PERFORM NURSERY

OPERATIONS
Presentation by: MFI Polytechnic Institute Inc.
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Prepare nursery tools, farm implements
and equipment
Farm Tools
these are simple tools that is used in the farm

to do farm works.
Farm Equipment
any kind of machinery used on a farm to help

with farming. The best-known example of this

kind is the tractor.

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Prepare nursery tools, farm
implements and equipment
Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being

pulled by working animals or mounted to

machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which
are usually used in the preparation of land.
These are usually made of a special kind of
metal.

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Prepare nursery tools, farm
implements and equipment
HAND TOOLS
is any tool that is not a power tool – that

is, one powered by hand (manual labor)

rather than by an engine. Hand tools are
generally less dangerous than power tools.

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Prepare nursery tools, farm
implements and equipment
TROWEL
•any of various small hand tools having a flat metal
blade attached to a handle, used for scooping or
spreading plaster or similar material
•a similar tool with a curved blade used by
gardeners for lifting plants, etc.

HAND CULTIVATOR
•is a gardening tool that is used to turn the soil
where plants and vegetables are planted, or it can
be used to remove weeds from soil in a garden. For
small flower or vegetable gardens, a hand
cultivator can be used like a small plow to turn the
earth and dig the planting rows.
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Prepare nursery tools, farm
implements and equipment
SPADE
•is a tool primarily for digging or removing earth
and fixing soil.
SHOVEL
•A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving
bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow,
sand, or ore. Shovels are used extensively in
agriculture, construction, and gardening.
DIGGING BAR
•is a long, straight metal bar used as a hand tool to
deliver blows to break up and loosen hard or
compacted materials (e.g., soil, rocks, concrete, ice)
or as a lever to move objects.
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Hand Tools
SPADING FORK
•is a gardening tool, with a handle and
several (usually four) short, sturdy tines. It is
used for loosening, lifting and turning
over soil in gardening and farming.

PICK MATTOCK
•a digging tool with a head having a point
at one end and a transverse blade at the
other. It is used to chop through roots in the
ground and dig trenches and move earth
and soil.
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Hand Tools
HOE
•is an ancient and versatile agricultural
hand tool used to shape the soil, control
weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops.

HOLE DIGGER
•is a tool used to dig narrow holes to install
posts, such as for fences and signs. There are
different kinds of post hole diggers. The
pictured type is jabbed into the ground in
the open position until the blades are
buried.
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Hand Tools
RAKE
•an implement consisting of a pole with a
crossbar toothed like a comb at the end, or
with several tines held together by a
crosspiece, used especially for drawing
together cut grass or fallen leaves, or
smoothing loose soil or gravel.
BOLO
•The primary use for the bolo is clearing
vegetation, whether for agriculture or during
trail blazing
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Hand Tools
SCYTHE
•is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass
or reaping crops.

PRUNING SHEAR
•also called hand pruners or secateurs, are a
type of scissors use on plants. They are strong
enough to prune hard branches of trees and
shrubs, sometimes up to two centimeters
thick..

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Hand Tools
PRUNING SAW
•is a hand that is use in pruning branches of
big trees; it is also use in thinning bamboo.

KNAPSACK SPRAYER
•a spraying apparatus consisting of a knapsack
tank together with pressurizing device, line,
and sprayer nozzle, used chiefly in fire control
and in spraying fungicides or insecticides.

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Hand Tools
WHEEL BARROW
is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually
with just one wheel, designed to be pushed
and guided by a single person using two
handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the
ancient wheelbarrow by wind.
WATER HOSE
- A garden hose is used to convey
water.

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Farm Implements and
Machineries
Water Pump Motor
•is a machine that is use in agricultural
areas to pump water into their farms.
PLOW
•is a tool (or machine) used in farming for
initial cultivation of soil in preparation for
sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn
the soil. Ploughs are traditionally drawn by
working animals such as horses or cattle,
but in modern times may be drawn by
tractors.
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Farm Implements and
Machineries
HARROW
•an agricultural implement consisting of
many spikes, tines or discs dragged across
the soil.

ROTAVATOR
•a type of machine with rotating blades
that break up soil it is attached into a
tractor.

