TOPIC: English as a Global Language

1. Functional language

Greeting people
What do you do?
What does he look like?
What is she like?

2. Vocabulary

British English American English

Professions
Adjectives
Time expressions
Phrasal verb: Get

3. Pronunciation

3rd person suffix s/es

4. Grammar

Present Simple tense

Present Continuous tense
Frequency adverbs
Stative verbs

5. Writing

A descriptive text

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1. Functional Language

ENGLISH GREETINGS

First impressions are important, so here's a guide to using the right expression.

Two friends meeting

Friends often say "Hi" to each other. Then they often ask a general question, such as
"How are you?" or "How are things?" or "How's life?"

The reply to this question is normally positive."Fine, thanks. And you?"

"Fine thanks, what about yourself?"

"Not bad." Or "Can't complain.

Greeting people you don't know

You can use "Hello" with people you don't know, but a more formal greeting is "Good
morning / afternoon / evening."

The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used and then
makes polite conversation, such as "How was your trip?" or "Did you find our office
easily?"

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Introducing yourself
At an informal party

"Hello, I'm Maria." Or "Hello, my name's Maria."

The reply could be:

"Hi, I'm Sarah." Or "Hello Maria, I'm Sarah." Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah."

At work-related events

"I'd like to introduce myself. I'm Maria, from english@home."

Or, "Let me introduce myself. I'm Maria from english@home."

The reply could be:

"Nice to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"Pleased to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"How do you do? I'm Peter Mitchell from Mitchell Creations."

Introducing other people

Introducing a friend to a work colleague

"Sarah, have you met my colleague John?"

"Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John."

Sarah says:

"Pleased to meet you, John." Or "Nice to meet you, John.

John could say:

"Nice to meet you too, Sarah." Or "Hello, Sarah."

Introducing clients

"Mr. Mitchell, I'd like to introduce you to my manager, Henry Lewis."

Mr. Mitchell could then say:

"How do you do?" and Henry Lewis also says "How do you do?"
Or Mr. Mitchell could say:

"Pleased to meet you." Or "Good to meet you."

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Speaking Tip

How do you do? is quite formal for British English speakers and the reply to this
question is to repeat the phrase, "How do you do?" (as strange as that may sound!)

At a more informal party

When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simply say, "John, this is
Sarah."

Cultural considerations

At work, one person may have higher status - your boss, or a client, for example.
It's polite to address them as Mr. / Ms. until the situation becomes more informal.

If someone says, "Please call me (Henry)", you know you can use first names. If
someone uses your first name, you can use their first name too.

People in English-speaking cultures often shake hands when they meet someone for
the first time. They dont usually kiss each other.

* Don't forget to smile! :-)

Introducing people expressions

What's your name?

Who are you?
My name is ...
I am ...
My friends call me ... My nickname is..
You can call me ...
Haven't we met (before)?
Yes, I think we have.
No, I don't think we have.
I think we've already met.
I don't think we've met (before).
This is ...
Meet ...
Have you met ...?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Yes, I think I have.
No, I don't think I have.
Hello/Hi ... (name)
Nice to meet you. (informal)
Pleased to meet you.
How do you do? (formal)
Nice to see you.
Nice to see you again.

Listening activity: Watch this video Meeting people

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What do you do? (your profession/occupation)

You know that asking someone what he or she does for a living is a common
conversation starter.

LEMBRA: A pregunta: What do you do? Tradcese por A que te dedicas?

unha frase en presente simple empregada para falar de hbitos ou cousas que fas
con regularidade. Respndese directamente con I am a/an e o traballo ou profesin.

Examples: I am a teacher.

She is a student.

He is an engineer.

