Trit thuyt Yoga (Du Gi)

Trit l yoga cho rng c th chng ta c cu thnh bi 3

tng v 5 lp v. Ba tng gm: vt th nhn qu (karana sharira),
tinh th (suksma sharira) v vt th th (karya sharira). Mi mt c
nhn qua 5 lp v, u tn ti thng qua hot ng trong thc,
cng vic, nng lng v tm thc. Cc lp v l: v kt cu c
th (annamaya kosha) chu tc ng ca cc asana; v sinh lc
(pranamaya kosha) chu tc ng ca vic iu tc (pranayama)
v tm linh (manomaya kosha) chu tc ng ca thin nh; v v
tr tu(vijnamaya kosha) c bin i nh nghin cu tn tm v
sng sut kinh sch. Khi vn ti c nhng mc tiu ny l bn
t c v hoan lc (anadamaya kosha).
Yoga lin kt 3 tng ca c th vi 5 lp v, lm cho con ngi
c kh nng pht trin trn vn bn th ca mnh. Khi tt c chng
hp nht li lm mt th s khng cn c s bit gia th xc v
tinh thn, gia tinh thn v tm linh. Bng cch ny, cc asana gip

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i mi con ngi, a con ngi tch khi th xc ca mnh v
tin gn hn n tm linh.

I. nh ngha YOGA

Yoga gm hai phng din:

1/ V mt trit l: Yoga cng nh cc hc thuyt chnh thng

da trn nn tng ca Veda. Ngy nay, ngi ta thy mi lin h
rt mt thit n sc kho tinh thn. Nhng nguyn cu y khoa gn
y tit l rng Hn 80% cc bnh tt u xut pht t s mt
cn bng v tinh thn. c c tm an tnh, mt vi nguyn
tc ca thi quen tinh thn rt thit yu thc hnh trong i
sng ca chng ta. N s gip ta gi c mi quan hi ho vi
tha nhn cng nh vi chnh mnh. Nhng nguyn tc ny c
gi l Yama-Niyama. N lm nn tng vng chc tin b trong
vic luyn tp Yoga, ng thi tng sc mnh bn trong ca chng
ta v cho chng ta mt tinh thn thanh tnh

2/ V phng din thc hnh: n l mt php mn tu dng

m cc h phi khc, ngoi tr Nyya, u phi c. Yoga cng hin
ng li thc hin nhng kim sot cc gic quan nng mt
cch cht ch. Bi nhng ct, tri ca cm xc l l si dy
xing xch atman lu di trong vng lun hi. V vy, Ngi
phi tng ng vi hi th, vi ch aum v vi tt c th
gii sai bit. S hip thng ca hi th, tm , cc cn, ng
thi hng n s x tr tt c hu, l thc hnh yoga.

ng trn lp cc , yoga l s tng ng v hip nht gia

ch th v i tng, hay tm cnh ng quy. S tng ng
ny i hi phi thu thc cc quan nng, bi v hot ng ca cc
quan nng thng phn tn. Hnh gi thy tt c tm tr, s sng
ca mnh dng hin trn vn cho ng Phm thin.

II. Tc gi PATANJALI

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 Patanjali l ngi u tin h thng ha t tng v Yoga
ri rc trong cc Upanishads v nhng ni khc, son thnh
tc phm Yoga-stra vo khong th k th II trc ty lch.

Yoga-stra khng c coi nh mt tc phm c sng, m ch

l tp i thnh nhng g lin h n Yoga ng thi. Cn bn
trit l siu hnh trong da trn h php Smkhya. Ni dung
Yoga-stra gm 149 stras, chia thnh 4 phm:

1: Tam mui (samdhi-pda) gm 51 stras, ni v bn cht

ca samdhi;

2: Phng php (sdhana), 55 stras, trnh by cc phng

php thin nh;

3: Thn thng (vibhti-pda), 55 stras, v cc loi thn thng.

4: c tn (kaivalya-pda), 33 stras, s gii thot cui cng,

trng thi c lp ca purusa nh c ni trong Smkhya.