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Hazards
 Hazard is a situation that poses a level of
threat to life, health, property, or
environment. Most hazards are dormant or
potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm;
however, once a hazard becomes "active", it
can create an emergency situation. A
hazardous situation that has come to pass is
called an incident. Hazard and possibility
interact together to create risk.
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Modes of Hazard
Hazards are sometimes classified into three
modes:
Dormant - the situation presents a potential

hazard, but no people, property, or

environment is currently affected. For instance,
a hillside may be unstable, with the potential
for a landslide, but there is nothing below or on
the hillside that could be affected.
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Modes of Hazard
 Armed - People, property, or environments
are in potential harm's way.
 Active - a harmful incident involving the

hazard has actually occurred. Often this is

referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an
accident, emergency, incident, or disaster.

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Types of Hazard
1. Physical hazards are conditions or situations
that can cause the body physical harm or
intense stress. Physical hazards can be both
natural and human made elements.
2. Chemical hazards are substances that can
cause harm or damage to the body, property
or the environment. Chemical hazards can
be both natural and human made origin.

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Types of Hazard
3. Biological hazards are biological agents that can
cause harm to the human body. These some biological
agents can be viruses, parasites, bacteria, food, fungi,
and foreign toxins.
4. Psychological hazards are created during work
related stress or a stressful environment. A person can
be a hazard when he/she is affected psychological
disturbance through -stress, shift patterns and also
can be a hazard when a person is under the influence
of alcohol, illness and lack of training.

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Types of Hazard
5. Ergonomic hazard is a physical factor
within the environment that harms the
musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic
hazards include themes such as repetitive
movement, manual handling,
workplace/job/task design, uncomfortable
workstation height and poor body
positioning.

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Agriculture and Hazards
 Agricultural sector is one of the most hazardous to
health
 Agricultural work possesses several characteristics

that are risky for health

 This brief outlines the health hazards of agriculture

 Exposure to the weather

 Close contact with animals and plants

 Extensive use of chemical

 Use of hazardous agricultural tools and machinery

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Agriculture and Hazards
 Dusts, fumes, gases, particulates
Irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract,
allergic reactions, respiratory diseases such as
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
We must use nose cover to filter the pollute air.

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Agriculture and Hazards
Noise
Agricultural noise is another common health hazard

on the farm.
If you are continually exposed to loud noises, you

should have periodic hearing tests. This test, called an

audiogram, will reveal signs of hearing loss.
If a hearing loss is noted, take steps reduce exposure.

Thereby eliminating further damage to your ears.

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Agriculture and Hazards
Skin Disorders
A skin disorder that occurs among agricultural

workers
Agricultural dermatitis includes heat rash, origin

infections, and insect and plant irritants.

Wearing proper protective clothing and washing

frequently are the most effective means of prevention.

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Agriculture and Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Many agricultural workers are exposed to chemicals

on a daily basis
If they do not observe proper precautions, illness or

even death may ensue.

All clothing worn while handling pesticides should be

washed daily, separately from other clothing

Respirators must fit the face well to ensure a good seal.

Long sideburns, beards, and glasses may prevent a good

seal
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HACCP
HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
A systematic approach to the identification,

evaluation, and control of food safety hazards.

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HACCP Principles
 Principle 1: Conduct a hazard analysis.
 Principle 2: Determine the critical control points

(CCPs).
 Principle 3: Establish critical limits.

 Principle 4: Establish monitoring procedures.

 Principle 5: Establish corrective actions.

 Principle 6: Establish verification procedures.

 Principle 7: Establish record-keeping and

documentation procedures.
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Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
 Good agricultural practice (GAP) are specific
methods which, when applied to agriculture,
create food for consumers or further
processing that is safe and wholesome. While
there are numerous competing definitions of
what methods constitute good agricultural
practice there are several broadly accepted
schemes that producers can adhere to.

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GAP Principles
 Soil
 Animal Production

 Harvest and On-Farm Processing and Storage

 Water

 Animal Health and Welfare

 Energy and Waste Management

 Crop and Fodder Production

 Human Welfare, Health, and Safety

 Crop Protection
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Who can benefit from GAP?
 Farmers and their families that will obtain
healthy and good quality food to assure their
nutrition and nourishment, generating a value
added in their products to access markets in a
better way.
 Consumers that will enjoy better and safe

quality food, with sustainable production.

