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a2 = a a
, and
a3 = a a a
this is generalised by defining:
a n = a a ... a
144244 3
n of these
Example 1
Calculate the value of:
(a) 52 (b) 25 (c) 33 (d) 10 4
Solution
(a) 52 = 55
= 25
(b) 25 = 22222
= 32
(c) 33 = 333
= 27
(d) 10 4 = 10 10 10 10
= 10 000
Example 2
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing number or numbers:
(a) 2 = 2222222
(b) 9 = 3
(c) 1000 = 10
(d) 53 =
37
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.1
Solution
(a) 27 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) 9 = 3 3 = 32
(c) 1000 = 10 10 10 = 10 3
(d) 53 = 5 5 5
Example 3
(a) Determine 2 5 .
(b) Determine 2 3 .
(c) Determine 2 5 2 3 .
(d) Express your answer to (c) in index notation.
Solution
(a) 2 5 = 32
(b) 23 = 8
(c) 2 5 2 3 = 32 8
= 4
(d) 4 = 22
Exercises
1. Calculate:
(a) 23 (b) 10 2 (c) 32
(d) 10 3 (e) 92 (f) 33
(g) 24 (h) 34 (i) 72
2. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 10 10 10 10 10 = 10
(b) 3333 = 3
38
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
(c) 77777 = 7
(d) 88888 = 8
(e) 55 = 5
(f) 19 19 19 19 = 19
(g) 6666666 = 6
(h) 11 11 11 11 11 11 = 11
3. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 8 = 2 (b) 81 = 3
5. Is 34 bigger than 4 3 ?
6. Is 52 bigger than 2 5 ?
7. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 49 = 2
(b) 64 = 3
(c) 64 = 6
(d) 64 = 2
8. Calculate:
(a) 22 + 23 (b) 22 23
(c) 32 + 2 2 (d) 32 2 2
(e) 2 3 10 3 (f) 10 3 + 2 5
39
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.1
9. Calculate:
(a) (3 + 2 ) 4 (b) (3 2 ) 4
(c) ( 7 4 )3 (d) ( 7 + 4 )3
(a) 10 2 10 3 (b) 23 2 7
(c) 34 32 (d) 25 22
(e) 10 6 10 2 (f) 5 4 52
11. (a) Without using a calculator, write down the values of k and m.
64 = 8 2 = 4 k = 2 m
2 15 = 32 768
2 14 =
(KS3/99Ma/Tier 5-7/P1)
1. am an = am + n
am
2. a a = a
m n mn
or n = a m n ( m n)
a
3. (a )
m n
= am n
These three results are logical consequences of the definition of a n , but really
need a formal proof. You can 'verify' them with particular examples as below, but
this is not a proof:
2 7 2 3 = (2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) (2 2 2)
= 2222222222
= 2 10 (here m = 7, n = 3 and m + n = 10 )
40
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
or,
2222222
27 23 =
222
= 2222
= 24 (again m = 7, n = 3 and m n = 4 )
Also, (2 )7 3
= 27 27 27
Proof
am an = a a ... a a a ... a
144244 3 144244 3
m of these n of these
= a a ... a a a ... a
1444442444443
(m + n) of these
= am+n
The second and third rules can be shown to be true for all positive integers m and
n in a similar way.
xn
n
= xn n = x0
x
xn
but = 1, so
xn
x0 = 1
This is true for any non-zero value of x, so, for example, 30 = 1, 270 = 1 and
10010 = 1 .
41
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.2
Example 1
Fill in the missing numbers in each of the following expressions:
Solution
(a) 24 26 = 24+6 (b) 37 39 = 37 + 9
= 2 10 = 3 16
= 34 = 10 12
Example 2
Simplify each of the following expressions so that it is in the form a n , where n
is a number:
a4 a2
(c) ( a 4 )
3
(a) a a
6 7
(b) 3
a
Solution
(a) a6 a7 = a6+7
= a 13
a4 a2 a4+2
(b) =
a3 a3
a6
=
a3
= a63
= a3
(c) (a )
4 3
= a43
= a 12
42
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
Exercises
1. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(c) 37 34 = 3 (d) 83 84 = 8
(e) (3 ) 2 5
=3 (f) (2 )
3 6
=2
36 47
(g) =3 (h) =4
32 42
2. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(c) (b ) 2 5
=b (d) b6 b4= b
q 16
(e) (z 3 ) = z9
(f)
