scientific Name - Lantana camara
 Family - Verbanaceae
 Special Character –
1. General Habit:- Scrambling, woody shrub, up to 4m
high.
2. Underground System:- Taproot.
3. Stem:- Four-angled, covered with short stiff hairs
and recurved prickles.
4. Leaf:-The leaves are simple, opposite, decussate
carried by a petiole, 1.5 to 2 cm long. The blade is
leathery, oval to broadly oval shaped.
5. Inflorescence:- Flowers are in large umbel round
shape, 2 to 6 cm in diameter.
6. Flower:- The first flower is often white, turning
yellow, orange or pink with age.
7. Fruit:- Small, fleshy, purplish black berries.
8. Seed:- Seeds subspherical, about 3 mm in diameter.

 Life cycle
 Flowering and germination occurs all year round but
peaks after summer rains.
 Several thousand seeds can be produced per square
metre and these can remain viable for several years.
 have the ability to set seed and can spread
vegetatively.
  They also produce some viable pollen and have the
potential to cross-pollinate with wild forms.
 potentially extend the climatic tolerances and range
of the weed’s spread.

 Uses / harmful effects

 Children have been poisoned by eating the barries.

 Due to pink nose disease.

 used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a

variety of ailments, including cancer, skin itches,
leprosy, chicken pox, measles, asthma.

Local Name of weed:- Congress grass

 Botanical Name:- parthenium hysterophorus
 Family:- Asteraacae
 Special character:-
1. Weed which grows up to 1.5 m height
2. Taproot system
3. The stem main supporting axis of a plant.
4. A loose terminal panicle inflorescence.
5. Fruit Is an achene, black obovoid.
  Life cycle – Its biological char- acteristics such as
short-life cycle (4 to 6 weeks)

Uses/harmful effects
1.Parthenium hysterophorus used in many medicinal
treatments of skin inflammation, rheumatic pain etc.
2. cause of allergic respiratory problems, asthma.
Local Name of Weed:- Bathua weed
 Botanical name :- chenopodium album
 Family:- Amaranthacae
 Special Character :-

1. Bathua is important broad leaves weed which are

interfering wheat crop
2. Lambs quarter is an annual weed with erect,
smooth, ridged and branched stem.
 3. Inflorescence is a dense cluster of green flowers
and each plant produces about 30 to 40 thousand
seeds.
4. Its leaves are used as green vegetable. The stem has
pink or purple colour strips and has a strong tap
root system.
5. Leaves are stalked, wedge shaped, silvery green in
colour and lower side mealy in appearance.

Uses/Harmful effects

1. Improve Haemoglobin Level

2. Protects liver
3. Keeps Digestive System Healthy
4. This plant also has anti-fertility outcomes.

5. eating bathua in a large amount may lead

to diarrhea.
Local name :- Motha
 Botanical name :- Cyperus rotundus
 Family :- Cyperaceae
 Special character :-
 1. Habit: It is a perennial sedge weed.
2. Growing season: Rabi and kharif.
3. Associated crops: Aus rice, jute and rabi crops.
4. Propagating organ: Seed, rhizome, rootstock and
tuber.
5. Leaf: Simple, paralleled venation, upper side
grooved and dense green.
6. Stem: Its stem is called pseudostem. Stem triangular,
erect, and branchless. Modified to rhizome.
7. Inflorescence: Simple or compound and umble
shape.
8. Root: Fibrous, modified rhizome and tuber inter
connected with each other.

Life cycle
 Under good conditions plants may flower when they
are 3-6 weeks old.
 It is a parennial weed.

Uses/ harmful effects

1. It used for fever and obesity ayurveda.
2. Treatment for cervical cancer.
3. Due to heart damage.
4. Lungs problem.

Local name of weed :- Doob grass.

 Scientific name :- cynadon dactylon
 Family :- poaceae
 Special character :-
 1. Habit: Perennial grass, herb, climbing and
creeping. Rhizomes and stolons grow deeply in the
soil.
2. Growing season: Mainly kharif but they are found
all over the year. Seeds can germinate throughout
3. Associated crops: Aus rice, jute, sugarcane, maize
etc.
4. Propagating organ: Propagates mainly by stolons
and rhizomes; produces few seeds; seeds can
5. Leaf: Linear, grey-green, narrow.
6. Stem: Long, smooth, and cylindrical.
7. Inflorescence: Finger like spread.
8. Root: Shallow, fibrous root system.

Use of Doob grass

1. Use for cattle feed.
2. Use for religious program.
3. Control of sugar.
4. Immunity Booster.
 Bioherbicide

Definition:- Bio herbicides may be compounds derived

from microbes such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa; or
phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds
derived from other plant species.
A bio herbicide based on a fungus is called a
mycoherbicide.

Commercially Available Herbicides

Commercial bio herbicides first appeared in the
market in USA in early 1980s with the release of the
products
1. Devine
2. Collego
3. Biomal

1.Devine
 A Developed by Abbott Laboratories, USA, the first
mycoherbicide derived from fungi (Phytophthora
palmivora ) is a facultative parasite that produces
lethal root and collar rot of its host plant Morrenia
odorata (stangler wine) and persists in soil
saprophytically for extended periods of residual control.
 It was the first product to be fully registered as a
mycoherbicide.

2.Collego
is a formulation of endemic anthracnose fungs
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.
Aeschynomene was developed to control
northern joint vetch (Aeschynomene virginica)
in rice and soybean field.
Characteristics of good Mycoherbicide
1. Culturable in artificial media
2. Capable of abundant spore production
3. Stable in storage
4. Genetically stable
5. Effective under field conditions
6. Tolerant to variations in temperature
7. Compatible with other chemicals/cultural practices.

Allelochemicals
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an
organism produces one or more bio chemicals that
influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other
organisms.These bio chemicals are known as
allelochemicals.
True allelopathy:
It refers to the release into the environment Of chemical
compound that are toxic the form they are Produced by
the plant.
Functional allelopathy:
It refers to the release into the environment of chemical
compound that are toxic after chemical modification by
microorganisms.