 The population in general that will benefit

from a better environment.

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What do the GAP foster?
Security for People
Improve worker and consumer conditions

Enhance the Agricultural Family welfare

Improve food security

Environment
No contamination of water and soils

Rational handling of agro-chemicals

Concern about Biodiversity

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What do the GAP foster?
Food Safety
Healthy food, not contaminated and of higher

quality to improve nutrition and food

consumption
Animal Welfare

Animal care

Adequate feeding

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Kinds and Varieties of Planting
Material
Planting Material refers to the materials or part
of a plant that is used in establishing field or
farm. Seeds are also planting materials. These
are also vegetative parts that come from the
plant.

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Examples of kinds of planting
materials are the following:
 Stem- it is the main body or stalk of the plant or
shrub, typically rising above ground but
occasionally subterranean. Example of plant that
uses stem as planting material is cassava, bamboo
and etc.
 Rhizome­- a continuously growing horizontal

underground stem that puts out lateral shoots and

adventitious roots are intervals. Banana is one of
the plants that used rhizome as planting materials.
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Examples of kinds of planting
materials are the following:
 Roots- in vascular plants the roots is the
organ of a plant that typically lies below the
surface of the soil. However the roots can be
aerial or aerating (growing up above and
ground or especially above water). Root crops
use obviously the roots in propagating.
Example of root crops are potato, kamote and
gabi.

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Examples of kinds of planting
materials are the following:
 Bulbs- in agricultural bulbs is a short stem
with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function
as food storage organs during dormancy. (In
gardening, plants with other kinds of storage
organ are also called "ornamental bulbous
plants" or just "bulbs".). Example of plant that
uses bulbs in planting is garlic.

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Examples of kinds of planting
materials are the following:
 Crown- this is the leafy top part of a pineapple it is
used as planting materials to establish a plantation of
pineapple.
 Seeds- are embryonic plant enclosed in a protective

outer covering known as the seed coat. Most of the

plant uses seeds as planting materials in the fields
 Grains- grains are also seeds but it is dry seeds with

or without attached hulls or fruit layers harvested for

human and animal consumption. Examples of this
are rice and corn.
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Characteristic of Good Quality Seeds

 Seeds must be true to type i.e. genetically pure,

free from admixtures and should belong to the
proper variety or strain of the crop and their
duration should be according to agro climate
and cropping system locality.
 Seed should be pure, viable, and vigorous and

have high yielding potential.

 Seed should be free from seed borne diseases and

infection.
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Characteristic of Good Quality Seeds
 Seed should be clean; free from weed seeds or any inert
materials.
 Seed should be in whole and not broken or damaged.
 Seed should be as fresh as possible or of the proper age.
 Seed should contain optimum amount of moisture (8-
12%)
 Seed should have high germination percentage (more
than 80%)
 Seed should germinate rapidly and uniformly when
sown.
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Different Seed Testing Method

 Seed testing is performed for a number of

reasons, including research purposes or to
determine if seed storage techniques are
functioning. There are four tests most
commonly done. The first two listed below are
common for scientific research.

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Different Seed Testing Method
 Rag doll Method – is a method of testing seeds using
towel. The towel is soaked and drain in water.
 Steps in Rag Doll Method

1. Use a firm towel. The soft, very well absorbent towels

make poor rag dolls because they allow roots and
shoots to penetrate into the fiber, making seedlings
difficult to remove during counting if no other type
of towel is available, the soft towels can be used, but it
is best to use two layers. These towels often hold too
which drown the seeds.
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Steps in Rag Doll Method

