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Received 26 February 2004; received in revised form 16 August 2004; accepted 19 November 2004
Available online 7 January 2005
Abstract
Titanium dioxide doped polyaniline has been prepared by in situ polymerization. TiO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter about
20 nm were used as a dopant of polyaniline. The doping effect of TiO2 was characterized and evaluated by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and electrical
conductivity measurement. SEM study shows that TiO2 nanoparticles have a strong effect on the morphology of composites. The FT-IR
spectra reveal that the interaction between TiO2 and polyaniline (PANI) is primarily based on the formation of H-bonding. Electrical
conductivity measurements indicate that the conductivity of composites at low TiO2 content is much higher than that of neat PANI,
while with the increasing contents of TiO2, the conductivity shows an orderly decrease.
D 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Fig. 2. SEM images of PANI/TiO2 composites with different contents of TiO2: (a) 5, (b) 25, (c) 50, and (d) 80 wt.%.
446 J.-C. Xu et al. / Materials Science and Engineering C 25 (2005) 444447
3.2. Morphology of titanium dioxide doped polyaniline the CH and CC bonds of the aromatic nuclei [18,19]. The
composites band near 3400 cm 1 corresponds to the stretching of the N
H bonds. The band at 1300 cm 1 is assigned to the stretching
Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of composites with of the CN bonds of the aromatic amines.
different contents of TiO2. It can be seen that the There is a remarkable difference from the FT-IR spectra
morphology of composites at low contents 5 and 25 wt.% among the different contents of the composites. The NH
are much similar to that of neat polyaniline (not shown), stretching region near 3400 cm 1 is apparent in the neat
especially some fibrous microstructure appears clearly at 5 PANI yet not clear in the composites, and as the content of
wt.%, which may be due to the low contents of TiO2 TiO2 increase, the peak intensity decreased. This may be
nanoparticles. At higher contents 50 and 80 wt.%, the ascribed to that the interaction of TiO2 and PANI was
composites present as particles with diameters about 500 followed by the formation of H-bonding between the proton
and 300 nm, respectively. It indicates that the TiO2 on NH and the oxygen atom on TiO2 surface. The
nanoparticles have a nucleus effect on the polymerization prevalence of H-bonding weakened the NH as well as its
and caused a homogeneous PANI shell around them. The stretch intensity [12]. As the content of TiO2 reaches 80
decrease in composite particle diameters might be due to an wt.%, a OH peak at 3720 cm 1 appears due to the high
increase in TiO2 content, which caused a relative decrease in content of TiO2 nanoparticles, which have dangling OH
PANI contents. The SEM images help us draw a conclusion on its surface.
that the doping of TiO2 has a strong effect on the PANIs The strong band at 1130 cm 1 was considered to be a
morphology and with the increase of TiO2 contents, the measure of the degree of electron delocalization and thus it is
composites show a transformation in morphology from a characteristic peak of PANI conductivity [5]. It is obvious
typical fibrous PANI to particles. that the intensity of this peak increased with the increasing
content of TiO2. This fact may suggest that the doping of TiO2
3.3. FT-IR study on titanium dioxide doped polyaniline can facilitate the effective electron delocalization.
composites
3.4. Elemental analysis results from EDS
Fig. 3 shows the FT-IR spectra of PANI/TiO2 composites.
The peaks at 14001600, 700 cm 1, which are common to all The doping effect of TiO2 nanoparticles in the compo-
samples, are characteristic of the various vibration modes of sites is further observed by the elemental analysis from
0.7
0.6
Conductivity (103S.m-1)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 20 40 60 80
Weight percent of TiO2
Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of PANI/TiO2 composites with different contents of Fig. 4. Electrical conductivity versus the contents of TiO2 in PANI/TiO2
TiO2: (a) 0, (b) 5, (c) 25, (d) 50, and (e) 80 wt.%. composites.
J.-C. Xu et al. / Materials Science and Engineering C 25 (2005) 444447 447