Bài Giảng Kiến Trúc Máy Tính Tiên Tiến- Hoàng Xuân Dậu-PTIT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
KIN TRC MY TNH

TIN TIN
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG
Ging vin: TS. Hong Xun Du

in thoi/E-mail: dauhx@ptit.edu.vn
B mn: Khoa hc my tnh - Khoa CNTT1
BI GING MN KIN TRC MY TNH TIN TIN
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hesham El-Rewini and Mostafa Abd-El-Barr, Advanced

Computer Architecture and parallel processing, John Wiley &
Sons, 2005.
2. William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 8th
edition, Prentice Hall, 2010.
3. Kai Hwang, Advanced Computer Architecture, McGraw-Hill,
2003.
4. Hong Xun Du, Bi ging Kin trc my tnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh BC-VT, 2010.
5. MIT, Gio trnh Computer System Architecture, m 6.823.
6. H Khnh Lm, Gio trnh k thut vi x l, NXB Bu in,
2007.
www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 2

B MN: KHOA HC MY TNH - KHOA CNTT1
TI LIU THAM KHO
Trang web ca mn hc:

http://www.travelvisatousa.com/cntt.ptit/ktmt-tt/
Slides
Ti liu tham kho
Bi tp
im thnh phn
Emails lin h:
dauhx@ptit.edu.vn
dauhoang@gmail.com

NH GI MN HC
Lm bi tp/vit tiu lun theo nhm : 20%

Trnh by v tr li cu hi bi tp/tiu lun: 30%
Kim tra kt thc mn hc: 50%

NI DUNG MN HC
1. Gii thiu chung

2. K thut ng ng lnh
3. Cc loi kin trc tp lnh (ISA)
4. H thng nh, b nh cache v b nh o
5. Cc kin trc bus tin tin
6. Cc kin trc song song trong my tnh
7. Cc kin trc nhiu li

NI DUNG CHNG 1
1. Khi nim kin trc v t chc my tnh

2. Cu trc v chc nng ca my tnh
3. Lch s pht trin my tnh
4. Kin trc von-Neumann
5. Kin trc Harvard
6. T chc ca cc my tnh hin i
7. nh lut Moore v s pht trin cng ngh
my tnh.

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH
Kin trc v t chc my tnh l 2 khi nim c bn

ca cng ngh my tnh.
T chc my tnh (Computer organization) l khoa hc
nghin cu v cc b phn ca my tnh v phng thc
lm vic ca chng;
Kin trc my tnh (Computer architecture) l mt khoa
hc v la chn v kt ni cc thnh phn phn cng
ca my tnh nhm t c cc yu cu:
Hiu nng / tc (performance): nhanh tt
Chc nng (functionality): nhiu tnh nng tt
Gi thnh (cost): r tt

THIT K V THI CNG TRONG XY DNG

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH (tip)

Ba thnh phn c bn ca kin trc my tnh:

i. Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction set architecture - ISA) l
hnh nh tru tng ca my tnh mc ngn ng my
(hp ng). Kin trc tp lnh gm:
Tp lnh
Cc ch a ch b nh
Cc thanh ghi
Cc khun dng a ch v d liu

ii. Vi kin trc (micro-architecture), cn c gi l t

chc my tnh l m t v h thng mc thp, lin
quan n cc vn :
Cc thnh phn phn cng ca my tnh kt ni vi nhau
nh th no?
Cc thnh phn phn cng ca my tnh tng tc vi nhau
nh th no thc thi tp lnh?

iii. Thit k h thng (System Design) bao gm tt c

cc thnh phn phn cng khc trong h thng tnh
ton, nh:
H thng kt ni nh bus v cc chuyn mch
iu khin b nh v qun l phn cp h thng nh
Cc c ch gim ti cho CPU nh l DMA
Cc vn khc nh a x l.

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG
S khi chc
nng ca h
thng my tnh

B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit - CPU):

Chc nng:
c lnh t b nh
Gii m v thc hin lnh
CPU bao gm:
B iu khin (Control Unit - CU)
B tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU)
Cc thanh ghi (Registers)

Vi x l Intel
8086 (1978)
Vi x l Intel
Core i7
(2008)

B nh trong (Internal Memory):

Chc nng: lu tr lnh (instruction) v d liu (data) cho
CPU x l;
B nh trong bao gm:
ROM (Read Only Memory):
Lu tr lnh v d liu ca h thng
Thng tin trong ROM vn tn ti khi mt ngun nui
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Lu tr lnh v d liu ca h thng v ngi dng
Thng tin trong RAM s mt khi mt ngun nui

B nh trong (Internal Memory):

Cc thit b vo ra (Peripheral devices)

