PASSIVE

Cu tng thut l li nhc li ni dung, ca ai ni ra (nhng khng cn phi chnh xc tng t

tng ng). Khi vit cu tng thut khng c t trong du ngoc kp, thay vo chng ta s
dng cc ng t gii thiu ni dung c tng thut (introductory verb).
Ex: She said she would come here.
Bc 1: Bin i i t nhn xng & tnh t s hu

DireDirect speechch Reported speech

I he/ she

Subject pronouns You I/ We/ They

We We/ They

me him/ her

Object pronouns you me/ us/ them

us us/ them

my his/ her

Possessive adjectives your my/ our/ their

our our/ their

Possessive pronouns mine his/ hers

 yours mine/ ours/ theirs

ours ours/ theirs

this the/ that

Demonstratives

these the/ those

Bc 2: Li th

Tenses Active Passive

Simple Present S+V+O S + be + PP.2 + by + O

Present
Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + PP.2 + by + O

Present Perfect S + has/have + PP.2 + O S + has/have + been + PP.2 + by + O

Simple Past S + V-ed + O S + was/were + PP.2 + by + O

Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + PP.2 + by + O

Past Perfect S + had + PP.2 + O S + had + been + PP.2 + by + O

Simple Future S + will/shall + V + O S + will + be + PP.2 + by + O

Future Perfect S + will/shall + have + PP.2 + O S + will + have + been + PP.2 + by + O

S + am/is/are + going to + be + PP.2 + by +

Be + going to S + am/is/are + going to + V + O O

Model Verbs S + model verb + V + O S + model verb + be + PP.2 + by + O

Bc 3: Thay i ph t, trng t ch thi gian

Direct speech Reported speech

here there

now then/ at that moment

today/ tonight that day/ that night

tomorrow the next day

next week the following week

the previous day

yesterday
the day before

last week the week before

ago before