q7
=q
3. Explain why 9 4 = 3 8 .
4. Calculate:
(a) 30 + 40 (b) 60 70
5. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 36 3 = 3 17 (b) 46 4 = 4 11
a6
(z )
6
(c) = a4 (d) = z 18
a
(e) (a ) 19
= a 95 (f) p 16 p = p7
(p )
8
(g) = p 40 (h) q 13 q =q
43
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.2
6. Calculate:
23 34
(a) 2
+ 30 (b) 3
30
2 3
54 62 77 59
(c) + (d)
52 6 75 57
10 8 5 6 4 17 4 13
(e) (f)
10 5 5 3 4 14 4 11
(g) 81 = 4
(h) 256 = 4
= 8
= 2 = 5
243 3 128 2
(c) = (d) =
9 3 16 2
= 3 = 2
(a) 32 22 = 64 (b) 5 4 2 3 = 10 7
68 10 8
(c) = 38 (d) = 22
28 56
44
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
23 24 3 2 9
4 4
(c) = (2 ) 4
= 2 (d) = (3 )4 = 3
27 33
62 68 78
4 5
(e) = (6 )4 = 6 (f) 2 = (7 )5 =7
63 7 73
a2 a3 = a23 = a 1
but we know that
aa 1
a2 a3 = = , a fraction.
aaa a
So clearly,
1
a 1 =
a
In same way,
1
a 2 =
a2
1
=
aa
1
a 3 =
a3
1
=
aaa
45
3.3 MEP Y9 Practice Book A
and, in general,
1
a n =
an
for positive integer values of n. The three rules at the start of section 3.2 can now
be used for any integers m and n, not just for positive values.
Example 1
Calculate, leaving your answers as fractions:
(a) 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 1 (c) 5 3
Solution
1
(a) 3 2 =
32
1
=
9
1 1
(b) 2 1 4 1 =
2 4
1
=
4
1
(c) 5 3 =
53
1
=
125
Example 2
Simplify:
67
(a)
69
(b) 6 4 6 3 (c) (10 ) 2 3
Solution
67
(a) 9
= 679
6
1 1
= 6 2 = 2
=
6 36
(b) 6 4 6 3 = 6 4 + ( 3)
= 6 4 3 = 61 = 6
46
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
(c) (10 ) 2 3
= 10 6
1
=
10 6
1
=
1000 000
Exercises
1. Write the following numbers as fractions without using any indices:
1 1 1 1
(a) = =7 (b) = = 10
49 7 100 10
1 1 1 1
(c) = =9 (d) = =2
81 9 16 2
1 1 1 1
(e) = = 10 (f) = =2
10 000 000 10 1024 2
3. Calculate:
(a) 4 1 + 3 1 (b) 6 1 + 2 1
(c) 5 1 10 1 (d) 10 2 10 3
(e) 4 1 10 1 (f) 6 1 + 7 1
(a) 4 7 4 6 (b) 5 7 5 3
74
(c)
7 6
(d) (3 )
2 4
(e) (6 ) 2 3
(f) 8 4 8 9
72 89
(g) (h)
7 2 8 9
47
3.3 MEP Y9 Practice Book A
5. Copy each of the following expressions and fill in the missing numbers;
1 1
(a) =3 (b) = 10
9 100
1 5
(c) =5 (d) =5
125 54
62 22
(e) =6 (f) =2
63 2 10
x8 x7
(a) (b)
x3 x9
x4
(c)
x8
(d) (x ) 6 4
1
(e) 2
x
4
(f) (x ) 8 3
x4
(a) = x2 (b) x6 x = x2
x
x7
(c) x9 x = x2 (d) = x 2
x
x3
(e) = x4 (f) (x ) 3
= x6
x
48
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
1
10. If a = b 3 and b = , express a as a power of c, without having any
c2
fractions in your final answer.
Example 1
Calculate:
Solution
(a) 3 10 4 = 3 10 000
= 30 000
3
(c) 3 10 2 =
100
= 0.03
49
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.4
4.32
(d) 4.32 10 4 =
10 000
432
=
1000 000
= 0.000432
These examples lead to the approach used for standard form, which is a reversal
of the approach used in Example 1.
a 10 n
where 1 a < 10 and n is an integer.
Example 2
Write the following numbers in standard form:
(a) 5720 (b) 7.4
(c) 473 000 (d) 6 000 000
(e) 0.09 (f) 0.000621
Solution
(a) 5720 = 5.72 1000
= 5.72 10 3
= 7.4 10 0
= 4.73 10 5
= 6 10 6
9
(e) 0.09 =
100
= 9 10 2
= 9 10 2
50
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
6.21
(f) 0.000621 =
10 000
6.21
= 4
10
= 6.21 10 4
Example 3
Calculate:
(a) (3 10 ) (4 10 )
6 3
(b) (6 10 ) (5 10 )
7 2
(c) (3 10 ) + (2 10 )
4 5
Solution
(a) (3 10 ) (4 10 )
6 3
= (3 4) (10 6 10 3 )
= 12 10 9
= 1.2 10 1 10 9
= 1.2 10 10
(b) (6 10 ) (5 10 )
7 2
= (6 5) (10 7 10 2 )
= 1.2 10 9
(c) (3 10 ) + (2 10 )
4 5
= 30 000 + 200 000
= 230 000
= 2.3 10 5
3 . 2 EXP 7
51
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.4
07
3.2
Some calculators also display the ' 10 ' part of the number, but not all do. You
need to find out what your calculator displays. Remember, you must always write
the ' 10 ' part when you are asked to give an answer in standard form.