Basic Vocabulary

ENGLISH GALEGO ENGLISH GALEGO

actor actor lawyer avogado

actress actriz manager xerente
architect arquitecto mechanic mecnico
artist artista newsagent libreiro
baker panadeiro painter pintor
barber barbeiro photographer fotgrafo
butcher carniceiro pilot piloto
chemist farmaceutico plumber fontaneiro
clerk oficiista policeman polica
cook cocieiro postman carteiro
conductor revisor (tren) priest cura
doctor doutor receptionist recepcionista
dress-maker costureira salesman vendedor
driver condutor secretary secrataria
electrician electricista shoe-maker zapateiro
engineer inxeeiro singer cantante
farmer granxeiro steward sobrecargo
firefighter bombeiro stewardess azafata
florist florista tailor sastre
gardener xardieiro technician tcnico
greengrocer verduleiro telephonist telefonista
hair-dresser perruqueira tourist guide gua turstico
hostess anfitriona waiter camereiro
jeweller xoieiro waitress camareira
journalist periodista watch-maker reloxeiro
judge xuiz writer escritor
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What does he/she look like? (Como el/ela?)
Look like un verbo phrasal = un verbo (look) + unha preposicin (like)

Esta pregunta emprgase sempre para requerir informacin sobre a descricin fsica
dunha persoa.

He/She is.

She/Hes got .

Adjectives to describe peoples physical appearance

(Estes son algns dos adxectivos a empregar)

HAIR FACE SKIN HEIGHT BUILD OPINION

Straight Thin-faced Freckles Tall Slim Smart

Curly Round- Beard Short Thin Elegant
faced

Wavy Chubby Moustache Plump Overweight Well-dressed

Crew cut Brown- Wrinkles Stout Fat Good-looking

eyed

Bald Blue-eyed Fair skinned Average Obese Attractive

height
Receding Dimples Dark Medium Broad
hair skinned height

Fair High Tanned Solid Beautiful

forehead

Dark Thick lips Pale Stocky Pretty

skinned

White/black A mole Well-built Handsome

/grey

Ginger- Up-turned Curvy Scruffy

haired nose

Blonde Flabby Cute

Red-haired Skinny Adorable
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What is she like?
Para facer preguntas sobre a personalidade, forma de ser ou conduta dunha persoa
utilzase a forma:

What + be + subject + like?

Exemplos:

What is John like? (Como John?)

He's funny and extroverted. (El divertido e extrovertido)

What's Diana like? (Como Diana?)

She's selfish and unpleasant. (Ela e egosta e desagradable)

What are your friends like? (Como son os teus amigos?)

They're kind and generous. (Eles son amables e xenerosos)

*Pero tamn se emprega para describir cousas abstractas, como o tempo.

What is the weather like in your city? (Como est o tiempo na ta cidade?)
Its cloudy and windy. (Est nublado e ventoso)

BE LIKE & LOOK LIKE

LEMBRA:

Para facer preguntas sobre a apariencia das persoas utilzase a forma:

What + do/does + subject + look like?

Exemplos:

What does Amanda look like? (Como Amanda?)

She's tall and thin. (Ela alta e delgada)

What does Peter look like? (Como Peter?)

He's fat and he has blue eyes. (El gordo e ten os ollos azuis)

What do your brothers look like? (Como son os teus irms?)

They are strong and they have black hair. (Eles son fortes e teen o pelo negro)

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2. Vocabulary

BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (BrE/AmE)

Ademais de pequenas diferenzas gramaticais como o uso do participio gotten en
Ingls Americano en vez de got que o utilizado polos britnicos, existen
diferenzas na escrita spelling, na pronuncia, e no vocabulario. Imos revisar
algunhas destas particularidades.

1. Escrita

As palabras que rematan en -our en BrE rematan en -or en AmE

Examples: Colour (BrE) / color (AmE)
Favour (BrE)/ favor (AmE)

As palabras que rematan en -re en BrE rematan en -er en AmE

Examples: Centre (BrE) / center (AmE)
Theatre (BrE) / theater (AmE)

Os verbos que rematan en -ize en AmE pdense escribir -ise ou -ize en

BrE anda que a primeira forma a mis frecuente.
Examples: Realise-realize (BrE) / realize (AmE)
Recognise-recognize (BrE) / recognize (AmE)

2. Pronuncia

En BrEng. a consoante r s se pronuncia diante de son voclico e normalmente

non se pronuncia a final de palabra. En AmE non obstante, o r pronnciase en
todas as posicins nas que se atopa escrita.
Examples: Beer / b/ (BrE) Beer / br / (AmE)

En AmEng. as consoantes t e d pronncianse como unha d suave entre

vogais
Examples: Saturday /t/ (BrE)/ Saturday /d/ (AmE)

Algunhas palabras que en BrE teen o son /ju:/ pronncianse /u:/ en AmE.
Examples: New /nju:/ (BrE) new /nu:/ (AmE)

3. Vocabulario.

Na FAQ desta unidade tes un listado coas principais diferenzas de vocabulario

entre as das variedades e a sa traducin ao galego.

