ST. THERESA.SR.SEC.

SCHOOL

Crop Protection and Management PPT

Submitted By :- Pratyush Singh Bisht

Class :- 9th - Lotus
Roll No. :- 36
 INDEX

S.no CONTENTS

1. Crop Protection Management

2. Weed Control

3. Types Of Weeds

4. Methods of Weed Control

5. Insect Pest Control

6. Diseases Of Crop Plants

7. Methods Of Plant Breeding

8. Storage Of Grains

9. Preventive and Control Measure

  Crop Protection Management :-
A pest is any destructive organism which causes great economic loss by destroying crop plants
or products obtained from them. Pests of crop plants include weeds, insects, mites, nematodes,
rodents, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

There are various methods by which insects and diseases can be controlled. The most common
and effective methods is the use of pesticides or biocides which include insecticides (for killing
the insects), weedicides (for killing the weeds) and fungicides (for killing the fungi).

Chemicals (poisons) used to kill pests, e.g. weeds, insects, mites, rodents and fungi are
called pesticides. These chemicals (i.e., pesticides) are sprayed on crop plants or used for
treating seeds and soil.

Some of the preventive measures of pests are the following:

1) Use of resistant varieties of crop plants;

2) Selection of optimum time of sowing the crops;

3)Crop rotation and multiple cropping

4) Clean cultivation:

5) Summer ploughing.

For example: humid and warm climate is regarded as more favorable for infestation of  insect
pests and diseases. Kharif crops (e.g.. maize, millet) are more prone to these pests in contrast to
“rabi” crops (e.g., wheat, gram, sugarcane, pea, etc.)
  Weed Control :-
Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated fields. Weeds tend to compete with the crops for
food (water and nutrients), space and light.

The seeds of weeds, germinate easily, their seedlings grow faster, they flower early, their seed
production begins after a short growth period and they produce large number of seeds. In fact,
weeds take up all the nutrients and reduce the growth of crop in various ways. Therefore,
removal of weed plants from cultivated field in early stage of crop is essential to harvest high
input returns in terms of high yield.

In unirrigated condition weeds affect the water availability and in irrigated condition there is
competition for nutrient uptake between weeds and crop plants.

For example: 1) barley or mustard plants act as weeds in a wheat field and compete with crop
for nutrition.

2) Wild sorghum grown in cultivated crop fields of sorghum (jowar) acts as a weed plant and
compete with crop for water and nutrients.

 Types of weeds :-
Weeds can be classified into narrow leaf weeds and broad-leaf weeds.

 Some of the important weeds of ‘kharif’ season are the following :

1) Nutgrass or Motha

2) Wild sorghum or Jangli jowar

3) Chauli 

4) Saathi 

Some of the important weeds of ‘rabi’ season which infest wheat crop are the following :

1) Mandoosi 

2) Jangali jaii

3) Bathua 

4) Hirankhuri 

 Methods of weed control :-

Weeds can be controlled by following methods:

1) Mechanical methods. These include the following methods: uprooting, weeding with

trowel or khurpi or harrow (a comb-like implement), hand hoeing (scraping), interculture,
ploughing, burning and flooding.

The process of removing the weeds from crop field is called weeding. It can be done by the
following methods:
1) Weeds may be pulled out with hand.

2) Before sowing or transplantation, weeds are removed by using a big comb like harrow.
Harrow cannot be used in standing crops because it will also uproot the crop plants. Cultural
methods. They include the following methods: proper bed preparation.

timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation

3)Chemical methods: Chemical weed killers, called herbicides or weedicides, are sprayed on

weeds to destroy (kill) them. This is called chemical control of weeds. Some common examples
of weedicides are the following: (1) 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid); (2)Atrazine (3)
Fluchloralin (4) Isoproturon

4) Biological control: Biological control of weeds involves the deliberate use of insects or some
other organisms which consume and specifically destroy the weed plants.