Exercises
1. Calculate:
3. Convert each of the following numbers from standard form to the normal
decimal notation:
(a) 3 10 4 (b) 3.6 10 4 (c) 8.2 10 3
52
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
5. Convert the following numbers from standard form to the normal decimal
format:
(a) (4 10 ) (2 10 )
4 5
(b) (2 10 ) (3 10 )
6 5
(c) (6 10 ) (8 10 )
4 9
(d) (3 10 ) (7 10 )
8 4
(e) (6.1 10 ) (2 10 )
6 5
(f) (3.2 10 ) (4 10 )
5 9
(a) (9 10 ) (3 10 )
7 4
(b) (8 10 ) (2 10 )
5 2
(c) (6 10 ) (2 10 )
2 3
(d) (6 10 ) (3 10 )
4 6
(a) (6 10 ) + (3 10 )
5 6
(b) (6 10 ) + (9 10 )
2 3
(c) 6 10 5 1 10 4 (d) 8 10 2 + 9 10 3
(e) 6 10 4 + 8 10 3 (f) 6 10 4 3 10 5
53
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.4
10. The radius of the earth is 6.4 10 6 m. Giving your answers in standard
form, correct to 3 significant figures, calculate the circumference of the
earth in:
(a) m (b) cm (c) mm (d) km
Newton also found that he needed to work out the square of the distance
between the two bodies.
(b) Work out the square of the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
Give your answer in standard form.
(c) Work out the gravitational force (F) between the Sun and the Earth
Gm1 m 2
using the formula F = with information in the box below.
R2
Give your answer in standard form.
m 1 m 2 = 1.19 10 55 kg 2
R 2 = 2.25 10 16 km 2
G = 6.67 10 20
(KS3/95/Ma/Levels 6-8/P1)
54
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
(b) One of the numbers below has the same value as 3.6 10 4 . Write
down the number.
(c) One of the numbers below has the same value as 2.5 10 3 . Write
down the number.
(d) (2 10 ) (2 10 )
2 2
can be written more simply as 4 10 4 .
Write the following values as simply as possible:
(i) (3 10 ) (2 10 )
2 2
6 10 8
(ii)
2 10 4
(KS3/98/Ma/Tier 6-8/P1)
1 1
a 2
= a for example, 9 2
= 3
1 1
a3 = 3
a for example, 83 = 2
1 1
a4 = 4
a for example, 625 4 = 5
1
a n
= n
a
55
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
3.5
Example 1
Calculate:
1 1 1
(a) 81 2 (b) 1000 3 (c) 4 2
Solution
1
(a) 81 2 = 81
= 9
1
(b) 1000 3
= 3
1000
= 10
1
1
(c) 4 2
= 1
2
4
1
=
4
1
=
2
Exercises
1. Calculate:
1 1 1
2 2 2
(a) 49 (b) 64 (c) 16
1 1 1
2 2 2
(d) 81 (e) 100 (f) 25
1 1 1
(g) 92 (h) 36 2
(i) 144 2
2. Calculate:
1 1 1
3 3 3
(a) 8 (b) 8 (c) 125
1 1 1
3 3 3
(d) 64 (e) 216 (f) 1000 000
3. Calculate:
1 1 1
5 2 4
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 10 000
1 1 1
4 5
(d) 81 (e) 625 4 (f) 100 000
56
MEP Y9 Practice Book A
4. Calculate:
1 1
(a) 4 8 2
(b) 9 27 4
2 3
1 1
(c) 125 5 2
(d) 625
3
25 5
6. Simplify:
1 1
(x 9 ) 3 (a 10 )
2
(a) (b)
1
2
a a
(c) 1
(d)
2
a
a
7. Simplify:
3
x2 x
(a) (b) 3
x
x2
1 1
3 3
a a
(c) (d) 1
a 2
a
8. Calculate:
1 1
0 1
1
(a) 4 2
+42 (b) 9 + 9 2
2
1
1 1
(c)
256 2
2
(d) (9 9 0 ) 3
57