III. Ni dung YOGA (Trit l v Php mn)

Yoga-stra phm th I khng nh: Yogas citta-vrtti-

nirodhah, yoga l s dit tr c nng ca tm. V Tm c be yu
t: 1.Bn cht sng; 2. ng v 3. Tr tr Tt c mi hin
tng tinh thn u bt ngun t ni tm v ngoi cnh.

1. Nm loi tm:
a) chnh tr: (pramana) l nhng nhn thc chn
chnh, t ba ngun mch ca tri thc: hin
lng, t lng v chnh gio lng.
b) T tr (viparyaya) l nhn thc khng chn
chnh, hiu bit sai lm v chn tng ca s
vt, nh thy si dy m cho l con rn. Phn
bit hay tng tng, l tri thc c c do

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 truyn thuyt, nh s hiu bit v sng th, ch
c trn ngn ng ch khng c trong thc t.
c) Phn bit (vikalpa) Da trn mt hin lng,
hoc mt kinh nghim ca t thn hay nhn
gian a n kt lun ci ny l mu en, ci
ny mu trng, ci ny p v ci ny xu
d) Thy min (nidr) Thy min l tm tc dng
ly cn nguyn ca phi hu hay v th (abhva)
lm i tng; n l s vng mt ca tri thc,
nhng d vy, sau mt gic ng, ngi ta vn
c th ni rng: Ti ng say khng bit g ht
v nh vy phi c mt citta-vrtti duy tr s
vng mt ny ca tri thc.
e) K c (smrti). l nh li nhng n tng qu
kh cha b gii tr, tiu hy.
2. Ngoi cnh tc ng.

Do s phn chiu ngoi cnh to cho Tm mang mt hnh

nh ca ng tng i, tiu ng (jva), chu nhng au kh
ca sanh t lun hi.

a) V minh (avidy), V minh l i vi nhng g

vn v thng, bt tnh, kh v v ng m cho
l thng, tnh, lc v ng.
b) Ng kin (asmit), Ng kin l s ng nht sai
lm gia nng lc kin gii (drksakti) v nng
lc tri kin (darsanasakti).
c) tham (rga), l s chp trc v khoi lc. v
hu i (abhinivesa)
d) sn (dvesa) l s bt mn i vi nhng ni
khng thch . Hu i l s ham mun, chp
trc vo s tn ti ca nhc th.

i tng ca Yoga l khut phc v dit tn hai loi Tm v

Cnh. Dng Tm thc tri chy theo hai hng, hoc chy v

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hng thin, hoc v hng bt thin. Nu s tri chy ca citta
dn n c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot v n lnh vc ca tri
thc phn bit, n c gi l dng hnh phc. Nu dn vo ti
sanh v chy xung lnh vc v minh, n c gi l dng au
kh.

IV. Thin qun

1. YAMA - S kim sot chnh mnh

a. AHIMSA KHNG LM TN HI Khng gy au n

hay tn hi ngi khc bng t tng, li ni hay hnh ng. Khi
ta lm tn hi ngi khc th chnh chng ta cng thy bt n. Mi
hnh ng u c phn hnh ng. Ngoi l: Khi chnh cuc sng
ca chng ta b e do th chng ta phi bo v s tn ti ca mnh.

b. SATYA - S THT NHN C Ni vi tinh thn em li

li lc cho ngi khc. Tm chng ta phi y chn tht, li ni
chng ta cng vy. Nhng trong trng hp nu chng ta ni s
vic c tht c th lm hi cho ngi khc th ta nn ni s tht
nhn c d n c th khng hon ton s tht. 3. ASTEYA
KHNG N CP Khng chim hu v vt cht hay tinh thn

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nhng g thuc v ngi khc, khng tc ot nhng ci ngi
khc ng l ra c hng.

c. BRAHMACARYA NHN THY CI V I TRONG

TT C Hy i x vi tt c nhng vt khc nhau m ta lin
h n nh l nhng biu hin khc nhau ca tm thc v tr m
khng xem nh nhng vt th thin. Tm thc v tr c trong nhn
loi, trong ng vt, trong cy ci v nhng vt v tri. iu
cng c ngha l chng ta i x vi tt c sinh vt bng TNH
THNG YU v LNG KNH TRNG.

d. APARIGRAHA - CUC SNG KHNG XA HOA Hy gi

mt mc sng n gin v va phi, khng chy theo nhng tin
nghi xa x, khng cn thit cho s bo v cuc sng.

