Calculus II Solutions of Mid-Term Date: Saturday 14/04/2012

1. (a) (7 points) For what values of r is the sequence {nrn } convergent?

P
(b) (5 points) SupposePthat n=1 an (an 6= 0) is known to be a convergent
1
series. Prove that n=1 an is divergent series?
(c) (9 points) Use the integral test to determine whether the following series is
convergent or divergent.

X ln n
n=1
n3

Solution
(a) If |r| 1, then {rn } diverges, so {nrn } diverges also, since |nrn | = n|rn |
x 1
|rn |. If |r| < 1, then lim xrx = lim x = lim (use LHopitals Rule) =
x x r x ( ln r)r x
rx
lim = 0; so lim nrn = 0, and hence {nrn } converges whenever |r| < 1.
x ln r n
1
(b) Since
P
n=1 an is convergent, by theorem, n
lim an = 0. Hence lim 6= 0.
n an
P 1
By the Test for Divergence, n=1 an is divergent.
(c) The function f (x) = lnx3x is positive and continous for x > 1 because the
logarithm function is continous. To show that f is decreasing, we compute its
derivative:

1 3
x ln x 3x2 1 3 ln x
f 0 (x) = x
6
= < 0 on [2, )
x x4
1
Thus f 0 (x) < 0 when ln x > 13 , that is, x > e 3 . It follows that f is decreasing on
[2, ), and so we can apply the Integral Test:
Z Z
ln x u
dx = du (let ln x = u)
2 x3 ln 2 e
2u
Z t
u
= lim du
t ln 2 e2u
Z t
1 2u 1
= lim [( ) e t
u|ln 2 ( )e2u du] (use integration by parts)
t 2 ln 2 2
t 1 1 1
= lim [( ) + 22 ln 2 + 22 ]
t 2 e2t 2 4e2t 4
ln 2 1
= + .
8 16

1
 Since this improper integral is convergent, the series ln n
P
n=2 n3 is also
P conver-
gent by the Integral Test. When n = 1, n3 = 0, hence the series n=1 lnn3n is
ln n

convergent.

2. Test the following series for convergence or divergence.

X (1)n n
(a) (5 points)
n=1
2n + 1

X 2n3 n
(b) (5 points) ( )
n=1
3 + 4n3

X 1 3 5 (2n 1)
(c) (5 points)
n=1
n!
Solution

n X X (1)n n X
(a) Let bn = . Then an = = (1)n bn . And lim bn =
2n + 1 n=1 n=1
2n + 1 n=1 n
r s
n 1 1
lim = lim 1 =
6= 0. Since lim an 6= 0, the series diverges
n 2n + 1 n 2+ n 2 n

by the Test for Divergence.

p
n 2n3 2 1 X 2n3 n
(b) lim |an |= lim = lim = < 1, so the series ( )
n n 3 + 4n3 n 33 + 4 2 3 + 4n3
n n=1
is absolutely convergent (and therefore convergent) by the Root Test.
1 3 5 (2n 1)
(c) Let an = ,
n!
an+1 1 3 5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) n!
lim | | = lim | |
n an n (n + 1)! 1 3 5 (2n 1)

2n + 1 2 + n1 X 1 3 5 (2n 1)
= lim = lim 1 = 2 > 1, so the series is di-
n n + 1 n 1 + n!
n n=1
vergent by the Ratio Test.

3. Determine whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent,

or divergent.

X cos( n
3
)
(a) (5 points)
n=1
3
n + 3n

X (1)n1 n
(b) (5 points)
n=1
(5n + 1)(n + 2)
Solution

2
 cos( n
3
) cos( n
3
) 1 1 1
(a) Let an = n
, and |a n | = | n
| < | n
|= n
< n =
3
n+3 3
n+3 3
n+3 3
n+3 3
1
1 X X 1 1
( )n = bn for n 1. And bn = ( )n = 3 1 = is convergent. By the
3 n=1 n=1
3 1 3 2

X X cos( n
3
)
Comparison Test, the series |an | is convergent. Hence the series
n=1 n=1
3
n + 3n
is absolutely convergent.

X (1)n1 n
(b) is the alternating series.
n=1
(5n + 1)(n + 2)
n n
Let bn = . Then lim bn = lim = 0.
(5n + 1)(n + 2) n n (5n + 1)(n + 2)
x 5x2 + 2
Consider f (x) = . Since f 0 (x) = < 0 as
(5x + 1)(x + 2) (5x + 1)2 (x + 2)2
x 1, {bn }+n=1 is decreasing. Thus the Alternating Series Test implies that
n1
X (1) n
is convergent.
n=1
(5n + 1)(n + 2)

 (1)n1 n  X

X n
Next, consider  (5n + 1)(n + 2)  =
  .
n=1 n=1
(5n + 1)(n + 2)
n
(5n+1)(n+2) n2 1
Since lim 1 = lim = > 0 and the harmonic series
n n (5n + 1)(n + 2) 5
n

 (1)n1 n 

X1 X
is divergent. The Limit Comparison Test implies that  
n=1
n n=1
 (5n + 1)(n + 2) 
n1
X (1) n
is divergent. We conclude that the series is conditionally
n=1
(5n + 1)(n + 2)
convergent.

3
4. (a) (6 points) Find the Maclaurin series for ln(1 + x) using the definition of a
Maclaurin series and find the interval of convergence of the series.
(b) (6 points) Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the

X (4x + 1)n
series .
n=1
n2

Solution
n f (n) (x) f (n) (0) f (n) (0)/n!

