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Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge
balance, and the small ripple approximation
2.3. Boost converter example
2.4. Cuk converter example
2.5. Estimating the ripple in converters containing two-
pole low-pass filters
2.6. Summary of key points
1
SPDT switch changes dc + +
component 2
Vg + vs(t) R v(t)
vs(t)
Switch output voltage Vg
waveform
DTs D' Ts
Duty cycle D: 0
0D1 0 DTs Ts t
switch
complement D: position: 1 2 1
D = 1 - D
vs(t)
Vg
<vs> = DVg
area =
DTsVg
0
0 DTs Ts t
Ts
vs = 1 vs(t) dt
Ts 0
vs = 1 (DTsVg) = DVg
Ts
L
1
+ +
2
Vg + vs(t) C R v(t)
Vg
v vs = DVg
0
0 1 D
a) 1
L M(D) = D
1 0.8
iL(t) +
0.6
Buck
M(D)
2
Vg + C R v 0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
b) L 5
2 M(D) = 1 1 D
+ 4
iL(t)
3
Boost
M(D)
1
Vg + C R v 2
1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
D
c) 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 2 + -1
Buck-boost iL(t) -2
M(D)
Vg + C R v
L -3
-4 M(D) = 1DD
-5
0
t
0
t
vripple << V
v(t) V
iL(t) L
1
+ vL(t) +
iC(t)
original 2
Vg + C R v(t)
converter
iL(t) L L
+ vL(t) + + vL(t) +
iC(t) iC(t)
iL(t) L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) +
iC(t)
vL = Vg v(t)
Vg + C R v(t)
Small ripple approximation:
vL Vg V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) +
iC(t)
vL(t) = v(t)
Vg + iL(t) C R v(t)
Small ripple approximation:
vL(t) V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can again find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
vL(t) Vg V
DTs D'Ts
t
V
switch
position: 1 2 1
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
iL(t) dt
iL(DTs)
I iL
iL(0) Vg V V
L L
0 DTs Ts t
iL(t)
iL(DTs)
I iL
iL(0) Vg V V
L L
0 DTs Ts t
V V Vg V
iL = g DTs L=
2iL
DTs
2L
iL(t)
Vg v(t)
L
v(t) iL(nTs) iL((n+1)Ts)
L
iL(Ts)
iL(0)=0
0 DTs Ts 2Ts nTs (n+1)Ts t
Hence, the total area (or volt-seconds) under the inductor voltage
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
An equivalent form:
s T
0= 1 v (t) dt = vL
Ts 0 L
The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 15 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor volt-second balance:
Buck converter example
vL(t)
Inductor voltage waveform, Vg V total area
previously derived:
DTs t
V
Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:
Ts
= vL(t) dt = (Vg V)(DTs) + ( V)(D'Ts)
0
Average voltage is
vL = = D(Vg V) + D'( V)
Ts
Equate to zero and solve for V:
0 = DVg (D + D')V = DVg V V = DVg
Hence, the total area (or charge) under the capacitor current
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
The average capacitor current is then zero.
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) +
Boost converter iC(t)
1
with ideal switch Vg + C R v
L D1
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) +
iC(t)
1
original Vg + C R v
converter
L L
+ iL(t) + vL(t) +
iL(t) + vL(t) iC(t)
iC(t)
+ Vg + C R v
Vg C R v
Vg + C R v
vL = Vg
iC = V / R
Vg + C R v
vL = Vg V
iC = I V / R
vL(t)
Vg
DTs D'Ts
t
Vg V
iC(t) I V/R
DTs D'Ts
t
V/R
Solve for V:
Vg
V =
D'
The voltage conversion ratio is therefore
M(D) = V = 1 = 1
Vg D' 1 D
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter
5
1 = 1
M(D) = D'
4 1 D
3
M(D)
2
1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
iC(t) I V/R
Capacitor charge balance:
DTs D'Ts
Ts
iC(t) dt = ( V ) DTs + (I V ) D'Ts t
0 R R V/R
I= V 4
D' R
2
2v = V DTs
RC
Solve for peak ripple: Choose C such that desired voltage ripple
magnitude is obtained
v = V DTs In practice, capacitor equivalent series
2RC
resistance (esr) leads to increased voltage ripple
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 27 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
2.4 Cuk converter example
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter, i2 +
i1 + v1
with ideal switch
1 2
Vg + C2 v2 R
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter:
practical realization i1 i2 +
+ v1
using MOSFET and
diode Vg + Q1 D1 C2 v2 R
Switch in position 1: L1 L2 i2
MOSFET conducts i1 + vL1 iC1 + vL2
+
iC2
Capacitor C1 releases Vg + v1 C1 C2 v2 R
energy to output
+
i1 L1 L2 i2
iC1
Switch in position 2: + vL1 + vL2 +
+ iC2
diode conducts
Vg + C1 v1 C2 v2 R
Capacitor C1 is
Vg V1
Inductor L2 voltage
vL2(t) V2
DTs D'Ts
V1 V2 t Average the waveforms:
DTs D'Ts
I2 t
iC2(t)
I2 V2 / R (= 0)
V2
i C2 = I 2 =0
DTs D'Ts t R
D
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
-1
-2
M(D)
V2
-3 M(D) = = D
Vg 1D
-4
-5
Interval 2 slopes: V1 V2 V2
L2 L2
I2
di 1(t) vL1(t) Vg V1 i2
= =
dt L1 L1 i2(t)
di 2(t) vL2(t) V2
= =
dt L2 L2
Subinterval 1:
v1(t)
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 2 v1
= = V1
dt C1 C1 I2 I1
C1 C1
Subinterval 2:
DTs Ts t
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 1
= =
dt C1 C1
VgDTs VgDTs
i 1 = i 1 =
2L 1 2L 1
V + V2 VgDTs
i 2 = 1 DTs i 2 =
2L 2 2L 2
I DT VgD 2Ts
v1 = 2 s
2C 1 v1 =
2D'RC 1
iL(t)
Inductor current iL(DTs)
I iL
waveform. iL(0) Vg V V
What is the L L
capacitor current?
0 DTs Ts t
iC(t)
Must not total charge
neglect q
iL t
inductor
current ripple! Ts / 2
DTs D'Ts
If the capacitor
voltage ripple is
small, then vC(t)
essentially all of
v
the ac component V
v
of inductor current
flows through the t
capacitor.
iL Ts
v =
vC(t) 8C
v
V Note: in practice, capacitor
v
equivalent series resistance
t (esr) further increases v.
L1 iT L2
Example: Q1
+ +
problem 2.9 i1 i2
Vg + C1 vC1 C2 R v
D1
vL(t)
total
flux linkage
v t
Ts / 2
DTs D'Ts
can use similar arguments, with
= L i
iL(t)
= inductor flux linkages
i
I = inductor volt-seconds
i