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EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
Study the following expressions of time:

Every Monday Todos os luns

Every Tuesday Todos os martes
Every Wednesday Todos os mrcores
Every Thursday Todos os xoves
Every Friday morning Todos os venres pola ma
Every Saturday afternoon Todos os sbados pola tarde
Every Sunday evening Todos os domingos pola tarde
Every morning Todas as mas
Every afternoon Todas as tardes (13:00 - 17:00)
Every evening Todas as tardes (18:00 - 21:00)
Every day Todos os das
Every night Todas as noites
Every week Todas as semanas
Every month Todos os meses
Every year Todos os anos
Once a day Unha vez ao da
Twice a week Das veces semana
Three times a year Tres veces ao ano
Several times a month Varias veces ao mes
Always Sempre
Frequently Frecuentemente
Usually Usualmente
Generally Xeralmente
Sometimes A veces
Often A miudo
Rarely Raramente
Hardly ever Casi nunca
Seldom Rara vez
Never Nunca
In the summer No vern
In the autumn/fall No outono
In the winter No inverno
In the spring Na primavera

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PHRASAL VERBS
Os verbos frasais ou Phrasal Verbs, son "Verbos Compostos" ou "Expresins
Idiomticas" que estn formados por das palabras (as veces tres). A primeira
palabra sempre un verbo comn e a segunda pode ser un adverbio ou unha
preposicin.

get out- leave or move.

Example: I don't want you here. Get out of my way!

get over (something)- stop thinking about something.

Example: I can't get over how hard that test was.

get away with (something)- do something wrong without punishment.

Example: The bank robbers got away with it. The police never found them.

get on with (something)- continue with something.

Example: Listen everyone, it's time to stop talking and get on with our class.

get around- way to go places.

Example: I get around by bicycle, but my brother gets around on foot.

get around to (something)- finally do something.

Example: I finally got around to doing my homework. I didn't do it for several days.

get along with- be friendly with.

Example: My neighbor and I get along very well. We talk every day.

get by- have enough to survive.

Example: I have enough money to get by until next week.

get down to- become serious about.

Example: Dinner is finished and now it's time to get down to business.

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3. Pronunciation

3rd person suffix s/es

Although the morphological suffix for third person singular verbs in the simple present
tense is -s, or -es, the suffix is pronounced differently depending on the sound of the
last syllable of the verb. If the last syllable of the verb sounds like:

s, se, ce [s]*z, ze [z]sh []ch []j, dge [],

Then the suffix is pronounced as a voiced ez [z]. For example:

faces [feisz]
misses [mIsz]
dozes [douzz]
hushes [hz]
catches [ktz]
nudges [nz]

If the last syllable of the verb is a voiceless sound, then the suffix is pronounced as
an unvoiced s [s]. Voiceless sounds are produced by not vibrating the larynx, or
voice box, in the throat. The voiceless, or unvoiced, sounds in English are:

p, pe [p]t, tt, te [t]k, ck, ke [k]f, gh [f]th []h [h]y [j]

For example:

breaks [breiks]
counts [kaunts]
drinks [driks]
hopes [houps]
likes [laiks]
sits [sIts]

If the last syllable of the verb is a voiced sound, then the suffix is pronounced as
avoiced z [z]. Voiced sounds are produced by vibrating the larynx, or voice box, in
the throat. The voiced sounds in English are:

m, me [m]n, ne [n]ng []b, be [b]d, de [d]g, ge [g]v, ve [v]th []w [w]r, re [r]l, ll, le [l]

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All vowels in English are also voiced sounds. For example:

calls [kalz]
destroys [distroiz]
gives [givz]
moans [mounz]
sobs [sabz]
tries [traiz]

When a word ends in [s], [sh], [ch], [z], [j] the -es is pronounced as a separate
syllable: [z]. Therefore, if a verb ends in one of these sounds, the present tense will
have one more syllable than the simple form.
Examples:
fix (1 syllable)-->fixes (2 syllables)
kiss (1 syllable)-->kisses (2 syllables)
wash (1 syllable)-->washes (2 syllables)
watch (1 syllable)-->watches (2 syllables)
damage (2 syllables)-->damages (3 syllables)
memorize (3 syllables)-->memorizes (4 syllables)
exercise (3 syllables)-->exercises (4 syllables)

*The letters in brackets are the sounds written in the International Phonetic Alphabet
preceded by some spellings of the sounds in written English.