0 ln(1 + x) 0 0

1
1 (1+x)
1 1

1 1
2 (1+x)2
1 2
(a) Let f (x) = ln(1 + x). Then
(1)2 2! (1)2
3 (1+x)3
(1)2 2! 3

(1)3 3! (1)3
4 (1+x)4
(1)3 3! 4
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
(1)n1 (n1)! (1)n1
n (1+x)n
(1)n1 (n 1)! n
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
Thus the Maclaurin series for f (x) is

X f (n) (0) n
X (1)n1
x = xn .
n=0
n! n=1
n
 
(1)n1 n
 an+1  |x|
Let an = n
x .Then lim   = lim = |x| < 1 for convergence,
n an  n 1 + 1/n
thus the radius of convergence is R = 1.
P (1)n1 n
When x = 1,
P
n=1 a n = n=1 n
1 is convergent.
P (1)n1
When x = 1, n=1 an = n=1 n (1)n =
P P 1
n=1 n is divergent.
P (1)n1 n
Thus ln(1 + x) = n=1 n
x whenever x is in the interval (1, 1].
(4x+1)n
(b) Let an = n2
. From the Ratio Test, we have
 
 = lim |4x + 1| = |4x + 1| < 1.
 an+1 
lim 

n an  n (1 + 1/n)2

4
 (4x+1)n
And |4x + 1| < 1 1 < x < 0. Thus the radius of convergence for
P
2 n=1 n2
(1)n
is R = 14 . For x = 12 ,
P P 1
n=1 n2 converges. For x = 0, n=1 n2 converges.
P (4x+1)n 1
Hence n=1 n2 converges in the interval [ 2 , 0].

5. (a) (6 points) Express 1/(1 + x2 ) as the sum of a power series and find the
interval of convergence.
(b) (6 points) Find a power series representation for f (x) = arctan x. [Note
that f 0 (x) = 1/(1 + x2 ).]
Solution

1 X
(a) We know that = xn for |x| < 1. Then
1 x n=0

1 1 X
2 n
X
= = (x ) = (1)n x2n
(1 + x2 ) 1 (x2 ) n=0 n=0

1
for | x2 | < 1. Hence (1+x 2 ) is convergent for |x| < 1. Either x = 1 or x = 1,
P n 2n
= n=1 (1)n is divergence. Hence the interval of convergence is
P
n=1 (1) x
(1, 1).
P
(b) Since f 0 (x) = (1+x
1
2) =
n 2n
n=0 (1) x for |x| < 1,

(1)n 2n+1
Z X X
f (x) = arctan x = (1)n x2n dx = C + x
n=0 n=0
2n + 1

for |x| < 1 and C is a constant. f (0) = arctan(0) = 0 so C = 0. Hence

(1)n 2n+1
arctan x =
P
n=0 2n+1 x for |x| < 1.

6. Let 
1, if xy = 0,
f (x, y) =
1, 6 0.
if xy =
f f
(a) (5 points) Please calculate (0, 0) and (0, 0).
x y
(b) (5 points) Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.
(c) (5 points) Determine the set of points at which the function is differentiable.
Solution
(a)
f f (h, 0) f (0, 0)
(0, 0) = lim =0
x h0 h
f f (0, h) f (0, 0)
(0, 0) = lim =0
y h0 h

5
(b) At (0, 0):

1. along x-axis, that is y = 0, so lim f (x, 0) = 1

(x,y)(0,0)

2. along y=x, then lim f (x, x) = 1, since x2 6= 0 for x 6= 0

(x,y)(0,0)
f is discontinuous at (0, 0).

At (a, 0), a 6= 0:

1. along x-axis, then lim f (x, 0) = 1

(x,y)(a,0)

2. along x = a, then lim f (a, y) = 1, since ay 6= 0, y 6= 0

(x,y)(a,0)
f is discontinuous at (a, 0).

At (0, b), b 6= 0:

1. along y-axis, then lim f (0, y) = 1

(x,y)(0,b)

2. along y = b, then lim f (x, b) = 1, since bx 6= 0, x 6= 0

(x,y)(0,b)
f is discontinuous at (0, b).

At (a, b), a 6= 0, b 6= 0:

Take = 12 min{|a|, |b|}, then f (x, y) = 1 for all (x, y) B ((a, b))
lim f (x, y) = 1 = f (a, b), hence f is continuous at (a, b)
(x,y)(a,b)

The set of points at which the function is continuous is {(a, b) R2 |a 6=

0, b 6= 0}

(c)

discontinuous not differentiable f is not differentiable at (a, b) if

ab = 0
Now for the point (a, b) with ab 6= 0. Take = 12 min{|a|, |b|}
Then f (x, y) = 1, (x, y) B ((a, b))
f f
(x, y) = 0 and (x, y) = 0, (x, y) B ((a, b))
x y
f f
and are continuous on B ((a, b))
x y
f is differentiable at (a, b)

6
 2 y2
7. Let T (x, y) = x + .
9
(a) (5 points) Draw some level curves of T (x, y) on xy-plane.
(b) (10 points) The temperature at a point (x, y) is given by T (x, y), measured
in degrees
p Celsius. A bug crawls so that its position after t seconds is given
by x = (1 + t), y = 2 + 31 t, where x and y are measured in centimeters.
How fast is the temperature rising on the bugs path after 3 seconds?
Solution
y2 y2
(a) T (x, y) = x2 + 9
, x2 + 9
= k 0. Elliptic curve.

(b) T (x(t), y(t)), x(3) = 2, y(3) = 3

dT dT dx dT dy 1 2 1
= + = (2x p )+( y )
dt dx dt dy dt 2 (1 + t) 9 3
dT 1 2 1 11
Hence (3) = 4 + = .
dt 4 3 3 9