Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts 1

Lesson Outcomes:
1. Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production
2. Farm Tool, Equipment, Inputs, and Labors
 Basic Concepts of
Agricultural Crop Production
Nominal Definition (explains what a name is)
Agriculture comes from the Latin words, “ager”, agri meaning field and
“cultura” meaning growing, cultivation. Therefore, it means “growing and
cultivating of the field.”
Elements in the Definition of Agriculture

 It is a science, because of systematically organized body of knowledge

which not only based on opinions, hypothesis and theories but on
factual and absolute knowledge. Also, it is a practice because of the
actual applications of the ideas.
 Of farming, because is the act or process of working the ground,
planting seeds, and growing edible plants. It can also include raising
animals for milk, meat and wool.
VALUE OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does
provide food which is the basic needs of mankind, not only to sustain food
and raw material but also employment opportunities to a vast number of
the population of a country.
Brief History of Agriculture

Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant
developments since the time of the earliest cultivation.

 Ancient Origin
 Middle Ages
 Modern Era
Branches of Agriculture

There are four main branches of agriculture, namely;

1. Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry
2. Crop Production or Agronomy
3. Agricultural Economics
4. Agricultural Engineering
1. Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry

a. Nomadic Pastoralism
b. Poultry Farming
c. Swine Farming
d. Apiculture
2. Crop Production or Agronomy

Horticulture is the science and art of growing and caring for

plants, especially flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
a. Pomology
b. Olericulture
c. Floriculture
3. Agricultural Economics

It is study of the allocation, distribution and utilization of the resources used, along with the
commodities produced, by farming. It concerns itself with the study of the production and
consumption of food in both developed and developing countries along with analysis of the
policies that shape the world’s largest country.
4. Agricultural Engineering

It is the area of engineering concerned with the design, construction and improvement of farming
equipment and machinery. Agricultural engineers integrate technology with farming. For example, they
design new and improved farming equipment that may work more efficiently, or perform new tasks.
Types of Agricultural Crops and Its Classification

Agricultural crops are plants that are grown or intentionally managed by man for certain purposes.
They are classified in various terms used worldwide.

Types of Crops are divided into six falls into categories, and they’re as follows:
1. Food Crops
2. Feed Crops
3. Fiber Crops
4. Oil Crops
5. Ornamental Crops
6. Industrial Crops
Descriptions of Crops According to their Categories

1. Food crops – field crops and root crops

2. Feed crops
3. Fiber crops
4. Oil crops
5. Ornamental crops
6. Industrial crops
Classification of Crops According to their Reproduction

a. Sexual - plants that develop from a seed or a spore after undergoing union of male and female
gametes.
b. Asexual – plants which reproduce by any vegetative means without the union of the sexual gametes.
 Classification of Crops
According to Mode of
Pollination

Naturally Cross-Pollinated Both Self and Cross

Naturally Self-Pollinated
Crops – pollen transfer in Pollination Crops – these
Crops – predominant
these plants is from plants are largely
mode of pollination in this
another of one flower in a selfpollinated but in
plant is self-pollination.
separate plant. varying amounts.
Classifications of Crops According to Growth Habits

a. Herbs
b. Vines
c. Lianas
d. Shrubs
e. Trees
f. Evergreen
g. Deciduous
Description of Crops According to their Life Span

a. Annual crop
b. Biennial crop
c. Perennial
Types of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines

Food Crop
A crop primarily raised and culture for human consumption. There are 5 major categories of common
commercial crops in the Philippines they are the following:

a. cereal crops
b. root and tuber crops
c. sugar crops
d. vegetable crops
e. fruit crops
Common Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines
Food Crop
A crop primarily raised and culture for human consumption. There are 5 major categories of common
commercial crops in the Philippines they are the following:
Plants Parts and Its Function

1. Roots
a. Tap root
b. Fibrous root system
c. Adventitious roots
d. Root cap
e. Hanging structures
f. Stilt roots
g. Pneumatophores
Plants Parts and Its Function

2. Stem - The stem is the part above ground which provides support for leaves and buds. It's like
the major highway of a plant, and it's vital for plant life.
The region of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes while internodes are the portions
between two nodes. Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and of
vegetative propagation.
Plants Parts and Its Function

2. Stem
a. Underground stem
b. Stem tendrils
c. Thorns
Plants Parts and Its Function

3. Leaves
Respiration
Plants Parts and Its Function

4. Flowers
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction.
Androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs. When a flower has both androecium and
gynoecium, it is bisexual. A flower having either only stamens or only carpels is unisexual.
Aestivation: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other
members of the same whorl is known as aestivation.
Plants Parts and Its Function

5. Fruits
The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed
after fertilization. If a fruit is formed without fertilization of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic
fruit. The ovules after fertilization, develop into seeds.
Transport Of Water And Minerals In Plants

Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair. The root hair increase the
surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients dissolved in water. The root
hair is in contact with the water present between the soil particles.
Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil. The vessels are made of
special cells, forming the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in
the plant is called the xylem. The xylem forms a continuous network of channels that connects roots to
the leaves through the stem and branches and thus transport water to the entire plant leaves synthesize
food. The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by the vascular tissue called
the phloem. Thus, xylem and phloem transport substances in plants.
Farm Tools, Equipment,
Inputs, and Labor
Selecting and Using Farm Tools
Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in
agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier
and faster.
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Hand Tools
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Hand Tools
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Hand Tools
Selecting and Using
Farm Tools

Hand Tools
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Farm Implements

1. Plows are farm implements either pulled by a

working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically
used for tilling large areas, making furrows and inter
row cultivation.
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Farm Implements

2. Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing

the soil. The native wooden harrow is made of
wood with metal teeth and pulled by a carabao
while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted
to a tractor.
Selecting and Using Farm Tools

Farm Implements

3. Rotavator is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Select Farm Equipment

These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting
farm inputs and products. This equipment needs a highly skilled operator to use.
Select Farm Equipment
Select Farm Equipment
How to Clean Your Tools and Equipment:

1. Your shovel, spade, hoe, or even the blades on a hedge trimmer will be a lot easier to use if you take
a few minutes to knock some of the rust off the blade.
2. A whetstone is an ideal tool to use to keep all of the cutting edges of your garden tools honed.
3. The best way to use the stone is to find a way to stabilize the tool that you want to work on.
How to Clean Your Tools and Equipment:

4. Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be sharpened.

5. When working with a file, stabilize the blades in a vise or against a solid surface such as a work bench
to avoid injury and ensure an even stroke.
6. Farm implements like ordinary plow and wooden harrow should be checked thoroughly before use.
Farm Inputs

a. Seed
b. Fertilizer
c. Pesticide
Farm Labor

LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR LAND PREPARATION

Farm Labor
Farm Labor

LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT CARE

Farm Labor

LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT CARE

Farm Labor

LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT CARE

QUESTIONS?