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4. Grammar
Present Simple tense
1. Este tempo verbal emprgase para expresar feitos ou accins que ocorren a diario,
ou de forma habitual. As expresins que mis se empregan son aquelas que levan a
palabra:

EVERY, como every day (todos os das), every morning (todas as mas),
every weekend (todas as fins de semana).

Example: I have cereal for breakfast every day. (Tomo cereais para o almorzo
todos os das)

Tamn emprganse con este tempo verbal os adverbios de frecuencia (que

non indican cando, sinon que con qu frecuencia ocorren as accins indicadas
por o verbo). Son adverbios de frecuencia: ALWAYS (sempre), GENERALLY
(xeralmente), USUALLY (usualmente), OFTEN ( a miudo), SOMETIMES (as
veces), RARELY (rara vez), SELDOM (raramente), HARDLY EVER (casi nunca),
NEVER (nunca).

Fxate! As expresins que levan a palabra every habitualmente van ubicadas

ao final da oracin, mentras que os adverbios de frecuencia van ubicados
sempre antes do verbo principal.

Example: John usually goes to the library (Xon a miudo vai biblioteca)

Tamn son frecuentes neste tempo verbal os adverbios de tempo formados por
ONCE (unha vez), TWICE (das veces), THREE TIMES (tres veces), SEVERAL
TIMES (varias veces), MANY TIMES (moitas veces), etc, seguidas das frases A
DAY (ao da), A WEEK ( semana), A MONTH (ao mes), etc

2. Este tempo verbal emprgase tamn para expresar verdades xerais ou feitos que
sempre se compren.

Example: Water boils at 100 degrees (A auga ferve a 100 graos)

3. Este tempo verbal emprgase tamn para indicar plans futuros. Adoita referirse a
horarios ou programas.

Example: The train leaves at 5:30 pm. (O tren sae as 5:30 da tarde)

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FORMA AFIRMATIVA

Na forma afirmativa, o SUXEITO (I, You, The students, You and I, etc.) vai seguido
por o INFINITIVO do verbo principal.

Suxeito + Infinitivo sen to I like football

PERO cando o suxeito tercera persoa do singular (He, She, It, The boy, The
telephone, etc) debese agregar un -s ou -es ao verbo principal.

Suxeito + Infinitivo sen to She likes football

SPELLING RULES

Na terceira persoa do singular engdese un s ao infinitivo sen to ags nos seguintes

casos:

Os verbos que rematan en s, ss, sh, ch, x, e o engaden es

Pass Passes
Wash Washes
Watch Watches
Mix - Mixes
Go Goes

Os verbos que rematan en y precedida de consoante cambian o y por ie

despois engaden -es
Fly Flies
Cry Cries

Os verbos que rematan en y precedida de vogal, non experimentan ningn

cambio e seguen a regra xeral de engadir -s
Play Plays

FORMA NEGATIVA

Sux. + DO NOT+ Infinitivo sen to I do not like football

Sux. + DOES NOT + Infinitivo sen to (3 sing.) She does not like football

FORMA INTERROGATIVA

DO + Suxeito + Infinitivo sen to? Do you like football?

DOES + Suxeito + Infinitivo sen to (3 pers. sing.)? Does he like football?

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Present Continuous
3 formas do presente continuo:

Afirmativa

Suxeito + BE + verbo-ing Example: I am studying

She is studying

Negativa

Suxeito + BE NOT+ verbo-ing Example: I am not studying

They are not studying

Interrogativa

BE + Suxeito + verbo-ing? Example: Are you studying?

Is he studying?

Este tempo verbal emprgase:

1. Para accins que estn a acontecer no momento de falar.

Mum is cooking now. Mam est a cociar agora.

2. Para accins incompletas que estn a acontecer, anda que non

necesariamente no momento de falar.

We are building a new garage. Estamos a construr un novo garaxe.