2. NIYAMA Thi vi chnh mnh

a. SHAOCA - SCH S Gi sch s thn th, tm tr v mi

trng. Qun o, thn th v mi trng d bn gy nh hng tr
tu v sc kho. iu quan trng l gi sch s chung quanh ta,
ng thi gi t tng ca ta trong sng vy.

b. SANTOSA - S MN NGUYN TINH THN Hy c gng

ti a tin b trong mi lnh vc ca cuc sng nhng phi duy
tr mn nguyn tinh thn v qun bnh v tm tr. Hy thy ci tt
trong mi trng hp cc bn gp phi m khng h mt qun bnh
tm tr.

c. TAPAH - PHNG S K KHC VI S HY SINH Hy

chia s mi kh khn v vt cht ln tinh thn em li phc li
cho tha nhn. Ch ngh v mnh lm cho tm tr ta tr nn hp hi
v nh b. Khi chng ta gip tha nhn chung ta cm thy hnh
phc. i khi chng ta cng phi hy sinh nhng tin nghi vt cht
v tinh thn ca chng ta lm vi i nhng thng kh ca ngi
khc. Phng s khng ch cho con ngi m cn cho th vt v
cy c na.

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 d. SVADHYAYA - HC TP S KHN NGOAN Hy hc hi
khng ngng gt hi s hiu bit r rng v ngha c bn ca
kinh sch. Chng ta nn b mt t thi gian hng ngy c
nhng tc phm ca cc nh hin trit thu c kin thc hu
gip ta tin b trong cuc sng.

e. IISHVARA PRANIDHANA - LUYN TP TP TRUNG

T TNG U N Hy luyn tp tp trung t tng (Thin
nh) u n 2 ln mi ngy. iu ny gip ta t hiu bit mnh
pht trin kh nng tim tng trong ta, rng m tm ta v
ngy cng l nhng con ngi tt hn, cho n khi chng ta tr
nn hon thin. Vic luyn tp Thin nh u n bin i chng
ta chng khc no mi tng c kim cng vy

S gii thot ch c ngha l tr thnh thanh tnh, tch tnh, khi

hnh gi (yogin) lp li nhiu ln mt ngn aum cho n lc tm
hon ton chuyn ch vo mt im trn . Lc m cc phm tnh
tr li trng thi vi t tim n ca chng, sau khi vng bt tng
vng nim nng lc tm linh an tr trong bn cht ca chnh mnh.

V. Con ng nh sng tr tu

Cc tc dng ca tm trn bnh din tri thc gm c hai kha

cnh, hoc au kh hoc khng au kh. Tu tp l n lc a cc
tc dng tm ny xui theo dng thin. trong chiu , nh phn
bit chnh tr m ta dit tr cc tc dng tng vn l bt thin,
gy au kh. Khi dit tr bt tnh bng s tu tp kin tr v tm
phn Du Gi (astga-yoga), th nh sng ca tr tu soi n chnh
tr phn bit.

1. Cm ch (yama), nhng iu rn cm khng c vi phm,

c 5: khng st sanh (ahims), khng ni di (asatya), khng trm
cp (asteya), khng t dm (arahmacarya) v khng tham
(aparigraha). Nhng rn cm ny c coi l c gi tr ph bin,
khng hn cuc khng gian, thi gian hay hon cnh.

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 2. Khuyn ch (niyama), tin thm mt bc, hnh gi thc
hin cc khuyn co: thanh tnh (sauca), tri tc (samtosa), kh
hnh (tapas), hc tp (svdhyya) v tng nim Thng
(Isvara pranidhna).

3. Ta php (sana), ngi ng t th, vng vng v thoi mi.

T th ngi c coi l hon ho khi no khng cn c c gng,
khin cho thn th khng b dao ng. Hoc khi tm tr m rng v
hn. Nh t th ngi hp cch m khi b gy phin nhiu bi
nng v lnh.