Thit b vo (Input devices): nhp d liu v iu khin
Bn phm (Keyboard)
Chut (Mice)
a (Disk drives)
My qut (Scanner)
Cc thit b ra (Output devices): kt xut d liu
Mn hnh (Monitor/screen)
My in (Printer)
My v (Plotter)
a (Disk drives)

Cc thit b vo ra - a cng (HDD)

Bus h thng (system bus):

Bus h thng l mt tp cc ng dy kt ni CPU vi
cc thnh phn khc ca my tnh
Bus h thng thng gm:
Bus a ch (Address bus) Bus A
Bus d liu (Data bus) Bus D
Bus iu khin (Control bus) - Bus C

Bus h thng: PCI bus

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Lch s pht trin my tnh c th c chia thnh

5 th h chnh phc thuc vo s pht trin ca k
thut mch in t.
Th h 1 (1944-1959):
S dng n in t lm linh kin chnh
S dng bng t lm thit b vo ra
Mt linh kin: 1000 linh kin / foot3 (1 foot = 30.48 cm)
Tiu biu: ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer, tr gi 500.000 USD.

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN

Th h 1 (1944-1959): - ENIAC

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 2 (1960-1964):
S dng bng bn dn (transitor) lm linh kin chnh
Mt linh kin: 100.000 linh kin / foot3
Tiu biu: UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III, IBM 7070, 7080,
7090, 1400 series, 1600 series.
My tnh UNIVAC ra i vo nm 1951, c gi khi im
l 159.000 USD. Mt s phin bn kt tip ca UNIVAC
c gi nm trong khong 1.250.000 1.500.000 USD.

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 2: UNIVAC

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 3 (1964-1975):
S dng mch tch hp (IC Integrated Circuit) lm linh
kin chnh
Mt linh kin: 10.000.000 linh kin / foot3
Tiu biu: UNIVAC 9000 series, IBM System/360, System
3, System 7.

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 3: UNIVAC 9400

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 4 (1975-1989):
S dng mch tch hp loi ln (LSI Large Scale
Integrated Circuit) lm linh kin chnh;
Mt linh kin: 1 t linh kin / foot3;
Tiu biu: IBM System 3090, IBM RISC 6000, IBM RT,
Cray 2 XMP.

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 4:
Cray 2 XMP

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 5 (1990 - nay):
S dng mch tch hp loi ln rt ln (VLSI Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuit) lm linh kin chnh
Mt linh kin: cng ngh 0.18m 0.045m
Tiu biu: Pentium II, III, IV, M, D, Core Duo, Core 2
Duo, Core Quad,...
H tr x l song song
Tc /hiu nng cao
Tch hp kh nng x l m thanh v hnh nh.

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN
Th h 5:
Vi x l Intel Core 2 Quad Vi x l Intel Atom

1.4 KIN TRC von-NEUMANN
Kin trc
von-Neumann
c in

Kin trc von-Neumann hin i

Kin trc von-Neumann c in c nh ton hc

ngi M John von-Neumann gii thiu nm 1945.
Kin trc von-Neumann da trn 3 khi nim c s:
Lnh v d liu c lu tr trong b nh c ghi chia
s;
B nh c nh a ch theo vng, khng ph thuc
vo ni dung n lu tr;
Cc lnh ca mt chng trnh c thc hin tun t.

Cc lnh c thc hin theo 3 giai on (stages)

chnh:
CPU c (fetch) lnh t b nh;
CPU gii m v thc hin lnh; nu lnh yu cu d liu,
CPU c d liu t b nh;
CPU ghi kt qu thc hin lnh vo b nh (nu c).

1.5 KIN TRC HARVARD
S kin trc Harvard

1.5 KIN TRC HARVARD c im
B nh c chia thnh 2 phn:

B nh lu m chng trnh
B nh lu d liu
CPU s dng 2 h thng bus giao tip vi b
nh:
Bus A, D v C giao tip vi b nh chng trnh
Bus A, D v C giao tip vi b nh d liu.

1.5 KIN TRC HARVARD c im
Kin trc Harvard nhanh hn kin trc von-

Neumann do bng thng ca bus ln hn;
H tr nhiu thao tc c/ghi b nh ti mt thi
im gim xung t truy nhp b nh, c bit
khi CPU s dng k thut ng ng (pipeline).

