English VII

Title:
Insect damage to plants.

Group F:
Arcalli Loor Carlos Alfredo
Freire Cruz Rosa Julissa
Paz Rizzo Julissa Pierina
Pinargote Mendoza Maria Gabriela
Suarez Guzman Ronald Enrique
Tapia Muñoz Josue Daniel
Vera Briones Kevin Alexander

Class:
7A FORE-R

Date:
JANUARY 07, 2024.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Introduction 02
Types of damage caused by
insects on plants.

03 Classification according to
part of the tree affected 04
Pest control methods to
protect plants from insects.

05 Signs and symptoms of insect infestation in plants.

 1. INTRODUCTION

Insect damage to plants can have a significant impact on plant

health and crop yield. This damage can include chewing of plant
tissues, sucking out plant sap, inducing abnormal growths,
transmitting plant diseases, and boring into plant structures.

Insect damage to plants can be managed through various

methods, including the use of biological controls, insecticides,
cultural practices, and resistant plant varieties. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) strategies aim to minimize insect damage
while minimizing the impact on the environment and human
health.
 2. Types of damage caused by insects on plants.

Feeding Damage: Most damage to plants caused by insects is a result of direct feeding
on above-ground and below-ground plant parts. The type of feeding damage caused by
insect pests is related to the type of mouthparts of the insect.

• Insects with chewing mouthparts, for

example, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and
beetles, cause feeding damage such as holes
or notches in foliage and other plant parts,
leaf skeletonizing (removal of tissue
between the leaf veins), leaf defoliation,
cutting plants off at the soil surface, or
consumption of roots.
 2. Types of damage caused by insects
on plants.

Some insects with chewing mouthparts bore

or tunnel into plant tissue. Stem-boring
insects can kill or deform individual stems or
whole plants.

Insects with sucking mouthparts, such as

aphids, scales, leafhoppers, and true bugs,
feed by sucking sap from plant tissues. This
type of feeding can cause spotting or stippling
of foliage, leaf curling, and stunted or
misshapen fruits.
 2. Types of damage caused by insects
on plants.

Oviposition Damage

Insects can also cause injury to plants when they lay

eggs (oviposit) into plant tissue. Heavy oviposition
into stems can cause death or dieback of stems or
branches on the plant.

Gall-forming insects cause their host plants to grow

abnormally. Depending on the insect species, the gall
formation can be stimulated by feeding or by
oviposition (egg-laying) into plant tissue.
 2. Types of damage caused by insects
on plants.
Most of the plant diseases transmitted by insects
Transmission of involve plant viruses, but there are examples from
Plant Pathogens all plant pathogen groups—fungi, bacteria,
mollicutes, protozoa, and nematodes. Insects
transmit plant disease in three main ways:

Accidental or Incidental
Transmission Phoretic or Passive Transmission Active Transmission

Insect damage creates an The insect carries the plant pathogen The pathogen is carried within the
“infection court”. The plant on its body from one plant to another. body of the insect and the plant is
disease organism An example is fire blight of pears and inoculated with the pathogen when
(pathogen) gains entrance apples, caused by Erwinia amylovora. the insect feeds on an infected
into the plant tissue The bacterium is picked up on the feet plant and then moves on to a
through feeding or and mouthparts of bees and flies when healthy plant to feed.
oviposition wounds caused they visit flowers on diseased trees,
by insects. and can be carried to healthy trees.
 3. Classification according to part of the tree affected

The most common way to classify harmful forest

insects is according to the part of the tree
affected.

Tree structure Specific habits

reproductive parts Specific habits

Foliage Exposed chewers

Very diverse damages occur on the foliage, but their
consequences are very similar for the development of
the host. Some consequences are:
-reduction in photosynthetic capacity.
-alterations in transpiration and translocation of
nutrients.
-growth retardation.
-death of young trees if the attack is intense and
continuous.
They eat leaf tissues from the outside.
Leaf blade cutters:
They generally cut relatively large pieces of leaves,
or produce small perforations in the leaf blade. They
are the most common damages in nurseries and
forest plantations.
 Tree structure Specific habits: Foliage

Specific habits
Skeletonizers: They selectively eat the leaf blade,
leaving the vein. Different types can occur, depending
on the type of rib they leave. Acrogymia palama (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) in
Heliocarpus apendiculatus.

Weavers: Many insects, in addition to eating the leaves of a specific species, use their leaves as a lair or
shelter, giving them various shapes with the help of silk threads they produce. They can be subclassified
into folders, reelers and groupers.

FOLDERS: Dysodia sp. ROLLERS: Larva on GROUPERS: Platynota sp. in

(Lepidoptera, Thyrididae) in Guazuma ulmifolia. Persea Americana.
Hieronyma alchornoides.

4. Pest control
methods to protect
plants from insects
There are several pest
control methods that can be
used to protect plants from
insects. Some of these
methods include:
1. Biological control: Use of natural enemies
of insects, such as predators, parasites and
pathogens, to control pest populations.
2. Cultural control: Implementation of agricultural
practices that reduce the incidence of pests, such as crop
rotation, proper management of planting density and
the elimination of crop remains.
3. Chemical control: Use of pesticides and
chemicals to control insect populations. It is
important to use these products responsibly
and following safety recommendations.
4. Physical control: Use of physical methods, such as
traps, barriers and exclusion techniques, to prevent
the entry and spread of pests.
5. Integrated pest control (IPC):
Implementation of a holistic approach that
combines multiple control strategies to
minimize the impact of pests on crops.
Signs and symptoms of insect infestation in
plants can vary depending on the type of 5. Signs and symptoms of insect
insect and the affected plant. Some common infestation in plants.
signs of insect infestation on plants include:

3. Presence of insects: The direct

observation of insects on plants, whether in
adult, larval, or egg form, is a clear sign of
infestation.

4. Secretions or residue: Some insects

1. Leaf damage: This may include produce sticky secretions, such as honeydew,
holes, stains, discoloration, deformities, or residue such as excrement that may be
or the presence of bite or feeding visible on the leaves or soil around the plant.
marks.

2. Damage to stems and branches: 5. General plant weakening: An infested

Insects can cause damage to stems and plant may show signs of general weakening,
branches, including galling, including wilting, stunted growth, or a
perforation, or structural weakening. decrease in flower or fruit production.
thank you