4. iu tc (prnyma), kim sot v iu ha hi th sau

khi thn th ngi vng. Th c ba vic: th ra, th vo v
ngng th, v iu khin ty theo v tr, thi gian v s. V ni
chn, ch quan st hi th khi vo th n v tr no trong ngc
v bng, khi ra th n u trong v tr. V thi gian, hi th u
n theo s di, ngn, nht nh. V s, tc m hi th, theo mt
con s vi gii hn no . Nh vy, cho n khi hi th di v t
nh. Cui cng l tm v cnh hp nht; tm c tp trung trn
mt im duy nht ca i tng, khng cn tn lon (dhrana).

5. Ch cnh (pratyhra), ch ng cc cm quan v tch chng

ra khi nhng i tng ngoi gii, khng bung th chng theo
bn cht ca citta vn lun lun hng n cc i tng. S ch
cm l hng chng n mc tiu ni ti.

6. Chp tr (dhran), sau khi ch ng c cc cm quan,

tm khng cn tn lon theo ngoi gii, by gi chuyn ch trn
mt i tng ca tu tp, nh chp mi, giao im hai chn my,
hoa sen ca tri tim, an in, hay hnh nh ca thn linh. Tm
phi an tr vng vng khng dao ng, nh ngn la khng lung
lay ca mt ngn n.

7. ng tr (samdhi: tam ma a, tam mui), trng thi hon

ton tp trung t tng. y l giai on cui cng ca Yoga.
Trong giai on tnh l (dhyna), vn cn c s phn bit gia

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nng v s, nhng n y s phn bit y bin mt, tm hon ton
th nhp lm mt vi i tng (arthamtra-nibhsa).

Samdhi gm c hai loi: hu tm tam mui (samprajnta-

samdhi) v v tm tam mui (asamprajnta-samdhi). Hu tm
tam mui do tm nim duyn vo i tng m tu tp. Vysa ni
rng nhng tam mui thuc loi ny c mt ci g duyn
(lambana: s duyn). V tm tam mui l trng thi hy dit mi
tc dng ca tm, gm c 2:

a. Hu tm tam mui (savitarka-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i

tng th ph nh 5 i (bhtas), 5 tc cn (karmendriyas).

b. Hu t tam mui (savicra-samdhi), duyn vi nhng i

tng t nh nh 5 duy (tanmtras), 5 tr cn (jnnendriyas).

Tm (vitarka) v t (vicra) l hai trng thi mt th v mt t

trong nhng tc dng ca tm. Tm l sn ui, tm bt i tng,
v ch mi bt gp nh con bm tm thy mt a hoa, v t l
bt u ng yn trn i tng nh con bm sau khi tm thy
a hoa th bt u p xung. Theo gii thch ca Vysa, c hai
u l hai n lc th v t ca tm, tm bt i tng.

c. H lc tam mui (nanda-samdhi), tm n lc chuyn ch

trn i tng cho n khi i tng tr thnh vi t, xut hin vi
ba guna ca n; tm nim tng ng vi h cht hay sattva, nhng
vn cn hin din ca u cht hay rajas v m cht hay tamas. V
tng ng vi h cht ca i tng, cho nn trng thi h lc khi
ln.

d. Tn ng tam mui (ssmit-samdhi), by gi u cht v m

cht b loi tr, ch cn thun ty h cht, v tm nim cm gic v
cng hoan lc kia cng chm dt, ch cn mt tm nim duy nht
l cm gic v s hin hu ca mnh: ti l hay ti ang hin hu
(asmi).

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 V tm tam mui (asam prajnta-samdhi) vt ln mi tc
dng ca tm tng. N l trng thi siu thc. Trong cc giai
on ca hu tm, s din tin nh mt ngn la t chy ci ln
hi khi kt hp lm mt vi ci; cng vy, y cc hnh nghip
(samskara) c hun tp trong qu kh, do tm vn cn tc
dng. Khi ci ht, la cng tt; cng vy, khi cc hnh nghip
qu kh b tiu dit, tc dng ca tm cng chm dt; l
trng thi ca v tm tam mui. Hu tm v v tm nh th cng
c gi l hu chng (sabja) v v chng tam mui (nirbja-
samdhi). Ni l hu chng, c ht ging, bi v bn trng thi ca
sampatti u c mm ging (bja) trong cc i tng ngoi ti.