2. Wet the towel and allow free water to drip off for
a minute. Lay the wet towel flat and add seeds.
3. Count out 100 seeds and place them on one half
of the towel. Fold the towel in half and roll it into a
moderately tight tube. Place tube in a jar or sealable
plastic bag and place it in warm dark place. The rag
doll should be kept in warm place. A little water two
times a day in the bottom of the jar or plastic bag
will insure adequate moisture.
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Steps in Rag Doll Method
 Make the first germination count for most crops in
about three to four days make another count. If you
had 100 seeds the number of seedlings removed
equals the percentage of the germination.
 You can distinguish hard or firm seeds from dead

seeds by pushing down on each non-germinated

seed with the flat part of a pencil eraser. If the seed
does not flatten with gentle pressure, it is considered
dead. Dead seed will usually moldy at the end of the
test.
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Different Seed Testing Method
 Plate or Petri Dish Method – it is a method of
germinating seeds with the use of a plate and tissue.
It’s sometimes mistaken as paper towel methods
because of it’s steps and procedures the difference is
that this method used tissue while the latter used
paper towel.
 Steps in Petri Dish Method

1. Prepare the plate that will be used. The diameter of

the plate depends on the number of seed to
germinate.
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Steps in Petri Dish Method

2. Place damp tissue on top of the plate used.

3. Count out 100 seeds of the seeds you want to
germinate place another damp tissue paper on the top
of the seeds. It should be kept in warm place. A little
water from time to time will insure adequate moisture.
4. Make the first germination count for most crops in
about three days, had 100 seeds, the number of
seedlings removed equals the percentage germination.

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Different Seed Testing Method

 Seed Scarification in botany involves cutting the

seed coat using abrasion, thermal stress, or
chemicals to encourage germination. The seeds of
many plant species are often impervious to water
and gases, thus preventing or delaying
germination. Any process of breaking, scratching,
or altering the testa (seed coat) through chemical
or thermal methods to make it permeable to water
and gases is known as scarification.

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Different Kinds of Growing Media

 The material that your plants grow in is called

the “growing medium”. Dozens of different
ingredients are used in varying combinations to
create homemade or commercial growing
media.
 Growing medium has three main functions- 1)

supply roots with nutrients, air, and water, 2)

allow for maximum root growth, and
 3) physically support the plant.

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Different Kinds of Growing Media

 Roots grow in the spaces between individual

particles of soil. Air and water also travel
through these pore spaces. Water is the
medium that carries nutrients that plants
need to fuel their growth, and air is needed
for root growth and the health of soil
microorganisms that help supply plants with
nutrients.

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Different Kinds of Growing Media

 Irrigation water moves through the pore

spaces, pushing out the air. If excess water
cannot drain away, fresh air cannot enter and
roots will suffocate.
 Select light and fluffy growing media for good

aeration and root growth

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Different Kinds of Growing Media
Growing Media Photo Advantages Disadvantages
Components and
Mixes

Peat Moss Holds nutrients and May be strongly

water. acidic. May contain
weeds.

Manure Compost Good source of Fresh manure is high

organic matter. in ammonia and can
Usually available free burn. Variable in
composition. May
contain excess salt.
Sand Relatively Low nutrients – and
inexpensive. Improves water-holding
drainages. (Medium capacity
to coarse grades are
50 best)
Different Kinds of Growing Media
Growing Media Photo Advantages Disadvantages
Components and
Mixes

Vermiculite Holds nutrients and Compacts when too

water. Supplies wet
potassium. Provides
aeration. Light-weight.

Field Soil Relatively Heavy, often contains

inexpensive. Holds pathogen. Clay soils
water and nutrients usually drain poorly
and are variable in
fertility. Will crust.

Perlite Provides aeration. Low nutrients – and

Light-weight, sterile, water holding
and neutral in pH. capacity. Floats to
Does not decay. surface of container.
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Different Kinds of Growing Media

Rice Hulls
Rice hulls are a biproduct of the rice milling

industry. Although they are extremely light in

weight, rice hulls are very effective at improving
drainage.
Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm

humus, worm manure, or worm feces) is the end-

product of the breakdown of organic matter by
earthworms.
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Seedbed Preparation

 A seedbed or seedling bed is the local soil

environment in which seeds are planted.
Often it comprises not only the soil but also a
specially prepared cold frame, hotbed or
raised bed used to grow the seedlings in a
controlled environment into larger young
plants before transplanting them into a
garden or field. A seedling bed is used to
increase the number of seeds that germinate.
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Seedbed Preparation

The preparation of a seedbed may include:

The removal of debris. Insect eggs and disease

spores are often found in plant debris and so

this is removed from the plot. Stones and larger
debris will also physically prevent the seedlings
from growing.
Levelling. The site will have been levelled for

even drainage.
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Seedbed Preparation
 Breaking up the soil. Compacted soil will be
broken up by digging. This allows air and water to
enter, and helps the seedling penetrate the soil.
Smaller seeds require a finer soil structure. The
surface the soil can be broken down into a fine
granular structure using a tool such as a rake.
 Soil improvement. The soil structure may be

improved by the introduction of organic matter

such as compost or peat.