The best Indian example of biological control is eradication of prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia) by
using the cochineal insects.

 Insect Pest Control :-

Insects attack the crop plants in the following three ways:

1. Chewing insects: The chewing insects destroy all sort of crop plants. They cut root, stem
and leaf of crop plants by the help of their chewing mouth parts.

For eg. locusts, grasshoppers , caterpillars, grubs, etc.

2. Sucking insects: The sucking insects suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant.
They include various common pests of crop plants such as aphids, leaf hoppers, plant
bugs.

Sucking insects make fine punctures in the skin of the plants with their needle-like hollow beaks
and suck the sap.

3. Internal feeders: The internal feeders live inside the plant parts. They are
called borers when they live in twigs or roots as sugarcane borers.
 4. Pod borer make holes in pods of chick pea and feed on developing grain. They are
called weevils when they attack the fruits and seeds such as cotton-boll weevil and grain
weevil. The maggots of fruit-flies live inside the fruits.

Grubs (larvae of beetle) and termites attack the root zone of crops and then reach the aerial parts
causing great damage.

Infestation of different types of insect pests can be controlled by the following methods:

1) Root cutting types of insects are controlled by mixing insecticide in soil, e.g chloropyriphos.

2) Stem and leaf cutting and boring type of insects are controlled by dusting or spraying the
contact insecticides e.g., malathion, lindane and thiodan.

3) All sap sucking insects can be controlled by spraying systemic insecticides.

e.g: dimethoate and metasystox.

  Diseases of Crop Plants :-
When pathogens get favourable conditions for their growth and propagation, they spread and
infest the crop plants causing diseases.

Depending upon their mode of occurrence, crop diseases are of following four main types:

1) Seed-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through seeds, e.g: ergot of

bajra or of pearl millet; leaf spot of rice, loose smut of wheat- all are caused by

fungi.

2) Soil-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through the soil and mostly affect roots and
stems of crop plants, e.g., smut of bajra, tikka disease of groundnut.

3) Air-borne diseases: These crop diseases are transmitted by the air, e.g, rust of wheat, blast of
rice, etc. Air-borne diseases attack all aerial parts of the plants, e.g.. leaf, flower, and fruits.

4) Water-borne diseases: Pathogens of these crop diseases are transmitted by the water, e.g..
bacterial blight of rice.

 METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING :-

1. DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS :-
In nature, the origin of plants took place in the wild conditions. During the course
of evolution of agricultural practices, man began to grow some plants under his
control. This process of bringing wild plants under cultivation is called plant
domestication.

2. INTRODUCTION OF PLANTS :-

Introduction of plants from other continents, countries, geographical regions etc

to new areas of cultivation is an important process in plant breeding. The process
of introducing new plants from the place of its origin or cultivation to a place with
different climatic conditions is called plant introduction.

3. ACCLIMATIZATION :-

The physiological adaptation of plants to climatic or environmental changes such

as light, soil, temperature or altitude is known as acclimatization.

4. SELECTION OF PLANTS :-

Plants, both domesticated as well as introduced, show considerable degrees of

variations with respect to different characters. Some of these plants are superior
whereas the others are inferior in performance. The process of selection of
superior plants is an important method for the improvement of cultivated plants,
which lead to the development of new varieties with more advantageous and
superior characters.

5. PLANT HYBRIDIZATION :-

Domestication, introduction, acclimatization and selection of plants help to locate

the most promising cultivars from the available diversity. But superior and
economically important characters are scattered in different cultivars.
Hybridization is the technique of bringing superior characters into a single variety
by way of cross-pollinating them artificially.

6. MUTATION BREEDING :-

Desirable characters that are scattered in different varieties can be brought

together by hybridization. But, sometimes, induction of new variability (new
characters and character forms) may become necessary since no cultivars with
such traits are available. The most common method used to induce new variation
is mutation breeding for which seeds or propagules of plants are treated with
some chemicals or physical agents that are called mutagens.

7. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING :-

Usually, plants and animals carry chromosomes in pairs in their somatic cells.
But, in some cases, more than two sets (multiple sets) of chromosomes (three
sets, four sets, etc) can be seen. Such organisms are called polyploids and the
condition is called polyploidy. In the case of some cultivated plants, polyploids
show superiority in characters. Breeding of such cultivated plants is called
polyploidy breeding.

8. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL BREEDING :-

Biotechnology is the latest branch of biology that makes use of enzymes as tools
to accelerate or manipulate biochemical pathways so as to generate new goods
and services based on life and biomolecules. in vitro culture technology, marker
assisted selection, somatic hybridization, transgenesis etc are the major tools of
biotechnology used in plant breeding.
  Storage of Grains :-
Cereal or food grains are stored at following three levels.

1) At producer(farmer) level (called rural storage)

2) At trader’s level (this is done by keeping food grains in gunny bags,

3) At FCI (Food Corporation of India) level (This is done by storing grains in silos)

During storage damage of grains can take place by following two main types of
factors:

1) Biotic factors such as insects , rodents( house rat, house mouse, lesser bandicoot rat), birds
(e.g, parakeet, sparrow, bulbul, blue rock pigeon, crow, etc), mites and bacteria.

2) Abiotic factors such as moisture contents and temperature.

(a) Effect of temperature. The growth of insects and microorganisms in the stored food
materials depends upon the fluctuation of temperature. As the maximum growth rate of the
insects is at a higher temperature at 30°C to 32°C, the microorganisms and enzymes are most
active at 30°C to 40°C.

Therefore, the food-grains / materials should be stored at lower temperature, ie. below 30°C, then
the insects and microorganisms and enzymes will become less active and the damage of material
is minimised.

(b) Effect of moisture: For safe-storage, the moisture content of the food-grains should be 14
per cent by weight or less. The greater amount of moisture present in food grains increases the
rate of decay of food materials caused by microorganisms and enzymes and the population of
insects increases rapidly. When these insects respire they release a lot of heat, so the temperature
of stored food grain rises. The rise in temperature of stored food-grains due to the heat released
by the respiration of a large number of insects microorganisms (fungi such as molds, yeast, etc.)
is called dry heating of food grains.

Disadvantage of the presence of greater moisture is that, it increases the size of the food-grains
due to which these grains required more space.

(c) Effect of humidity: The moisture contents present in air is known as humidity.

It promotes the growth of moulds (e.g., Mucor, Penicillium) on the stored food materials.High
humidity content also initiates the germination process of stored seeds which also releases the
heat.

The rise in temperature of stored food grains due to the growth of moulds and fungi and
germination of stored food-grains under high humidity conditions of air is called wet heating or
damp grain heating.

Combination of biotic and abiotic factors causes infestation of insects, degradation in quality,
loss in weight, poor germinability, discolouration of produce, poor marketability and economic
loss.

Biotic and abiotic factors which cause destruction of grains during storage can be prevented and
controlled by using the following methods.

 Preventive and control measures :-

1) Cleaning of the produce before storage: The grains and other agriculture produce should be
properly cleaned and dried in sun before their storage. They should be filled in new gunny bags
before keeping in godowns, warehoused or stores.

2) Safe and proper storage. Godown, ware houses and stores should be properly cleaned, dried
and repaired. Pathways (alleys) should be provided between the stacks of grain-filled bags, for
the periodic inspection, for spraying or for fumigation.

For the large-scale storage of grains, the grain silos are used. The silos are big and tall cylindrical
structures. They store different stocks of food items at different levels. Silos are provided with
outlets at different levels to withdraw the desired stock of grains.
3) Fumigation: Chemical pesticides are used as fumigants, i.e. the solution of pesticide is
converted into fumes. These fumes kill the insect pests and other harmful biological agents
(pathogens).

THE END