8. Thnh t tr Sampatti hay ng ch c m t l khi tm

trong sut nh pha l, hnh nh ca i tng hin ln v phn
chiu trong ton vn v trung thc. C 4 ng ch: 1 v 2. hu
tm v hu t, nh hu tm tam mui. 3. V tm ng ch
(nirvatarka) l trng thi trong tm ta sng nh ch c i
tng duy nht (arthamtra-nibhsa: pht quang duy cnh), tch
khi nhng c nim. Trng thi ny c m t ch cho giai
on tu tp ca ng tr (samdhi). 4. Sau ht, v t ng ch
(nirvicra-sampatti), trng thi tr v nguyn y ca t tnh; bi
v bn cht ca tm chnh l t tnh (prakrti), do , khng c s
sai bit gia tm v cnh.

VI. Chm dt lun hi

Samyama, nguyn ngha l k lut ni ti c k chung

cho ba giai on cui, v cc b phn Yoga ny khng cn ly
ngoi gii lm i tng na. Ngha l ch cn nht tm; v tnh
ch.

Trc ht, ni giai on tu tp chp tr (dhran), tc dng ca

tm by gi din ra theo hai chiu hng: chiu hng ng,
khuynh hng i ra ngoi (vyuthna) b ch ng, khut phc
bng tng ch (samyama) v khuynh hng tnh ch
(niroddha) xut hin. Giai on ny c gi l khai trin tnh

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ch (niroddha-parinma). Sau cng l khai trin tm nht cnh
(ekgrat-parinma).

T giai on ny bc sang mt giai on khc, mi ni u

xy ra s bin i v pht huy nng lc cao hn v tnh cht
(dharma), c tng (laksana) v trng thi (avasth) ca nhc
th (bhta) v quan nng (indriya).

V nhng bin i ny, ni mt cch n gin, khi tc dng ca

tm cng vi t, th i tng cng xut hin t nh; cho n khi tm
cnh hip nht, v s bin i cng lc cng t nh ca tm lm
thay i c cu vt l v sinh l. Cc nng lc c pht huy v
cui cng hnh gi t c thn thng bt t ngh. Mc ca
thn thng ty mc ca tng ch i vi i tng m n phi
ch ng. Bng s tng ch v sai bit ny m t c thng tr
hay thn thng nghe m thanh ca cc loi hu tnh.

Cng bng tng ch y, khi phn bit r s khu bit gia t

tnh v thn ng, by gi hnh gi s t c nht thit tr, v
cui cng t n trng thi c tn (kaivalya) hay gii thot.

Giai on m phn bit tr tri qua t c hai loi gii

thot l thn gii thot (kya-vimukti) v tm gii thot (citta-
vimukti). Trong din tin ca thn gii thot, phn bit tr lt qua
by bc:

1. Bit rng s kh b tr, khng cn g cn phi bit thm

na;

2. Bit rng cn nguyn dn n s kh b hy dit, lun hi

i b bng trc gc r;

3. S on tr c kinh nghim trc tip nh mt s kin hin

nhin

4. Thu trit phng tin ca tri thc do phn bit t tnh v

thn ng.

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 5. Trc nhn hai mc tiu ca buddhi, hoc hng th (bhoga)
hoc gii thot (apavarga);

6. Nguyn th ti s (prakrti) nh nhng tng nng t nh

cao phi ri xung t.

7. c lp, v buddhi b thu nhip vo ba phm tnh (Sng,

ng v tr tr) tr v vi prakrti.

Sau khi t n tr (prajn) th by, Thn ng (purusa) c

lp trong trng thi ca mt samdhi c m t nh l m
my gia h khng v purusa khng cn ham mun, cc ht
ging ng chp, ng kin, v.v... hon ton b hy dit. y l
trng thi samdhi, c mnh danh l php vn tam mui
(dharma-megha-samdhi). T , hnh gi dit tr tt c
nghip v phin no, gii thot ngay trong i hin ti: hu
thn gii thot (jvan-mukta).

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