3. Para indicar plans ou preparativos nun futuro prximo.

We're having dinner together tonight. Imos cear xuntos esta noite.

4. Para accins que se repiten de forma regular e que adoitan levar implcito un
sentido de queixa.

They are always complaining. Sempre se estn a queixar.

Regras ortogrficas

a) Os verbos que rematan en consoante + e, prdenna ao engadir ing

arrive - arriving, close - closing
b) Os verbos que rematan en -ie cambian este final por y ao engadir -ing
die dying, - lie - lying
c) Os verbos nos que o acento cae na ltima slaba e rematan en
consoante + vogal + consoante dobran a ltima consoante ao engadir -ing
run- running, hit- hitting, begin beginning, admit - admitting
Pero se a ltima slaba non est acentuada, non a dobran
open opening, enter entering
ags se rematan en -l: travel travelling, signal signalling.

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Stative Verbs - Verbos de estado
Hai algns verbos que non se empregan normalmente coa forma -ing. Estes verbos
chmanse verbos de estado. Unha forma de recoecer estes verbos preguntar:
Indica o verbo un estado ou unha accin? Est expresando unha emocin? un verbo
de pensar ou de actividade mental?

Verbos dos sentidos: feel, see, hear, smell and taste ...
Verbos de emocins: admire, love, hate, wish, want ...
Verbos de actividade mental: agree, forget, remember, know, think ...
Verbos de posesin: own, owe, belong, posses ...
Verbos auxiliares: be, have ...

LEMBRA: Fronte aos verbos que indican accin, estes verbos que indican estados,
situacins non adoitan usarse en presente continuo.

Algns dos mis frecuentes son: belong (pertencer), cost (custar), exist (existir), hate
(odiar, detestar), know (saber), like (gustar), mean (significar), own (posur),
remember (recordar), see (ver), seem (parecer), understand (comprender).

Algns exemplos:

Verbos de Estado Stative Verbs

Vexo o que queres dicir ... (entendo) I see what you mean ... [understand]

Ule a queimado ... (sentido) It smells burnt ... [sense]

Amo Nova York ... (emocin) I love New York ... [emotion]

Admroo ... (sentimento) I admire him ... [feeling]

Esquezo cousas ... (actividade mental) I forget things ... [mental activity]

Creo que si ... (opino) I think so ... [opinion]

Francesa ... (estado) She is French ... [state]

Ten un fillo ... (pose) She has a son ... [possess, own]

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5. Writing
COMO FACER UNHA DESCRICIN

Estrutura a ta redaccin en polo menos tres pargrafos.

- O primeiro servir de Introducin

OPENING

Nela debes presentar a persoa, lugar, edificio, etc

que vas describir inclundo o nome se se coece, a relacin/situacin desa persoa
ou a localizacin do lugar, edificio, etc.

- O segundo pargrafo o Corpo

BODY

Nel ters que ir dando pasos para achegar informacin

que analice e descubra as partes esenciais na descricin, nunha persoa descricin
fsica e psicolxica, nun edificio o exterior e o interior e tamn o aproveitamento do
espazo, usos, nun lugar a situacin xeogrfica, sociedade, economa, urbanismo,
infraestruturas)

- O terceiro a Conclusin

CLOSING

Nela debemos intentar resumir as ideas principias que xa

expuxemos anteriormente e dar unha opinin persoal, por exemplo: o que mis che
gusta, o que non, que sensacins che transmite, etc.

Para construr un bo pargrafo, pensa que se trata dun grupo de oracins que por
significado estn relacionadas ou conectadas entre si. Estruturalmente, calquera
oracin est formada de polo menos un sintagma nominal e un sintagma verbal.

Nas descricins, tanto de persoas como de lugares ou edificacins/monumentos,

sanse moitos adxectivos que actan como modificadores dos substantivos. Cando
hai mis dun adxectivo sguese unha orde: van dende o mis xenrico ao mis
especfico, dicir, canto mis significacin aporte o adxectivo colocarase mis cerca
do substantivo. Nesta tboa e nos exemplos podes ver como sera a colocacin:

Feelings + Styles + Shades/Sizes + Colours + Materials

Exemplo:

A beautiful ancient bright medium-sized medieval and grey-stoned chapel.

An aggressive serious tall thin boy.

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