CARE AND

MAINTAIN CROPS
Presentation by: MFI Polytechnic Institute Inc.
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 PLANT PEST
 A pest is an organism with characteristics that people
see as damaging or unwanted, as it harms agriculture
through feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock. An
animal can also be a pest when it causes damage to a
wild ecosystem or carries germs.
 Crops need to be protected from a variety of different

pests, organisms that present a threat to the crop.

While we often think of pests as insects, a pest can
also be a weed, a disease or an animal (such as a rat)
or even bacteria.
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 PLANT PEST

 Bitter gourd
 ( Momordica charantia )

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 PLANT PEST

Fruit Fly
The fly attack is severe, especially after summer rains
when the humidity is high. Maggots of this fly causes
severe damage to young developing fruits. The adult
fly lays eggs in the flowers. The eggs hatch into
maggots, which feed inside the fruits and causes
rotting.

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 PLANT PEST

Infected fruits

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 PLANT PEST

Aphids
Aphids damage the plants by sucking the leaf sap in
young stage, cotyledonary leaves crinkle and in
severe cases the plants wither. The leaves of fully
grown vines turn yellow and plant loses its vigor.

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 PLANT PEST

Red Pumpkin Beetle

The pest attacks the plants at the seedling stage. They
make holes in cotyledonary leaves of bitter gourd. As
a result the seedlings in the young stage die.

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 PLANT PEST
 Eggplant
(Solanum melongena)

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 PLANT PEST
 Eggplant Fruit Borer
is any insect larva, or arthropod, that bores into the
fruit.

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 PLANT PEST
 Eggplant Leafhoppers
Leafhoppers feed on phloem, leaving pale, circular
spots or peppery specks on leaves.

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 PLANT PEST
 Tomato
Lycopersicum esculentum

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 PLANT PEST
 Leaf miner

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 PLANT PEST
 Aphids
cause discoloration or mottling of the foliage

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 PLANT PEST
 Cutworm
active at night; young caterpillar climbs on leaves,
older caterpillar severs seedling stems near the
ground; hides during the day in soil burrows at the
bases of plants

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 PLANT PEST
 Finger pepper or Siling pansigang
Capsicum annum

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 PLANT PEST
 Aphids
are one of the commonest and most annoying all
garden insects. They are particularly attracted to
young tender shoots, sucking your plants dry of sap
causing shoots and leaves to become distorted.

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 PLANT PEST
 Whitefly
Whiteflies and their small, oval nymphs reside on the
undersides of leaves and cause the leaves to become
sticky with honeydew.

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 PLANT DISEASE

 A plant disease is usually defined as abnormal

growth and/or dysfunction of a plant. Diseases are
the result of some disturbance in the normal life
process of the plant. Diseases may be the result of
living and/or non-living causes.

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 PLANT DISEASE
 Two types of Diseases
1. Abiotic or Non-contagious Diseases

Diseases caused by:

1. Too much cold or hot temperatures
2. Too much or insufficient water
3. Lack of sunlight
4. Air pollution
5. Insufficient appropriate nutrition
6. Pesticide poison
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 PLANT DISEASE

 Two types of Diseases

1. Biotic (live) or Contagious Diseases

Diseases caused by:

1. Molds and protozoa
2. Bacteria
3. Virus
4. Nematode
5. Plant parasites

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Powdery mildew
is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants.
Plants infected with powdery mildew look as if they
have been dusted with flour. It usually starts off as
circular, powdery white spots. It usually covers the
upper part of the leaves and affects the older leaves
first; the leaves turn yellow and dry out. The leaves,
buds, and growing tips will become distorted as
well. These symptoms usually appear late in the
growing season.
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 PLANT DISEASE

 Powdery mildew

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Black rot
various diseases of cultivated plants caused by fungi
or bacteria, producing dark brown discoloration
and decay in the leaves of fruit and vegetables

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Verticillium wilt
is a fungal disease that lives in the soil. It invades
susceptible plants through their roots and spreads
through the plant's vascular system.

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Anthracnose
is a general term used to describe diseases that result
in a wide range of symptoms including leaf spots,
blotches or distortion, defoliation, shoot blight, twig
cankers and dieback on many different deciduous
trees and shrubs.

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Blight
refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in
response to infection by a pathogenic organism. It is
simply a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning,
then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches,
twigs, or floral organs.

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Leaf spot
is a common descriptive term applied to a number of
diseases affecting the foliage of ornamentals and
shade trees. The majority of leaf spots are caused by
fungi, but some are caused by bacteria.

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 PLANT DISEASE

 Mosaic Virus
The virus gets its name from the markings that
resemble a mosaic of light green and yellow on the
leaves and mottling on the fruits of affected plants.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Fungi, bacteria and viruses are common plant

diseases. These diseases may be spread by
insects, spores, soil or debris. Gardening tools
can also carry disease from one plant to
another. Reducing the spread of disease in
plants can best be achieved by cleaning pots
and gardening tools after each use. The
removal of the diseased parts of the plant is
the best way to combat the problem.
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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Physical Pest Control is a method of getting rid of

insects and small rodents by removing, attacking, or
setting up barriers that will prevent further
destruction of one’s plant. This method are used
primarily for crop growing, but some methods can
be applied to homes as well.
Physical method includes:
 Setting up of barriers and traps

 Fire or “kaingin” to destroy insect breeding grounds.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Mechanical pest control is the management and

control of pests using physical means such as
fences, barriers or electronic wires. It includes also
weeding and change of temperature to control
pests. Many farmers at the moment are trying to
find sustainable ways to remove pests without
harming the ecosystem.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Biological control is a bio effector-method of

controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds
and plant diseases) using other living organisms. It
relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other
natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an
active human management role. It can be an
important component of integrated pest
management (IPM) programs.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Cultural control methods include a broad range of

normal management practices that can be modified
or manipulated to manage one or more pest
problems. Cultural control techniques may include
crop rotation, tillage, timing of planting and
harvesting, cover crops, choice of plant cultivar,
competition, fertilizer or irrigation practices,
sanitation, and soil sterilization.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 Chemical pest control methods have been used in

an agricultural setting and within the household
for a very long time. This often employs harsh
pesticides that instantly eliminate pests upon
application. These can either be applied
systematically (targeting where plants are
commonly ingested by pests) or to the entire crops
as in the case of aerial spraying.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 While this is effective on large crops and within the

household, chemical pesticides have harmful and
residual effects on both human and animals living
within the area. That is why chemical pesticides
must be used with caution to avoid contaminating
waterways and killing pets and livestock.

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CONTROLS FOR PESTS AND DISEASES

 While this is effective on large crops and within the

household, chemical pesticides have harmful and
residual effects on both human and animals living
within the area. That is why chemical pesticides
must be used with caution to avoid contaminating
waterways and killing pets and livestock.

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