1.6 T CHC CA
MY TNH HIN
I
S khi my
tnh vi b
chipset cu Bc
v cu Nam

S
khi my
tnh vi
CPU c
tch hp
memory
controller
v
graphic
chip

1.6 T CHC CA MY TNH HIN I
Mt bng
mch chnh
(motherboard)

Mt bng
mch chnh
(motherboard)

1.7 nh lut Moore v s pht trin cng ngh my tnh

nh lut Moore (a ra bi nh ng sng lp
hng Intel, ng Gordon Moore vo nm 1965):
S lng transitor (bng bn dn trong mt chip s gp i
trong khong thi gian 2 nm.
nh lut Moore vn ng trong gn na th k qua qua;
Cc chuyn gia d on n vn ng trong khong 2 thp
k tip theo.
Tnh nng ca cc thit b in t cng pht trin
vt bc ng nh lut Moore:
Tc x l, dung lng nh, cm bin;
S im nh trn my nh s,
1.7
nh
lut
Moore

1.7
nh
lut
Moore
HDD
capacity

1.7 nh lut
Moore

1.7 nh lut Moore Gii hn

nh lut Moore khng th ng mi mi:
Moore pht biu nm 2005: It can't continue forever. The
nature of exponentials is that you push them out and
eventually disaster happens
Khng th gim kch thc ca transitor mi mi do kch
thc ca transitor b gii hn bi kch thc nguyn t.
Nhiu nh khoa hc d on nh lut Moore c th
vn ng trong khong 10-20 nm na.

1.7 nh lut Moore Mt s vn

S lng transitor v hiu nng tnh ton:
S lng transitor tng theo nh lut Moore khng lun
mang li hiu nng tnh ton theo cp s m;
Tc thc hin cc ng dng ngi dng khng tng khi chy
trn cc CPU a nhn c mt transitor ln do cc ng dng
ny khng h tr x l song song;
Nhiu trng hp 45% tng s lng transitor ch mang
li khong 10-15% tng v hiu nng x l;
Ngoi ra, hiu nng chung ca ton h thng cn ph
thuc nhiu yu t, ngoi tc ca b vi x l:
Bng thng bus
Tc h thng lu tr,


Tm quan trng ca cc yu t gy nt c chai:
Tc b nh trong v a kh chm, khng theo kp s
tng tc ca CPU gy hin tng nt c chai;
Hng khc phc:
CPU thc hin lnh kiu khng theo trt t (Out Of Order
execution)
S dng cache v c trc (prefetch) - mc CPU v phn
mm
Gim hin tng nt c chai do tc chm ca h thng nh.


X l song song v nh lut Moore:
X l song song l khuynh hng c pht trin mnh
gn y nh s tng trng vt bc ca cng ngh vi
x l theo nh lut Moore;
Trc kia, vic tng tc CPU ch yu tp trung vo tng
tc xung nhp (clock rate) v nng cao kh nng x l
song song mc lnh;
Hin nay, x l song song tp trung vo cc hng:
X l song song nh a lung (multi-threads)
X l song song nh a nhn (multi-cores)
X l song song nh a vi x l (multi-processors)


Hiu ng ph ca s pht trin theo nh lut
Moore:
Do cng ngh pht trin nhanh chng, vng i ca mi
th h cng ngh/thit b ngn i;
Mt s cng ngh c th b lc hu sau 6 thng n 1
nm;
Gy tn km cho mua sm mi v gim hiu qu u t.


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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KIN TRC MY TNH

Ging vin: TS. Hong Xun Du

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hesham El-Rewini and Mostafa Abd-El-Barr, Advanced

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 2

TI LIU THAM KHO

Trang web ca mn hc:

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 3

Lm bi tp/vit tiu lun theo nhm : 20%

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 4

1. Gii thiu chung

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 5

1. Khi nim kin trc v t chc my tnh

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 6

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH

Kin trc v t chc my tnh l 2 khi nim c bn

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 7

THIT K V THI CNG TRONG XY DNG

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 8

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH (tip)

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 9

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH (tip)

Ba thnh phn c bn ca kin trc my tnh:

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 10

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH (tip)

ii. Vi kin trc (micro-architecture), cn c gi l t

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 11

1.1 KIN TRC & T CHC MY TNH (tip)

iii. Thit k h thng (System Design) bao gm tt c

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 12

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 13

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit - CPU):

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 14

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 15

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

B nh trong (Internal Memory):

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 16

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

B nh trong (Internal Memory):

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 17

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

Cc thit b vo ra (Peripheral devices)

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 18

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

Cc thit b vo ra - a cng (HDD)

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 19

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

Bus h thng (system bus):

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 20

1.2 CU TRC & CC THNH PHN CHC NNG

Bus h thng: PCI bus

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 21

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN

Lch s pht trin my tnh c th c chia thnh

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 22

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 23

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN

www.ptit.edu.vn GING VIN: TS. HONG XUN DU Trang 24

1.3 LCH S PHT TRIN