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Seedbed Preparation

 Fertilizing. The nitrate and phosphate levels of

the soil can be adjusted with fertilizer. If the
soil is deficient in any micro nutrients, these
too can be added.
 The seedlings may be left to grow to adult

plants in the seedbed, perhaps after thinning

to remove the weaker ones, or they may be
moved to a border as young plants.
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Requirements of Plant Growth

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and

other organisms to convert light energy,
normally from the Sun, into chemical energy
that can be later released to fuel the organisms'
activities.
Plants are photosynthetic they gather their food
energy directly from sunlight.

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Requirements of Plant Growth

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and

other organisms to convert light energy,
normally from the Sun, into chemical energy
that can be later released to fuel the organisms'
activities.
Plants are photosynthetic they gather their food
energy directly from sunlight.

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Major Requirements for Plant
Growth:
TEMPERATURE
is a comparative objective measure of hot and

cold. It is measured, typically by a thermometer,

through the bulk behavior of a thermometric
material, detection of heat radiation, or by
particle velocity or kinetic energy.

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Major Requirements for Plant
Growth:
 As temperature increases, reaction rates
increase
 Photosynthesis is slower at lower

temperatures: however the rate increases up

to a certain point as the temperature goes up.
 Plant growth functions such as absorption of

minerals and water are determined by

temperature.
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Major Requirements for Plant
Growth:
LIGHT
to power the process, the plant uses the energy

of sunlight. A green pigment in the leaves

called chlorophyll traps the Sun's energy.
The major source of light is the sun

Normal plant growth requires white light or

sunlight

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Major Requirements for Plant
Growth:
WATER OR MOISTURE
Photosynthesis is what plants do to create

their food, and water is critical to this process.

Water enters a plant's stem and travels up to its
leaves, which is where photosynthesis actually
takes place.

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Major Requirements for Plant
Growth:
CARBON DIOXIDE
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is essential

to life on earth and is directly responsible for

the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe.
Plants need Co2 to prepare its carbohydrate

food through photosynthesis.

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 NURSERY MANAGEMENT
 A vegetable nursery is a place or an
establishment for raising or handling of
young vegetable seedlings until they are ready
for more permanent planting.

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 ADVANTAGES OF NURSERY IN
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
1. It is convenient to look after the seedlings
2. It is possible to provide favorable growth
conditions i.e. germination as well as growth
3. Eliminates the problem of difficult soils
4. Easy weed control
5. Reduced field management costs
6. Improved crop uniformity
7. Higher yields
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 DISADVANTAGES OF NURSERY
IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
 Transplant shock which delays growth but is
not as severe on cell raised seedlings
compared to bare rooted seedlings.
 Extra labor to establish crop.

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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
ESTABLISHING NURSERY
1. Location of the nursery
2. Near the house
3. Well exposed to the sun but protected
against severe heat
4. Well protected against animal damage,
strong winds.

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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
ESTABLISHING NURSERY
Water
1)Near the water source

2)Continuous supply of good water

3)The seed bed should be kept moist not

continually wet.

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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
ESTABLISHING NURSERY
Soil
1)Soil should have a large quantity of organic

matter
2)Soil texture should be neither too coarse nor

too fine
3)Has a fair degree of water holding capacity

4)Normally rich in all the necessary elements

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 NURSERY MANAGEMENT

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 NURSERY MANAGEMENT
 Hygiene has a vital role in the control of pests and
diseases.
 Use steam or sterilization of the growing media,

structures, tools and trays.

 Effective ventilation and air movement is also a sound

disease prevention method.

 Understand pests and diseases that could affect the

growth of healthy seedlings

 Note also that in a greenhouse plants can be more

sensitive to chemicals than in the open field.

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